DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING BAHA UDDIN ZAKARIYA

UNIVERSITY, MULTAN, PUNJAB

PRESENTATION ON LED
TEAM INVOLVED IN THIS
 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

CONSTRUCTION OF LED

WORKING

HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES AN

LED EMIT ??

TESTING OF LED

TYPES OF LED

COMPARISON OF LED

ADVANTAGES AND DIS-

ADVANTAGES

APPLICATIONS OF LED
INTRODUCTION
 LED is an acronym for light emitting diode.
A led is a two-lead semiconductor light source.
It is a pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated by a suitable
voltage is applied to the leads.
The most important part of led is semiconductor chip located in the center of
the bulb as shown at the
right.
The chip has a two regions (p and n) separated by a junction.
The junction acts as a barrier to the flow of electrons b/w the p & n regions.
HISTORY
 INVENTORS
1907 - H.J. ROUND Discovered electroluminescence when using silicon carbide and a
cats whisker.
LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

1920 S - OLEG V. LOSEV Studied the phenomena of light emitting diodes in

radiosets. His first work on 'leds' involved a report on light emission from sic.
SAINT PETERSBURG, RUSSIA

1961 - James R. Biard. "Bob" Biard and Gary Pittman Developed the infrared
LED at texas instruments. This was the first modern LED.
DALLAS, TEXAS
H.J. OLEG V. JAMES R.
ROUND LOSEV BIARD.
 INVENTORS
1962 - Nick Holon yack Jr. Develops the red LED, the first LED of visible light . he used gaasp
(gallium arsenide phosphide) on a GAAS substrate. General electric.
Syracuse, New York
1972 - Herbert Maruska and Jacques Pankove develop the violet LED using mg-doped GAN films.
RCA labs , new jersey
1976 - Thomas P. Pearsall develops special high brightness led for fiber optic use. This improves
communications technology
worldwide.
Paris, France
Nick Holon Herbert Thomas P.
yack JR. Maruska Pearsall
CONSTRUCTION OF LED
 The LED consist of a chip of
semiconductor
Material doped with impurities to
create a
PN junction.
The chip are mounted in a
reflecting tray Order to
increase the light out put.
The contacts are made on the
cathode side By means of
conductive adhesive and on the
Anode side via gold wire to the
lead frame.
 N TYPE
This type of semiconductor is
obtained when A pentavalent
material like arsenic(as) is added
To pure silicon crystal.

Each arsenic(as) atom forms

covalent bonds With the

surrounding four Silicon atoms

With the help of four of its five
electrons.
The fifth electron is superfluous
and is
Loosely bound to the arsenic(as)
atom 8.
 P TYPE
This type of semiconductor
is obtained When a trivalent
material like boron is Added
to pure silicon crystal.
The three valence
electrons of boron Atom
form covalent bonds with
four
Surrounding silicon atoms
but one Bond is left
incomplete and gives rise
To a hole .
thus, boron which is called
an acceptor Impurity causes
as many positive holes in A
WORKING OF LED
WORKING
The P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it. This
phenomenon is generally called “electroluminescence”, which can be defined as:
“the emission of light from a P-N junction under the influence of an electric field”.
The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons
cross from the n-region and recombine with the holes existing in the p-region. Free
electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the
valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes will be lesser than the
energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in
order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form
of heat and light.
The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes
but in gallium arsenide phosphide(gaasp) and gallium phosphide (gap)
semiconductors, the electrons dissipate energy by emitting photons. If the
semiconductor is translucent, the junction becomes the source of light as it is
emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode, but when the junction is reverse
biased no light will be produced by the LED and, on the contrary, the device may
 LED: HOW IT WORKS

When
current flows
Across a
diode.
Negative electrons move
one way and
Positive holes move the other
way.
The wholes
exist at a
Lower energy
level than The
free electrons.
 This energy is
emitted in a

Form of a

photon, which

Causes light.
The color of the
light is
Determined by
the
Fall of the electron and
Hence energy level
Of the photon.
The inner
working of an led,
HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES AN LED
EMIT ??
 HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES AN LED EMIT ???
The energy (E) of the light emitted by an LED is
related to the:
Electric charge (q) of an electron and the voltage (V)
required to light
The LED by the expression: E = qv joules.
This expression simply says that the voltage is
proportional to the
Electric energy.
The constant q is the electric charge of a single
electron,
-1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
 Let us say that you have a red LED, and the voltage measured
between the leads of LED is 1.71 volts. So the energy required to light the
LED is:
E = qv
Or
E = -1.6 x 10-19 (1.71) joule,
Since a coulomb-volt is a joule. The product of these of numbers then
gives
E = 2.74 x 10-19 joule.
TESTING OF LED
 Never connect an LED directly to a
battery or
Power supply! It will be destroyed
almost
Instantly because too much
current will pass Through and
burn it out.
Led must have a resistor in series
to limit the
Current to a safe value, for quick
testing Purposes a 1k resistor is
suitable for most led If your
supply voltage is 12V or less.

