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CLOUD PLATFORM ARCHITECTURE

CLOUD COMPUTING AND SERVICE MODELS

Over the past two decades, the world economy has rapidly moved from manufacturing to
more service-oriented. In 2010, 80 percent of the U.S. economy was driven by the service
industry, leaving only 15 percent in manufacturing and 5 percent in agriculture and other
areas. Cloud computing benefits the service industry most and advances business
computing with a new paradigm.

 Public, Private and Hybrid Clouds


Public cloud: A public cloud is built over the Internet and can be accessed by any user
who has paid for the service. Public clouds are owned by service providers and are
accessible through a subscription. The callout box in top of the below fig. shows the
architecture of a typical public cloud. Many public clouds are available, including Google
App Engine (GAE), Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, IBM Blue Cloud,
and Salesforce.com’s Force.com

Private cloud: A private cloud is built within the domain of an intranet owned by a single
organization. Therefore, it is client owned and managed, and its access is limited to the
owning clients and their partners. Its deployment was not meant to sell capacity over the
Internet through publicly accessible interfaces. Private clouds give local users a flexible
and agile private infrastructure to run service workloads within their administrative
domains. A private cloud is supposed to deliver more efficient and convenient cloud
services.

Hybrid Cloud: A hybrid cloud is built with both public and private clouds, as shown at
the lower-left corner of the above fig. Private clouds can also support a hybrid cloud model
by supplementing local infrastructure with computing capacity from an external public
cloud. Example Research Compute Cloud (RC2) is a private cloud, built by IBM.

Data-Center Networking Structure: The core of a cloud is the server cluster (or VM
cluster). Cluster nodes are used as compute nodes. A few control nodes are used to manage
and monitor cloud activities. In the case of data centers, scaling is a fundamental requirement.

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 Fig: Public, private, and hybrid clouds

Data-center server clusters are typically built with large number of servers, ranging
from thousands to millions of servers (nodes). Data centers and supercomputers also
differ in networking requirements as shown in the below diagram. Supercomputers
use custom-designed high-bandwidth networks such as fat trees or 3D torus
networks.

Fig: Standard data-center networking for the cloud to access the Internet

CLOUD ECOSYSTEM AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES: Cloud computing

platforms differ from conventional computing platforms in many aspects. The
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traditional computing model is specified below by the process on the left, which
involves buying the hardware, acquiring the necessary system software, installing
the system, testing the configuration and executing the application code and
management of resources.
The cloud computing paradigm is shown on the right. This computing model
follows a pay as-you-go model. Therefore the cost is significantly reduced, because
we simply rent computer resources without buying the computer in advance. All
hardware and software resources are leased from the cloud provider without capital
investment on the part of the users.

Cloud Design Objectives: The following list highlights six design objectives for
cloud computing:
 Shifting computing from desktops to data centers
 Service provisioning and cloud economics
 Scalability in performance.
 Data privacy protection
 High quality of cloud services
 New standards and interfaces
Cost Model : The below fig. shows the addition of variable operational costs on top
of fixed capital investments in traditional IT. Note that the fixed cost is the main
cost, and that it could be reduced slightly as the number of users increases. However,
the operational costs may increase sharply with a larger number of users. Therefore,
the total cost escalates quickly with massive numbers of users. On the other hand,
cloud computing applies a pay-per-use business model, in which user jobs are
outsourced to data centers. To use the cloud, one has no up-front cost in hardware
acquisitions.

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Cloud Ecosystems: An ecosystem was suggested by Sotomayor, et al. as shown in
the below fig. for building private clouds. They suggested four levels of ecosystem
development in a private cloud. At the user end, consumers demand a flexible
platform. At the cloud management level, the cloud manager provides virtualized
resources over an IaaS platform. At the virtual infrastructure (VI) management level,
the manager allocates VMs over multiple server clusters. Finally, at the VM
management level, the VM managers handle VMs installed on individual host
machines. An ecosystem of cloud tools attempts to span both cloud management and
VI management. Integrating these two layers is complicated by the lack of open and
standard interfaces between them.

