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science (Francistown Senior Secondary School)

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BGCSE SCIENCE DOUBLE AWARD


SOLUTION MANUAL

PREPARED BY KEFENTSE MOGOPODI


(74339844/ 74549960)
CREDIT TO: BITSANG BITSANG: BED 240 (BIOLOGY)
RAYMOND MOTLHAGODI: BED 240 (CHEMISTRY)
TEBO GEORGE: BED 240 (PHYSICS)

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QUESTION 1 (2001)
(a)(i) Calculate the resultant force acting on the car. Show your working
F = ma
F= 500kg × 10m/s2
F = 5000N
(ii) If the friction force is 2000N, calculate the forward force acting on the car.
Show your working
x – 2000N = 5000N
x = 7000N
Forward force = 7000N
(b)After some time, the car reaches a velocity of 20m/s. How long did it take for
the car to reach this velocity? Show your working
Solution: a = 10m/s2 , v = 20m/s , u = 0m/s
𝒗−𝒖
=𝒕
𝒂
𝟐𝟎𝒎 𝟎𝒎

𝒔 𝒔
= 2 seconds
𝟏𝟎𝒎/𝒔𝟐

QUESTION 2
(a)The bulb slips through the electrician’s hand and falls to the ground. The
mass of the bulb is 20g. The gravitational force on a mass of 1kg is 10N.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the bulb just before it hits the ground
Height = 20m
Mass = 20g
Force = 10N

Convert 20g mass to kilograms, m = 0.02kg


E = mgh
E = 0.02kg × 10N × 20m
E = 4J

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b) what assumption did you make in your answer for (a)?


Ans: The gain in Kinetic Energy is equal to the loss in Potential Energy

QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4
(a)Write down the names of the lenses
Lens V: Convex lens
Lens W: Concave lens
QUESTION 5
(a) Name the type of transformer
Ans: Step down transformer
(b)
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍
=
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍

𝒗𝟐 𝒏
= 𝒏𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝟏

𝟏𝟐𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽
= 𝒏𝟏

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𝒏𝟏 = 2000 turns
QUESTION 6
(i) Ans: the galvanometer deflects to the left and back to zero
(ii)Ans: the galvanometer deflects to the right and back to zero
(b)Write down three ways of increasing the size of induction
 Increasing the number of turns in the solenoid per unit length
 Increasing the strength of magnet
 Move the magnet into or out the solenoid
 Insert soft iron core into the solenoid

QUESTION 7
(a)Draw a diagram to show how the experiment is set up

(b)What happens during the electrolysis?


(i) at the anode
Ans: Copper removed; electrode becomes thinner

(ii)at the cathode

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Ans: copper deposited to the electrode, grows thicker

(iii)to the solution


Ans: the blue colour of Copper(II) Sulphate solution does not fade because
the copper ions deposited at the cathode is equal to the copper ions
dissolved at the anode

(c)Give two practical uses of this method of electrolysis.


1. Electroplating – process of coating a metal with another metal for
purpose of decoration or prevention of corrosion
2. Copper purification – electrolysis of copper transfers copper atoms from
an impure copper anode to a pure copper cathode, leaving impurities
behind

(d)What would happen if the copper electrodes are replaced with platinum
electrodes
(i)at the anode
Ans: oxygen bubbles are given off/ observation of bubbling at the anode
(ii)at the cathode
Ans: deposit of copper metal on the electrode surface
(iii)to the solution
Ans: blue colour of copper(II) Sulphate solution fades as Cu2+ are
discharged

QUESTION 8
(a) (i) What is a fossil fuel?
Ans: a natural fuel formed in the geological past from the remains of living
organisms
(ii)Name two fossil fuels in use at present
1. Coal
2. Oil

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3. Natural gas

(b) (i) Name two elements that are found in high proportions in fossil fuels
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
(ii)Write an equation for the complete combustion of each elements in (b)(i)
 C(s) + O2 (g) CO2(g)
 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

(iii)Name another element found in fossil fuels that leads to formation of acidic
rain
Ans: Sulphur

c)Give one reason why urgent efforts are being made to find other sources of
energy as an alternative to fossil fuels
Ans: Gases produced when burning fossil fuels destroy the ozone layer

d) State one source of energy, other than direct solar energy, which may be used
as an alternative to fossil fuels
Ans: Hydroelectric power
QUESTION 9
(i)What is the advantage of having a dense network of blood capillaries in the
placenta?
Ans: To allow the exchange of food substances and waste products between
the baby and the mother

(ii)State the function of the umbilical cord


Ans: connects the foetus to the placenta

(b)Describe a permanent method that can be used by a woman to prevent


pregnancy

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Sterilization – a woman’s fallopian tubes are tied to prevent sperms from


reaching the egg
(c)Explain why this method cannot prevent HIV infection
Ans: There is still exchange of bodily fluids that transmits the virus when
engaged in the sexual act
(d)Give one way by which HIV/AIDS can be transmitted other than by sexual
contact.
Ans: through touching open wounds of an infected person

QUESTION 10
(a) Identify the parts labelled R and S
R: Hair
S: Capillary

(b)Describe how S and T help in temperature regulation in hot conditions


S : Dilates so that blood flows closer to the surface and lose much heat in
the process
T – when the temperature is too high, sweat glands take up water from
capillaries around it. Water collects in the gland, travels up the sweat duct
and comes out of skin surface. When sweat evapourates it takes heat from
the body, so it cools it down

(c)Explain why the cooling effect of T will not be felt in hot humid weather
Ans: The sweat glands are not active when the loss and gain of heat are
balanced.

QUESTION 11
(a)Name the factor being investigated
Ans: Humidity
(b)Define transpiration
Ans: The loss of water from the plant leaves through the stomata

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(c)Explain how the plastic cover affects the movement of water in the capillary
tube
Ans: As the twig transpires water is lost through leaves and trapped by the
plastic, so the area around leaves become humid with time and after some
time the transpiration rate slows down because of the humid plastic cover,
so movement of water up the capillary tube slows down too.

QUESTION 12
(a)Name the structures A, B, E and F

A – Left kidney
B – Ureter
E – Aorta
F – Renal vein

(b)What is the function of the structure C?


Ans: stores/ holds urine (structure C is the bladder)

(c)How does the function of structure D in women differ from that in a man
Ans: In women. Structure D only expels urine but in men it expels urine
and semen

(d) Suggest the medical assistance given to a person who has structure A
failure
Ans: Use of kidney dialysis machine

QUESTION 13
Ans: Plastics- they are non – biodegradable so they mess up the
environment and animals dies from eating them
Papers – papers are made from wood and as such plants would get
depleted if we don’t recycle papers.
Tins – they are also non – biodegradable and mess up the environment

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QUESTION 14
(a)What form of energy does he gain as he goes up the tree?
Ans: Gravitational potential energy
(b) Calculate the work done by the man in climbing up the tree (take g = 10N/
kg)
Ans: work done = Force × distance
60kg = 600N
600N × 6m
= 3600Nm

(c)I he reaches the top of the tree in 10s, what power does he develop?
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆
Ans : Power =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑵𝒎
Power =
𝟏𝟎𝒔

Power = 360 watts

QUESTION 15
(a)Calculate the speed of sound in air
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Ans: speed =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝟔𝟒𝟎𝒎
Speed =
𝟒𝒔

= 160m/s

b) How will the pitch of the original sound compare with that of the echo?
Ans: the pitch of original sound is higher than that of the echo
(c)Echo is a reflected sound so by vibrating against a medium before it bounces
back makes the waves weaker

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QUESTION 16
Fig 16.1 shows two rays of light reflected from a pebble at the bottom of the
pool.

Fig 16.1
𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
Refractive index =
𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉

𝟏.𝟓𝒎
Refractive index =
𝟏.𝟏𝒎

= 1.36

QUESTION 17
(a) How do the plotting compasses show that bar AB is a magnet?
Ans: the compass points are deflected
(b) Draw the magnetic field around AB

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(c)Describe an electrical method of demagnetizing a magnet


Ans: Applying alternating current to the magnet. This destroys the
magnetic field, hence destroying the magnet.

QUESTION 18
(a)Name the three wires
Name Colour
1. Live brown
2. Neutral blue
3. Earth yellow/ green

(b)Which two wires are connected to the heating element of the heater?
Ans: Live and neutral
(c)What is the function of the third wire?
Ans: To absorb excess electricity passing through the appliance(heater)
and to prevent overloading of the live wire.

(d)The heater is rated 250V, 1000W


(i)Calculate the normal operating current of the heater

𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
Current =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑾
Current =
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑽

= 4A

(ii) From the list of fuses below, choose by a tick the lowest fuse rating
suitable to be used to protect the heater
1A , 2A , 10A , 15A
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
Ans: Fuse rating = × 1.25
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆

= 4A × 1.25 = 6

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So, we opt for 10A

QUESTION 19
(a)Use a dot and cross diagrams to draw electronic structures of
(a)Methane

(ii)Calcium Chloride
(b)Give two properties of ionic compounds
1. They form crystals
2. Have high melting and boiling points
3. High enthalpies of fusion and vaporization than molecular compounds
4. Hard and brittle
5. Conduct electricity when dissolved in water
NB: CHOOSE ONLY 2

QUESTION 20
(a)Balance the chemical equation
N2 + 3H2 ⇋ 2NH3
(b)Ans: Reaction produces/ releases heat. Energy is released when new
bonds form and energy is absorbed when bonds are broken.
(c)(i) 1: 3
x: 24

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𝟑𝒙 𝟐𝟒
=
𝟑 𝟑

x = 8dm3

(ii)Calculate the volume of ammonia produced, assuming 10% conversion


1 : 2
8 :x
x = 16dm3

(d)Give one use of ammonia


Ans: used in cleaning detergents

QUESTION 21
(a) 1. Carbon monoxide
2. Carbon dioxide

(b) Ans: It leads to acid rain

Sulphur dioxide is removed by passing the waste gases through a mixture of


water and powdered calcium carbonate.
Explain the action in this process of
(ii)Water – to form sulphurous acid
(iii)Calcium carbonate – to convert it to carbonate sulphite ions

QUESTION 22
(a)What is meant by a strong acid?

