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AFRICA ZEAL UNIVERSITY

DIGNITY

Faculty of Computer Science

Department: Information Technology

Program: Bachelor Degree

Student Name: Abdusalam Kumondan Juma

Index Number: 079830

Course Name: CBI 413 Games Programming

Instructor Name: Mr. Bwami Samuel

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Qn1. Define the following terms:

1. Game Programming?

Game programming is the process of designing and creating video games through the use of
programming languages, tools, and game development frameworks. It involves writing code to
implement game mechanics, graphics, audio, and user interfaces. Game programmers work with various
disciplines such as artificial intelligence (AI), physics simulation, networking for multiplayer games, and
more. The primary goal is to create an engaging experience for players by ensuring that all elements of
the game function correctly and interactively.

2. Scenes?

In game development,

A scene refers to a specific environment or setting within a game where gameplay occurs. Scenes can
include different levels, menus, or cut scenes that contribute to the overall narrative or gameplay
experience. Each scene typically contains various objects like characters, terrain, and interactive
elements that are rendered on screen. Game developers often manage scenes using scene graphs or
similar structures to organize and optimize rendering and interactions.

3. Variables?

Variables in game programming are used to store data that can change during the execution of a
program.

They are fundamental components in coding that allow developers to keep track of player scores, health
points, inventory items, positions of objects in space, and other dynamic aspects of the game. Variables
can be classified into different types based on their data (e.g., integers for whole numbers, floats for
decimal numbers) and scope (local vs global). Proper management of variables is crucial for maintaining
state consistency throughout the game’s runtime.

4. Game Engine?

A game engine is a software framework designed for the creation and development of video games.

It provides developers with essential tools such as rendering engines for graphics display, physics
engines for simulating real-world behavior (like gravity), sound engines for audio playback, scripting
languages for gameplay logic, and asset management systems. Popular game engines include Unity3D,
Unreal Engine 4/5, and Godot Engine. These engines streamline the development process by providing
reusable components and functionalities that help reduce time-to-market for new games.

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 5. 3D Transformation?

3D transformation refers to mathematical operations applied to 3D objects in a virtual space to

This process involves using matrices to perform transformations such as translation (moving an object
from one location to another), rotation (turning an object around an axis), and scaling (changing the size
of an object). Understanding 3D transformations is crucial in game programming as it allows developers
to create realistic movements and interactions between objects in a three-dimensional environment.

Qn2. State and explain ten different game genres

1. Action Games

Action games emphasize physical challenges that require hand-eye coordination and motor skills. They
are fast-paced and often involve combat, explosions, and other dynamic gameplay elements. Subgenres
include platformers, shooters, and fighting games.

2. Adventure Games

Adventure games focus on story-driven experiences where players explore environments, solve puzzles,
and manage inventories. The gameplay is less about action and more about narrative progression and
logical challenges. Popular subgenres include point-and-click adventures and visual novels.

3. Shooter Games

Shooter games involve using ranged weapons to defeat opponents from a distance. They can be
classified into first-person shooters (FPS), where players see through the eyes of the protagonist, or
third-person shooters (TPS), where the character is visible on-screen. Examples include “Call of Duty” for
FPS and “Gears of War” for TPS.

4. Role-Playing Games (RPGs)

RPGs allow players to assume the roles of characters in a fictional setting, often involving character
development through experience points and skill upgrades. Players engage in quests, interact with NPCs
(non-player characters), and make choices that affect the game’s outcome. Subgenres include turn-
based RPGs and action RPGs.

5. Simulation Games

Simulation games replicate real-world activities or systems, allowing players to experience scenarios
such as flying planes or managing cities. They can range from highly realistic simulations to more casual

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experiences that prioritize fun over realism. Common subgenres include flight simulators and life
simulation games like “The Sims.”

6. Sports Games

Sports games simulate real-life sports events, allowing players to participate as athletes or manage
teams. These games can vary in realism from arcade-style experiences to detailed simulations that
mimic actual sports rules and physics. Examples include “FIFA” for soccer simulations and “NBA 2K” for
basketball.

