Chapter 7

Chapter 7:
Acids, Bases, and Equilibrium
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.1 Acids and Bases
Objectives
• List the common characteristics of acids
and bases

7.1 Acids and Bases
What are acids and bases?
Acids Bases
Taste Sour Taste Bitter
Blue Litmus paper pink Red Litmus paper Blue
Will dissolve some Feel slippery
metals

7.1 Acids and Bases

7.2 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Objectives
• Describe Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases and
explain how they differ from their conjugates

Different definitions of acids and bases
• Arrhenius definition
• Acids are compounds that produce H+ in
water
• Bases produce OH– in water
• This definition is limited to compounds in
water

Different definitions of acids and bases
• Brønsted and Lowry came up with broader
definition
• Acids release H+
• Bases accept H+

The two compounds that differ by an H+ are
called conjugates

Compounds, like water, that can act as an acid
or a base are called amphoteric
In acid:
In base:

What is the balanced equation for hydrogen
phosphate ion (HPO42-) acting as a Brønsted-Lowry
base in a reaction with water?
a) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l)  PO43-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
b) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l)  H2PO4-(aq) + OH-(aq)
c) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l)  H2PO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
d) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l)  PO43-(aq) + OH-(aq)

7.3 Equilibrium
Objectives
• Write the equilibrium constant expression
for a reversible reaction

7.3 Equilibrium
The acid base reactions we just saw were
reversible,
• As reactants go to products, products can
also return to reactants
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
We talk about the forward and reverse reactions

to be more clear

7.3 Equilibrium
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

7.3 Equilibrium
When the rate of the forward reaction and the
rate of the reverse reaction are equal,
equilibrium has been reached
• Reactants turn to products as quickly as

products return to reactants
• Does not mean concentration of reactants

and products are equal

7.3 Equilibrium
We look at concentration of reactants and
products when dealing with equilibrium
For reaction:
aA + bB cC + dD
[C]c[D]d [products]
Keq = =
[A]a[B]b [reactants]
Keq is the equilibrium constant

7.3 Equilibrium
Lets look back at our example:
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
[NO2]2
Keq = = 4.6 x 10-3
[N2O4]
A constant value
Since Keq < 1, the reactant is favored

7.3 Equilibrium
What if compounds are in different phases?
PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq)

Keq = [Pb2+][I-]2 = 7.1 x 10-9
• Concentration of a solid never changes and is

therefore omitted

7.3 Equilibrium
What if compounds are in different phases?
HCN(aq) + H2O(l) CN-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Keq = [CN-][H3O+]
= 4.9 x 10-10
[HCN]
• Solvents are also omitted

• Water in this reaction is a solvent
7.3 Equilibrium
Equilibrium constants can tell us if reactants or
products are favored at equilibrium

What is the correct equilibrium constant
expression for
(NH4)2Se(s) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) + H2Se(g)
Keq = [NH3][H2Se] Keq = [NH3]2[H2Se]

a) b)
[(NH4)2Se] [(NH4)2Se]
2[H Se]
K
c) eq = [NH 3 ] 2 d) Keq = [NH3][H2Se]

7.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle
Objectives
• Use Le Châtelier’s principle to explain how
an equilibrium responds to being disturbed

When a reversible reaction is at equilibrium,
change conditions can cause the equilibrium to
shift
Le Châtelier’s Principle states when a reversible

reaction is pushed out of equilibrium, the reaction
responds to reach a new equilibrium
• Changes in concentration, pressure or

temperature can all disrupt an equilibrium
7.4 Le Châtlier’s Principle

Change in concentration:
H2O(l) + CO2(g) H2CO3(aq)

If CO2 is added to the reaction at equilibrium
• Rate of forward reaction increases
• Concentration of H2CO3 increases
• As [H2CO3] increases, rate of backward
reaction increases.
• A new set of equilibrium concentration is
reached © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Change in concentration:
H2O(l) + CO2(g) H2CO3(aq)
If CO2 is removed from the reaction at

equilibrium
• Rate of reverse reaction increases
• Concentration of H2CO3 decreases
Change in pressure:
• Pressure changes can disrupt equilibrium for

reactions involving gases
• When pressure is increased, equilibrium shifts

to decrease moles of gas

Change in pressure:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

• 4 moles gas in reactants and 2 moles in
product
• If pressure increases, the forward reaction

would increase

Change in temperature:
• When looking at change in temperature we

treat heat as a reactant or product
• Remember
• Exothermic: heat released
• Endothermic: heat absorbed

Change in temperature:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + heat

• Increasing the temperature of this
equilibrium would cause a net reverse
reaction to occur

