I.

Title: Introduction to Anthropology

II. Overview: This module provides an in-depth exploration of anthropology, a diverse and
multidisciplinary field that examines human societies, cultures, and behaviors. Students will delve into
the definition, historical background, subfields, interdisciplinary connections, practical applications,
and research methods of anthropology.

III. Pre-test: Introduction to Anthropology

Instructions: Please read each question carefully and select the best answer. There is only one correct
answer for each question.

1. What is anthropology?

a) The study of ants

b) The study of human societies, cultures, and behaviors
c) The study of ancient artifacts
d) The study of stars and planets

2. Who is considered the "father of American anthropology"?

a) Lewis Henry Morgan

b) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
c) Franz Boas
d) Margaret Mead

3. Which of the following is NOT a subfield of anthropology?

a) Sociology
b) Biological (Physical) Anthropology
c) Archaeology
d) Linguistic Anthropology

4. Which subfield of anthropology studies human genetics, evolution, and primatology?

a) Cultural Anthropology
b) Biological (Physical) Anthropology
c) Archaeology
d) Linguistic Anthropology

5. How do anthropology and sociology differ?

a) Anthropology focuses on human societies, while sociology focuses on animals.

b) Anthropology focuses on cultural diversity, while sociology focuses on social structures and
institutions.
c) Anthropology uses quantitative research methods, while sociology uses qualitative methods.
d) Anthropology and sociology are the same field with different names.

6. What is cultural relativism in anthropology?

a) The belief that all cultures are the same

b) The belief that one's own culture is superior to others
c) The belief that cultures should be understood within their own context
d) The belief that cultures should be judged based on universal standards

7. How do anthropology and psychology intersect?

 a) Anthropology studies human behavior, while psychology studies animal behavior.
b) Anthropology focuses on individual-level phenomena, while psychology emphasizes cultural
diversity.
c) Anthropology and psychology are completely unrelated fields.
d) Anthropology and psychology both study human behavior and cognition, with anthropology
emphasizing cultural and social contexts.

8. What are some practical uses of anthropology?

a) Designing effective public health interventions

b) Assessing the impact of development projects on local communities
c) Understanding consumer preferences and workplace cultures
d) All of the above

9. Which research method involves long-term immersion in a cultural setting?

a) Participant observation
b) Surveys
c) Experiments
d) Interviews

10. What is the primary goal of ethnographic writing?

a) To provide a scientific analysis of cultural phenomena

b) To describe the personal experiences of the researcher
c) To translate fieldwork findings into narratives or analyses
d) To compare and contrast different cultures

IV. Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this module, students should be able to:

1. Define anthropology and discuss its historical development.
2. Identify and describe the major subfields of anthropology.
3. Explain the interdisciplinary connections between anthropology and other social science disciplines.
4. Recognize the practical uses and applications of anthropology in various contexts.
5. Understand and apply key anthropological research methods.

V. Content:
1. Definition and Historical Background of Anthropology:

Anthropology is a multifaceted discipline that provides invaluable insights into the complexities of
human existence. It encompasses the comprehensive study of human societies, cultures, languages, and
biological adaptations, offering a holistic understanding of humanity's past, present, and future. Rooted
in the Enlightenment era's spirit of exploration and discovery, anthropology emerged as a systematic
discipline in the 19th century, driven by a quest to unravel the mysteries of human diversity and
cultural variation.

Early anthropologists, often characterized as naturalists and explorers, embarked on voyages around
the world, encountering diverse peoples and cultures. These encounters ignited curiosity about the
differences and similarities among human groups, prompting the systematic study of human societies.
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, a notable figure in the early history of anthropology, made significant
contributions to the classification of human races, laying the groundwork for anthropological inquiry
into biological diversity and human variation.

One of the foundational figures in the development of anthropology was Lewis Henry Morgan, whose
seminal studies of kinship systems among Indigenous peoples of North America marked a significant
advancement in anthropological scholarship. Morgan's work laid the groundwork for the comparative
study of kinship, social organization, and cultural evolution, shaping the trajectory of anthropological
inquiry for generations to come.

