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Mycorrhiza

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18 views83 pages

Mycorrhiza

Uploaded by

D Destroyer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Azolla - Anabaena azollae symbiosis

MYCORRHIZAE
Ectomycorrhizae
• Only on actively growing
(feeder) roots)
• Persistent – months to years
• Fungal mantle and Hartig
net
• Typically, fungal
dikaryomycete symbionts
do not produce cellulase
• Basidiomycetes
– Amanita, Russula, Suillus,
Pisolithus
• Ascomycetes
– Tuber melanosporium
Root colonization by ectomycorrhizae

Amanita muscaria
on Pinus strobus
Heterorhizy
plant growth substances
produced/induced by fungus

promote/retain juvenile roots


reduced root hairs
prevent wood growth
Pisolithus tinctorius
• has been shown to establish mycorrhizas with ~ 50
different tree species

DJ Lodge
Ascomycete ectomycorrhiza
• Ascomycetes – Tuber melanosporum
$2000/kg retail fresh
• Modified apothecium  gleba
• Mycorrhizal on oak, 125g/tree/year,
full production in 10yr
• Cultivation, 1000 trees/hectare, 3m
apart
• Crowded growth leads to faster
fruiting
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
• Common especially on
herbaceous plants; some
trees e.g. sycamore
• Formerly
Zygomycota/Glomales
– now Glomeromycota
• Large sorocarps and spores
produced adjacent to roots,
but subterranean
• Obligate biotrophs, each
interaction temporally
limited days to weeks
• Penetrates plant roots /cells
AM root colonization pattern
Cyclical formation of arbuscules followed by
Degradation *may form vesicles
Formerly called Vesicular Srbuscular
mycorrhizae
• Not all endo-mycorrhizae
form vesicles
• May be final stage in
limited term symbiosis
• May be characteristic of
specific plant:fungus
interactions

www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosE-H/endomycorrhiza.jp
(Vesicular) arbuscular mycorrhizae

• Spore transport may


be facilitated by
burrowing animals
• Diversity is much
larger than realized,
until recently
Monotropa depends on mycorrhizae

Arrowhead: penetration peg


Arbutoid mycorrhizae
• develop on short primary
roots of Arbutus and Pyrola
• mantle of fungal tissue
• Hartig net
• differential characteristic:
fungi penetrate the walls of
root epidermal cells, forming
branching hyphal complexes
in the cell
• fungi that form arbutoid
mycorrhizae:
– ascomycetes and
basidiomycetes that form
ectomycorrhizae on other
species (such as conifers)
Orchid mycorrhizae
• Seedling orchid is entirely
dependent on mycorrhiza for
nutrition months … years
• Achlorophyllous orchids
– highly fungus specific
– can parasitize ectomycorrhizal fungi
(CHO from surrounding trees)
Corallorhiza maculata
• Fungal partners
– Rhizoctonia spp; some Armillaria
– root pathogens, including some
pathogenic isolates
• Both plant and fungus are live,
but fungus degrades
Orchidoid mycorrhizae – a balancing
act
Ericoid mycorrhizae
• Important for nitrogen acquisition in boggy soil  includes
invertebrate predation
• Colonized by some ascomycetes, e.g. Hymenoscyphus ericae (also
forms mycorrhizae with liverworts)
• loose net over the growing (distinctive) hair roots
• fungus penetrates cortical cells  fills with densely coiled hyphae
(not arbuscules)
Ericoid mycorrhizae
• Hyphae penetrate roots, but never enter the cells
• Hartig net
• Plant identification helps understanding mycorrhizal
relationship

www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/intro/monotropa.jpg

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