Various reactions utilize catalysts
Catalysts increase rate of reaction by lowering

the activation energy
When used in a reversible reaction, equilibrium

will be reached faster with no change in the
overall result

Which of the following statements are true
considering the following reaction?
C(s) + H2O(g) CO(g) + H2(g)
a) Increasing the pressure of the system will shift the
equilibrium to the right
b) Increasing the [H2O] will shift the equilibrium to the right
c) Increasing the [H2O] will cause an increase to [C]
d) Adding a catalyst will cause the rate of the forward
reaction to increase

7.5 Ionization of Water
Since water is amphoteric, what happens when
two water molecules react?
H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

• Ionization occurs
• Water forms hydronium and hydroxide ions
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

If either [H3O+] or [OH-] are known, the other
can be determined
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

If [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-3, what is [H3O+]
[H3O+] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14

= 1.0 x 10-11
[OH-] 1.0 x 10-3

What is the concentration of [OH-] in a 6.5 x 10-4M
solution of HCl?
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
Kw 1.0 x 10-14
[OH-]= + = = 1.54 x 10-11
[H3O ] 1.0 x 10-3

2.50 g KOH was used to prepare 350 mL of
solution. What is the H30+ concentration of
this solution?
a. 2.50 x 10-14M b. 7.87 x 10-14M
c. 6.41 x 10-13M d. 2.24 x 10-13M

7.6 The pH Scale
Objectives
• Use H3O+ concentration and pH to identify
a solution as being acidic, basic or neutral

7.6 The pH Scale
The [H3O+] determines if a solution is acidic,
basic, or neutral
• Acidic: [H3O+] > [OH-]
• Neutral: [H3O+] = [OH-]
• Basic: [H3O+] < [OH-]
• So in an acidic solution the [H3O+] > 1 x 10-7
• Acidity is described in terms of pH

7.6 The pH Scale
• Acidity is described in terms of pH
pH = -log [H3O+]
• Ranges from 0 to 14
• Acidic pH < 7
• Neutral pH = 7
• Basic pH > 7

7.6 The pH Scale

7.6 The pH Scale
• What is the pH of an aqueous solution
having [OH–] = 6.3 x 10–1 M?
pH = –log [H3O+]
Kw 1.0 x 10–14
[H3 O+]= = = 1.59 x 10 –14
[OH–] 6.3 x 10–1
pH = –log (1.59 x 10–14) = 13.8

7.6 The pH Scale

7.6 The pH Scale
The reverse calculation can also be done. The
[H3O+] can be determined from a known pH
[H3O+] = 10-pH
A solution at a pH = 2.0 would have
[H3O+] = 10-2 = 0.01

Which of the following statements are false about
a 1.4 x 10-4 M solution of KOH(aq)?
a) The [OH-] = 1.4 x 10-4M

b) The [H3O+] = 7.1 x 10-11M
c) pH of solution is 10.1
d) pH of solution is 3.85

7.7 Acid and Base Strength
Objectives
• Use Ka and pKa values to assess the relative
strength of acids
• State the relationship between the

strength of acid and strength of its
conjugate base

The stronger the acid, the more H3O+ is
produced, the lower the pH of the solution
HCl in water → H3O+ + Cl-
Strong acids, completely ionize
• Therefore if 0.1M aqueous solution of HCl is

made
• 0.1M H3O+ and 0.1M Cl- are present

Weak acids only partially ionize
HF(aq) + H2O(l) F-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
• Only about 8% are ionized

• Keq is known as the acidity constant (Ka) when
dealing with acids
Ka = [F-][H3O+] -4 = 6.6 x 10
[HF]

The larger the Ka is, the stronger the acid
Acid strength can be indicated using pKa

pKa = -log Ka
• Lower the pKa, the stronger the acid
HCl pKa = -log(1.0 x 10-7) = -7.00

HF pKa = -log (6.6 x 10-4) = 3.18


Which of the following compounds is not a
strong acid?
a. HCl b. HF
c. HNO3 d. H2SO4

The stronger the base, the more OH– and higher
the pH
H2O
NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Some weak bases have low solubility in water,

like Mg(OH)2

Other weak bases are poor H+ acceptors
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
• The stronger an acid, the weaker its conjugate

base


Which of the following compounds produces
a basic solution in water?
a. SeO b. CO2
c. CH3OH d. BaO

7.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases
Objectives
• Describe the processes of neutralization
and titration