However, it was Franz Boas who profoundly shaped the discipline of anthropology and revolutionized
its methodologies and perspectives. Boas advocated for cultural relativism—the idea that cultures
should be understood on their own terms—challenging ethnocentric biases and emphasizing the
importance of empirical research methods. Boas's commitment to rigorous fieldwork and participant
observation transformed anthropology into a science grounded in empirical evidence and cultural
understanding.

One of Boas's most influential students, Margaret Mead, further expanded anthropology's horizons
through her pioneering studies of gender and sexuality in Pacific Island cultures. Mead's
groundbreaking research challenged prevailing Western assumptions and stereotypes about gender
roles and cultural norms, demonstrating the cultural diversity of human behavior and challenging
essentialist views of human nature.

Since its early days, anthropology has continued to evolve, adapting to the changing dynamics of
human societies and engaging with pressing contemporary issues such as globalization, migration, and
environmental sustainability. Today, anthropology encompasses diverse subfields, including cultural
anthropology, biological (physical) anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology, each
offering unique perspectives on the human experience and contributing to our understanding of
humanity's rich diversity and shared heritage.

Contributions of each mentioned theorist and personality in anthropology:

i. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach:

Contributions: Blumenbach was a German physician and anthropologist who made significant
contributions to the classification of human races. He introduced the concept of the "five races" of
humanity: Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American, and Malayan. Blumenbach rejected the notion
of racial hierarchy and emphasized the unity of the human species, arguing that physical variations
among human populations were superficial and did not reflect inherent differences in intelligence or
moral character.
Impact: Blumenbach's classification system laid the foundation for anthropological studies of human
variation and racial diversity. His emphasis on the unity of the human species challenged prevailing
notions of racial superiority and contributed to the development of a more inclusive and egalitarian
understanding of human diversity.

ii. Lewis Henry Morgan:

Contributions: Morgan was an American ethnologist whose work focused on the study of kinship
systems and social organization among Indigenous peoples of North America. His seminal work,
"Ancient Society" (1877), introduced the concept of cultural evolution, proposing that human societies
progressed through distinct stages of development—from savagery to barbarism to civilization.
Morgan's comparative studies of kinship systems provided insights into the evolution of social
structures and the development of complex societies.
Impact: Morgan's theories of cultural evolution laid the groundwork for the comparative study of
human societies and social institutions. His emphasis on the role of kinship in shaping social
organization influenced subsequent anthropological research, particularly in the fields of kinship
studies, social anthropology, and cultural evolutionism.

iii. Franz Boas:

Contributions: Boas, often regarded as the "father of American anthropology," revolutionized the field
by advocating for cultural relativism—the idea that cultures should be understood on their own terms.
He challenged the prevailing notions of cultural superiority and argued against ethnocentric biases in
anthropological research. Boas emphasized the importance of empirical research methods, including
participant observation and fieldwork, in understanding human diversity. His rejection of racial
stereotypes and promotion of cultural understanding had a profound impact on the discipline.
Impact: Boas's influence extended to generations of anthropologists, shaping the methodologies,
perspectives, and ethical principles of the discipline. His emphasis on cultural relativism and rigorous
empirical research transformed anthropology into a science grounded in cultural understanding and
respect for diversity. Boas's legacy continues to shape contemporary anthropological research,
particularly in areas such as cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and applied anthropology.

iv. Margaret Mead:

Contributions: Mead was an American cultural anthropologist known for her pioneering studies of
gender and sexuality in Pacific Island cultures. Her groundbreaking research challenged prevailing
Western assumptions and stereotypes about gender roles and cultural norms. Mead's studies,
particularly her work in Samoa and New Guinea, demonstrated the cultural diversity of human
behavior and challenged essentialist views of human nature. She advocated for greater acceptance and
understanding of diverse gender identities and sexual practices.
Impact: Mead's research expanded the horizons of anthropology, demonstrating the importance of
cultural context in shaping human behavior and identity. Her advocacy for cultural diversity and gender
equality continues to influence anthropological scholarship and social discourse. Mead's work remains
relevant today, providing insights into the complex interplay between culture, society, and individual
identity.