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Ans: an acid that is completely dissociated or ionized in an aqueous


solution

(b)What is the pH of dilute hydrochloric acid and of ethanoic acid likely to be


(i) dilute Hydrochloric acid: 2
(ii)dilute ethanoic acid: 5

QUESTION 23
(a)(i) State one problem Mpho is likely to face if he eats too much serobe
Ans: increased risk of heart disease
(ii)Explain how the problem in (i) above occurs
Ans: Hardening of arteries – occurs when fat / cholesterols and other
substances build up in the walls of arteries. Over time, these deposits
completely block arteries and cause problems throughout the body as blood
circulation would be disturbed.
(b)Explain how Dineo’s advice is sensible
Ans: Exercising uses much energy and as such cholesterol from the body is
converted or broken down to avoid build up in the arteries.
(c)Dineo also suggests that Mpho should eat his serobe with plenty of fresh
vegetables.
Give one reason why this is a good advice
Ans: Fresh vegetables are low in fat and calories and are rich in potassium
to help maintain healthy blood pressure.
QUESTION 24
(a)Name the process under investigation
Ans: Transpiration
(b)State the purpose of using oil in the experiment
Ans: To prevent water from being lost directly from the beaker
(c)(i) State the day with the highest amount of water loss
Ans: Day 6

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ii)Suggest the likely weather conditions of the day


 High temperature
 Less humidity
 Windy

(d)Explain the importance of nitrogen and magnesium to plants


Nitrogen: Nitrogen is part of the chlorophyll molecule, which gives plants
their green color and is involved in creating food for the plant through
photosynthesis. Lack of nitrogen shows up as general yellowing (chlorosis)
of the plant
Magnesium: Used by plants for metabolism of carbohydrates and in cell
membrane stabilization; also needed for cell division and protein
formation, activation of several enzyme systems and is an essential
component for plant respiration

QUESTION 25
(a) Identify structures A and B
A: Hair
B: Blood capillary

(b)What causes shivering?


Ans: a drop in temperature. When the core body temperature drops, the
shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis. Skeletal muscles
begin to shake in small movements, creating warmth by expending energy.

(c)(i) When the body is overheated the arterioles in the skin dilate. Explain how
this helps the body maintain a constant temperature
Ans: By dilating, blood flows closer to the surface therefore helping the
body lose heat faster and in the process maintaining a constant body
temperature
ii)Suggest how structure C is involved in maintaining a constant body
temperature during hot weather
Ans: during hot weather, sweat glands take up water from the capillaries
around it. Water collects in the gland, travels up sweat duct and comes

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onto skin surface. When sweat evapourates it takes heat from the body, so
it cools it down.

QUESTION 26
(a)State how this flower is pollinated
Ans: Wind pollination
(b) Describe the path taken by the pollen grain nucleus from the stigma to the
region where fertilization takes place
Ans: pollen grains absorb liquid from the stigma and a microscopic pollen
tube grows out of the grain. This tube grows down the style and into the
ovary where it enters a small hole, micropyle in an ovule. The nucleus of
the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and enters the ovule

QUESTION 27
(a) By what process does the heat from the water in the bottle reach her hand?
Ans: Conduction
(b)State two features of Thermos flask that reduce heat loss from the flask, and
explain how each reduces heat loss

1. An insulated stopper to reduce conduction and convection


2. A double walled container with a gap between the walls. Air has been
removed from the gap to reduce conduction and convection
3. Walls with silvery surface to reduce thermal radiation

QUESTION 28
(a)What form of energy does the bag gain as it rises?
Ans: Gravitational potential energy

(b)Calculate the work done to raise the bag to the roof. 1kg has a weight of 10N
Work done = Force × distance
= 200N × 10m

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= 2000Nm or 2000 joules

(c)Assuming no energy losses, how long would it take for the bag to reach the
roof?
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆
Power =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵𝒎
200W =
𝒙

𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒙 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵𝒎
=
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎

x = 10s

QUESTION 29
(a)

(i) What type of wave is a sound wave?


Ans: Longitudinal wave

(ii)Which sound wave has a higher pitch?


Ans: wave A
Explanation: Its frequency is higher than that of wave B

(iii)One wave is reflected by a vertical wall. What effect will this have on its
pitch?
Ans: the pitch lowers
Explain your answer
Ans: the waves lose energy and as such the pitch lowers

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(b) A student stands 400m away from a vertical wall. She fires a starter pistol
and hears an echo after 2.4s. Calculate the speed of sound in the air.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 2 ×𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
Speed of = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

sound
2 ×400𝑚
2.4𝑠

= 333.33 m/s

QUESTION 30
(a) Name two vertical forces acting on each diver
 Force of gravity
 Air resistance
(b)Explain why diver B would fall faster than diver A
Ans: Diver B experiences less resistance because he doesn’t use a parachute
while Diver B does use the parachute

QUESTION 31
(a)What would be the resistance of resistor X ?
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Ans: Rparallel = = +
𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝑹𝑻 𝟖 𝟐

𝟏 𝟓
=
𝑹𝑻 𝟖

𝑹𝑻 = 1.6 Ω

(b)What effect would removing the 8Ω resistor have on the brightness of the
lamp?
Ans: Increase in brightness of the lamp
Explanation: The resistance of the current would be reduced therefore
more current flows to the bulbs.

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(c)(i)State one difference between a step-down transformer and a step-up


transformer
Ans: Number of turns on the secondary and primary coils
(ii) Input voltage × Input current = Output voltage × output current
240V × 10A = 600V × A2
Current in secondary coil = 4A

(iii) Ans: The primary reason that power is transmitted at high voltages is
to increase efficiency. The lower current that accompanies high voltage
transmission reduces resistance in the conductors as electricity flows along
the cables. This means that thin, light-weight wires can be used in long-
distance transmission

QUESTION 32
(a)(i) Write the chemical formula of a compound with structure X
Ans: NaCl
(ii)Write the chemical formula for the compound with structure Y
Ans: H2O

(b)Complete the table by naming the type of structure and bonding in X and Y

Type of structure Bonding


X Ionic structure Ionic bonding
Y Molecular bond Covalent bonding

(c)Why does the compound with structure X have a high melting point, while
that with structure Y has a low melting point
X : due to strong electrostatic forces of attraction holding the crystal lattice
together

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Y : weak intermolecular forces of attraction which exists between


molecules

(d)Give one other property each for the compounds with the bonding in X and
Y.
X : Usually conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous state
Y : Generally, do not conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water

QUESTION 33
(a) Balance the equation
Ans: C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O(l)
(b)Calculate the number of moles of propane that were burnt
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Number of moles =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔

Molar mass of propane = C : 12 × 3


H: 8 × 1
= 44g/mol

𝟐.𝟎𝒈
No .of moles =
𝟒𝟒𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍

= 0.045 moles

c)Calculate the mass of oxygen that reacted with propane


use ratio to find moles of oxygen first
1:5
0.045 : x
= 0.227 moles
Then mass = number of moles × Molar Mass
= 0.227 × 32g/mol
= 7.27g

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(d)Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced.


1 : 3
0.045 : x

x = 0.135 moles of CO2


𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
So, volume , Number of gas moles =
𝟐𝟒𝒅𝒎𝟑

Volume = number of moles × 24dm3


= 3.24dm3

(e)When the carbon dioxide produced was dissolved in water, it formed a weak
acid.
(i)What is a weak acid?
Ans: acid that produces a few hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water

ii)Name the weak acid formed


Ans: Carbonic acid

QUESTION 34
(a)State two environmental problems that may be caused by the chemical
industry
1. water pollution – kills water inhabiting organisms
2. air pollution – smokes from the industries pollute the air we breathe

(b)Some products of the chemical industry are recycled


(i)What is recycling?

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Ans: processing material which is no longer in use to make other useful


products

(ii)Give two advantages of recycling


1. Helps keep the environment clean
2. Helps conserve other existing natural resources
(iii)Name one substance that can be recycled
Ans: paper
QUESTION 35
(a)Name the substance added to speed up the reaction
Ans: malt (act as catalyst)
(b) Name the process used to prepare alcohol
Ans: Fermentation

(c)Write an equation to represent the reaction that took place


Malt
C6H12O6 + H2O +yeast 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

(d)The equation shows the reaction between alcohol and ethanoic acid and to
form P and water
(i) Name the group of organic compounds to which P belong
Ans: Esters
(ii) Draw the molecular formula of P
Ans: C4H8O2
(iii)State one physical property of P
Ans: Strong and pleasant smell
QUESTION 36
(a)(i) On Fig 11.1, show how the capillary would change if vigorous exercise is
carried out

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(ii)Explain how the change you have shown helps in regulating body
temperature
Ans: As the capillaries dilate and blood flows close to the skin, heat can
easily be lost from the body hence helping regulate temperature.
(b)Describe the role of the following skin structures in cooling the body
(i)Hair : The hair lies flat when we are warm to help heat escape from the
body
(ii)Sweat glands : When the body temperature rises, sweat glands secrete
sweat to the surface. This sweat carries heat with it.
(iii)Receptors : detect temperature, if the skin detects increased heat, this
will lead to sweating
QUESTION 37
A student used three culture solutions A, B and C to investigate the necessity of
mineral salts for plant growth. Three leafy shoots were put in the culture
solutions treated as follows:
A solution with all mineral salts
B solution lacking nitrate ions
C solution lacking magnesium ions
(a)Which plant will show the healthiest growth
Ans: Plant A
(b)Describe and explain the appearance of
(i) plant B

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Appearance: leaves turn a pale green or yellow colour. This reduces


the plant's ability to photosynthesize and grow properly, which reduces the
farmers' crop yield .
Explanation: Without nitrates, the amount of chlorophyll in leaves reduces.
(ii)plant C
Appearance: stunted growth
Explanation: plant doesn’t photosynthesize so it doesn’t make any food to
help it grow

c)What was the purpose of plant A


Ans: used as a control
d)Name the process by which plants take up mineral salts
Ans: Active transport
(ii)State two ways in which the process in (i) differs from Osmosis
Ans: *Active transport requires energy to happen while osmosis doesn’t
*Osmosis is the movement of water molecules while Active transport is the
movement of soluble solutes

QUESTION 38
(a)Name section B
Ans: stomach
(b)Why does the digestion of carbohydrates stop in section C?
Ans: due to absence of amylase (starch digesting enzyme)
(c)In which section does most digestion occur
Ans: section C (duodenum)
(d)State the function of section F
Ans: stores faeces before being expelled
(e)State what happens to the undigested material at G
Ans: Faeces are expelled from the body here

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QUESTION 39
(i)What is the speed of the ball at the highest point?
Ans: 0m/s
(ii)Calculate the maximum height reached

𝟐𝒉
g=
𝒕𝟐
make h the subject of the formula
𝒈𝒕𝟐
h= h = 45m
𝟐

𝟏𝟎 ×(𝟑)𝟐
h=
𝟐

(iii)How long does the ball take to reach the highest point
Ans: 3 seconds

(iv)What is the energy transfer taking place as the ball falls from the maximum
height back to the thrower
Ans: From Gravitational Potential Energy to kinetic energy

(b)A box is pushed by a force of 100N along a surface at a constant speed of


0.5m/s in 3s.
(i)What is the friction force?
Ans: 100N (If an object is moving at a constant speed the force of friction
must equal the applied force)

(ii)Calculate the work done in moving the box along the surface
Ans: calculate distance first
Distance = speed × time
= 0.5m/s × 3s

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= 1.5 m
Work done = Force × distance travelled
= 100N × 1.5m
= 150Nm

QUESTION 40
Explain how the water droplets are formed on the outer wall.
Ans: It is due to condensation. The temperature of the beaker is cold enough
to cool down the water vapour in the surrounding air, so it turns from
gaseous to liquid state.

