Chapter 1 Applications of Matrices and Determinants

EXERCISE 1.1
1. Find the adjoint of the following:
2 3 1 2 2 1
1
(ii) [3 4 1] (iii) 3
[−2 1 2]
3 7 2 1 −2 2
2. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following:
5 1 1 2 3 1
(ii) [1 5 1] (iii) [3 4 1]
1 1 5 3 7 2
4. 5 3
If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = 𝑂. Hence find 𝐴−1 .
−1 −2
5. −8 1 4
1
If 𝐴 = 9 [ 4 4 7], prove that 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 .
1 −8 4
6. 8 −4
If 𝐴 = [ ], verify that 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼.
−5 3
7. 3 2 −1 −3
If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], verify that (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1 .
7 5 5 2
8. 2 −4 2
If adj(𝐴) = [−3 12 −7], find 𝐴.
−2 0 2
10 1 0 1
Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)) if 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 0 2 0].
−1 0 1
11. 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝐴=[ ], show that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 = [ ].
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
12. 5 3 14 7
Find the matrix 𝐴 for which [ ]=[ ].
−1 −2 7 7
13. 1 −1 3 −2 1 1
Given 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ], find a matrix 𝑋 such that 𝐴𝑋𝐵 = 𝐶.
2 0 1 1 2 2

EXERCISE 1.2
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by minor method:
1 −2 3 0 1 2 1
(iv) [2 4 −6] (v) [0 2 4 3]
5 1 −1 8 1 0 2
2. Find the rank of the following matrices by row reduction method:
1 2 −1
1 1 1 3 3 −8 5 2
3 −1 2
(i) [2 −1 3 4 ] (ii) [ ] (iii) [ 2 −5 1 4]
1 −2 3
5 −1 7 11 −1 2 3 −2
1 −1 1

EXERCISE 1.3

1
 1. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix inversion method:
(i) 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −3 (ii) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2

EXERCISE 1.4
1. Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule:
(i) 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 16 = 0, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0
3 2
(ii) 𝑥
+ 2𝑦 = 12, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13

2. 1
In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every correct answer while mark is deducted
4
for every wrong answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80 marks. How many questions
did he answer correctly? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
EXERCISE 1.6
1. Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following systems of equations by rank method.
(iii)2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1,3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4

EXAMPLES
2 −1 3
1.3 Find the inverse of the matrix [−5 3 1].
−3 2 3
7 7 −7
1.5 Find a matrix 𝐴 if adj(𝐴) = [−1 11 7 ].
11 5 7
−1 2 2
1.6 If adj 𝐴 = [ 1 1 2], find 𝐴−1 .
2 2 1
2 9
1.8 Verify the property (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 with 𝐴 = [ ].
1 7
0 −3 −2 −3
1.9 Verify (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 with 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ].
1 4 0 −1
4 3 2 −1
1.10 If 𝐴 = [2 5], find 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that 𝐴 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02 . Hence, find 𝐴 .

3 −1 2
1.13 Reduce the matrix [−6 2 4] to a row-echelon form.
−3 1 2
0 316
1.14 Reduce the matrix [−1 0 2 5] to row-echelon form.
4 200
3 2 5 4 3 1 −2
1.15 Find the rank of each of the following matrices: (i) [1 1 2] (ii) [−3 −1 −2 4 ].
3 3 6 6 7 −1 2
1 2 3
1.17 Find the rank of the matrix [ 2 1 4] by reducing it to a row-echelon form.
3 0 5

2
 2 −2 4 3
1.18 Find the rank of the matrix [−3 4 −2 −1] by reducing it to an echelon form.
6 2 −1 7
3 1 4
1.19 Show that the matrix [2 0 −1] is non-singular and reduce it to the identity matrix by elementary
5 2 1
row transformations.
1.22 Solve the following system of linear equations, using matrix inversion method:
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5.

Chapter 2 Complex Numbers

EXERCISE 2.2
2. Given the complex number 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖, represent the following complex numbers in Argand diagram.
(i) 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧, and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 (ii) 𝑧, −𝑖𝑧, and 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧

3. Find the values of the real numbers x and y, if the complex numbers (3 − 𝑖)𝑥 − (2 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 + 5
and 2𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 3 + 2𝑖 are equal
EXERCISE 2.3
1. If 𝑧1 = 1 − 3𝑖, 𝑧2 = −4𝑖, and 𝑧3 = 5, show that
(i) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) (ii) (𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = 𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧3 )

2. If 𝑧1 = 3, 𝑧2 = −7𝑖, and 𝑧3 = 5 + 4𝑖, show that

(i) 𝑧1 (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 (ii) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3

3. If 𝑧1 = 2 + 5𝑖, 𝑧2 = −3 − 4𝑖, 𝑧3 = 1 + 𝑖, find the additive and multiplicative inverse of 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , and 𝑧3

EXERCISE 2.4
4. 1 1 1
The complex numbers 𝑢, 𝑣, and 𝑤 are related by = + . If 𝑣 = 3 − 4𝑖 and 𝑤 = 4 + 3𝑖, find 𝑢 in
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
rectangular form.
𝑛
6. Find the least value of the positive integer 𝑛 for which (√3 + 𝑖)
(i) real (ii) purely imaginary
7. 10 10 19−7𝑖 12 20−5𝑖 12
Show that (i) (2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3) is purely imaginary (ii) ( 9+𝑖
) + ( 7−6𝑖 ) is real

EXERCISE 2.5
2. For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = 1 and 𝑧1 𝑧2 ≠ −1, then show that
𝑧1 +𝑧2
1+𝑧1 𝑧2
is real number.

3. Which one of the points 10 − 8𝑖, 11 + 6𝑖 is closet to 1 + 𝑖.

4. If |𝑧| = 3, show that 7 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13.
5. If |𝑧| = 1, show that 2 ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ 4.
6. If |𝑧| = 2, show that 8≤ |𝑧 + 6 + 8𝑖| ≤ 12.
3
8. If the area of the triangle formed by the vertices 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧, and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 is 50 square units, find the value of
|𝑧|.