2. Subfields of Anthropology:

i. Cultural Anthropology:

Cultural anthropology delves into the rich tapestry of human cultures, examining beliefs, practices,
social institutions, and symbolic systems. By employing ethnographic research methods, cultural
anthropologists immerse themselves in diverse communities, learning firsthand about their customs,
rituals, languages, and worldviews. Through participant observation, they gain deep insights into the
intricacies of culture and social life, exploring topics such as kinship, religion, economics, politics,
gender roles, and cultural identity. For instance, cultural anthropologists might study the impact of
globalization on traditional cultures, examining how cultural practices evolve in response to external
influences.

Example: Imagine a cultural anthropologist studying the indigenous communities of the Amazon
rainforest. They immerse themselves in the community, living among the people and participating in
their daily activities. Through participant observation and interviews, the anthropologist learns about
the tribe's kinship systems, religious beliefs, subsistence practices, and social organization. They may
observe rituals and ceremonies, document oral traditions, and explore the cultural meanings attached to
plants, animals, and the natural environment. By gaining insights into the tribe's culture, the
anthropologist contributes to our understanding of human diversity and cultural adaptation in different
environments.

ii. Biological Anthropology:

Biological anthropology focuses on the biological dimensions of humanity, exploring evolution,

genetics, primatology, skeletal biology, and human variation. Using a variety of methods such as
genetic analysis and skeletal examination, biological anthropologists unravel the mysteries of human
origins, tracing our evolutionary history and genetic diversity. They explore topics such as human
evolution, population genetics, and the physiological adaptations of different human populations to
environmental challenges. For example, biological anthropologists may investigate the genetic markers
of ancient populations to understand human migrations and population movements.

Example: Consider a biological anthropologist conducting research on human evolution. They may
analyze fossil hominin remains discovered at archaeological sites in East Africa, dating back millions
of years. By examining the morphology and skeletal features of these fossils, the anthropologist
reconstructs the evolutionary history of early hominins, tracing the emergence of bipedalism, tool use,
and other key adaptations. Through genetic analysis, they may also investigate the genetic relationships
between modern human populations, exploring patterns of migration and genetic diversity. By
unraveling the mysteries of human evolution, the anthropologist sheds light on our shared biological
heritage.
iii. Archaeology:

Archaeology unravels the mysteries of the past by studying material remains from ancient human
societies. Through excavation, artifact analysis, and dating techniques, archaeologists reconstruct
ancient lifeways, from hunter-gatherer communities to complex civilizations. By examining pottery,
tools, art, architecture, and other artifacts, archaeologists shed light on the development of human
societies, the rise and fall of ancient cities, and the interactions between humans and their environments.
For example, archaeologists might excavate ancient settlements to uncover evidence of past social
organization and economic activities, revealing insights into ancient cultural practices and belief
systems.

Example: Picture an archaeologist excavating the ruins of an ancient Maya city in Mesoamerica. As
they carefully uncover layers of soil and artifacts, they reveal insights into the daily lives, social
organization, and belief systems of the Maya civilization. They may discover elaborate temples,
palaces, and ball courts, indicating the city's religious and political significance. By analyzing pottery
shards, stone tools, and carved monuments, the archaeologist reconstructs ancient Maya craftsmanship,
trade networks, and artistic styles. Through their work, they contribute to our understanding of the rise
and fall of ancient civilizations and the complexities of human history.

iv. Linguistic Anthropology:

Linguistic anthropology explores the intricate relationship between language and culture, investigating
how language shapes social identity, cognition, and interaction. Using linguistic analysis, discourse
analysis, and ethnographic research, linguistic anthropologists study language structure, usage, and
variation within and across cultures. They explore topics such as language diversity, language
endangerment, and language socialization, examining how language reflects and influences cultural
practices and social dynamics. For example, linguistic anthropologists might study language
revitalization efforts in indigenous communities, working to preserve linguistic diversity and cultural
heritage.