Fig: Cloud ecosystem for building private clouds: (a) Consumers demand a flexible platform; (b) Cloud
manager provides virtualized resources over an IaaS platform; (c) VI manager allocates VMs; (d) VM
managers handle VMs installed on servers.

INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IAAS): Here the user can deploy and run his
applications over his chosen OS environment. The user does not manage or control
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the underlying cloud infrastructure, but has control over the OS, storage, deployed
applications, and possibly select networking components. This IaaS model
encompasses storage as a service, compute instances as a service, and
communication as a service. The Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) in the below fig.
shows how to provide Amazon EC2 clusters and S3 storage to multiple users
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PAAS) : The platform cloud is an integrated computer
system consisting of both hardware and software infrastructure. The user application
can be developed on this virtualized cloud platform using some programming
languages and software tools supported by the provider (e.g., Java, Python, .NET).
The user does not manage the underlying cloud infrastructure.
Five Public Cloud Offering of PaaS
Programming Models
Languages and Target Applications
Cloud Name Supported by
Developer Tools and storage option
Provider
Threads, task, Map
Aneka .NET, stand alone .NET Enterprises
Reduce
On demand web Java, Python and Bigtable storage and
Google App Engine
programming Eclipse web applications
Business applications
Salesforce.Com Workflow Eclipse based, Apex
as CRM
Pig, hive, java E-commerce and data
Amazon Elastic Map Reduce
cascading processing
Web and enterprise
Microsoft Azure .NET, Azure Tools Unrestricted model
applications

Software as a Service (SaaS) : This refers to browser-initiated application software

over thousands of cloud customers. Services and tools offered by PaaS are utilized
in construction of applications and management of their deployment on resources
offered by IaaS providers. The SaaS model provides software applications as a
service. As a result, on the customer side, there is no upfront investment in servers
or software licensing. On the provider side, costs are kept rather low, compared with
conventionalhostingofuserapplications

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 PUBLIC CLOUD PLATFORMS, GAE, AWS, AND AZURE

Public clouds and service offerings: Cloud services are demanded by computing
and IT administrators, software vendors, and end users. The below fig. introduces
five levels of cloud players. At the top level, individual users and organizational
users demand very different services. The application providers at the SaaS level
serve mainly individual users. Most business organizations are serviced by IaaS and
PaaS providers..

Fig: Roles of individual and organizational users and their interaction with cloud providers under various
cloud service models

The below table summarizes the profiles of five major cloud providers by 2010
standards.
Cloud services rely on new advances in machine virtualization, SOA, grid
infrastructure management, and power efficiency. Many cloud entrepreneurs are
selling value-added utility services to massive numbers of users. The cloud industry
leverages the growing demand by many enterprises and business users to outsource
their computing and storage jobs to professional providers. The provider service
charges are often much lower than the cost for users to replace their obsolete servers
frequently.
Five Major Cloud Platforms and Their Service Offerings
Model Amazon Google Microsoft Salesforce IBM
SaaS Gmail, Docs .NET services CRM Lotus Live
PaaS GAE Windows Azure Force.com Blue Cloud
IaaS AWS Windows Azure Ensembles
Security EBS for Chubby locks Replicated data Admin/record Websphere2
Features recovering security
from failure

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GOOGLE APP ENGINE (GAE) : Google has the world’s largest search engine
facilities. The company has extensive experience in massive data processing that has
led to new insights into data-center design and novel programming models that scale
to incredible sizes. The Google platform is based on its search engine expertise, but
as discussed earlier with MapReduce, this infrastructure is applicable to many other
areas. Google has hundreds of data centers and has installed more than 460,000
servers worldwide.
Google Cloud Infrastructure: Google pioneered cloud services in Gmail, Google
Docs, and Google Earth, among other applications. These applications can support
a large number of users simultaneously with HA. Notable technology achievements
include the Google File System (GFS), MapReduce, BigTable, and Chubby.
GAE Architecture: shows the major building blocks of the Google cloud platform
which has been used to deliver the cloud services highlighted earlier. GFS is used
for storing large amounts of data. MapReduce is for use in application program
development. Chubby is used for distributed application lock services. BigTable
offers a storage service for accessing structured data
.