Neutralization occurs when an acid and base
react to form a salt plus water
acid + base  salt + water
“neutralization” because if proper amounts

added, the solution becomes neutral

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H2O(l)
• Cl– and Na+ do not change and are called

spectator ions
H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H2O(l)
•Remove spectator ions for Net ionic equation:
H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) 2H2O(l)
What is the net ionic equation for the
reaction of aqueous perchloric acid (HClO4)
and aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH)?
a. HClO4(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l) + ClO4-(aq)
b. ClO4-(aq) + K+(aq)  KClO4(aq)
c. HClO4(aq) + KOH(aq)  KClO4(aq) + H2O(l)
d. H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l)

Titration is a lab technique used to determine
concentration of an acid or base solution
• If the acid solution is of
unknown concentration,
a base of known
concentration is added
to completely consume
acid in solution

Titration
• The volume of base needed to consume all
acid is known as the end point
moles base = moles acid ( in monoprotic

acids and monoprotic bases)
• End points determined via visual indicators

or pH meters
It requires 0.0456 L of 0.200 M HCl to titrate 0.025 L of
a NaOH of unknown concentration. What is the NaOH
concentration?
Moles HCl = MV = (0.200 M)(0.0456 L) = 0.00912 mol

At endpoint: moles acid = moles base
Moles NaOH = 0.00912 mol
M = 0.00912 mol NaOH = 0.36 M NaOH
0.025 L
14.5 mL of a 1.20 M solution of KOH (0.0174
moles) were used to titrate 25.0 mL sample
of HNO3. What is the concentration of the
HNO3 solution?
a. 6.96 x 10-4M b. 4.35 x 10-4M
c. 0.696 M d. 1.44 M

7.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations
Objectives
• Explain how the pH of a solution can affect
the relative concentrations of an acid and
its conjugate

Acidic compounds are important to living things.

pH determines if they are in acid or conjugate
base form
We know Ka and pKa provides information about

reactant and product concentration
Ka = [F-][H3O+]
= 6.6 x 10-4; pKa = 3.18
[HF]
Le Châtelier’s principle allows predictions of how

equilibrium will change
• Adjusting pH will change the concentration of
H30+ therefore causing a shift in equilibrium

Le Châtelier’s principle allows predictions of how

equilibrium will change
• When pH is adjusted to have same value of pKa,
[acid] = [conjugate base]
• When pH < pKa, [acid] > [conjugate base]
• When pH > pKa, [conjugate base] > [acid]
Which statement is not true regarding the
following equilibrium?
CH3NH3+ + H2O CH3NH2 + H3O+ Ka = 2.4 x 10-11
a. The pKa = 10.6

b. At pH=7 reactants are favored
c. At pH= 12 products are favored
d. The pKa = 3.38
7.10 Buffers
Objectives
• Describe buffers

How to prepare a buffer
3 ways:
1. Weak acid and its conjugate
2. Weak acid and half amount of a strong base
3. Weak base and half amount of a strong acid
7.10 Buffers
Buffer is a solution that is resistant to pH change
when a small mount of acid or base is added
• Look at ones made from weak acids and their

conjugate bases
CH3CO2H + H2O CH3CO2- + H3O+

weak acid conjugate
base

Buffered Solutions
• The most important application of acid – base
solutions containing a common ion is
buffering.
• A buffered solution is one that resists a
change in pH when either hydroxide ions or
protons are added.
• The most important practical example of a
buffered solution is human blood, which can
absorb the acids and bases produced by
biological reactions without changing its pH.
A constant pH for human blood is vital
because cells can survive only in a very
narrow pH range around 7.4.
• A buffer solution contains a weak acid and its
salt (HF and NaF) or a weak base and its salt
(NH3 and NH4Cl). How does a buffered
solution resists changes in pH?
80 Ghada El Zakhem Naous / Robin Taleb
Example 8.2
A buffered solution contains 0.5 M acetic acid (HC2H3O2 ka = 1.8 x 10-5 ) and
0.5 M sodium acetate NaC2H3O2.
a. Calculate the pH of the solution

Solution:
The major species are:
HC2H3O2, Na+, C2H3O2- and H2O
HC2H3O2 H+ + C2 H3 O2-
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 = [H+ ][C2 H3 O2- ] / H C2 H3 O2 = (x)(x + 0.5) / 0.5 – x = x(0.5)/0.5
x = 1.8 x 10-5
[H+ ] = x = 1.8 x 10-5 M and pH = 4.74