Example: Imagine a linguistic anthropologist studying language use in a multicultural urban

neighborhood. They observe how residents from diverse linguistic backgrounds interact and
communicate in everyday life. By conducting interviews and analyzing conversations, they explore
how language reflects social identity, power dynamics, and cultural values within the community. They
may document language variation and code-switching among bilingual speakers, examining how
language is used to negotiate social relationships and express cultural identity. Through their research,
the linguistic anthropologist contributes to our understanding of the dynamic relationship between
language, culture, and society in multicultural contexts.

2.1 Intersections and Complementarity:

While each subfield of anthropology has its own focus and methodologies, they often intersect and
complement each other, providing holistic insights into the human condition. For instance, cultural
anthropology and archaeology collaborate to study ancient cultures, combining ethnographic research
with archaeological excavation to reconstruct past lifeways. Similarly, biological anthropology and
linguistic anthropology may intersect in studies of human evolution, exploring both the biological and
cultural dimensions of our species' development. These interdisciplinary connections enrich
anthropological research, offering multifaceted perspectives on the complexities of human existence.

3. Relations of Anthropology to Other Social Science Disciplines:

Anthropology shares interdisciplinary connections with various social science disciplines, fostering
dialogue and collaboration across diverse fields of study.

i. Sociology:

Anthropology and sociology share a common interest in understanding human societies and social
phenomena. While sociology often focuses on social structures, institutions, and systems, anthropology
emphasizes the cultural dimensions of human life. Sociologists may study social stratification, social
inequality, and social movements within specific societies, whereas anthropologists explore cultural
practices, beliefs, and worldviews within diverse cultural contexts. However, both disciplines recognize
the interplay between social structure and culture in shaping human behavior and societal dynamics.
Collaborations between sociologists and anthropologists contribute to a more comprehensive
understanding of social life.

ii. Psychology

Anthropology and psychology both delve into the complexities of human behavior, cognition, and
emotion. While psychology often examines individual-level phenomena such as personality,
motivation, and mental health, anthropology considers these aspects within cultural and social contexts.
Anthropologists recognize the influence of culture, social norms, and collective experiences on human
psychology, emphasizing the importance of understanding cultural diversity in psychological research.
Collaborations between psychologists and anthropologists shed light on the cultural factors shaping
human behavior and mental processes, leading to a more nuanced understanding of human psychology
across cultures.

iii. Economics:

Anthropology and economics both investigate human interactions, resource allocation, and economic
behavior. While economics traditionally emphasizes formal models and quantitative analysis,
anthropology offers qualitative insights into the cultural, symbolic, and moral dimensions of economic
activities. Anthropologists study economic practices within specific cultural contexts, exploring the
meanings attached to goods, services, and exchange systems. They challenge conventional economic
assumptions and frameworks by highlighting the cultural diversity of economic behavior and the
complex socio-cultural factors influencing economic decision-making. Collaborations between
economists and anthropologists enrich economic research by incorporating cultural perspectives and
contextual understandings of economic phenomena.

iv. Political Science:

Anthropology and political science share an interest in power dynamics, governance structures, and
political behavior. While political science tends to focus on formal institutions and processes of
governance, anthropology offers ethnographic insights into informal power relations, social movements,
and everyday political practices. Anthropologists study political systems and processes within specific
cultural contexts, examining how power is negotiated, contested, and exercised in diverse societies.
They highlight the role of culture, history, and social relations in shaping political behavior and
decision-making. Collaborations between political scientists and anthropologists deepen our
understanding of political phenomena by integrating cultural perspectives and contextual analyses into
political research.

In conclusion, anthropology's relations with other social science disciplines foster dialogue,
collaboration, and interdisciplinary approaches to studying human societies and cultures. By drawing
on diverse methodologies and perspectives, anthropologists contribute to a deeper understanding of the
complexities of human existence across different cultural contexts. These interdisciplinary connections
enrich anthropological inquiry and contribute to a more holistic understanding of human societies and
cultures.