Remember to connect
TYPES OF LED
Some main types are
given below;
Type of led on the base
of color
Traditional inorganic led
Organic led
Miniature
High power

Different size of led : 8 mm, 5 mm

and 3 mm,
 TYPE OF LED ON THE BASE OF COLORS
SINGLE COLOR LED
MULTI COLOR LED
SINGLE COLOR LED:-
Led are made from gallium-based
crystals that contain one or more
additional Materials such as
phosphorous to produce a
distinct colo.r.
 TRADITIONAL INORGANIC LED
o This type of led manufactured
from
Inorganic materials.
o Some of the more widely used are
compound Semiconductor such as
aluminum gallium
Arsenide(ALGAAR), gallium
arsenide
Phosphide(GAARP), and
many more.
ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED)
The OLED mostly used display technology
computer monitors, Télévision , mobile phone
screen etc.
MINIATURE
Miniature surface mount led in most common sizes. They can much smaller than a
traditional 5mm lamp type LED.

1.9 to 2.1V for red, orange & yellow.

3.0 to 3.4V for green & blue.
2.9 to 4.2V for violet, pink, purple & white.
HIGH POWER
For example, the CREE XP-G series LED achieved 105 lm/W in 2009,
while nichia released the 19 series with a typical efficacy of 140 lm/W in
2010.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF LED
 ADVANTAGES OF LED

LED lighting efficiency: led emit more lumens per watt than incandescent
light bulbs. The efficiency of g fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike
fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.

Color: led can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as
traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.

Size: led can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2[) and are easily attached to
printed circuit boards.

Warmup time: led light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve
full brightness in under a
microsecond. Led used in communications devices can have even faster response
times.

Cycling: led are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike
incandescent and fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or high-
intensity discharge lamps (hid lamps) that require a long time before restarting.
 Dimming: led can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or
lowering the forward current. This pulse-width modulation is why LED lights,
particularly headlights on cars, when viewed on camera or by some people, appear
to be flashing or flickering. This is a type of stroboscopic effect.

Cool light: in contrast to most light sources, led radiate very little heat in
the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted
energy is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.

Slow failure: led mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure
of incandescent bulbs.

Lifetime: led can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates
35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be
longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours,
depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000 to
2,000 hours. Several DOE demonstrations have shown that reduced maintenance
costs from this extended lifetime, rather than energy savings, is the primary factor
in determining the payback period for an LED product.
 Shock resistance: led, being solid-state components, are difficult to
damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which
are fragile.

Focus: the solid package of the led can be designed to focus its light.
Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect
light and direct it in a usable manner. For larger LED packages total internal
reflection (TIR) lenses are often used to the same effect. However, when large
quantities of light are needed many light sources are usually deployed, which are
difficult to focus or collimate towards the same target.
 DISADVANTAGES OF LED
High initial price: led are currently more expensive (price per lumen) on an initial
capital cost basis, than
most conventional lighting technologies. As of march 2014, at least one manufacturer
claims to have reached
$1 per kilo lumen. The additional expense partially stems from the relatively low
lumen output and the drive circuitry and power supplies needed.

Temperature dependence: led performance largely depends on the ambient

temperature of the operating environment – or “ thermal management " properties.
Over-driving an LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating the
LED package, eventually leading to device failure. An adequate heat sink is needed
to maintain long life. This is especially important in automotive, medical, and
military uses where devices must operate over a wide range of temperatures,
which require low failure rates. Toshiba has produced led with an operating
temperature range of -40 to 100 °C, which suits the led for both indoor and outdoor
use in applications such as lamps, ceiling lighting, street lights, and floodlights.
 Efficiency droop: the efficiency of led decreases as the electric current
increases. Heating also increases with higher currents which compromises the
lifetime of the LED. These effects put practical limits on the current through an LED
in high power applications.

Impact on insects: led are much more attractive to insects than sodium-
vapor lights, so much so that there has been speculative concern about the
possibility of disruption to food webs.

Use in winter condition: since they do not give off much heat in comparison to
traditional electrical lights,
led lights used for traffic control can have snow obscuring them, leading to accidents.
APPLICATIONS OF LED
Applications of led are
given below:
1) Sensor application
2) Mobile application
3) Sign application
4) Automotive users
5) Led signals
6) Illumination
7) Indicators
 1) SENSOR APPLICATION:

Medical
instrumentation
Bar code readers
Color & money
sensors
Encoders
Optical switches
Fiber optic
communication
 2) MOBILE APPLICATION:

Mobile phone
Pad's
Digital cameras
Lap tops
General
backlighting
 3) SIGN APPLICATION:

Full color video

Monochrome message
boards
Traffic/VMS
Transportation - passenger
information
 4) AUTOMOTIVE USERS

Interior lighting - instrument panels & switches,

courtesy lighting
Exterior lighting - CHMSL,
Rear stop/turn/tail
Truck/bus lighting
- retrofits, New
turn/tail/marker
lights
 5) SIGNAL APPLICATION

Traffic
Rail
Aviation
Tower lights
Runway lights
Emergency/police
vehicle lighting
 INDICATION

Household appliances
VCR/ DVD/ stereo and other audio and
video devices
Toys/games
Instrumentation
Security Equipment
Switches
Thank You