Chapter 02

PHY094
FOUNDATION PHYSICS 1
CHAPTER 2
MOTION IN ONE
DIMENSION
DR. NOOR ‘AISYAH BINTI JOHARI

Level 7, b01
UiTM Cawangan Selangor
Kampus Dengkil
[email protected]
Sub-chapter
• 2.1 Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration

• 2.2 Motion Diagrams
• 2.3 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
• 2.4 Freely Falling Objects
Lesson Outcome
 Define position, distance, displacement, average speed, average

velocity and average acceleration.
 Calculate distance, displacement, average speed, average velocity
and average acceleration in one dimension.
 Apply equations of motion with constant acceleration to solve one
dimensional problems.
 Sketch, analyse and use the graphs of displacement-time, velocity-
time and acceleration-time to solve problems related to motion of a
body with constant acceleration.
 Apply the kinematics equation for constant acceleration to freely
falling objects.
Position, Distance, and Displacement
• Before describing motion, you must set up a coordinate system – define

an origin and a positive direction.
• We are free to choose the origin and the positive direction as we like,
but once we make a choice we must be consistent with it throughout
any calculations that follow.
Distance is the total length of travel. SI unit is meter.
distance = total length of travel
Displacement is the change in position. SI unit is meter.
displacement = change in positition = final position - initial position
∆x = x f − xi
If you drive from your house to the grocery store and then to your
friend’s house, the distance you have traveled is 10.7 mi and your
displacement is – 2.1 mi.
distance = 4.3 mi + 4.3 mi + 2.1 mi = 10.7 mi

Average Speed and Velocity
• The average speed is defined as the distance traveled divided by the time
the trip took:
distance
average speed =
elapsed time
• The SI unit of average speed is m/s. Both distance and elapsed time are
positive; thus average speed is always positive.
• The average velocity is defined as displacement per time. SI unit is m/s.
displacement
average velocity =
elapsed time
∆x x f − xi
v=
av =
∆t t f − ti
If an object moves in the positive direction, then vav > 0

If an object moves in the negative direction, then vav < 0
Graphical Interpretation of Average Velocity
• It is often useful to visualize a particle’s motion by sketching its position as

a function of time. For example, consider a particle moving back and forth
along the x axis, as shown below.
• This way of keeping track of a particle’s

position and the corresponding time is a bit
messy. So let’s replot the same information
with a different type of graph.
• An x-versus-t graph like this makes it
considerably easier to visualize a particle’s
motion.
• Suppose you would like to know the average velocity of the particle from
t = 0 to t = 3 s.
• Draw a straight line connecting the position at t = 0 (point A) and the
position at t = 3 s (point B). The slope of the line is equal to the average
velocity.
Instantaneous Velocity
• Instantaneous velocity is the velocity corresponding to an instant of

time. SI unit is m/s.
∆x dx
=v lim
=
∆t → 0 ∆t dt
• The instantaneous
velocity at a given time is
equal to the slope of the
tangent line at that point
on an x-versus-t graph.
Acceleration
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time.
• Thus an object accelerates whenever its velocity changes - no matter
when its velocity increases or decreases.
• Average acceleration:
∆v v f − vi
a=
av =
∆t t f − ti
SI unit is m/s2.
Instantaneous acceleration:
• Graphical
Interpretation of
Average and
Instantaneous
Acceleration:
• Acceleration (increasing speed) and deceleration (decreasing speed)
should not be confused with the directions of velocity and acceleration:
• Deceleration occurs whenever the velocity and acceleration have

opposite signs.
Relationship Between Acceleration and
Velocity
∗ Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the same

size)
∗ Acceleration equals zero
Relationship Between Velocity and
Acceleration
∗ Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

∗ Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same
length)
∗ Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
∗ Positive velocity and positive acceleration
Relationship Between Velocity and
Acceleration
∗ Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

∗ Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same
length)
∗ Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
∗ Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative
Motion Diagram Summary
Motion with Constant Acceleration
• When acceleration is constant, the instantaneous acceleration is equal
to the average acceleration.
a = aav
• If the acceleration is constant, the velocity changes linearly. Thus:
v= v0 + at
1
x= x0 + (v0 + v)t
2
1 2
x = x0 + v0t + at
2
v 2 = v0 2 + 2a∆x
Notes on the equations
∗ Gives displacement as a function of velocity and time

∗ Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked for the
acceleration
Section 2.5
∗ Shows velocity as a function of acceleration and time

∗ Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked to find the
displacement
Section 2.5
∗ Gives displacement as a function of time, velocity and

acceleration
∗ Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked to find the final
velocity
∗ The area under the graph of v vs. t for any object is equal to
the displacement of the object
Section 2.5
∗ Gives velocity as a function of acceleration and

displacement
∗ Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked for the time
Section 2.5
Several different “equations of motion”
describe particles moving with constant
acceleration. Each equation relates a
different set of variables.
Freely Falling Objects
• Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to the influence of
gravity.
• An object is in free fall as soon as it is released, whether it is dropped
from rest, thrown downward, or thrown upward.
• The acceleration due to gravity is a constant, g.
g = 9.80 m/s2
• An object falling in air is subject to air resistance (and therefore is not
freely falling).
Summary
END OF CHAPTER 2

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PHY094

DR. NOOR ‘AISYAH BINTI JOHARI

• 2.1 Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration

 Define position, distance, displacement, average speed, average

• Before describing motion, you must set up a coordinate system – define

distance = total length of travel

Displacement is the change in position. SI unit is meter.

displacement = change in positition = final position - initial position

distance = 4.3 mi + 4.3 mi + 2.1 mi = 10.7 mi

If an object moves in the positive direction, then vav > 0

• It is often useful to visualize a particle’s motion by sketching its position as

• This way of keeping track of a particle’s

• Instantaneous velocity is the velocity corresponding to an instant of

• Deceleration occurs whenever the velocity and acceleration have

∗ Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the same

∗ Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

∗ Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

∗ Gives displacement as a function of velocity and time

∗ Shows velocity as a function of acceleration and time

∗ Gives displacement as a function of time, velocity and

∗ Gives velocity as a function of acceleration and

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