QUESTION 41
(a) A transmitter sends out shock waves and the receiver detects an echo from
the coal deposit 2 seconds later. How deep is the coal deposit in km?
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐×𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒍
Speed = =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝟐 ×𝒅
4500m/s =
𝟐𝒔

d = 2250m
d = 2.25km

QUESTION 42

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(a) Name a suitable metal which could be used to make the rod
Ans: Copper
(b)Explain why the house A is more likely to be damaged by lightning
Ans: the spike rod is connected directly to the roof so if struck by lightning
the house will be affected as the house is not earthed

QUESTION 43
The reading of A3 is 1.5 A
ADDITIONAL NOTES:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Resistance in parallel = = + =1
𝑹𝑻 𝟐 𝟐

𝑹𝑻 = 1 𝜴
So, the total resistance of the circuit will be 1Ω + 3Ω = 4Ω
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝟏𝟐𝑽
Total current in the circuit = = = 3A
𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟒𝜴

State the current through


R2 = 1.5A
R1 = 3A
NOTE: In a series circuit, the sum of the voltages consumed by each individual
resistance is equal to the source voltage. ... In a series circuit, the current that
flows through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the
circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component. We
combined R2 and R3 so that the circuit becomes series circuit
R2 and R3 are in parallel, and for components in parallel, the current is
divided amongst them that is why R2 is equal to R3 because they have to add
up to 3A
(b)Calculate the voltage across each resistor
(i) Voltage across R1
V= IR
V = 3A × 3Ω = 9V

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(ii)Voltage across R2
V = 1.5A × 2Ω
V = 3V

(d)Voltage across R3
V = 1.5 A × 2Ω
= 3V

QUESTION 44
To improve the crop yields farmers add fertilizers like ammonium nitrate to
their fields
(a)(i)Write the chemical formula for ammonium nitrate
Ans: NH4NO3
(ii)Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate
(N= 14 , H= 1 , O = 16 )

N = 14 × 2 = 28
H = 1× 4 = 4
O = 16 × 3 = 48
Total Molar mass of Ammonium Nitrate= 80g/mol
𝟐𝟖
× 100% = 35%
𝟖𝟎

(b) Lime , calcium oxide (CaO) is sometimes used to neutralize acidic soils
(i)Write an equation for the reaction between lime and dilute hydrochloric acid
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O

(ii)Write an ionic equation for the reaction in b(i)

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Ans: O-2 (aq) +2H+ (aq) H2O(l)


(iii) Explain why ammonium nitrate is regarded as a good fertilizer while lime
is not

(c)Lime is obtained from the thermal decomposition of limestone, CaCO3 .


The equation shows the decomposition of 5g of limestone.
CaCO3(s) CO2(g) + CaO(s)

(i)What is meant by thermal decomposition?


Ans: breakdown of substances using heat
(ii)State one use of calcium carbonate other than the production of lime
Ans: used as an antacid to relieve heartburn
(iii)Calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate decomposed
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Number of moles: Ca = 40
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔

C = 12
𝟓𝒈
= O = 16 × 3
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍

= 0.05 moles

(iv)How many moles of calcium oxide would be produced?

Moles : 1:1
0.05 : x
= 0.05 moles

(v)Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at room temperature and


pressure. (1 mole of a gas occupies 24dm3 at room temperature and pressure)

Ratio is 1: 1

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So number of moles of CO2 is also 0.05

Therefore volume = number of moles × 24dm3


= 0.05 × 24dm3
= 1.2dm3

QUESTION 45
(i)What must be added to glucose to enable fermentation to take place
Ans: Yeast
(ii)State two conditions necessary for fermentation to occur
1. Sugars dissolved in water and mixed with yeast
2. Warm temperature
3. Expulsion of carbon dioxide

(b)Write the names of substances R, S and gas Q.


R : Polyethene
S : Ethane
Q: Carbon dioxide

(c)The equation shows the reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid

C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

(i)Name the organic product for this reaction


Ans: Ethyl ethanoate
(ii)Draw the structural formula of the organic product of the reaction

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QUESTION 46
(a)Name the group of metals to which iron belongs
Ans: Transition metals

(b)State two properties of metals in the group named in (a) above


1. High melting point/ boiling point
2. Form coloured ions and compounds

(c)Iron is used in the manufacture of ammonia, NH3


(i)Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of ammonia

(ii)What type of bonding is present in a molecule of ammonia?


Ans: Covalent bonding

(d)Ammonia dissolves in water to form a weak alkali, aqueous ammonia


(i)Why is aqueous ammonia a weak alkali?

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Ans: Ammonia produces OH- ions in its water solution

(ii)Suggest the pH of aqueous ammonia


Ans: between 11 and 12

(iii)Describe how aqueous ammonia is used to test for presence of aluminium


ions in a solution
Ans: To a sample of a solution, add few drops of ammonia solution. If
aluminium ions are present, a white precipitate is formed.

QUESTION 47
Define a hormone
Ans: A chemical substance that is made by a specialist cell usually within
an endocrine gland and is released into the bloodstream to send a message
to another part of the body.
(b)Complete table 11.1 to show hormones, their sources and their functions
Hormone source Function in the body
Insulin Pancreas (ii)Helps control blood
glucose level by signaling
the liver and muscles
and fat cells to take in
glucose from the blood
Prepares the body for
action
Adrenaline Adrenal glands

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QUESTION 48
(a)(i) X: dough has risen
Y : dough remains the same
(ii)Explain the difference in the results for the two batches of dough
Ans: In dough X, the enzymes reacted, and fermentation took place thus
leading to production of carbon dioxide which made the dough rise. In
dough Y the enzymes were destroyed by the high temperature and as such
no reaction took place in the ingredients used.
(b)Suggest why it is convenient to use microorganisms in biotechnology
Ans: Microorganisms break down and convert nutrients that have been
taken up into new products.

QUESTION 49
(a)(i)Name the process by which waste products move from the blood to the
dialysis fluid.
Ans: diffusion
(ii)State the property of the dialysis tube that makes it suitable for use in the
kidney machine
Ans: it is selectively permeable

(b)Explain how glucose is prevented from leaving the blood


Ans: The glucose level of the dialysis fluid is equal to that of the blood so
there is no net movement of glucose during dialysis

QUESTION 50
State two disadvantages of asexual reproduction
1. Low genetic variability
2. Adaptation to environment is difficult

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Table 15. 1
Method Example
Vegetative propagation potatoes

Budding Maple

QUESTION 51
(a) Define acceleration
Ans: The rate of change of velocity per unit time
(ii)A bus stops to pick up a passenger. Its speed decreases from 22m/s to 0m/s
in 10s. Calculate its deceleration
Note: deceleration is negative acceleration
𝟎𝒎𝒍𝒔−𝟐𝟐𝒎/𝒔
= – 2. 2m/s2
𝟏𝟎𝒔

(b)(i)In which region of the graph is the speed of the car constant?
Ans: A – B
(ii)For how long is the car at rest?
Ans: 200s – 125s = 75s
(c)A ball is dropped from the roof of the building. It reaches the ground in 3s. (g
= 10m/s2 ). Calculate
(i)the height of the building
𝟐𝒉
Use formula g= , make h the subject of formula
𝒕𝟐
𝒈𝒕𝟐
h= 𝟐
(𝟏𝟎 ×𝟑𝟐 )
h=
𝟐
𝟗𝟎
𝒉= = 45m
𝟐
(ii)the speed of the ball as it touches the ground

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𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Ans: speed =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

𝟒𝟓𝒎
Speed =
𝟑𝒔

= 15m/s

QUESTION 52
(a)Fig 2.1 shows waves on a surface of a liquid

(i)What type of wave is illustrated?


Ans: Transverse wave

(ii) On the diagram, show one wavelength and label it 𝜆


(iii) X is a particle on the surface of the liquid. On the diagram, draw an arrow
to show the direction in which the particle is moving
(b)Table 2.2 shows critical angles of water, diamond and glass

(i)What is a critical angle?


Ans: the angle of incidence beyond which rays of light passing through a
denser medium to the surface of a less dense medium are no longer
refracted but totally reflected.

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(ii)X and Y are materials in Table 2.2. Use the information from the table and
the paths of rays in Fig 2.3 to identify materials X and Y

X : Water Y: Diamond

QUESTION 53
(a)On the diagram below draw the magnetic field around XY
Note: like pole repel each other so x is a south pole and y is a north pole

(b)(i)Which two cubes will the magnet pick up when the switch is closed
Ans: Cube C and D
(ii)Suggest two changes that could make the magnet stronger
1. Increasing current
2. Increasing number of coils

QUESTION 54

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(a)(i)What type of transformer is this?


Ans: Step up transformer
(ii)Explain why the milliammeter deflects momentarily when the switch is
closed
Ans: When the switch is closed, an EMF is induced in the secondary coil
and as such the galvanometer deflects momentarily
(iii)Explain why there is no deflection when the switch remains closed
Ans: with a steady current in the circuit, no EMF is induced because the
magnetic field is not changing.

(iv) A 240V a.c source replaces the supply shown in Fig 4.1. Calculate the
output voltage.
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍
Formula : =
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍

𝒙 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
=
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 480V

(v)State the advantage of transmitting power at a high voltage


Ans: High voltage means low current, therefore leading to reduced loss of
power.