4. Uses of Anthropology:

Anthropology has practical applications across various domains, known as applied anthropology.
Applied anthropologists utilize anthropological theories, methods, and insights to address real-world
problems and challenges.

i. Public Health:

In the realm of public health, anthropologists contribute invaluable insights into cultural beliefs,
practices, and health-seeking behaviors. By immersing themselves in local communities and
understanding their socio-cultural contexts, anthropologists help design culturally sensitive
interventions to address health issues. For example, they may collaborate with healthcare providers to
develop HIV/AIDS prevention programs that are culturally appropriate and effective in specific
communities. Anthropologists also promote community engagement in health initiatives, fostering trust
and collaboration between healthcare providers and local populations.

ii. Development:

Anthropologists play a crucial role in development projects by assessing their impact on local
communities. Through participatory research methods, anthropologists engage stakeholders and
advocate for grassroots perspectives to ensure that development initiatives are inclusive, sustainable,
and culturally appropriate. For instance, anthropologists may evaluate the effects of infrastructure
projects on indigenous communities' land rights and livelihoods, advocating for policies that protect
their cultural heritage and economic well-being. By incorporating anthropological insights,
development projects can better address the needs and priorities of local populations.

iii. Business and Marketing:

Businesses and corporations leverage anthropological insights to understand consumer preferences,

market trends, and workplace cultures. Anthropologists conduct consumer research and market
analyses to uncover cultural factors influencing purchasing decisions and consumer behavior. By
exploring cultural meanings attached to products and brands, businesses can develop more effective
marketing strategies that resonate with target audiences. Additionally, anthropologists conduct
organizational assessments to understand workplace dynamics and foster a positive corporate culture.
By incorporating anthropological perspectives, businesses can create inclusive and diverse work
environments that promote employee satisfaction and productivity.

iv. Advocacy and Policy-Making:

Anthropologists collaborate with policymakers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and

community groups to advocate for social justice, human rights, and cultural preservation. Through
ethnographic research and community-based participatory approaches, anthropologists amplify
marginalized voices and challenge stereotypes. For example, anthropologists may partner with
indigenous communities to advocate for land rights and environmental protections, drawing attention to
the cultural significance of their ancestral lands. By incorporating anthropological insights into policy-
making processes, policymakers can develop more equitable and inclusive policies that address the
needs and concerns of diverse populations.

Anthropology's diverse applications underscore its relevance and importance in addressing

contemporary challenges and advancing human well-being. By bridging the gap between theory and
practice, applied anthropology offers practical solutions to real-world problems, grounded in an
understanding of the complexities of human societies and cultures.

5. Anthropological Methods:

Anthropologists employ a variety of methods to conduct research and generate knowledge about
human societies and cultures. These methods are characterized by their emphasis on participant
observation, ethnographic immersion, and qualitative inquiry.

i. Participant Observation:

Participant observation is a cornerstone of anthropological research, allowing researchers to immerse

themselves in the culture they are studying. This method involves actively participating in daily
activities alongside community members while observing social interactions, rituals, and behaviors. By
becoming part of the community, anthropologists gain unique insights into cultural practices, beliefs,
and values that may not be apparent through other research methods.

During participant observation, anthropologists often adopt the role of both observer and participant,
balancing the need for objectivity with the necessity of building rapport and trust within the community.
This method requires patience, cultural sensitivity, and openness to new experiences. Through firsthand
engagement, anthropologists can uncover hidden dynamics, subtle nuances, and underlying meanings
that shape social life within the community.
For example, an anthropologist studying a nomadic pastoralist community in Africa may spend months
living with the group, herding livestock, participating in daily chores, and attending community
gatherings. Through participant observation, the anthropologist gains insights into the community's
kinship structures, economic practices, religious rituals, and social hierarchies. They may observe how
gender roles are negotiated within the community, how conflicts are resolved, and how cultural
traditions are passed down through generations.

ii. Interviews and Surveys:

Interviews and surveys are commonly used by anthropologists to collect data on specific topics or
issues within a community. Interviews allow researchers to gather qualitative data by engaging directly
with individuals or groups to explore their experiences, perspectives, and behaviors. Surveys, on the
other hand, provide a quantitative approach to data collection, allowing researchers to collect statistical
data on a larger scale.