9. Show that the equation 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧̄ = 0 has five solutions.

EXERCISE 2.6
1. 𝑧−4𝑖
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that | | = 1, show that the locus of 𝑧 is real axis.
𝑧+4𝑖

3. Obtain the Cartesian equation form of the locus of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in each of the following cases:
(i) [𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧)]2 = 3 (ii) 𝐼𝑚[ (1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + 1] = 0 (iii) |𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1| (iv) 𝑧 = 𝑧 −1

5. Obtain the Cartesian equation for the locus of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in each of the following cases:
(i) |𝑧 − 4| = 16 (ii) |𝑧 − 4|2 − |𝑧 − 1|2 = 16
EXERCISE 2.7
1. Write in polar form of the following complex numbers
𝑖−1
(i) 2 + 𝑖2√3 (ii) 3 − 𝑖√3 (iii) −2 − 𝑖2 (iv) 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3

2. Find the Rectangular form of the complex numbers

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 6
(i) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 12 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 12) (ii) 𝜋 𝜋
2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3
1+𝑧
4. If 1−𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃, show that 𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃.

EXERCISE 2.8
𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝑤 2
1. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, show that + = −1.
𝑏+𝑐𝜔+𝑎𝜔2 𝑐+𝑎𝜔+𝑏𝜔2
5 5
2. √3 𝑖 √3 𝑖
Show that ( 2 + 2) + ( 2 − 2) = −√3.
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
7. Find the value of ∑8𝑘=1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 9
+ 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 9
).

8. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, show that

(i) (1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )6 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )6 = 128
11
(ii) (1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) ⋯ (1 + 𝜔2 ) = 1

EXAMPLES
2.2 Find the value of the real numbers x and y, if the complex numbers (2 + 𝑖)𝑥 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 −
3 and 𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 1 + 𝑖 are equal
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
2.4 Simplify ( ) −( ) into rectangular form.
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

10 10 19+9𝑖 15 8+𝑖 15
2.8 Show that (i) (2 + 𝑖√3) + (2 − 𝑖√3) is real and (ii) ( 5−3𝑖 ) − (1+2𝑖) is purely imaginary.

2.11 Which one of the points i,−2 + 𝑖 and 3 is farthest from the origin?
2.13 If |𝑧| = 2 show that 3 ≤ |𝑧 + 3 + 4𝑖| ≤ 7.
−1 √3 −1 √3
2.14 Show that the points 1, 2
+ 𝑖 2
, and 2
− 𝑖 2
are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

2.16 Show that the equation 𝑧 2 = 𝑧̄ has four solutions.

4
2.19 Show that |3𝑧 − 5 + 𝑖| = 4, represents a circle, and find its centre and radius.
2.20 Show that |𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| < 2 represents interior points of a circle. Find the centre and radius.
2.21 Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of z in each of the following cases.
(i) |𝑧|=|𝑧 − 𝑖| (ii) |2𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖| = 3.
2.23 Represent the complex number (i)−1 − 𝑖 (ii) 1 + 𝑖√3 in polar form.
9𝜋 9𝜋
2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
4 4
2.26 Find the quotient −3𝜋 −3𝜋 in rectangular form.
4(𝑐𝑜𝑠( )+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( ))
2 2

𝑛 1 𝑛 1
2.28 If 𝑧 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃), show that 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑛 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 and 𝑧 − 𝑧𝑛 = 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜃.
𝜋 𝜋 18
2.29 Simplify (𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 ) .

2.31 Simplify (i)(1 + 𝑖)18 (ii) (−√3 + 3𝑖)31.

Chapter 3 Theory of Equations

EXERCISE 3.1
1. If the sides of a cubic box are increased by 1,2,3 units respectively to form a cuboid, then the volume
is increased by 52 cubic units. Find the volume of the cuboid.
2. Construct a cubic equation with roots
1
(i) 1,2, and 3 (ii) 1,1, and −2 (iii) 2, and 1.
2

3. If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the roots of the cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0, form a cubic equation whose
roots are
1 1 1
(i) 2𝛼, 2𝛽, 2𝛾 (ii) , , (iii) −𝛼, −𝛽, −𝛾
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾

7. If 𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝛾 are the roots of the polynomial equation 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, find the value of
𝛼
∑ in terms of the coefficients.
𝛽𝛾

8. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 and 𝛿 are the roots of the polynomial equation 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8 = 0, find a quadratic

equation with integer coefficients whose roots are 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 and 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿.
11. A 12 metre tall tree was broken into two parts. It was found that the height of the part which was left
standing was the cube root of the length of the part that was cut away. Formulate this into a
mathematical problem to find the height of the part which was left standing.
EXERCISE 3.2
2. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2 + √3𝑖 as a root.
3. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2𝑖 + 3 as a root.
4. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having √5 − √3 as a root.
EXERCISE 3.3
EXERCISE 3.5

5
1. Solve the following equations:
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 4 = 0

EXERCISE 3.6
3. Show that the equation 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 has atleast 6 imaginary solutions.
5. Find the exact number of real zeros and imaginary of the polynomial 𝑥 9 + 9𝑥 7 + 7𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥.

EXAMPLES
3.4 Find the sum of the squares of the roots of 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
3.8 Find the monic polynomial equation of minimum degree with real coefficients having 2 − √3𝑖 as a
root.
3.9 Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2 − √3 as a root.

√2
3.10 Form a polynomial equation with integer coefficients with √√3 as a root.

3.13 Show that, if 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 are rational, the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 = 0 are
rational.
3.25 Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 20 = 0.

3.29 Find solution, if any, of the equation 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 4 = 0.

3.30 Show that the polynomial 9𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2 has at least six imaginary roots.

Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXERCISE 4.1
1. Find all the values of 𝑥 such that
(i) −10𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10𝜋 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 (ii) −3𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3𝜋 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = −1.
3. 1
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 𝑥) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 6𝜋.

6. Find the domain of the following

𝑥 2 +1 𝜋
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2𝑥
) (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑥 − 1) − 4 .

7. 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 9
𝑐𝑜𝑠 9 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 9
𝑠𝑖𝑛 9 ).

EXERCISE 4.2
1. Find all values of 𝑥 such that (i) −6𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6𝜋 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 0 (ii) −5𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5𝜋 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 1.
5. Find the value of
1 1 1
(i) 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2) (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( − 1)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 17 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛 17).

6
6. |𝑥|−2 1−|𝑥|
Find the domain of (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 3
) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 4
) (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥.
𝜋
7. For what values of 𝑥, the inequality 2 < 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 3𝑥 − 1) < 𝜋 holds?

8. 4𝜋 5𝜋
Find the value of (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 )).