7. Strategy Games

Strategy games require players to use tactical thinking to achieve victory over opponents or complete
objectives. They can be turn-based or real-time, focusing on resource management, unit positioning,
and planning ahead for future moves. Notable examples are “StarCraft” for real-time strategy (RTS) and
“Civilization” for turn-based strategy.

8. Fighting Games

Fighting games pit players against each other in one-on-one combat scenarios where they control
characters with unique abilities and movesets. Players must master combos and timing to defeat their
opponents in various arenas. Iconic examples include “Street Fighter” and “Mortal Kombat.”

9. Puzzle Games

Puzzle games challenge players’ problem-solving skills through logic puzzles, pattern recognition, or
spatial reasoning tasks. These games can range from simple match-three mechanics to complex brain
teasers requiring strategic thinking over time. Examples include “Tetris” and “Candy Crush Saga.”

10. Horror Games

Horror games aim to evoke fear or suspense through atmosphere, storytelling, or gameplay mechanics
that challenge players’ nerves or survival instincts. They often incorporate elements of exploration while
confronting terrifying enemies or situations that create tension throughout the experience. Notable
examples are “Resident Evil” series and “Silent Hill.”

Qn3. What are the elements of game programming?

Elements of Game Programming

Game programming is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses various elements essential for
creating engaging and functional video games. Below are the key components involved in game
programming:

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  Game Design: Game design serves as the foundation for any game development project. It
involves crafting the rules, mechanics, objectives, and overall experience of the game. Designers
must consider how players will interact with the game world and what challenges they will face.

 Graphic Design: Graphic design is crucial in creating the visual aspects of a game. This includes
character models, environments, textures, and user interfaces. Effective graphic design
enhances player immersion and contributes to the overall aesthetic appeal of the game.

 Sound Generation: Sound generation involves creating audio elements such as background
music, sound effects, and voiceovers. Sound plays a vital role in enhancing gameplay
experiences by providing feedback to players and setting the mood within the game
environment.

 Controls and Interfaces: Controls and interfaces dictate how players interact with the game.
This includes designing intuitive control schemes (keyboard, mouse, or controller) and user
interfaces (menus, HUDs) that allow players to navigate through the game easily.

 Image Handling: Image handling refers to how graphics are processed and displayed within a
game engine. This includes managing image formats, resolutions, and rendering techniques to
ensure smooth performance while maintaining visual quality.

 Animation: Animation brings characters and objects to life within a game. It involves creating
movement sequences for characters (walking, jumping) as well as environmental animations
(trees swaying). Proper animation enhances realism and player engagement.

 Algorithms: Algorithms are essential for implementing various functionalities within a game.
They can be used for pathfinding (how characters navigate through environments), physics
simulations (how objects interact), or procedural generation (creating content algorithmically).

 Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) governs how non-player characters (NPCs)
behave in response to player actions or environmental changes. AI can range from simple
decision-making processes to complex systems that adapt based on player behavior.

 Game Testing: Game testing is an integral part of the development process where testers play
through the game to identify bugs, glitches, or gameplay issues before release. This ensures
that players have a smooth experience when interacting with the final product.

Each of these elements overlaps significantly; for instance, effective graphic design relies on
understanding how images are handled by algorithms in real-time rendering engines.

Qn 4. Write a c++ program to demonstrate the following concepts in game development

I. Control Structures:

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C++ Program to Demonstrate Control Structures in Game Development

#include

#include // For rand() and srand()

#include // For time()

Step 2: Define Main Function

Next, we define the main function where our game logic will reside.

int main() {

// Seed random number generator

std::srand(static_cast(std::time(0)));

int playerChoice;

int computerChoice;

char playAgain;

do {

// Display menu

std::cout << "Welcome to Rock-Paper-Scissors Game!" << std::endl;

std::cout << "Choose your option:" << std::endl;

std::cout << "1. Rock" << std::endl;

std::cout << "2. Paper" << std::endl;

std::cout << "3. Scissors" << std::endl;

std::cin >> playerChoice;

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 // Generate computer's choice

computerChoice = (std::rand() % 3) + 1; // Random number between 1 and 3

// Determine winner using if-else structure

if (playerChoice == computerChoice) {

std::cout << "It's a tie!" << std::endl;