(b)
(i) Label the three wires

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(ii) Which wire could be connected to the metal body of an appliance


Ans: Earth wire
Explain why
Ans: The main function of the earth wire is to conduct the leaking current
from the electrical appliance to the ground

QUESTION 55
(a)Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed when 0.1 moles of magnesium
carbonate is completely decomposed.
[ Ar : Mg = 24 , C = 12, O = 16 ]
Molecular mass of CO2 is : (12 + 16 × 2) = 44g/mol
So, mass = number of moles × molar mass
= 0.1 moles × 44g/mol
= 4.4g
(b) (i)How many moles of hydrochloric acid react with 1 mole of magnesium
carbonate?
Ans: 2 moles
(ii)Calculate the number of moles in 25cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
Convert 25cm3 to dm3
Number of moles: concentration × volume
= 0.1 mol/dm3 × 0.025dm3
= 0.0025 moles

(iii) (1 mole of any gas occupies 24dm3)

1:1

0.1 : x

x = 0.1 moles

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Volume = number of moles × 24dm3

= 0.1 moles × 24dm3

= 2.4dm3

QUESTION 56

(a)(i)At which point, P, Q or R is the column at the lowest temperature?

Ans: P

(ii)Which fraction on the column contains the largest hydrocarbon molecules

Ans: Bitumen

(b)Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes which are saturated hydrocarbons. What


type of reactions do alkanes undergo?

Ans: addition reaction

(c)The fuel gas fraction contains the hydrocarbon propane, C3H8 , showing all
the bonds around all the atoms

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(ii)Write a balanced equation for the burning of propane in a plentiful supply of


oxygen.

C3H8 + 5O2 (g) 4H2O(l) + 3CO2

(iii) Gas: Carbon monoxide

Explanation: Carbon monoxide is harmful when breathed because it displaces


oxygen in the blood and deprives the heart, brain and other vital organs of
oxygen

(d)(i) Name the alkene

Ans: Propene

(ii)Describe a test you would carry out to distinguish an alkene from propane

Test: Bromine water test

Result for propane: bromine water remains orange when mixed with
alkanes and shaken

Result for alkene: bromine water turns colourless when mixed with alkenes

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QUESTION 57

Sample of two different gases are allowed to diffuse through a small hole, in air
at room temperature and pressure. The time taken by each gas is shown in Table
8.1

Gas Time/ s Relative molecular


mass

Ammonia 20 17

Nitrogen 26 28

(a)Use the periodic table to calculate the relative molecular mass of ammonia,
NH3. Write the answer in Table 8.1

(b)What is meant by diffusion?

Ans: Movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region


of low concentration against a concentration gradient until even
distribution is attained

(c)Explain why, at the same temperature, Nitrogen takes longer than ammonia
to diffuse through a small hole

Ans: because of higher molecular mass, nitrogen diffuses slowly

(d)Suggest what would happen to the time taken for the ammonia sample to
diffuse if the temperature was dropped to 10°C

Ans: increase in time taken

Explanation: Lower temperatures decrease the energy and therefore the


movement of the molecules, decreasing the rate of diffusion.

QUESTION 58

Fig 9.1 shows how two hormones A and B control the levels of glucose in the
blood.

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(a)Identify hormones A and B

A: insulin

B : glucagon

(b)Name the gland that produces hormone A and B

Ans: Endocrine gland

(c)How does the presence of hormone A lead to a drop in glucose level

Ans: Hormone A signals the liver to take up glucose and store it as


glycogen

QUESTION 59

Fig 10.1 shows the parts of the digestive system

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(a)Identify the blood vessel G

Ans: Hepatic artery

(b)Why is there a lesser amount of amino acids in the hepatic vein than in vessel
G?

Ans: deamination of amino acids takes place in the liver, thus leading to
less amount of them in hepatic vein

(c)Bile is an excretory product. State two advantages of releasing bile into the
duodenum

Ans: * Aids digestion by breaking down fats


 Helps absorb fat soluble vitamins
 Eliminate waste products
QUESTION 60

Fig 11. 1 shows a longitudinal section of a bean seed

(a)Name the structures P and Q

P : Plumule

Q: Radicle

(b)Describe how you would show that the cotyledons contains protein

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Ans: Biuret solution is used to identify the presence of proteins. Biuret


reagent is a blue solution that , when reacts with protein will change colour
to pink – purple.

(c)Describe how structures P and Q are able to use the starch stored in the
cotyledons

Ans: The starch is converted to soluble sugars by the enzymes which


become active as soon as the seeds germinate and in this form it can be
transported by the phloem cells.

QUESTION 61

Fig 12.1 shows a longitudinal section of the heart

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QUESTION 62

Fig 13.1 shows a commercial application of asexual reproduction

(a)Name this type of asexual reproduction

Ans: Grafting

(b)Why is this method regarded as asexual reproduction?

Ans: No seeds are required to produce a new plant

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(c)Give two reasons why the bark around the cut surfaces is covered with grease

1. To exclude air

2. To slow down loss of water

QUESTION 63

Fig 14.1 shows how the pulse rate of a student changes during and after
vigorous exercise. The exercise took 5 minutes

(a)Explain why the pulse rate increases during the early stage of the exercise

Ans: The heart must beat faster during exercise because by increasing the
heart rate, the body is able to increase cardiac output and deliver the
necessary blood flow to the muscles. During exercise the body's muscles
increase their activity level and consume more oxygen.

(b)Explain why the pulse rate does not return to normal immediately after the
exercise

Ans: After the exercise the heart needs to reduce the pulse rate slowly until
it is back to normal. The pulse rate does return immediately because blood
is still moving around the body at a relatively high pressure.

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QUESTION 64

(a)Calculate the depth of the well


2ℎ
g= h = 20m
𝑡2

𝑔𝑡 2
h= 2
10 × 22
h=
2

b)Calculate the kinetic energy of the stone just before it reaches the bottom of
the well.

k.e = g.p.e

= mgh

= 0.5kg × 10m/𝑠 2 × 20m

= 100 joules

c)Calculate the velocity of the stone just before hitting the bottom of the well

𝑚𝑣 2
k.e = 2

2 ×𝑘.𝑒 200
v=√ v =√
𝑚 0.5

2×100𝐽
v=√
0.5𝑘𝑔

v = 20m/s
(c) Energy can be changed from one form to another, therefore g.p.e was
transformed to kinetic energy

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(e)If a boy now drops a 1.0kg stone into the well, how would the value of the
kinetic energy compare with your answer in (b)?

Ans: The kinetic energy would be twice the amount in (b)

QUESTION 65
a) What is the time recorded by the stopwatch?
Ans: 15 seconds

b) Calculate the period of the pendulum


𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Ans: period =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

15𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
=
20

period= 0.75

(c)State one factor that would affect the period of the pendulum

Possible Answers: the length of the string, the mass of the bob, and the angle
displaced.

Additional information: The length of the string affects the pendulum's period
such that the longer the length of the string, the longer the pendulum's period.

(d)After some time, the pendulum would stop oscillating. Give a reason for your
answer

Ans: pendulum stops oscillating because it loses energy when it is converted


into heat. Even without air friction, the friction which exists with the point
around which the pendulum rotates causes the system to lose kinetic energy
and eventually stop

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QUESTION 66

(a)A hot metal block is immersed in a beaker containing 500g of water. The
temperature of water rises to 20°C. Calculate the amount of heat energy gained
by water. (specific heat capacity of water = 4200J/kg°C)

Energy transferred = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

= 0.5kg × 4200J/kg °C × 20°C

= 42 000 J

QUESTION 67

(i)Explain why the balloon becomes negatively charged

Ans: Rubbing the balloon with a cloth transfers electrons from the cloth to the
balloon so the balloon now has an excess of electrons and it is negatively
charged.

(ii)Explain why the balloon is attracted to the woolen cloth

Ans: as the balloon is rubbed against the woolen cloth, the cloth becomes
positively charged and as the balloon is negatively charged it will become
attracted to the cloth.

(b)(a)What is the charge on the plastic rod?

Ans: Positive

Additional information on pictures below

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(ii)The plastic rod is taken away, and the cap of the electroscope is touched with
a finger. What will be observed?

Ans: The leaf closes

Explain your answer

Ans : When we touch the metal top of an electroscope, some amount of


charge will be transferred to our body. Because metal top and our body
both are conductors, will try to come to a common potential.

QUESTION 68

Calculate:

(a)The current through the 2Ω bulb

2A – 0.5A = 1.5A

(b)The potential difference across the 6 Ω bulb

Potential difference = current × resistance

p.d = 0.5A × 6Ω

= 3V

(c)What is the potential difference across the battery?

Calculate the total resistance first


1 1 1
𝑅𝑇
= +6
2

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1 4
𝑅𝑇
=6

RT = 1.5Ω

P.D across the battery would be current × resistance

= 2A × 1.5Ω

= 3V

Hint : Use 2A current because Ammeter A is connected directly to the


battery

QUESTION 69

The equation shows how calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

(a)Calculate the relative molecular mass of calcium carbonate. Use the periodic
table

Ca = 40 ; C = 12 ; O = 16 × 3 (add all of them to get 100)

= 100g/mol

(b)(i)Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced when 25.0g of calcium


carbonate reacts with excess hydrochloric acid
𝟐𝟓.𝟎𝒈
Number of moles of CaCO3 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍

= 0.25 moles

1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2 , therefore we use ratio to find the
moles of CO2

mass of CO2 will be number of moles × molar mass.

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= 0.25 moles × 44g/mol

= 11g

(ii)Calculate the volume occupied by the mass of carbon dioxide in (b)(i)


measured at room temperature and pressure

v = 0.25 moles × 24 dm3

= 6dm3

QUESTION 70
(a) Complete the statement below using some words in the diagram

In the electrolytic cell the door handle is connected as the cathode and the
electrolyte is aqueous copper(ii) sulphate.

The process was carried out for 2 hours

(b)Describe the appearance of each of the following after 2 hours

(i)electrolyte

Ans: remains blue

(ii)copper rod

Ans: lost mass/ became thin

(c)Explain why the colour of the solution does not change (answer available in
the previous questions)

Ans:

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(d)Write ionic equations for the anode and the cathode reactions (answer also
available in the previous questions)

Anode:

Cathode:

QUESTION 71

Ans: In the reaction, sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll in order for the


reaction to proceed.

QUESTION 72

The structure of a macromolecule, nylon, is shown.

(a)What is a macromolecule?

Ans: A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as protein, commonly


composed of the polymerization of smaller subunits called monomers.

Proteins are also macromolecules. The structure of a protein is shown

(b)Write one similarity and one difference between the structures of nylon and
the protein

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(i)similarity: they have the same linkage which is the amide linkage

(ii)difference: Protein has enormous range of structures and properties


while nylon has regular structure and regular properties.