EXERCISE 4.3
4. Find the value of
1 1 1 4
(i) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2)) (ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5))
4 3
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4)).

EXERCISE 4.4
2. Find the value of
√3
(iii)𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( 1) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− )− 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(−√2).
2

EXERCISE 4.5
2. Find the value of the expression in terms of 𝑥, with the help of a reference triangle.
1
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1( 1 − 𝑥)) (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( 3𝑥 − 1)) (iii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 2)).

3. Find the value of

√3 3 4
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ))) (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 )
2 5 5
3 3
(iii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 2).

4. Prove that
2 7 1 3 12 16
(i) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (ii)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
11 24 2 5 13 65
𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
8. Simplify : 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥+𝑦.

EXAMPLES
4.4 Find the domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1(2 − 3𝑥 2 ).
4.7 2+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Find the domain of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 3
).

4.10 Find the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( − 1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 1).

2 2

4.14 If 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1) = 𝜃, find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃.

7

 1
4.15 Show that cot −1   = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥, |𝑥| > 1.
 x −1 
2

4.16 Prove that 𝜋 3𝜋

≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ≤ .
2 2

4.17 Simplify (i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (13𝜋)) (ii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (3𝜋))
3 4

7
 5𝜋
(iii) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( )) (iv) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1[𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 0]
3
𝑥
4.19 Prove that 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = for |𝑥| < 1.
√1−𝑥 2

4.21 Prove that (i) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 = 𝜋 1 1 31

(ii) 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 7 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 17.
2 3 4

4.25 Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 > 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥.

4.26 √1−𝑥 2
Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑡( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ 0.

4.27 Solve : 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 𝑥 = 𝜋, if 6𝑥 2 < 1.

4

Chapter 5 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry – II

EXERCISE 5.1
1. Obtain the equation of the circles with radius 5 cm and touching 𝑥 -axis at the origin in general form.
2. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, −1) and passing through the point (3,6) in standard
form.
3. Find the equations of circles that touch both the axes and pass through (−4, −2) in general form.
4. Find the equation of the circles with centre (2,3) and passing through the intersection of the lines
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 27 = 0.
7. A circle of area 9𝜋 square units has two of its diameters along the lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1.
Find the equation of the circle.
8. If 𝑦 = 2√2𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16, find the value of 𝑐.
12. If the equation 3𝑥 2 + (3 − 𝑝)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑞𝑦 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 = 8𝑝𝑞 represents a circle, find 𝑝 and 𝑞. Also
determine the centre and radius of the circle.
EXERCISE 5.2
1. Find the equation of the parabola in each of the cases given below :
(i) focus (4,0) and directrix 𝑥 = −4.
(ii) passes through (2, −3) and symmetric about 𝑦 axis.
(iii) Vertex (1 − 2) and focus (4, −2).
(iv) The end points of latus rectum (4, −8) and (4,8).
2. Find the equation of the ellipse in each of the cases given below :
1
(i) Foci (±3,0), 𝑒 =
2
(ii) foci (0, ±4) and end points of major axis are (0, ±5).
3
(iii) length of latus rectum 8, eccentricity = 5, centre(0,0) and major axis on 𝑥 -axis.

(iv) length of latus rectum 4, distance between foci 4√2 , centre (0,0) and major axis as 𝑦 -axis.

8
3. Find the equation of the hyperbola in each of the cases given below:
3
(i) Foci (±2,0), 𝑒 = 2
(ii) Centre (2,1), one of the foci (8,1) and corresponding directrix 𝑥 = 4.
(iii) Passing through (5, −2) and length of the transverse axis along 𝑥 -axis and of length 8 units.
4. Find the vertex, focus, equation of directrix and length of the latus rectum of the following:
(i) 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 (ii) 𝑥 2 = 24𝑦 (iii) 𝑦 2 = −8𝑥
(iv) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 17 = 0 (v) 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 12 = 0
6. 𝑥2 𝑦2 2𝑏2
Prove that the length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 is 𝑎
.

7. Show that the absolute value of difference of the focal distances of any point 𝑃 on the hyperbola is the
length of its transverse axis.

EXAMPLES
5.2 Find the equation of the circle described on the chord 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5 = 0 of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 as
diameter.
5.6 The line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴 and 𝐵. Find the equation of the circle
drawn on 𝐴𝐵 as diameter.
5.7. A line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 10 = 0 cuts a chord of length 6units on a circle with centre of the circle (2,1).
Find the equation of the circle in general form.
5.8 A circle of radius 3 units touches both the axes. Find the equations of all possible circles formed in
the general form.
5.9 Find the centre and radius of the circle 3𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 1)𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 𝑎 + 4 = 0.
5.11 Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at 𝑃(−3,4).

5.12 If 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 𝑐is a tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 find 𝑐,

5.13 A road bridge over an irrigation canal have two semi circular vents each with a span of 20𝑚 and
the supporting pillars of width 2𝑚 use figure 5.14 to write the equations that represents the semi-
versicular vents.
5.14 Find the length of Latus rectum of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥.

5.15 Find the length of Latus rectum of the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 1.

𝑎2 𝑏2

5.16 Find the equation of the parabola with focus (−√2, 0) and directrix 𝑥 = √2.

5.17 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (5, −2) and focus (2, −2).

5.18 Find the equation of the parabola with vertex (−1, −2), axis parallel to 𝑦-axis and passing
through (3,6).
5.20 Find the equation of the ellipse with foci (±2,0), vertices (±3,0).
5.24 Find the equation of the hyperbola with vertices (0, ±4) and foci (0, ±6).
5.32 The maximum and minimum distances of the Earth from the Sun respectively are 152 × 106km and