Fig: Google cloud platform and major building blocks, the blocks shown are large clusters of low-cost servers

Google is one of the larger cloud application providers, although its fundamental
service program is private and outside people cannot use the Google infrastructure
to build their own service. The building blocks of Google’s cloud computing

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application include the Google File System for storing large amounts of data, the
MapReduce programming framework for application developers, Chubby for
distributed application lock services, and BigTable as a storage service for accessing
structural or semi structural data.
 Functional Modules of GAE : The GAE is not an infrastructure platform, but
rather an application development platform for users.
a. The data store offers object-oriented, distributed, structured data storage
services based on BigTable techniques. The data store secures data
management operations.
b. The application runtime environment offers a platform for scalable web
programming and execution. It supports two development languages:
Python and Java.
c. The software development kit (SDK) is used for local application
development. The SDK allows users to execute test runs of local
applications and upload application code.
d. The administration console is used for easy management of user
application development cycles, instead of for physical resource
management.
e. The GAE web service infrastructure provides special interfaces to
guarantee flexible use and management of storage and network resources
by GAE.

GAE Applications GAE applications include the Google Search Engine, Google
Docs, Google Earth, and Gmail. These applications can support large numbers of
users simultaneously. Users can interact with Google applications via the web
interface provided by each application. Third-party application providers can use
GAE to build cloud applications for providing services. The applications are all run
in the Google data centers. Inside each data center, there might be thousands of
server nodes to form different clusters. GAE supports many web applications. One
is a storage service to store application-specific data in the Google infrastructure.
The data can be persistently stored in the backend storage server while still providing
the facility for queries, sorting, and even transactions similar to traditional database
systems. GAE also provides Google-specific services, such as the Gmail account
service.

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Amazon Web Services: Amazon has been a leader in providing public cloud
services (http://aws.amazon.com/). Amazon applies the IaaS model in providing its
services. The below fig. shows the AWS architecture. EC2 provides the virtualized
platforms to the host VMs where the cloud application can run. S3 (Simple Storage
Service) provides the object-oriented storage service for users. EBS (Elastic Block
Service) provides the block storage interface which can be used to support traditional
applications. SQS stands for Simple Queue Service, and its job is to ensure a reliable
message service between two processes. Different from Google, Amazon provides
a more flexible cloud computing platform for developers to build cloud applications.
Small and medium-size companies can put their business on the Amazon cloud
platform. Using the AWS platform, they can service large numbers of Internet users
and make profits through those paid services.

Microsoft Windows Azure: In 2008, Microsoft launched a Windows Azure

platform to meet the challenges in cloud computing. This platform is built over
Microsoft data centers. the below fig shows the overall architecture of Microsoft’s
cloud platform. The platform is divided into three major component platforms.
Azure manages all servers, storage, and network resources of the data center. On top
of the infrastructure are the various services for building different cloud applications.
Azure offers the following services.

Fig: Amazon cloud computing infrastructure

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 Below table shows the various services delivered by AWS
Few AWS Offerings
Service Area Service Modules and abbreviated names
Content delivery Amazon cloud front
Storage Simple storage service(S3)
Messaging Simple Queue Service (SQS)
Compute Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
Database Amazon simple DB
Support AWS premium support
E-commerce Fulfillment Web Service (FWS)
Payment and billing Flexible payments service (FPS)

 Live service Users can visit Microsoft Live applications and apply the data
involved across multiple machines concurrently.
 NET service This package supports application development on local hosts
and execution on cloud machines.
 SQL Azure This function makes it easier for users to visit and use the
relational database associated with the SQL server in the cloud.
 SharePoint service This provides a scalable and manageable platform for
users to develop their special business applications in upgraded web services.
 Dynamic CRM service This provides software developers a business
platform in managing CRM applications in financing, marketing, and sales
andpromotion

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 SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE

SOA explains about how to design a software system that makes use of services of
new or legacy applications through their published or discoverable interfaces. These
applications are often distributed over the networks. SOA also aims to make service
interoperability extensible and effective. It prompts architecture styles such as loose
coupling, published interfaces, and a standard communication model in order to
support this goal. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) defines SOA as a form
of distributed systems architecture characterized by the following properties.