} else if ((playerChoice == 1 && computerChoice == 3) ||

(playerChoice == 2 && computerChoice == 1) ||

(playerChoice == 3 && computerChoice == 2)) {

std::cout << "You win!" << std::endl;

} else {

std::cout << "Computer wins!" << std::endl;

// Ask if the player wants to play again using a while loop

std::cout << "Do you want to play again? (y/n): ";

std::cin >> playAgain;

} while (playAgain == 'y' || playAgain == 'Y');

return 0;

II. Operations

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C++ Program to Demonstrate Operations in Game Development

#include

int main() {

// Create a window

sf::RenderWindow window(sf::VideoMode(800, 600), "Game Development Operations");

// Create a circle shape

sf::CircleShape circle(50); // Circle with radius 50

circle.setFillColor(sf::Color::Green);

circle.setPosition(375, 275); // Center of the window

// Main loop

while (window.isOpen()) {

sf::Event event;

while (window.pollEvent(event)) {

if (event.type == sf::Event::Closed)

window.close();

// Move the circle with arrow keys

if (sf::Keyboard::isKeyPressed(sf::Keyboard::Left)) {

circle.move(-0.1f, 0); // Move left

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 if (sf::Keyboard::isKeyPressed(sf::Keyboard::Right)) {

circle.move(0.1f, 0); // Move right

if (sf::Keyboard::isKeyPressed(sf::Keyboard::Up)) {

circle.move(0, -0.1f); // Move up

if (sf::Keyboard::isKeyPressed(sf::Keyboard::Down)) {

circle.move(0, 0.1f); // Move down

// Clear the window with black color

window.clear(sf::Color::Black);

// Draw the circle

window.draw(circle);

// Display what has been drawn on the window

window.display();

return 0;

III. Arrays

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C++ Program to Demonstrate the Concept of Arrays in Game Development

#include

using namespace std;

Step 2: Define Constants

Next, we define constants that will be used in our program. For this example, we’ll create an array for
five players.

const int NUM_PLAYERS = 5;

Step 3: Create the Main Function

Now we can create the main function where we will implement our logic.

int main() {

// Step 4: Declare an array to hold player scores

int playerScores[NUM_PLAYERS] = {0}; // Initialize all scores to zero

// Step 5: Input scores for each player

cout << "Enter scores for " << NUM_PLAYERS << " players:" << endl;

for (int i = 0; i < NUM_PLAYERS; i++) {

cout << "Player " << (i + 1) << ": ";

cin >> playerScores[i]; // Store score in the array

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 // Step 6: Calculate total score

int totalScore = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < NUM_PLAYERS; i++) {

totalScore += playerScores[i];

// Step 7: Calculate average score

double averageScore = static_cast(totalScore) / NUM_PLAYERS;

// Step 8: Display results

cout << "\nTotal Score: " << totalScore << endl;

cout << "Average Score: " << averageScore << endl;

return 0;

IV. Variable

C++ Program to Demonstrate the Concept of Variable in Game Development

#include

using namespace std;

int main() {

int playerHealth = 100; // Player starts with 100 health points

int playerScore = 0; // Player starts with a score of 0

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 cout << "Welcome to the Game!" << endl;

cout << "Initial Health: " << playerHealth << endl;

cout << "Initial Score: " << playerScore << endl;

// Simulate gaining health

cout << "You found a health potion! Gaining 20 health." << endl;

playerHealth += 20;

if (playerHealth > 100) {

playerHealth = 100;

// Simulate scoring points

cout << "You defeated an enemy! Gaining 50 points." << endl;

playerScore += 50;

// Simulate losing health

cout << "Oh no! You were hit by an enemy attack! Losing 30 health." << endl;

playerHealth -= 30;

if (playerHealth < 0) {

playerHealth = 0;

// Display final status

cout << "Final Health: " << playerHealth << endl;

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 cout << "Final Score: " << playerScore << endl;

return 0;

V. Branches

C++ Program to Demonstrate the Concept of Branches in Game Development

#include

#include

using namespace std;

int main() {

string choice;