9
 94.5 × 106 km. The Sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Find the distance from the Sun to the
other focus.
5.33 A concrete bridge is designed as a parabolic arch. The road over bridge is 40𝑚 long and the
maximum height of the arch is 15𝑚. Write an equation of the parabolic arch.
5.34 The parabolic communications antenna has a focus at 2𝑚 distance from the vertex of the antenna.
Find the width of the antenna 3𝑚 from the vertex.
5.35 The equation 𝑦 = 1 2
𝑥 models cross sections of parabolic mirrors that are used for solar energy.
32
There is a heating tube located at the focus of each parabola; how high is this tube located above the
vertex of the parabola?
5.36 A search light has a parabolic reflector (has a cross section that forms a 'bowl'). The parabolic bowl
is 40𝑐𝑚 wide from rim to rim and 30𝑐𝑚 deep. The bulb is located at the focus
(1) What is the equation of the parabola used for reflector?
(2) How far from the vertex is the bulb to be placed so that the maximum distance covered?
5.37 An equation of the elliptical part of an optical lens system is 𝑥2 𝑦2
16
+ 9
= 1. The parabolic part of the
system has a focus in common with the right focus of the ellipse. The vertex of the parabola is at the
origin and the parabola opens to the right. Determine the equation of the parabola.
5.38 A room 34𝑚 long is constructed to be a whispering gallery (Fig. 5.50). The room has an elliptical
ceiling, as shown in Fig. 5.61. If the maximum height of the ceiling is 8𝑚, determine where the foci
are located.
5.39 If the equation of the ellipse is (𝑥−11)2 + 𝑦2 = 1 (𝑥 and 𝑦 are measured in centimeters) where to the
484 64
nearest centimeter, should the patient’s kidney stone be placed so that the reflected sound hits the
kidney stone?

Chapter 6 Vector Algebra II and Applications

EXERCISE 6.1
1. Prove by vector method that if a line is drawn from the centre of a circle to the mid point of a chord,
then the line is perpendicular to the chord.
2. Prove by vector method that the median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the
base.
3. Prove by vector method that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
4. Prove by vector method that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
5. Using vector method, prove that if the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then it is a rectangle.
1
6. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×
Prove by vector method that the area of quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 having diagonals 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐷 is 2 |𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 |.

7. Prove by vector method that the parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are
equal in area.

10
11. A particle acted on by constant forces 8𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ and 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ is displaced from the point
(1,2,3) to the point (5,4,1). Find the total work done by the forces.
12. Forces of magnitudes 5√2 and 10√2 units acting in the directions 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 10𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂,
respectively, act on a particle which is displaced from the point with position vector 4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ to
the point with position vector 6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂. Find the work done by the forces.
13. Find the magnitude and direction cosines of the torque (moment) of a force represented by 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ −
5𝑘̂ about the point with position vector 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ acting through a point whose position vector is
4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂.
14. Find the torque (moment) of the resultant of the three forces represented by −3𝑖 + 6𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , 4𝑖̂ −
10𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ and 4𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ acting at the point with position vector 8𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂, about the point with
position vector 18𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 9𝑘̂.
EXERCISE 6.2
4. If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are three non-coplanar vectors represnted by concurrent edges of a parallelopiped of volume
4 cubic units, find the value of (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) ⋅ (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐) + (𝑏⃗ + 𝑐) ⋅ (𝑐 × 𝑎) + (𝑐 + 𝑎) ⋅ (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗).

5. Find the altitude of a parallelopiped determined by the vectors 𝑎 = −2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
and 𝑐 = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ if the base is taken as the parallelogram determined by 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐.

10. Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 be three non-zero vectors such that 𝑐 is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗. If the
𝜋 1 2 2
angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is , show that [𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐] = |𝑎|2 |𝑏⃗| .
6 4

EXERCISE 6.3
3. Prove that [𝑎 − 𝑏⃗, 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐 , 𝑐 − 𝑎] = 0.

5. 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ , 𝑐 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ then find the value of (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) ⋅ (𝑎 × 𝑐).

6. If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐, 𝑑 are coplanar vectors, show that (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) × (𝑐 × 𝑑) = ⃗0.

7. If 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑎 × (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐) = 𝑙𝑎 + 𝑚𝑏⃗ + 𝑛𝑐, find the
values of 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛.
1
8. If 𝑎̂, 𝑏̂, 𝑐̂ are three unit vectors such that 𝑏̂ and 𝑐̂ are non-parallel and 𝑎̂ × (𝑏̂ × 𝑐̂ ) = 2 𝑏̂, find the angle
between 𝑎̂ and 𝑐̂ .
EXERCISE 6.4
1. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing
through the point with position vector 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂ and parallel to the vector 2𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂.
2. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing
𝑥−1 𝑦+3 8−𝑧
through the point (−2,3,4) and parallel to the straight line −4
= 5
= 6
.

3. Find the points where the straight line passes through (6,7,4) and (8,4,9) cuts the 𝑥𝑧 and 𝑦𝑧 planes.
4. Find the direction cosines of the straight line passing through the points (5,6,7) and (7,9,13). Also
find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing
through two given points.

11
6. The vertices of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 𝐴(7,2,1), 𝐵(6,0,3), and 𝐶(4,2,4). Find ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.
7. If the straight line joining the points (2,1,4) and (𝑎 − 1,4, −1) is parallel to the line joining the points
(0,2, 𝑏 − 1) and (5,3, −2), find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
8. 𝑥−5 2−𝑦 1−𝑧 2𝑦+1 1−𝑧
If the straight lines 5𝑚+2
= 5
= −1
and 𝑥 = 4𝑚
= −3
are perpendicular to each other, find the
value of 𝑚.
9. Show that the points (2,3,4), (−1,4,5) and (8,1,2) are collinear.
EXERCISE 6.5
1. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of a straight line passing through
(5,2,8) and is perpendicular to the straight lines 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟 =
(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ).

3. 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1 𝑥−3 𝑦−𝑚

If the two lines 2
= 3
= 4
and 1
= 2
= 𝑧 intersect at a point, find the value of 𝑚.

EXERCISE 6.6
1. Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin having 3, −4,5 as
direction ratios of a normal to it.
2. Find direction cosines of the normal to the plane 12𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 65. Also, find the non-parametric
form of vector equation of a plane and the length of the perpendicular to the plane from the origin.
3. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the point with position vector
2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and normal to the vector 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂.
4. A plane passes through the point (−1,1,2) and the normal to the plane of magnitude 3√3 makes equal
acute angles with the coordinate axes. Find the equation of the plane.
6. If a plane meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 such that the centroid of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is the point
(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), find the equation of the plane.
EXERCISE 6.9
1. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
𝑟 ⋅ (2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) = 3 and 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 11 = 0, and the point (−2,1,3).

3. Find the angle between the line 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) and the plane 𝑟 ⋅ (6𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ +
2𝑘̂ ) = 8.

4. Find the angle between the planes 𝑟 ⋅ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) = 3 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.

5. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane which passes through the point (3,4, −1) and is parallel to
the plane 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 7 = 0. Also, find the distance between the two planes.

EXAMPLES
6.4 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
With usual notations, in any triangle ABC, prove by vector method that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐.