(iii)Name the types of compounds produced by the hydrolysis of proteins

Ans: amino acids

(c)What are the products of the hydrolysis of fats?

Ans: Glycerol and fatty acids

QUESTION 73

(a)Ans: To prevent it (oxygen) from reacting with hydrogen thus forming


water.

(b)(i)Ans: Nitrogen oxide

(ii)Ans: Catalytic converters are used in exhaust systems to provide a site


for the oxidation and reduction of toxic by-products (like nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons) of fuel into less hazardous substances
such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen gas.

QUESTION 74

(a)(i) Name the solid labelled X

Ans: potassium permanganate

(ii)What is the purpose of the water in the test tube?

Ans: dissolve any hydrogen chloride fumes

(b)What is the colour of chlorine gas?

Ans: yellowish green

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(c)Chlorine reacts with water as shown by the equation

(i)Name the two products for the reaction

Ans: Hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid

(ii)One of the products is a bleaching agent. Write the formula of this product

Ans: HOCl

QUESTION 75

Describe a chemical test for the presence of aluminium ions, Al3+ , in an


aqueous solution

Test: add a few drops of sodium hydroxide and a white precipitate will be
formed, then add excess sodium hydroxide

Positive results: white precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess

QUESTION 76

Tube Start of experiment End of experiment

P Blue – black Blue – black

Q Blue – black Brown

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(a)Name the reagent that was used to test for starch

Ans: Iodine solution

(b)(i)In which test tube would the contents test positive for reducing sugar at the
end of the experiment?

Ans: Tube Q

(ii)Explain your answer to (i)

Ans: brown colour indicates that starch has been digested, thus into
reducing sugars

(c)What factor was being investigated in the experiment?

Ans: Effect of pH on enzyme activity

(d)Name a part of the alimentary canal where amylase acts

Ans: small intestine (duodenum)

QUESTION 77

(a)At what distance from P did the river become polluted?

Ans: 10km

(b)With reference to the three curves on Fig 15.1, state the effect of pollution on
the following:

Concentration of dissolved oxygen


 Pollution lowers the quantity of dissolved oxygen
Numbers of fish
 Number of fish reduces due to pollution
Numbers of bacteria

* Bacteria multiplies in number due to pollution

(c)Explain why the numbers of bacteria started decreasing after a distance of


20km from point P.

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Ans: There is less pollution at that point

QUESTION 78

(a)Which organism has the largest numbers in June?

Ans: Z

(b)A pesticide was sprayed to kill organisms X

(i)Suggest in which month organism X was sprayed

Ans: March

(ii)Give a reason for your answer

Ans: The number of organisms started reducing by then

QUESTION 79

(a)What form of reproduction is represented in the diagram?

Ans: Asexual reproduction

(b)The clear polythene bag reduces water loss by evaporation

(i)Describe how polythene bag helps to reduce water loss through leaves of
stem cuttings

Ans: It slows down the rate of transpiration because it closes the moisture
in and increases humidity

(ii)Why is it better to use a clear plastic bag rather than a dark coloured one?

Ans: So as not to block sunlight which is necessary for photosynthesis

QUESTION 79

(a)Name the process under investigation

Ans: Respiration

(b)What is the purpose of soda lime in the test tube?

Ans: To absorb carbon dioxide

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(c)After 20 mins would be coloured liquid move towards or away from the test
tube?

Ans: Towards the test tube

Explain your answer

The insect uses oxygen and soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide, so the
amount of cases keep on reducing inside the tube hence colored liquid move
towards the tube

QUESTION 80

(a)Name the cells A and B

A: Root hair cell

B : Red blood cell

(b)Give two differences between cells A and B

A B

1 Found only in plants Found only in animals

2 Contains nucleus Does not contain any nucleus

(c)For each cell A and B state its function and describe how it is adapted for the
named function

Cell A

Function : Transporting water and mineral salts from the soil to the plant roots

Adaptation : Root hair cells are adapted for taking up water and mineral
ions by having a large surface area to increase the rate of

Cell B

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Function : The primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen


to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs

Adaptation: they contain haemoglobin - a red protein that combines with


oxygen. they have no nucleus so they can contain more haemoglobin. they
are small and flexible so that they can fit through narrow blood vessels.

QUESTION 81

It takes 0.2s for the pendulum to swing from a to b

(a)Calculate the period of pendulum

Period = time taken / number of oscillations

= 0.2 / 1

= 0.2

(b)Calculate the frequency of the pendulum

Frequency = number of oscillations / time taken

= 1/ 0.2

=5

QUESTION 82

(a)Calculate the resultant force acting on the ball

Ans: 1kg × 10N/kg = 10N

(b)Calculate the friction caused by the oil (g = 10N/kg)

Ans: The friction is 10N also since the ball is accelerating constantly

(c)Calculate the time taken by the ball to reach the bottom of the tube

𝟐𝒉 𝟐𝒉
g = t=√
𝒕𝟐 𝒈

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𝟐×𝟐𝒎
t=√
𝟏𝟎

t = 0.63 seconds

QUESTION 83

(a)Why is the heater placed at an equal distance from each of the metal plates?

Ans: so that they can receive the same amount of heat

(b)The coin on the plate on the right drops off after a few minutes. The coin on
the plate on the left drops a few minutes later.

Explain what is happening

Ans: The plate on the right absorbs heater better than the plate on the left
therefore that is why the coin on the right plate falls first

QUESTION 84

(a)Calculate the angle of refraction on side PS. Show your working

90° – 60° = 30°

QUESTION 85

(a) Identify emissions W, X and Y

W:Alpha

X : Beta

Y : Gamma

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(b)Give one medicinal use of radioactivity

Ans: To diagnose and treat cancer tumors , to sterilize medical equipment

(c)Which of the radioactive emissions W, X and Y is the least ionizing?

Ans: Y

(d)State one source of background radiation

Ans: Rocks

QUESTION 86

(a)Describe what happens to the adrenaline concentration between 4 and 12


seconds

Ans: It increases

(ii)Suggest three effects of the change in (a)(i) on the muscles


 More oxygen is sent to the muscles
 More blood is sent/ redistributed to the muscles
 Blood glucose levels also increase in order to produce enough energy to
sustain the body during training
b)(i)Name a hormone which has a similar effect to adrenaline but that usually
acts for a longer period of time

Ans: Cortisol

(ii)When is the hormone in (b)(i) secreted in larger amounts?

Ans: in the morning

QUESTION 87

(a)Name two substances that are at a higher concentration in the umbilical


artery than in the umbilical vein.

* Deoxygenated blood

* waste products

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(b)Describe how oxygen is transferred from the mother’s blood to the foetus’
blood

Ans: Oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred across
the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical cord. This
enriched blood flows through the umbilical vein toward the baby's liver

(c)State three structural differences between umbilical artery and umbilical


vein.

Umbilical artery Umbilical vein


 Thick, elastic, muscular walls
Thin walls with few elastic fibres
 Do not have any valves
Have valves
 Small lumen
*Large lumen

QUESTION 88

(a)What is the purpose of heating the milk?

Ans: To kill microbes


(a) Identify microorganism W
Ans: Bacteria
(b) Suggest one reason for refrigerating madila after packaging

 To slow down growth of spoilage bacteria


(d)Explain why low fat madila is recommended as part of heathy diet

Ans: Fermented milk also seems to help lower blood pressure, lower
cholesterol, and prevent cancer from growing

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QUESTION 89

(a) Define a drug

Ans: A drug is any substance that causes a change in an organism's


physiology or psychology when consumed

(b) (i)Identify the drug contained in the whisky

Ans: alcohol
(iii) State two effects of this drug on the body
 Alcohol can cause liver disease
 It also weakens the immune system
(c)A person continues taking a drug until he can no longer do without it. Which
term describes this condition?

Ans: dependence

QUESTION 90

Describe how solids conduct heat

Ans: Conduction transfers heat energy in solids. The moving particles of a


warm solid material can increase the heat energy of the particles in a
cooler solid material by transferring it directly from one particle to the
next.

(b)An iron rod and a copper rod of similar dimensions are heated from the same
source. Complete table 3.1 to show whether the listed quantities of the rod will
increase, decrease or remain the same during the heating process

Quantity How it affects

Mass Remain the same

Volume Increases

Density decreases

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(c)(i)Why does the strip bend during heating?

Ans: One metal expands faster than the other thus growing longer and end
up bending the other

(ii)Give one use of bimetallic strip

Ans: switches as thermostats

QUESTION 91

(a)Name the parts labelled X and Y

X : slip ring

Y :carbon brushes

(iii)Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the induced current
in the coil when it is in the position shown in the diagram.

QUESTION 92

What is background radiation?

Ans: Background radiation is a measure of the level of


ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which
is not due to deliberate introduction of radiation sources.

(b)A particle emitted by a radioactive substance has two protons and two
neutrons.

(i)Name the particle emitted

Ans: Alpha

(ii)What is the charge of the emitted particle?

Ans: +2

(c)State two uses of radioactive substances

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* Radioactive sources are used to study living organisms, to diagnose and


treat diseases, to sterilize medical instruments and food, to produce energy for
heat and electric power, and to monitor various steps in all types of industrial
processes

QUESTION 93

(a)Name the process by which the gases move from the cotton wool to meet at
position X

Ans: diffusion

(b)(i)Calculate the relative molecular mass of ammonia , NH3

(refer to previous questions)

(ii)The relative molecular mass of hydrogen chloride is 36.5. Explain why the
position X where the gases meet is nearer to the hydrochloric acid end of the
tube.

Ans: ammonia diffuses faster than hydrogen chloride gas because of its
little molecular mass therefore it reaches the hydrochloric acid side quickly

(iii)What colour change will be observed in the litmus paper at position Y?

Ans: The damp red litmus paper would turn blue (because of ammonia )
and the damp blue litmus paper will turn red (because of hydrogen
chloride gas )

(iv)Why are damp litmus papers used instead of dry litmus papers

Ans: To enhance movement of ions

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QUESTION 94

Name Structural formula Homologous


series

Ethanol Alkanol

Butane Alkanes

(ii)Draw the structural isomer of butane

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(b)Ethene reacts with hydrogen by an addition reaction

(i)Explain why ethene undergoes an addition reaction instead of substitution

Ans: because alkenes are a more unstable structure than alkanes, and it
takes more energy to break off bonds that are already there than to simply
form new ones.