Step 2: Presenting Choices to the Player

Next, we will present the player with a choice. In this example, the player will choose between two
paths: exploring a forest or entering a cave.

cout << "Welcome to the Adventure Game!" << endl;

cout << "You find yourself at a crossroads." << endl;

cout << "Do you want to go into the (1) Forest or (2) Cave? ";

cin >> choice;

Step 3: Implementing Branches Using Conditional Statements

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Now we will implement branches using if statements to determine what happens based on the player’s
choice.

if (choice == "1") {

cout << "You have chosen to enter the Forest." << endl;

cout << "As you walk deeper into the forest, you encounter a wild animal!" << endl;

cout << "Do you want to (1) Fight it or (2) Run away? ";

cin >> choice;

if (choice == "1") {

cout << "You bravely fight the animal and win! You are now a hero!" << endl;

} else if (choice == "2") {

cout << "You run away safely but feel like you've missed an opportunity for adventure." << endl;

} else {

cout << "Invalid choice! The wild animal catches you off guard!" << endl;

} else if (choice == "2") {

cout << "You have chosen to enter the Cave." << endl;

cout << "Inside, it's dark and eerie. You hear strange noises." << endl;

cout << "Do you want to (1) Investigate the noise or (2) Leave the cave? ";

cin >> choice;

if (choice == "1") {

cout << "You discover it's just a harmless bat! You explore further and find treasure!" << endl;

} else if (choice == "2") {

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 cout << "You leave the cave safely but wonder what treasures you might have found." << endl;

} else {

cout << "Invalid choice! You get lost in the darkness!" << endl;

} else {

cout << "Invalid choice! You stand still at the crossroads until night falls." << endl;

return 0;

5. Describe the features of unity 3D engines

Features of Unity 3D Engine

Unity 3D is a versatile and powerful game development engine that offers a wide array of features
suitable for creating both 2D and 3D games, as well as simulations and interactive media. Below are
some of the key features that make Unity a popular choice among developers:

1. Cross-Platform Development Unity: allows developers to create games that can be deployed across
multiple platforms, including PC, Mac, iOS, Android, consoles, and even web browsers. This cross-
platform functionality enables developers to reach a broader audience without needing to rewrite code
for each platform.

2. User-Friendly Interface: The Unity Editor is designed with usability in mind. It consists of various
panes that can be rearranged according to the developer’s preferences. This flexibility allows developers
to customize their workspace for efficiency while working on different projects.

3. Asset Management Unity: provides an organized asset management system where developers can
import and manage graphics, music files, and other resources needed for their projects. The Project
view displays all available assets and allows easy access to frequently used items through a Favorites
section.

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4. Visual Scene Editing: Developers can visually navigate and edit their scenes in both 2D and 3D views.
This feature simplifies the process of positioning objects within the game environment, making it easier
to create immersive experiences.

5. Animation Tools Unity: includes robust animation tools that allow developers to animate almost any
object within the game. These tools facilitate the creation of complex animations for characters,
environments, and UI elements.

6. Scripting Support Unity: supports C# as its primary scripting language but also offers JavaScript
options through its scripting API. This flexibility caters to different programming preferences among
developers.

7. Community Support Unity: has a large and active community that contributes tutorials, forums, and
resources which help new developers learn the engine more effectively. This community support is
invaluable for troubleshooting issues or learning best practices.

8. Free Version Availability Unity: offers a free version known as Unity Personal which allows
developers to publish games that generate less than $100,000 in revenue without incurring costs. This
makes it accessible for indie developers who want to test their ideas without financial barriers.

9. Cloud Services Integration: The engine provides access to Unity Cloud Services which helps with
collaboration among team members by allowing them to share assets and work on projects
simultaneously from different locations.

10. Pro Edition Features For those who require advanced functionalities or wish to publish on additional
platforms like iOS or Android, Unity offers a Pro edition with enhanced features at an affordable price
point compared to other engines in the market.

References:

1. Unity Documentation,

2. Wikipedia, GameSpot, IGN

3. Elvtr Magazine, Game Development Essentials, Gamasutra

4. Cplusplus.com, SFML Official Documentation

5. Unity Technologies, Gamasutra (now Game Developer), Stack Overflow

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