Logical view: The SOA is an abstracted, logical view of actual programs, databases,
business processes, and so on, defined in terms of what it does, typically carrying
out a business-level operation.

Message orientation: The internal structure of providers and requesters include the
implementation language, process structure, and even database structure. These
features are deliberately abstracted away in the SOA.

Description orientation: A service is described by machine-executable metadata.

The description supports the public nature of the SOA.

REST and systems of systems: REST is a software architecture style for distributed
systems, particularly distributed hypermedia systems, such as the World Wide Web.
It has recently gained popularity among enterprises such as Google, Amazon,
Yahoo!, and especially social networks such as Facebook and Twitter because ofits
simplicity, and its ease of being published and consumed by clients. its architecture
is as shown in the below diagram.

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 Fig: A simple REST interaction between user and server in HTTP specification

The REST architectural style is based on four principles:

Resource Identification through URIs: The REST ful web service exposes a set
of resources which identify targets of interaction with its clients. The key abstraction
of information in REST, is a resource. Any information that can be named can be a
resource, such as a document or image or a temporal service. A resource is a
conceptual mapping to a set of entities. Each particular resource is identified by a
unique name, or more precisely, a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) which is of
type URL.

Uniform, Constrained Interface: Interaction with RESTful web services is done

via the HTTP standard, client/server cacheable protocol. Resources are manipulated
using a fixed set of four CRUD (create, read, update, delete) verbs or operations:
PUT, GET, POST, and DELETE. PUT creates a new resource, which can then be
destroyed by using DELETE.

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Self-Descriptive Message: A REST message includes enough information to
describe how to process the message. This enables intermediaries to do more with
the message without parsing the message contents.

Stateless Interactions: The REST interactions are “stateless” in the sense that the
meaning of a message does not depend on the state of the conversation. Stateless
communications improve visibility, since a monitoring system does not have to look
beyond a single request data field in order to determine the full nature of the request
reliability as it facilitates the task of recovering from partial failures, and increases
scalability as discarding state between requests allows the server component to
quicklyfreeresources.

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SERVICES AND WEB SERVICES: In an SOA paradigm, software capabilities are
delivered and consumed via loosely coupled, reusable, coarse-grained, discoverable,
and self-contained services interacting via a message-based communication model.
The term “web service” is often referred to a self-contained, self-describing, modular
application designed to be used and accessible by other software applications across
the web. Once a web service is deployed, other applications and other web services
can discover and invoke the deployed service (as shown in the below fig.).
A web service is one of the most common instances of an SOA
implementation. The W3C working group defines a web service as a software
system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a
network. According to this definition, a web service has an interface described in a
machine-executable format.

FIG: a simple web service interaction among provider, user, and the uddi registry
ENTERPRISE MULTITIER ARCHITECTURE: Enterprise applications often use multitier
architecture to encapsulate and integrate various functionalities. Multitier
architecture is a kind of client/server architecture in which the presentation, the
application processing, and the data management are logically separate processes.
The simplest known multilayer architecture is a two-tier or client/server system. This
traditional two-tier, client/server model requires clustering and disaster recovery to

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ensure resiliency. While the use of fewer nodes in an enterprise simplifies
manageability, change management is difficult as it requires servers to be taken
offline for repair, upgrading, and new application deployments.
A three-tier information system consists of the following layers
 Presentation layer Presents information to external entities and allows them
to interact with the system by submitting operations and getting responses.
 Business/application logic layer or middleware Programs that implement the
actual operations requested by the client through the presentation layer. The
middle tier can also control user authentication and access to resources, as
well as performing some of the query processing for the client, thus removing
some of the load from the database servers.
Resource management layer Also known as the data layer, deals with and
implements the different data sources of an information system

Fig: Three-tier system architecture.