b. Calculate the change in pH that occurs when 0.01 mol of solid Na(OH) is
added to 1 L of the buffered solution. Compare this pH change with the
change that occurs when 0.01 mol of solid NaOH is added to 1 L of water.
M.s.: HC2H3O2, Na+, OH-, C2H3O2- and H2O
OH- + HC2H3O2  H2O + C2H3O2- (OH- is such a strong base that its reaction with
the strongest acid, acetic acid, is assumed to go to completion)
The best approach to this problem involves two distinct steps: (1) assume the
reaction goes to completion and carry out the stoichiometric calculations,
and then (2) carry out the equilibrium calculations:
Step 1: Stoichiometric problem
HC2H3O2 + OH-  C2H3O2- + H2 O
Before 1 x 0.5 M 0.01 mol 1 x 0.5
Reaction = 0.5 mol = 0.5mol
After 0.5 – 0.01 0.01 – 0.01 0.5 + 0.01
Reaction = 0.49 mol = 0 mol = 0.51 mol
[Conc.] 0.49 M 0M 0.51 M
Note that 0.01 mol of HC2H3O2 has been converted to 0.01 mol of C2H3O2- by
the added OH-.
Step 2: The equilibrium problem.
The major species are :
HC2H3O2, Na+, C2H3O2- and H2O
HC2H3O2 + H2O C2H3O2- + H+

i) 0.49 M 0.51 M 0
c) -x +x +x
eq) 0.49 – x 0.51 + x x
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 = [H+ ][C2H3O2-]/[HC2H3O2 ] = (x)(x + 0.51) / 0.49 – x = x(0.51)/0.49

x = 1.7 x 10-5 (validate assumption)
[H+ ] = x = 1.7 x 10-5 M and pH = 4.76
4.76 - 4.74 = + 0.02
the pH has increased by 0.02 pH units.

Conclusion: no significant change
Alternative way to do calculation for acids having
small Ka values:
The stability of the pH under these conditions can
be understood by examining the equilibrium
expression for the dissociation of HA:
Ka = or rearranging [H+ ] = ka
-log[H+ ] = -logka - log
pH= pka - log = pKa + log
• Henderson – Hasselbalch equation and it is useful

for calculating the pH of solutions when the ratio
of [HA]/[A- ] is known.
Example 8.3
A buffered solution contains 0.25 M NH3 (kb = 1.8 x
10-5 ) and 0.4 M NH4Cl.
a. Calculate the pH of this solution.
The major species NH3 , NH4+ , Cl- and H2O

Since Cl- is such a weak base and water is a weak
acid or base, the important equilibrium is
NH3 + H2 O NH4+ + OH-
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 = = =
x = 1.1 x 10-5 = [OH- ]
pOH = 4.95
pH = 14 – 4.95 = 9.05
• Alternative Solution:
NH3 + H2 O ↔ NH4+ + OH-
Ka = Kw / Kb = 10-14 / 1.8 x 10-5 = 5.6 x 10-10
pH = pKa + log = 9.25 + log ( 0.25/0.40 = 9.25-0.2 = 9.05.
b. Calculate the pH of the solution that results when 0.10 mol of gaseous HCl is
added to 1 L of the buffered solution from part a.
NH3 + H+  NH4+
After the rxn goes to completion , the solution contains the major species : NH3
, NH4+ , Cl- , and H2O , n(NH3)=0.15 mol and n(NH4+ )= 0.5mol
[NH3 ]o = 0.15 mol/1L = 0.15 M
[NH4+ ]o = 0.5mol/1 L = 0.5 M
[Base] = =[ NH3 ]=[ NH3 ]o = 0.15 M
[Acid]= [NH4+ ]=[NH4+ ]o = 0.5 M
pH = pKa + log[NH3 ]/[NH4+ ] = 9.25 – 0.52 = 8.73
Example 8.5
Calculate the change in pH that occurs when 0.010 mol
of gaseous HCl is added to 1 L of each of the
following solutions.
Solution A: 5M HC2H3O2 and 5 NaH2C2H3O2
Solution B: 0.05M HC2H3O2 and 0.05 NaH2C2H3O2
for acetic acid, ka = 1.8 x 10-5
Solution:
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pka + log
In each case use [C2H3O2- ] = [H2C2H3O2]
Thus pH= pka + log 1= pka = -log(1.8 x 10-5 ) = 4.74

• After the addition of HCl to each of these
solutions, the major species are:
HC2H3O2, C2H3O2-, Na+, H2O and Cl- and H+
Solution A
H+ + C2H3O2-  HC2H3O2
Before rxn 0.010 mol 5 mol 5 mol
After rxn 0 4.99 mol 5.01 mol
pH = pka + log = 4.74 + log(4.99/5.01) = 4.74 - 0.0017 = 4.74
There is virtually no change in pH when 0.01

mol of gaseous HCl is added.

Solution B
H+ + C2H3O2-  HC2H3O2
Before rxn 0.010 mol 0.05 mol 0.05 mol
After rxn 0 0.04 mol 0.06 mol
pH = 4.74 + log(0.04 / 0.06) = 4.74 – 0.18 = 4.56
Results show that solution A, which contains larger

quantities of buffering compenent, has a much higher
buffering capacity than solution B.