6.9 A particle acted upon by constant forces 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ and −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ is displaced from the point
(4, −3, −2) to the point (6,1, −3). Find the total work done by the forces.
6.10 A particle is acted upon by the forces 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ is displaced from the point
(1,3, −1) to the point (4, −1, 𝜆). If the work done by the forces is 16 units, find the value of 𝜆.
12
6.11 Find the magnitude and the direction cosines of the torque about the point (2,0, −1) of a force
2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ whose line of action passes through the origin.
6.17 If the vectors 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are coplanar, then prove that the vectors 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗, 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑎 are also coplanar.
6.18 If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are three non-coplanar vectors, prove that [𝑎 + 𝑐 , 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗, 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐] = [𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐].
6.19 Prove that [𝑎 × 𝑏⃗, 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐, 𝑐 × 𝑎] = [𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐]2 .
6.20 Prove that (𝑎 ⋅ (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐))𝑎 = (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) × (𝑎 × 𝑐 ).
6.26 Find the vector parametric and Cartesian equations of the line passing through (−4,2, −3) and is
−𝑥−2 𝑦+3 2𝑧−6
parallel to the line 4
= −2
= 3
,

6.28 𝑥+3 𝑦−1 −𝑧

Find the angle between the straight line = = with coordinate axes.
2 2 1

6.29 Find the angle between the lines 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) and the straight line passing
through the points (5,1,4) and (9,2,12).
6.30 𝑥−4 𝑦 𝑧+1 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−2
Find the angle between the straight lines 2
=1= −2
and 4
= −4
= 2
and state whether they
are parallel or perpendicular.
6.31 Show that the straight line passing through the points 𝐴(6,7,5) and 𝐵(8,10,6) is perpendicular to the
straight line passing through the points 𝐶(10,2, −5) and 𝐷(8,3, −4).
6.33 𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1
Find the point of intersection of the lines = = and = = 𝑧.
2 3 4 5 2

6.34 Find the parametric form of a vector equation of a straight line passing through the point of
𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧+3
intersection of the straight lines 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) and = = , and 1 2 4
perpendicular to both straight lines.
6.35 Determine whether the pair of straight lines 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ),
𝑟 = (2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) are parallel. Find the shortest distance between them.
6.36 Find the shortest distance between the given straight lines 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(−2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ )
𝑥−3 𝑦 𝑧+2
and 2
= −1 = 2
.

6.38 Find the vector and Cartesian equations of a plane which is at a distance of 12 units from the origin
and perpendicular to 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂.
6.40 Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane and length of the perpendicular from the origin
to the plane 𝑟 ⋅ (3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ ) = 5.
6.41 Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the point with position vector
4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and normal to vector 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
6.42 A variable plane moves in such a way that the sum of the reciprocals of its intercepts on the
coordinate axes is a constant. Show that the plane passes through a fixed point.
6.52 Find the distance between the planes 𝑟 ⋅ (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) = 6 and 𝑟 ⋅ (6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ ) = 27.
6.56 Find the coordinates of the point where the straight line 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ )
intersects the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0.

13
 Chapter 7 Applications of Differential Calculus

EXERCISE 7.1
1. A particle moves along a straight line in such a way that after 𝑡 seconds its distance from the origin is
𝑠 = 2𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 metres.
(i) Find the average velocity of the points between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 6 seconds.
(ii) Find the instantaneous velocities at 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 6 seconds.
5. If the mass 𝑚(𝑥) (in kilograms) of a thin rod of length 𝑥 (in metres) is given by, 𝑚(𝑥) = √3𝑥 then
what is the rate of change of mass with respect to the length when it is 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 27 metres.
EXERCISE 7.2
2. Find the point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 at which the tangent is parallel to the line 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.
3. Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 where the normal is parallel to the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
1729.
4. Find the points on the curve 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5 for which the tangent is horizontal.
5. Find the tangent and normal to the following curves at the given points on the curve.
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 at (1,0) (ii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑒 𝑥 at (0,2)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 at ( , ) (iv) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 at 𝑡 =
2 2 3

6. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 3 for which the tangent is orthogonal with
the line 𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 12.
7. 𝑥+1
Find the equations of the tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 which are parallel to the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6.

8. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve given by 𝑥 = 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ at
any point on the curve.
EXERCISE 7.3
2. Using the Rolle’s theorem, determine the values of 𝑥 at which the tangent is parallel to the 𝑥 -axis for
the following functions:
𝑥 2 −2𝑥
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [0,1] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2
,𝑥 ∈ [−1,6]
𝑥
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,9]

4. Using the Lagrange’s mean value theorem determine the values of 𝑥 at which the tangent is parallel to
the secant line at the end points of the given interval :
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7), 𝑥 ∈ [3,11]
5. Show that the value in the conclusion of the mean value theorem for
1
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 on a closed interval of positive numbers [𝑎, 𝑏] is √𝑎𝑏.
𝑎+𝑏
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 on any interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is .
2

6. A race car driver is at kilometer stone 20. If his speed never exceeds 150 km/hr, what is the maximum
kilometer he can reach in the next two hours?

14
7. Suppose that for a function 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 1 for all 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4. Show that 𝑓(4) − 𝑓(1) ≤ 3.
8. Does there exist a differentiable function 𝑓(𝑥) such that 𝑓(0) = −1, 𝑓(2) = 4 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 2 for all
𝑥. Justify your answer.
𝜋
9. Show that there lies a point on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑒 − 2 , −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 where tangent drawn is
parallel to the 𝑥 -axis.
10. Using mean value theorem prove that for, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, |𝑒 −𝑎 − 𝑒 −𝑏 | < |𝑎 − 𝑏|.

EXERCISE 7.4
1. Write the Maclaurin series expansion of the following functions:
(i) 𝑒 𝑥 (ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
(iv) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1 − 𝑥); −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 (v) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( 𝑥); −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 (vi) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

2. Write down the Taylor series expansion, of the function 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 about 𝑥 = 1 upto three non-zero terms
for 𝑥 > 0.
𝜋
3. Expand 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 in ascending powers 𝑥 − upto three non-zero terms.
4

4. Expand the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 in powers of 𝑥 − 1.

EXERCISE 7.5
Evaluate the following limits, if necessary use I’Hôpital Rule :
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2𝑥 2 −3 𝑥
1. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 3. 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+3 𝑥→∞ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 1 1
4. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 −𝑥 √𝑥 6. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑥→ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0
2
2 𝑥
7. 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ (𝑥 2 −1 − 𝑥−1)
𝑥→1

EXERCISE 7.6
1. Find the absolute extrema of the following functions on the given closed interval.
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 10 ; [1,2] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 ; [−1,2]
4 1
𝜋
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 ; [−1,1]
3 3 (iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥; [0, 2 ]

EXERCISE 7.7
2. Find the local extrema for the following functions using second derivative test:
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
EXERCISE 7.8
2. Find two positive numbers whose product is 20 and their sum is minimum.