(ii)State two conditions for this reaction and suggest a reason for each condition

Condition 1: Presence of catalyst

Reason : To speed up the reaction

Condition 2: a temperature of 150°C

Reason: To break up the double bond with ease

(iii)Name the product formed when hydrogen is added to ethene

Ans: Ethane

(c)Alkenes polymerize through addition polymers. Complete the table by using


an example of a polymer of your choice

Name Structure of polymer chain showing three Structure of


of monomer units monomer
polymer

Protein

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QUESTION 95

Fig 10.1 shows a developing mammalian foetus

Umbilical cord

(a)On Fig 10.1 label the structure X

(b)State the function of structure Y

The placenta serves as an interface between the mother and the developing
fetus and has three main jobs: Attach the fetus to the uterine wall.
Provide nutrients to the fetus. Allow the fetus to transfer waste products to
the mother's blood.

(c)Fig 10.2 shows a cross section through structure X

(i)Which blood vessel is a vein?

Ans: Q

(ii)Give a reason for your answer in (c)(i)

Ans: Has a large lumen

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(iii)Name two substances transported in high concentration in blood vessel Q

*Oxygen

* Soluble food substances

QUESTION 96

(a)At what time of the day is the transpiration the highest?

Ans: 1200hrs

(ii)Explain how humidity affects the rate of transpiration

Ans: As the relative humidity of the air surrounding the plant rises the
transpiration rate falls. It is easier for water to evaporate into dryer air
than into more saturated air.

(b)Give two other environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration

* Wind speed

*Temperature

QUESTION 9

Iodine test Benedict’s test

Water in a beaker yellow Blue

Contents of visking Blue - black Brick – red


tubing

(a)Identify the two solutions in the visking tube

* Starch

*Glucose

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(b)Explain why the water in the beaker turned brick – red when tested with
Benedict’s solution after 30 minutes

Ans: The water contains molecules of simple sugar being glucose

(c)The mixture in the visking tube was replaced by a mixture of starch and
amylase and left for 30 minutes in a water bath at a temperature of 35°C

(i)Predict the result for iodine test in the tube after 30 minutes. Give a reason for
your answer

Prediction: a brick red colour will be observed

Reason: amylase has digested starch so there is no starch in the solution,


but glucose is present

(ii)Where in the alimentary canal does a similar reaction occur?

Ans: small intestine

QUESTION 98

(a)Name the neurone in the Central Nervous System that links neurones A and
B

Ans: Relay neurone

(b)A person touches a hot plate and quickly removes his hand

Name the receptor and effector in this action

Receptor: skin

Effector :muscle

(c)How is the mode of transmission of messages in Fig 15.1 different from


hormonal transmission?

Ans: the endocrine system uses chemical signaling (hormones, produced by


glands) while the nervous system uses electrical signaling (neural impulses).

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QUESTION 99

(a)Calculate the speed of the load

Ans: speed = distance / time

= 3m / 15s

= 0.2m/s

(b)State the tension, F, in the rope

Ans: 1000N

(c)Calculate

(i)the work done in lifting the load by 3 metres

Work done = Force × distance moved

= 1000N × 3m

= 3000Nm or 3000 joules

)ii)the power output of the crane while lifting the load

Power = work done / time taken

= 3000Nm/ 15s

= 200W

QUESTION 100

(b) (i) State the value of angle of incidence of the ray on the block

Ans: 30°

(c)Fig 3.2 shows a ray of light entering a semi – circular glass block of
refractive index 1.5

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(i)Explain why the ray does not bend when it enters the glass block

Ans: the incoming ray is perpendicular to the surface, so it is not refracted

(ii)Calculate the critical angle of the glass block

Ans: 90° – 50° = 40°

(iii)How will the ray proceed when it reaches side AB?

Ans: (shown by the arrow)

QUESTION 101

(a)Calculate the voltage drop across the 4Ω resistor

Important note: Voltage applied to a series circuit is equal to the sum of the
individual voltage drops." This simply means that the voltage drops have to add
up to the voltage coming from the battery or batteries. 6V + 6V = 12V.

So, the answer is 6V – 4V = 2V

(b)Calculate the current through the resistors

IMPORTANT NOTE: In a series circuit, the current that flows through each of
the components is the same.

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So current = 2V / 4Ω = 0.5 A

QUESTION 102

(a)State the nature and charge of beta particles

Nature : Beta particles are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons


emitted by certain fission fragments or by certain primordial radioactive
nuclei such as potassium-40.

Charge : – 1

(b) Complete Table 5.2 using the words increases or decreases

Thickness of paper Radiation detected Pressure applied by


rollers

Increases Decreases increases

Decreases Increases Decreases

QUESTION 103

(a)Identify the cells P and Q

P : phagocytes

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Q : Lymphocytes

(b)Describe how each cell destroys bacteria

P : Engulfs and destroys bacteria

Q : They recognize proteins on the surface of pathogens called antigens . ...


If they do, they clone themselves in order to make enough antibodies
to destroy the pathogen.

(c)Describe how blood clotting occurs

Ans: Platelets immediately begin to adhere to the cut edges of the vessel
and release chemicals to attract even more platelets. A platelet plug is
formed, and the external bleeding stops

(d)Name two substances other than oxygen and carbon dioxide which are
transported by blood

1. Urea

2. Digested food molecules

QUESTION 104

(a)Explain why copper cannot be charged by rubbing

Ans: Copper rod cannot be charged easily by friction because it is a conductor.


Only non-conducting materials can be charged easily by friction.

(b)What happens during the rubbing of Perspex that makes it to be charged

Ans: By rubbing the perspex rod by the dry cloth, electrons are transferred
from the surface of the perspex rod towards the dry cloth. So,
the perspex rod loses the electrons and they are transferred to the dry cloth
and becomes positively charged

QUESTION 105

(a) Redox reaction

Explain your answer

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Copper (ii) Oxide reacts with hydrogen to form copper

(b)An incomplete equation representing the reaction taking place in Fig 6.1 is
shown

Cu(s) + H2 (g) Cu(s) + H2O (l)

(ii)One of the products of reaction is water. Describe the chemical test for water

Test: Cobalt(II) chloride paper test

Result: This turns pink in the presence of water

(c)Other than the method used in Fig 6.1 state another method of producing
copper

Ans: Electrolysis

QUESTION 106

(a)Ans: Magnesium oxide reacts with sulphuric acid to form magnesium


sulphate and water. The solution is then dried to remove water and only
magnesium sulphate crystals remain

(b)A sample of water containing magnesium sulphate is hard

(i)Name this type of hardness of water

Ans: permanent hardness

There are two types of hardness – temporary hardness and


permanent hardness.

 Temporary hardness – also called 'Carbonate hardness'. ...

 Permanent hardness, also referred to as 'non-carbonate hardness; is


the hardness due to the presence of calcium or magnesium sulfates,
chlorides and nitrates.

(ii)State the observation made when soap is shaken with hard water

Ans: a lather is formed

(iii)Give one method of removing this type of hardness of water

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Ans: treating the water with washing soda.

(iv)Describe a chemical test to confirm the presence of the sulphate ions in the
sample

Test: Sulphate ions in solution, SO 4 2 -, are detected using


barium chloride solution. The test solution is acidified using a few drops of
dilute hydrochloric acid, and then a few drops of barium chloride solution
are added.

Result : A white precipitate of barium sulphate forms if sulphate ions are


present

QUESTION 107

(a)What is the molecular formula of the compound X?

Ans: C5H10

(b)What is the empirical formula of compound X?

Ans: CH2

(c)(i)To which homologous series does compound X belong?

Ans: Alkenes

(ii)Name another compound that belongs to the same homologous series as


compound X.

Ans: Ethene, Propene, Butene,

(d)(i)Name two products formed when compound X burns completely in air

1. Carbon dioxide

2. water

(ii)What other type of reaction can compound X undergo?

Ans: addition reaction

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QUESTION 108

(a)Which process caused the colour change of the cobalt chloride paper?

Ans: Transpiration

(b)Explain why it was important for Mpho to make sure that no air could reach
the cobalt chloride paper

Ans: Air can contain moisture

(c)Suggest a reason why the paper on the upper surface took longer to turn pink

Ans: The upper side has less stoma

(d)Explain why the leaves of the plant are upright in the morning

Ans: the stoma of the leaf cells are turgid and firm

QUESTION 109

Fig 12.1 represents stages in which an enzyme controlled chemical reaction may
occur

(a)Define the term enzyme

Ans: A biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions

(b)Suggest what Q and R in Fig 12.1 represent

Q : . Q enzyme.

R product

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(c)State one property of enzymes illustrated in Fig 12.1

Ans: Substrate specificity. Enzyme molecules are not used during reactions

(d)The enzyme has an optimum temperature of 30°C .

Describe how enzyme activity changes as temperature increases from 20°C to


60°C

Ans: Enzyme are active at 20degrees and enzyme activity increases. As


temp increases enzyme activity increases up until optimum temp.. At the
optimum temp enzyme activity is at the highest point. After optimum temp
when temp increases enzyme activity decreases. At 60 enzyme activity stops
coz enzymes are denatured due to high temperature

QUESTION 110

(a)Name the type of transformer shown in Fig 2.1

Ans: step down transformer

(b)Explain how the voltage output to the streetlamps is produced

Ans: as the power is switched on the EMF is induced on the other coil
which is the secondary coil

(c)Fig 2.2 shows some identical street lamps connected in parallel

The potential difference across lamp A is 240V. Each lamp is marked 40W;
240V

(i)State the value of the potential difference across lamp B

Ans: 240V

Note : Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel circuit

(ii)Draw a simple circuit diagram to show how lamps are connected

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(iii)Suggest one advantage of having the lamps in parallel

Ans: if one lamp goes out others remain lit

(iv)Calculate the energy, in joules, converted by each lamp in 12 hours

Ans: energy = power × time 12 hours = 43 200 seconds

= 40 W × 43 200s

= 1 728 800 J

𝑽𝟐
(v)Calculate the resistance of each lamp. Use the equation (P) =
𝑹
R = V2 / P

R = (240)2 / 40

R = 1440 Ω

QUESTION 111

(a)State why sodium is in Group 1

Ans: has one electron in the valence shell

(b)In which period is Sodium found?

Ans: period 3

Explain your answer

Ans: it has three shells

(c)State how the sodium atom reacts with atoms of non- metals

Ans: ionic bonding, it donates electrons to them in order to attain stability

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QUESTION 112

(a)(i)Name the substance W

Ans: coke

(ii)At which position , X or Y is molten iron removed?