7.10 Buffers
Buffers are most resistant to pH changes when
the pH equals the pKa of the weak acid
Effective when the pH is within one unit of the

pKa (pH = pKa ±1)

Example 8.6:
A chemist needs to prepare a solution buffered at pH 4.3 using one of the following acids (
and its sodium salt):
a) Propanoic acid (ka = 1.3 x 10-5) pKa=4.88
b) Benzoic acid (ka = 6.4 x 10-5) pKa=4.19
c) Hypochlorous acid (ka = 3.5 x 10-8) pKa=7.45
Calculate the ratio of [HA]/[A- ] required for each system to yield a pH of 4.3 . Which
system will work best?
Look at either closer pKa to pH or closer ratio of [HA]/[A- ] to 1
Solution : [H+] = 10-4.3 = 5 x 10-5 M
A pH of 4.3 corresponds to [H+ ] = Ka [HA]/[A-]
Acid [H+ ] = Ka [HA]/[A- ] [HA]/[A- ]
a) Propanoic acid 5 x 10-5 = 1.3 x 10-5 [HA]/[A- ] 3.8
b) Benzoic acid 5 x 10-5 = 6.4 x 10-5 [HA]/[A- ] 0.78
c) Hypochlorous acid 5 x 10-5 = 3.5 x 10-8 [HA]/[A- ] 1.4 x 10-3
 since [HA]/[A- ] for benzoic acid is closest to 1 , the system of benzoic acid and its
sodium salt is the best choice among those given for buffering a solution at pH 4.3.
 This example demonstrates the principle that the optimum buffering system has a pka
value close to the desired pH. The pka for benzoic acid is 4.19.

7.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum
Objectives
• Describe the role of buffers, respiration,
and the kidneys in maintaining a stable
blood serum pH

pH of blood serum usually between 7.35 and
7.45
• If pH is out of range, enzymes cannot function
properly

Illness can occur if blood pH is not maintained
Acidosis
• Low blood pH
• Severe cases can lead to coma and death
• Respiratory acidosis
• caused by any condition interfering with gas
exchange in the lungs
• Pneumonia, emphysema, cystic fibrosis,
holding your breath
Low pH, elevated blood PCO2 produces higher
concentration of H2CO3
Acidosis
• Metabolic acidosis
• Low pH, low HCO3– concentration and normal
PCO2 (possibly lower if lungs compensating)
• Can be caused from
• Ketone bodies
• Lactic acid
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Diarrhea
• Certain kidney problems

Alkalosis
• High blood serum pH
• Headaches, nervousness, cramps
• Severe cases can lead to convulsions and death

Alkalosis
• Respiratory acidosis
• caused when CO2 is exhaled from body quicker
than it is produced by cells
• Hyperventilation, central nervous system
damage, fever
• High pH, low blood PCO2, normal [HCO3–] (low
if kidneys are compensating)

Alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• High pH, high HCO3– concentration and normal
PCO2 (possibly higher if lungs are
compensating)
• Can be caused from
• Excessive antacid use
• Constipation



Assigned exercises
1, 5,7,9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 27, 33, 35, 41, 43,
45, 51, 53, 61, 67,69, 75, 81, 85, 87, 97, 99, 103,
113, 123 and 125

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Chapter 7:

Acids, Bases, and Equilibrium

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

b) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l)  H2PO4-(aq) + OH-(aq)

c) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l)  H2PO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

d) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l)  PO43-(aq) + OH-(aq)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

We talk about the forward and reverse reactions

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Reactants turn to products as quickly as

• Does not mean concentration of reactants

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Keq is the equilibrium constant

Since Keq < 1, the reactant is favored

PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq)

• Concentration of a solid never changes and is

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

HCN(aq) + H2O(l) CN-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

• Solvents are also omitted

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Keq = [NH3][H2Se] Keq = [NH3]2[H2Se]

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Le Châtelier’s Principle states when a reversible

• Changes in concentration, pressure or

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

H2O(l) + CO2(g) H2CO3(aq)

H2O(l) + CO2(g) H2CO3(aq)

If CO2 is removed from the reaction at

• Pressure changes can disrupt equilibrium for

• When pressure is increased, equilibrium shifts

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

• If pressure increases, the forward reaction

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

• When looking at change in temperature we

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + heat

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Catalysts increase rate of reaction by lowering

When used in a reversible reaction, equilibrium

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

[H3O+] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. 2.50 x 10-14M b. 7.87 x 10-14M