EXAMPLES
7.3 A person learnt 100 words for an English test. The number of words the person remembers in 𝑡 days
after learning is given by 𝑊(𝑡) = 100 × (1 − 0.1𝑡)2 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10. What is the rate at which the
person forgets the words ′2′ days after learning?

15
7.4 𝑡3
A particle moves so that the distance moved is according to the law 𝑠(𝑡) = 3
− 𝑡 2 + 3. At what
time the velocity and acceleration are zero?
7.11 Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 at the point (1,2).

7.12 Find the points in the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 at which the tangent is parallel to the line 𝑦 =
𝑥.
7.13 Find the equation of the tangent and normal at any point to the Lissajous curve given by 𝑥 =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅.
7.16 Find the angle of intersection of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 with the positive 𝑥 -axis.
7.19 Compute the value of ′𝑐′ satisfied by the Rolle’s theorem for the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,1]
7.20 Find the values in the interval (1 , 2) satisfied by the Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 +
2
1 1
𝑥
,𝑥 ∈ [2 , 2].

7.21 Compute the value of ′𝑐′ satisfied by Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 2 +6) in the
5𝑥
interval [2,3].
7.22 Without actually solving show that the equation 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2 = 0 has only one real root in the
interval (0,1).
7.23 Prove using the Rolle’s theorem that between any two distinct real zeros of the polynomial
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
there is a zero of the polynomial
𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 .

7.24 Prove that there is a zero of the polynomial, 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 12 in the interval (2,7) given that
2 and 7 are the zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 28.
7.25 Find the values in the interval (1,2) of the mean value theorem satisfied by the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −
𝑥 2 for 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.
7.26 A truck travels on a toll road with a speed limit of 80 km/hr. The truck completes a 164 km journey
in 2 hours. At the end of the toll road the trucker is issued with a speed violation notice. Justify this
using the Mean Value Theorem.
7.27 Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) is a differentiable function for all 𝑥 with 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 29 and 𝑓(2) = 17 then what is the
maximum value of 𝑓(7)?
7.28 Prove using mean value theorem that, | 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 | ≤ |𝛼 − 𝛽|, 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ.
7.29 A thermometer was taken from a freezer and placed in a boiling water. It took 22 seconds for the
thermometer to raise from −10°C to 100°C. Show that the rate of change of temperature at some
time t is 5°C per second.
7.37 If 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝜃) = 1, then prove that 𝑚 = ±𝑛.
𝜃→0 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃

7.38 Evaluate : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑙𝑜𝑔(1−𝑥)) .

− 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜋𝑥)
𝑥→1

16
7.39 Evaluate : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 − 1
).
+
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −1

7.40 Evaluate : 𝑙𝑖𝑚+𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥.

𝑥→0

7.41 Evaluate : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 2 +17𝑥+29).

𝑥→∞ 𝑥4

7.42 Evaluate : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( 𝑒 𝑥 ) , 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁.

𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑚

7.46 Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 is strictly increasing in the interval (2,7) and strictly
decreasing in the interval (−2,0).
7.48 Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
on [−3,2].
7.49 Find the absolute extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 on the closed interval [0,2𝜋].
7.52 Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is increasing on the real line. Also discuss for the existence
of local extrema.

Chapter 8 Differentials and Partial Derivatives

EXERCISE 8.1
2. Use the linear approximation to find approximate values of
2
4 3
(i) (123)3 (ii) √15 (iii) √26.
3. Find a linear approximation for the following functions at the indicated points.
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12, 𝑥0 = 2 (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 9, 𝑥0 = −4
𝑥
(iii) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 , 𝑥0 = 1.

4. The radius of a circular plate is measured as 12.65 cm instead of the actual length 12.5 cm. Find the
following in calculating the area of the circular plate:
(i) Absolute error (ii) Relative error (iii) Percentage error
5. A sphere is made of ice having radius 10 cm. Its radius decreases from 10 cm to 9.8 cm. Find
approximations for the following:
(i) change in the volume (ii) change in the surface area
6. The time 𝑇, taken for a complete oscillation of a single pendulum with length 𝑙, is given by the
1
equation 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔, where 𝑔 is a constant. Find the approximate percentage error in the calculated

value of 𝑇 corresponding to an error of 2 percent in the value of 𝑡.

7. 1
Show that the percentage error in the 𝑛th root of a number is approximately 𝑛
times the percentage
error in the number.
EXERCISE 8.2

17
3. Find 𝛥𝑓 and 𝑑𝑓 for the function 𝑓 for the indicated values of 𝑥, 𝛥𝑥 and compare
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 = 2, 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.5
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3; 𝑥 = −0.5, 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1

4. Assuming 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑒 = 0.4343, find an approximate value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1 003.

8. In a newly developed city, it is estimated that the voting population (in thousands) will increase
according to 𝑉(𝑡) = 30 + 12𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 8 where 𝑡 is the time in years. Find the approximate
1
change in voters for the time change from 4 to 4 6 year.

10. A circular plate expands uniformly under the influence of heat. If it’s radius increases from 10.5cm to
10.75cm, then find an approximate change in the area and the approximate percentage changes in the
area.
11. A coat of paint of thickness 0.2 cm is applied to the faces of a cube whose edge is 10 cm. Use the
differentials to find approximately how many cubic centimeters of paint is used to paint this cube.
Also calculate the exact amount of paint used to paint this cube.
EXERCISE 8.3
5. 𝑥2𝑦
Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 +𝑦2 for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0) and 𝑔(0,0) = 0.

(i) Show that 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 along every line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ.

(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)

k
(ii) Show that lim g ( x, y) = along every parabola 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑘 ∈ ℝ\{0}.
( x , y )→(0,0) 1+ k 2

6. 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 +1
is continuous at every (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 .