GRID SERVICES AND OGSA: The OGSA was developed within the OGSA Working
Group of the Global Grid Forum. In OGSA, everything from registries, to
computational tasks, to data resources is considered a service. These extensible set
of services are the building blocks of an OGSA-based grid. OGSA is intended to:

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• Facilitate use and management of resources across distributed, heterogeneous
environments
• Deliver seamless QoS
• Define open, published interfaces in order to provide interoperability of diverse
resources
• Exploit industry-standard integration technologies
• Develop standards that achieve interoperability
OGSA Architecture: it is as shown in the below diagram
Various services offered by OGSA are as follows:
 Infrastructure Services : Refer to a set of common functionalities, such as
naming, typically required by higher level services.
 Execution Management Services: Concerned with issues such as starting
and managing tasks, including placement, provisioning, and life-cycle
management
 Data Management Services : Provide functionality to move data to where it
is needed, maintain replicated copies, run queries and updates, and transform
data into new formats.
 Resource Management Services: Provide management capabilities for grid
resources: management of the resources themselves, management of the
resources as grid components, and management of the OGSA infrastructure.
 Security Services : Facilitate the enforcement of security-related policies
within a (virtual) organization, and supports safe resource sharing
 Information Services : Provide efficient production of, and access to,
information about the grid and its constituent resources
 Self-Management Services: Support service-level attainment for a set of
services (or resources), with as much automation as possible, to reduce the
costs and complexity of managing the system.
Services and Standards Used in CICC
Service Name Description
File services No specialized service
Authentication/
At present all services are available openly
authorization
Workflow/ Monitoring/
Mashups written in scripting languages
Management
Web services VOTables XML format for tabulation of data
SPRESI services Client/service proxies to the commercial SPRESI services

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 Fig: OGSA Architecture

Other service oriented architectures and systems: the following are the other
services with are offered

Services and standards used in CICC

Service description
Developing an algorithm for estimating toxic hazards with respect to a
Tox Tree service
particular compound
Specific Applications CICC inherits job management services from other grids
Developed a number of simple service based on chemistry development
CDK Services
kit
Open Bable Service Converts between various chemical formats

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 Programming on Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure

Programming on Amazon AWS:

1. AWS Services:
 EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud): Virtual servers in the cloud.
 S3 (Simple Storage Service): Object storage for the web.
 Lambda: Serverless compute service.
 RDS (Relational Database Service): Managed relational database
service.
 API Gateway: Build, deploy, and manage APIs.
2. Programming Languages:
 AWS supports a wide range of programming languages including Python,
Java, Node.js, C#, etc.
3. SDKs (Software Development Kits):
 AWS provides SDKs for various programming languages to interact with
its services.
4. Development Workflow:
 Develop your application code using your preferred programming
language.
 Use AWS SDKs to integrate your application with AWS services.
 Deploy your application on EC2 instances or utilize serverless options like
Lambda.
 Store and retrieve data using services like S3 or RDS.
 Configure API Gateway to manage and expose APIs.

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5. Diagram: Amazon EC2 execution environment

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Amazon S3 execution environment

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 Programming on Microsoft Azure:
1. Azure Services:
 Azure Virtual Machines: On-demand scalable computing resources.
 Azure Blob Storage: Object storage for unstructured data.
 Azure Functions: Serverless compute service.
 Azure SQL Database: Managed relational database service.
 Azure API Management: Create, publish, and secure APIs.
2. Programming Languages:
 Azure supports multiple programming languages including C#, Java,
Python, Node.js, etc.
3. SDKs:
 Azure provides SDKs for different programming languages to interact with
its services.
4. Development Workflow:
 Develop your application using your preferred language.
 Utilize Azure SDKs to integrate your application with Azure services.
 Deploy your application on Azure VMs or leverage serverless options like
Azure Functions.
 Store and retrieve data using services like Blob Storage or Azure SQL
Database.
 Use Azure API Management to manage and expose APIs

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 Figure : Features of the Azure platform

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