Ans : Y

Give a reason for your answer

Ans: It is denser, so it sinks while the waste products floats

QUESTION 113

(a)(i)How is the gas formed

Ans: Incomplete combustion of petrol/ diesel

(ii)Explain how a catalytic converter reduces the emission this gas

Ans: Carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the catalytic


converter

(iii)The following reaction is used to detect carbon monoxide

CO + Pd2+ + H2O CO2 + Pd + 2H+

What type of chemical reaction is the change is the change Pd2+ to Pd? Give a
reason for your answer.

Ans: Reduction reaction because Pd has gained electrons


(iv) Ethene will also give the above reaction. Describe another chemical test
for this gas
Ans: Bubble the gas through bromine water. Bromine water will change
colour from brown to colourless, or is decolorized

(c)(i)What is meant by the terms saturated and unsaturated?

Ans: Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds between carbons while


Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have double or triple covalent
bonds between adjacent carbon atoms.

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The term "unsaturated" means more hydrogen atoms may be added to the
hydrocarbon to make it saturated

(ii)Name the functional group in fats

Ans: esters

(iii)How can soap be made from fats

Ans: Hydrolyzing fats with concentrated sodium hydroxide

QUESTION 114

(i)Write the equation for this reaction

C3H8 (g) + Cl2 (g) C3H7 Cl(aq) + HCl(aq)

(ii)What type of reaction is this?

Ans: Substitution reaction

(c)The two chloropropanes react with sodium hydroxide to form different


alcohols

(i)These alcohols are isomers. Using the propanols as an example explain the
term isomers

Ans: substances which have the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae

(ii)Fractional distillation can separate two propanols. Suggest a reason why the
method is effective

Ans: They have different boiling points

(iii)Propanol and propanoic acid react to form an ester. Give the name and
structural formula of the ester

Name: Propyl propanoate

Structural formula

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(d)Propane can be made by heating propane and sulphur

(i)Outline another method of making alkenes from alkanes

Ans: cracking a long chain alkane at a temperature of 600°C using


aluminium as a catalyst.

(ii)Outline how propanol can be made from propene

Ans: expose propene to steam under high temperature in the presence of a


catalyst

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QUESTION 1 (2017)
(a)Define the term mass
Ans : Amount of matter in a substance
(b)i. What is the mass of the aluminium block as shown by the scales in Fig 1.1?
Ans : (200 +60 +5) = 265g
ii)Calculate the weight of the block (g = 10N/kg)
Ans: 0.265kg × 10N/ kg
= 2.65N
c)i. F1 is the minimum force needed to topple over cylinder G.
F2 is the minimum force needed to topple over cylinder H
Explain why F1 is larger than F2
Ans: Cylinder G is more stable than H.
ii)Cylinder G in Fig 1.2 topples over. What name is given to the equilibrium
state of the cylinder after toppling
Ans: Unstable equilibrium

QUESTION 2
(a)Name the main method of heat transfer by which heat reaches the bulbs of
thermometers.
Ans : radiation
(b)The readings of the thermometers eventually become constant at 60°C.
Explain why the thermometer Q would reach 60°C first.
Ans : Black surfaces absorb heat faster as compared to white surfaces
therefore the bulb Q would reach 60°C faster

(c)Suggest a suitable temperature for the water in the beaker at the start of the
experiment. Explain your answer.
Ans :Any temperature above 90°C but less than 100

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Explanation: So that heat radiation can be able to counteract heat loss and
be able to be detected by the thermometers
(d)The distance between the lower fixed point and the upper fixed point of the
thermometers is 10cm. Calculate the distance moved by the liquid column when
the temperature changes by 35°C

100 : 10 100x = 350 (cross multiply)


35 : x

x = 3.5 cm

QUESTION 3
(a)What name is given to the distance between point C and point F?
Ans : Focal length
(b)On Fig 3.1
(i)draw two light rays to locate the position of the object
(ii)draw and label object O
(c)State two characteristics of the image formed by a convex lens in a projector
1. large
2. inverted
3. real

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QUESTION 4
(a)Name two components of the electromagnetic spectrum that are given by the
bulb when it is switched on.
1. Infrared radiation
2. Visible flight
(b)State the name of the electrical quantity represented by:
240V ………..Voltage
100W…………Power

(c)i Calculate the amount of electrical energy that was bought


110.7Kwh – 22.7 Kwh = 88Kwh
(ii) An amount of P61.60 was used to buy the electrical energy. Calculate the
cost of 1 KWh of electrical energy.

61.60 : 88
x : 1
61.60
= 0.7
88
= 70 thebe

QUESTION 5
(a)The voltage drop across the 2.0Ω resistor is 2.0V. Calculate the current
through the 2.0 Ω resistor. Show your working
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑎) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2.0 𝑉
= =1A
2.0𝛺

(b) Calculate
(i)the combined resistance of the 2.0 Ω and 4.0Ω resistors

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Ans : 2.0 Ω + 4.0Ω = 6Ω

ii)the total resistance of the circuit


𝑹𝟏 ×𝑹𝟐
R total =
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐
𝟔.𝟎𝜴 ×𝟑𝜴
= 𝟔𝜴+𝟑𝜴
𝟏𝟖
= = 2Ω
𝟗

QUESTION 6
A radioactive source emits three different types of emission.
(a)Name the three types of emission
Ans: Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays
(b)Name one instrument which can be used to detect the types of emission
Ans : Geiger – Muller Tube

QUESTION 7
Table 7.1
Element 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 Melting point / °C Type of oxide
𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
Carbon 2.25 3700 Acidic
Silicon 2.33 1683 Acidic
Germanium 5.35 937 Amphoteric
Tin 7.28 505 Amphoteric
Lead 11.35 601 Amphoteric

(a)Explain why these elements are placed in group IV


Ans : they have four electrons on the valence/ outermost shell

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(b)Complete Table 7.1 by stating the type of oxide formed by carbon.


(c)Describe the trends of the elements in terms of
(i)density
Ans : Increases down the group

(ii)melting point
Ans : Decreases down the group

d)Tin(Sn) reacts with oxygen to form an amphoteric oxide. Which two


substances will be formed when the oxide of tin reacts with an acid?
Ans : *Salt
*Water

(ii)Ans: GeH4

QUESTION 8
(a) Explain why the carbonate should be in excess
Ans :To react all the acid
(b)Calculate the number of moles in 25.0cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3 of hydrochloric
acid
𝑛
𝑐= = 0.025 × 0.1
𝑣

= 0.0025
(c)Use the equation and the answer in (b) to calculate the number of moles of
copper(II) carbonate that will react with the acid
1: 2
x : 0.025
2x = 0.025
x = 0.0125

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d) Calculate the relative molecular mass of copper(II) carbonate


Cu = 64
C = 12
O = 16 × 3 = 48
= 64 + 12 + 48
= 124g/ mol

ii)the mass of copper(II) Carbonate that will react with the acid
mass = number of moles × molar mass
= 0.0125 × 124
= 1.55g

e) Hydrochloric acid is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water.


Use a dot and cross diagram to draw the structure of the ions in hydrochloric
acid. Show all the shells in each of the ions

f) Describe a positive chemical test for water


Test – using Cobalt Chloride paper
result – turns from blue to pink

QUESTION 9
Ethanol and pentanol are members of the same homologous series.

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(a)State the name of the homologous series to which ethanol and pentanol
belong
Ans: alkanols
(b)State two characteristics of the homologous series to which ethanol and
pentanol belong
1. Soluble in water
2.They are flammable
c) Draw the structural formula of Butanol

d)Ethanol can be produced from the addition reaction of steam with ethene

(i)Write the equation for the reaction of ethene with steam. Include the state
symbols

C2H4 (aq) + H2O (g) C2H5OH (aq)

ii) State two conditions for the reaction in (d)(i)


1. High temperature
2. High pressure
e)Name another method that can be used to prepare ethanol
Ans: Fermentation

QUESTION 10
(a)Write the equation for the reaction occurring at the anode
Ans : 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e

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b)State two observations made during the electrolysis


1. Production of bubbles
2. Brown copper ions deposits at the anode

QUESTION 11
(a)Name the parts labelled P and Q
P : Nucleus
Q: Cell membrane
b)A red blood cell is an example of a cell in the mammalian circulatory system.
State one way in which a red blood cell is different from other animal cells.
Ans : It does not have a nucleus
ii)Give an example of one tissue and one organ in the mammalian circulatory
system
Tissue – blood
Organ – heart

QUESTION 12
(a) State the function of the part labelled X
Ans : Stores bile
b)Fig (i)State the name of enzyme U
Ans : Amylase
ii) What property of enzymes is illustrated in Fig 12.2?
Breaking food into simpler substances – can be reused
(iii)On Fig 12. 1 identify a region where the process shown in Fig 12.2 occurs
and label it V

c)State one function of the stomach


Ans: Store food

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d)
Table 12.1
Volume of juice extracted / cm3 Temperature / °C

10 P

30 M

50 N

60 O

(i) Use the temperatures M, N O and P from the graph to complete Table
12.1
ii) Explain why the volume of juice extracted from the fruits was different for
the four temperatures M, N , O and P.
Ans: For temperature M, the amount of fruit juice produced is low because
the enzyme is not active at that temperature, at temperature N the enzyme
is active , and at temperature O the enzyme is acting on its optimum
temperature therefore producing high amount of juice. At temperature P,
the enzyme is about to be denatured as the temperature is above the
optimum temperature therefore producing little amount of juice.

QUESTION 13
(a) (i) Name the process that results in the formation of a zygote
Ans : Fertilization
(ii) In which part of the female reproductive system is structure F found?
Ans : Uterus

b) (i) State the name of the structure labelled J


Ans: Umbilical cord

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ii)A pregnant woman was found to have her foetus not growing well and the
foetus moving less than expected. Suggest how the malfunctioning of structure J
may have led to this.
Ans: Structure J is responsible for carrying food and water molecules
dissolved in the blood to the developing foetus, therefore its malfunction
will hinder proper carriage of these important substances to the foetus and
as such the foetus will not develop properly.