7. 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = , for 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑔(0,0) = 1. Show that 𝑔 is continuous at (0,0).
𝑥

EXERCISE 8.4
1. Find the partial derivatives of the following functions at the indicated points.
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (2, −5)
(ii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (1, −2)
𝜋
(iii) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥𝑦), (2, 4 )

(iv) 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), (−1,1)

4. 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) + 𝑧 3 , find 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 .

8. 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥𝑦), then prove that = .
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

EXERCISE 8.5
1. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, find the linear approximation for 𝑤 at (1, −1).
2. Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ. Find the linear approximation for 𝑧 at (2, −1).
3. 1
If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 4 𝑦 2 + 7, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, find the differential 𝑑𝑣.

4. Let 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ. Find the differential 𝑑𝑉.

18
 EXERCISE 8.7
4. 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = , prove that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑢.
√𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

EXAMPLES
8.1 Find the linear approximation for 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ −1, at 𝑥0 = 3. Use the linear approximation
to estimate 𝑓(3.2).
8.2 Use linear approximation to find an approximate value of √9.2 without using a calculator.
8.3 Let us assume that the shape of a soap bubble is a sphere. Use linear approximation to approximate
the increase in the surface area of a soap bubble as its radius increases from 5 cm to 5.2 cm. Also,
calculate the percentage error.
8.5 Let 𝑓, 𝑔: (𝑎, 𝑏) → ℝ be differentiable functions. Show that 𝑑(𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓𝑑𝑔 + 𝑔𝑑𝑓.
8.7 If the radius of a sphere, with radius 10 cm, has to decrease by 0.1 cm, approximately how much
would its volume decrease?
8.8 3𝑥−5𝑦+8
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +1
for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2. Show that 𝑓 is continuous on ℝ2 .
𝑥𝑦
8.9 Consider 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 if (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0) and 𝑓(0,0) = 0. Show that 𝑓 is not continuous at (0,0)
and continuous at all other points of ℝ2 .
8.10 Consider 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥2 𝑦 if (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0) and 𝑔(0,0) = 0. Show that 𝑔 is continuous on ℝ2 .
𝑥 2 +𝑦2

8.16 If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ, find the differential 𝑑𝑤.

8.17 Let 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 , 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ. Find the linear approximation for 𝑈 at (2, −1,0).

Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

EXERCISE 9.3
1. Evaluate the following definite integrals :
1 𝑑𝑥 1 1−𝑥
(ii) ∫−1 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5 (iii) ∫0 √1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 1−𝑥 2
(iv) ∫02 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (v) ∫02 √𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (vi) ∫0 (1+𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥

2. Evaluate the following integrals using properties of integration:

𝜋
5 𝑒 𝑥 −1
(i) ∫−5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑒 𝑥 +1) 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 4𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−
4
3𝜋
2𝜋 3+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 8 1
(iv)∫0 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 (x) ∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
3−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1+√𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
8

EXERCISE 9.4

19
 Evaluate the following:
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
1. ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
1 −1 𝑥 𝜋
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
3. ∫0√2 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫02 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2

EXERCISE 9.5
Evaluate the following:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1) ∫02 (2) ∫02
1+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 5+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

EXERCISE 9.6
1. Evaluate the following:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(ii) ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (iii)∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (iv) ∫06 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
2𝜋 𝑥 1
(v) ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (vi)∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 4 𝑑𝑥 (vii)∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (viii)∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥

EXERCISE 9.8
2. Find the area of the region bounded by 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 = 3 and y-axis.
EXERCISE 9.9
1. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x-axis, the region
enclosed by 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , y = 0 and x = 1.

EXAMPLES
9.5 3
Evaluate : ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 .

9.6 1 2𝑥+7
Evaluate : ∫0 5𝑥 2 +9
𝑑𝑥 .
𝜋
9.8 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Evaluate : ∫03 1+𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 .

9.9 9 1
Evaluate : ∫0 𝑥+√𝑥
𝑑𝑥 .

9.23 If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑥), then ∫2𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

0 0

9.26 Evaluate : ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑑𝑥.
0 𝑓(𝑥)+𝑓(𝑎−𝑥)

9.29 Evaluate 3 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥.
∫2 √5−𝑥+√𝑥

9.31 Evaluate∫𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.

0

9.32 Evaluate : ∫1 𝑒 −2𝑥 ( 1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥.

0

9.33 Evaluate : ∫2𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.

0

9.34 Evaluate : ∫1 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 ( 1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥.

−1

9.35 Evaluate ∫∞ 1 𝑑𝑥 ,𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ.

𝑏 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2

20
 𝜋 4
Evaluate∫02 |𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑥 7| 𝑑𝑥.
9.38
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 3
9.39 Find the values of the following:
𝜋 𝜋
(i)∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

9.41 Evaluate∫1 𝑥 5 (1 − 𝑥 2 )5 𝑑𝑥.

0

9.42 Evaluate∫1 𝑥 3 (1 − 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥.

0

9.44 Evaluate∫∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥,where 𝑎 > 0.

0

9.48 Find the area of the region bounded by the line 7𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 35, 𝑥 −axis and the lines 𝑥 = −2 and
𝑥 = 3.
9.62 Find the volume of a sphere of radius a.
9.67 Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about y-axis the region bounded
between the parabola 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 1, the y-axis, and the lines 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = −1.

Chapter 10 Applications of Integration

EXERCISE 10.3
1. Find the differential equation of the family of (i) all non-vertical lines in a plane (ii) all non-horizontal
lines in a plane.
2. Form the differential equation of all straight lines touching the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 .
3. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin and having their
centres on the 𝑥 -axis.
4. Find the differential equation of the family of all the parabolas with latus rectum 4𝑎 and whose axes
are parallel to the 𝑥 -axis.

5. Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with vertex at (0, −1) and having axis along
the 𝑦 -axis.
6. Find the differential equations of the family of all the ellipses having foci on the 𝑦 -axis and centre at
the origin.
7. Find the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves represented by the equation
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 8𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −8𝑥 , where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are arbitrary constants.
EXERCISE 10.4
3. The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is the reciprocal of four times the ordinate at that
point. The curve passes through (2,5). Find the equation of the curve.
5. 𝑏
Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑦 ″ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0.

6. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are arbitrary constants, is a solution of the differential
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

21
 2
7. Show that the differential equation representing the family of curves 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎3 ), where 𝑎 is a
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 5
positive parameter, is (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 ) = 8 (𝑦 ) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

EXERCISE 10.5
4. Solve the following differential equations:
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(i) =√ 2 (iii)𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎, 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(iv) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑦

EXERCISE 10.7
Solve the following Linear differential equations:
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLES
10.4 Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the points (𝑎, 0) and (−𝑎, 0).
10.6 Find the differential equation of the family of all ellipses having foci on the 𝑥 -axis and centre at the
origin.
10.9 2 𝑑𝑦
Show that 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 3 = 0.

10.10 Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) , 𝑥 > 0is a solution of the differential equation
𝑥 2 𝑦 ″ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0.
10.11 Solve (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥

10.16 Solve : 𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4)2 .

𝑑𝑥

10.20 Solve 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦.

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Chapter 11 Probability Distributions

EXERCISE 11.1
1. Suppose 𝑋 is the number of tails occurred when three fair coins are tossed once simultaneously. Find
the values of the random variable 𝑋 and number of points in its inverse images.
2. In a pack of 52 playing cards, two cards are drawn at random simultaneously. If the number of black
cards drawn is a random variable, find the values of the random variable and number of points in its
inverse images.
3. An urn contains 5 mangoes and 4 apples. Three fruits are taken at random. If the number of taken
fruits are apple, then find the values of the random variable and number of points in its inverse
images.

22
4. Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 red and 8 black balls. Suppose that we win
₹15 for each red ball selected and we lose ₹10 for each black ball selected. If 𝑋 denotes of winning
amount, then find the values of 𝑋 and number of points in its inverse images.
EXERCISE 11.2
1. Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability mass function for number of heads
occurred.
EXERCISE 11.3
−2𝑥
1.
The probability density function of 𝑋 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑘𝑥𝑒 for 𝑥 > 0. Find the value of 𝑘.
0 for 𝑥 ≤ 0
6. If 𝑋 is the random variable with distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) given by,
0, 𝑥 < 0
1
𝐹(𝑥) = { (𝑥 2 + 𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
2
1, 𝑥 ≥ 1
then find (i) the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) (ii) 𝑃(0.3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.6).

EXERCISE 11.4
3. If 𝜇 and 𝜎 2 are the mean and variance of the discrete random variable 𝑋, and 𝐸(𝑋 + 3) = 10 and
𝐸(𝑋 + 3)2 = 116, find 𝜇 and 𝜎 2 .
5. A commuter train arrives punctually at a station every half an hour. Everyday in the morning, a
student leaves his house to the train station. Let 𝑋 denote the amount of time, in minutes, that the
student waits for the train from the time he reaches the train station. Its known that the pdf of 𝑋 is
1
, 0 < 𝑥 < 30
𝑓(𝑥) = {30 .Obtain and interpret the expected value of the random variable 𝑋.
0, elsewhere

8. A lottery with 600 tickets gives one prize of ₹200, four prices of ₹100, and six prizes of ₹50. If the
ticket costs is ₹2, find the expected winning amount of a ticket.

EXERCISE 11.5
2. 1
The probability that Mr.Q hits a target at any trial is . He tries at the target 10 times. Find the
4
probability that he hits the target (i) exactly 4 times (ii) at least one time.
5. A retailer purchases a certain kind of electronic device from a manufacturer. The manufacturer
indicates that the defective rate of the device is 5%. The inspector of the retailer randomly picks 10
items from a shipment. What is the probability that there will be (i) at least one defective item (ii)
exactly two defective items.
8. If 𝑋 ∼ 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) such that 4𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) and 𝑛 = 6. Find the distribution, mean and standard
deviation.
9. In a binomial distribution consisting of 5 independent trials, the probability of 1 and 2 successes are
0.4096 and 0.2048 respectively. Find the mean and variance of the distribution.

EXAMPLES

23
11.1 Suppose two coins are tossed once. If 𝑋 denotes the number of tails, (i) write down the sample space
(ii) find the inverse image of 1 (iii) the values of the random variable, and number of elements in its
inverse images.
11.2 Suppose a pair of unbiased dice is rolled once. If X denotes the total score of two dice, write down (i)
the sample space (ii) the values taken by the random variable X, (iii) the inverse image of 10, and (iv)
the number of elements in inverse image of X.
11.3 An urn contains 2 white balls and 3 red balls. A sample of 3 balls are chosen at random from the urn.
If 𝑋 denotes the number of red balls chosen, find the values taken by the random variable 𝑋 and its
number of if inverse images.
11.4 Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 8 white and 4 black balls. Suppose that we
win Rs30 for each black ball selected and the lose Rs20 for each white ball selected. If 𝑋 denotes the
winning amount, then find the values of 𝑋 and number of points in its inverse images.
11.5 Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously (equivalent to a fair coin is tossed twice). Find the
probability mass function for number of heads occurred.
11.11 𝐶𝑥 2 , 1 < 𝑥 < 4
Find the constant 𝐶 such that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is a density function, and
0, Otherwise
compute (i) 𝑃(1.5 < 𝑋 < 3.5) (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) (iii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋).
11.13 0, 𝑥 < 0
If X is the random variable with distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) given by, 𝐹(𝑥) = {𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 then find
1,1 ≤ 𝑥
(i) the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) (ii) 𝑃(0.2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.7).

11.15 Let 𝑋 be random variable denoting the life time of an electrical equipment having probability density
−2𝑥
function 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑘𝑒 for 𝑥 > 0.
0for 𝑥 ≤ 0
Find (i) the value of 𝑘 (ii) Distribution function (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
(iv) calculate the probability that 𝑋 is at least for four unit of time (v) 𝑃(𝑋 = 3).

11.16 Suppose that 𝑓(𝑥) given below represents a probability mass function,
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐2 2𝑐 2 3𝑐 2 4𝑐 2 𝑐 2𝑐
Find (i) the value of c (ii) Mean and variance.
11.19 Find the binomial distribution function for each of the following.
(i) Five fair coins are tossed once and X denotes the number of heads.
(ii) A fair die is rolled 10 times and X denotes the number of times 4 appeared.

24
 Chapter 12 Discrete Mathematics

EXERCISE 12.2
6. Construct the truth table for the following statements.
(i) ¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 (ii) ¬(𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) (iii) (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∨ ¬𝑞 (iv) (¬𝑝 → 𝑟) ∧ (𝑝 ↔ 𝑞)

9. Prove that 𝑞 → 𝑝 ≡ ¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞.

25