QUESTION 14
(a)(i)What is the major source of energy for the food web?
Ans : The Sun
(ii)Use the food web in Fig 14.1 to construct a food chain with four trophic
levels
Sun water plants tadpoles fish

QUESTION 15
(a)(i) Define Biotechnology
Ans: application of biological organisms, systems or processes to
manufacturing / service industry.
(ii) State the microorganisms used in the production of
*Chibuku - Bacteria
*Madila – Bacteria
b)Biotechnology is used in the manufacturing of drugs such as antibiotics. State
two differences between antibiotics and non – medicinal drugs
1. Antibiotics are drugs that are designed to cure illnesses caused by
bacteria while non – medicinal drugs are just habit-forming substances.
2. Antibiotics contain known amount of different substances required by
the body while non – medicinal drugs composition is not known

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QUESTION 1 (2018)
(a) Use the graph to determine the time

(i) Taken by the object to reach its maximum height


Ans: 1.5 seconds
(ii) The object was held at maximum height
Ans: 1.0 seconds
(b) Calculate the maximum height reached by the object.
𝟏 𝟏
h = gt2 h = (𝟏𝟎)(𝟏. 𝟓)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

Ans : h = 11.25m
(c) The mass of the object is 0.5kg

(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the object as it leaves the ground
𝟏
k.e = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
= (𝟎. 𝟓)(𝟏𝟓𝒎/𝒔)𝟐
𝟐

= 56. 25 joules
(ii)State whether the maximum gravitational potential energy of the object is
equal to, greater than or less than the maximum kinetic energy of the object.
Explain your answer
Statement : equal to
Explanation : energy gained is equal to energy lost

QUESTION 2
(a) Name the parts labelled A and B
A : bulb
B : vacuum

(i)Which physical property varies with temperature in the thermometer in Fig


2.2?

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Ans : volume/ length of strip/ thermal expansion/ contraction


(ii)Describe how the thermometer works when the oven is switched on
Ans: The bimetallic strip is heated, and metal B will expand more than
metal A. The pointer moves in a clockwise direction

QUESTION 3
(a) Define the term amplitude
Ans : The measure of the displacement of a wave from its rest position

(b)Use Fig 3.1 to determine the period of the wave


𝟐.𝟓
Ans: period = = 1.25s
𝟐

(c)The frequency of the wave is increased, and the loudness remains the same.
On Fig 3.1, draw one complete wavelength to show the new sound wave.
(d)Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave

𝒗
𝝀=
𝒇

𝟑𝟒𝟎𝒎/𝒔
𝝀=
𝟐𝟓𝟔𝑯𝒛

𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑

QUESTION 4
(a)State two properties of permanent magnets
1. They have poles
2. They are ferromagnetic materials
(b)(i)State the name of the method used in Fig 4.1
Ans: Electrical method
(ii)Suggest the name of metal X

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Ans: iron/ steel


(iii)Name another method which can be used to make a magnet
Ans: Stroking method

(c)Switch S is closed and the compass needle points as shown in Fig 4.1
State the name of the pole formed at end Q
Ans: North pole

QUESTION 5
Calculate
(a) The total resistance of the circuit
8Ω + 4Ω = R1
𝑹𝟏 ×𝑹𝟐
Total resistance =
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐
R1 = 12Ω
12𝛺 ×6𝛺
R2 = 6Ω Rtotal =
12𝛺+6𝛺

72𝛺
Rtotal = = 4Ω
18𝛺
Ans = 4Ω

b)the current in the 6Ω resistor


𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
current =
𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝟔𝑽
= = 1A
𝟔𝜴

(c)the potential difference across the 8Ω resistor


Current across 8Ω resistor is 0.5 A

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𝟔𝑽
Why? Current across resistors in series is equal , so the current = =
𝟖𝜴+𝟒𝜴
0.5A
P.D = current × resistance
P.D = 0.5A × 8Ω
Ans= 4V

QUESTION 6
A hospital keeps some radioactive sources for medical purposes.
(a)State one safety precaution when handling the sources
Ans: always wear protective clothing. For example, lab coat
(b)State one danger of being exposed to radioactive emissions
Ans: They can cause cancer, gene mutation, Leukemia or even lead to
sterilization
(c)Suggest one way of safely disposing the sources from the hospital
Ans * Store in lead
*Concrete containers and bury underground
*Lead shielding

QUESTION 7
Choose one substance from the list to fit each given description. You may use
each substance one, more than once or not at all.
Sodium carbonate sodium hydroxide copper(II) sulphate
Copper(II) carbonate chlorine ammonia
(a)It is a solid that dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution
Ans: Sodium carbonate
(b)It is a solid that is soluble in water and reacts with aqueous barium nitrate to
form a white precipitate
Ans: Copper(II) Sulphate

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(c)It is a gas that bleaches damp litmus paper


Ans: Chlorine
(d)It decomposes on heating to form carbon dioxide
Ans: Copper(II) Carbonate
(e)It is used to sterilize water
Ans : chlorine

QUESTION 8
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are elements in group VII of the
periodic table.
(a)Give a reason why these elements are placed in group VII of the periodic
table
Ans: They have 7 electrons on the valence/outermost shell

(b)(i)Describe the trend of the reactivity of the elements in group VII


Ans: They get less reactive as you go down the group

(ii)Explain your answer in (b)(i)


Ans: The halogens react by gaining an electron so if they have more shells
it would be difficult to attract to the nucleus thus being less reactive
c)Hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon to form magnesium chloride
and hydrogen gas .
(i)write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Include the state symbols
2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2(g)
(ii)State two changes that can be made to increase the rate of reaction in (c)(i)
 Warm the acid
 Cut up magnesium ribbon into small pieces or alternatively use
magnesium powder of the same mass
 Use concentrated acid

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(iii)Hydrochloric acid is reacted with aluminium metal. Bubbles are produced


slowly at the start of the reaction and then rapidly as the reaction progresses.
Give an explanation for this observation
Ans: The acid has to react with aluminium oxide layer formed on the
surface of aluminum first. Once the acid has removed this layer, the
reaction speeds up significantly

QUESTION 9
Excess Magnesium Carbonate is added to 25.0cm3 of 2.00mol/ dm3 nitric acid.
The equation for the reaction is:
MgCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) +CO2(g) +H2O(l)
(a)Name the process used to remove the excess magnesium carbonate from the
mixture
Ans: Filtration
(b)Calculate the number of moles in 25.0cm3 of 2.00mol/dm3 nitric acid
Number of moles = concentration × volume
c = 2.00mol/dm3 volume = 0.025dm3
number of moles = 2.00 × 0.025
= 0.05 moles

c) use the equation and the answer in (b) to calculate the number of moles of
magnesium nitrate formed
2 :1
0.05 : x
2𝑥 0.05
= =
2 2

x = 0.025 moles

d) (i) The solution of magnesium nitrate from the reaction is evaporated and
6.9g of hydrated magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 . 6H2O is obtained

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The equation for the formation of hydrated magnesium nitrate is

Mg(NO3)2 + 6H2O Mg(NO3)2.6H2O

1: 1
0.025: x
x = 0.025 moles
(ii)Calculate the mass of 1 mole of hydrated magnesium nitrate,
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O
Ans: The ratio is 1:1, so one mole of hydrated Magnesium Nitrate is
Mg = 24 H = 12×1
N = 14 × 2
O = 12 × 16
(24 + 28 + 192 + 12)
= 256g
Note: There is one Magnesium, 2 Nitrogen, 12 Oxygen and 12 Hydrogen atoms
(iii)Use your answers to (d)(i) and (d)(ii) to calculate the mass of the hydrated
magnesium nitrated formed.

Ans: 0.025 × 256 = 6.4g


(iv)Calculate the percentage yield of the hydrated magnesium nitrate
𝟔.𝟒
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟖%
𝟔.𝟗

QUESTION 10
Ethene, C2H4 is an unsaturated compound.
(a)State the meaning of unsaturated compound

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Ans: organic chemical compounds whose molecular structure contains one


or more carbon – carbon double or triple bonds
(b)Ethene reacts with bromine water and decolorizes it.
Draw the structure of the compound formed from the reaction.

(c)The equation for the addition of steam to ethene is:

C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH


Give any two conditions for the reaction
1.High temperature
2. Catalyst

(d)Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the structure of a molecule of carbon
dioxide

QUESTION 11
(a)State the name of the structures labelled V and X
V: Right Atrium
X: Aorta

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(b)Explain how the structure of the left ventricle enables it to pump blood to
distant parts of the body.
Ans: it is muscular. It is also bigger in size, so it is able to generate more
pressure.
c)State two structural differences, apart from presence of valves, between the
parts labelled W and Y.
1. Structure W has thick walls while Structure X has thin walls
2. Structure W carries oxygenated blood while structure X carries deoxygenated
blood
Note: W – artery
X – vein
(b) On Fig 11.1 use arrows to show the movement of deoxygenated blood in and
out of the heart.
QUESTION 12
Beer contains a drug that is commonly abused
(a)Define the term drug
Ans : A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when
ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.

b)Name the drug contained in beer


Ans: alcohol
c)Observation: the ruler will be caught at a position higher than A
Explanation : alcohol suppresses nerve cells in the brain causing them to
slow down and this leads to increased reaction time

QUESTION 13
A boy eats solid food that contains carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
(a)State the name of the process through which food is taken into P
Ans: ingestion
(b)State the name of the process which makes food move through Q

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Ans: peristalsis

(c) (i)Which section of the bar chart is for the sample obtained from the
duodenum?
Ans: W
(ii)Explain your answer in (c)(i)
Ans : Sugars and peptides are available in large amounts as compared to
proteins and starch which shows that protease has acted on proteins and
pancreatic amylase on starch .

QUESTION 14
(a)Define the term organism
Ans: a group of organs and systems working together to make an
individual plant/ animal.
(b)State the name of the nerve cell in Fig 14.1
Ans: Sensory neurone
(c)Identify the parts labelled A and B
A : Cell body
B : Nerve fibre
(d)The normal concentration of glucose in human blood is 100mg/dm3 .
Suggest how a decrease in the concentration of glucose may affect the activity
of the cell in Fig 14.1
Ans: Glucose is required for energizing body cells therefore a decrease in
its concentration would mean that the cell would not be able to effectively
carry impulses from the sense organs to the Central Nervous System

QUESTION 15
(a)State the name of the part of the leaf through which plants lose water
Ans: Stomata
(b)Describe and explain the shape of the graph for day 1

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Ans: Water loss increases from midnight to midday and is at its peak at
midday because temperatures are high, and stomata is open to allow
diffusion of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The water loss then
decreases from midday to midnight because temperatures drop, and
stomata closes due to reduced light intensity
(c)Suggest one environmental condition which could have resulted in the graph
obtained in day 2. Explain how the condition affected the rate of water loss
Environmental condition: Humidity
Explanation: There is more moisture in the atmosphere and as such less
water is lost from leaves due to moisture concentration on the atmosphere

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