Anthropologists employ various types of interviews, including structured, semi-structured, and open-
ended interviews, depending on the research objectives and the level of flexibility needed in data
collection. Structured interviews follow a predetermined set of questions, while semi-structured and
open-ended interviews allow for more flexibility, enabling respondents to express their thoughts and
experiences in their own words.

Surveys involve administering standardized questionnaires to collect data from a sample of individuals
within a population. Surveys may include closed-ended questions with fixed response options, as well
as open-ended questions that allow respondents to provide detailed responses.

For example, an anthropologist researching food security in a rural community may conduct structured
interviews with farmers to assess their agricultural practices and challenges. They may also administer
surveys to households to gather quantitative data on food consumption patterns, household income, and
access to resources.

iii. Ethnography:

Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves long-term immersion in a particular cultural
setting. Ethnographers conduct fieldwork, living among the community they study, and documenting
their observations and experiences through detailed field notes, audio recordings, photographs, and
other forms of documentation.

Ethnographic research is characterized by its holistic approach, allowing anthropologists to explore the
interconnectedness of cultural practices, beliefs, and social structures within a community.
Ethnographers pay close attention to the everyday lives of community members, documenting rituals,
ceremonies, economic activities, social interactions, and symbolic meanings embedded in cultural
practices.

Ethnographic research often requires flexibility and adaptability, as researchers navigate complex
social dynamics, cultural norms, and ethical considerations in the field. Ethnographers build rapport
with community members, establish trust, and negotiate access to sensitive information through
ongoing engagement and dialogue.

For example, an anthropologist conducting ethnographic research in an urban neighborhood may spend
months or even years living among residents, participating in community events, and building
relationships with key informants. Through participant observation, interviews, and informal
conversations, the ethnographer gains insights into the community's social networks, economic
challenges, and cultural identities.

iv. Ethnographic Writing:

Ethnographic writing is the process of translating fieldwork findings into written narratives or analyses.
Ethnographers strive to convey the richness and complexity of human experiences, while also critically
reflecting on their own biases and perspectives. Ethnographic writing may take various forms,
including monographs, journal articles, ethnographic films, and multimedia presentations.
Ethnographic writing involves synthesizing fieldwork data, analyzing cultural patterns and meanings,
and interpreting social phenomena within their broader historical, political, and cultural contexts.
Ethnographers use vivid descriptions, storytelling techniques, and theoretical frameworks to convey the
lived experiences of individuals and communities.

Ethnographic writing also requires reflexivity, as researchers critically examine their own positionality,
biases, and ethical dilemmas encountered in the field. Ethnographers strive to maintain transparency
and rigor in their writing, acknowledging the limitations and complexities of representing cultural
diversity through written texts.

For example, an anthropologist writing an ethnography of a rural fishing community may describe the
sights, sounds, and smells of the fishing village, while also exploring the social relationships, economic
practices, and environmental challenges faced by community members. Through ethnographic writing,
the anthropologist aims to capture the complexities of life in the fishing community and convey its
significance within the broader context of global environmental change.

Each anthropological method offers unique strengths and challenges in generating knowledge about
human societies and cultures. Through participant observation, interviews, ethnography, and
ethnographic writing, anthropologists engage with communities, document cultural practices, and
contribute valuable insights to academic discourse and applied practice.

VI. Learning Activities

Activity 1: Timeline Creation

Instructions:

1. Form small groups with your classmates, ensuring there are 3-4 members in each group.
2. Gather the materials provided, including poster boards, markers, and sticky notes.
3. Your task is to create a timeline showcasing significant events, figures, and discoveries in the history
of anthropology.
4. Each group will be assigned a specific time period, such as the 18th century, 19th century, or 20th
century.
5. Research and identify key events, figures, and discoveries related to anthropology during your
assigned time period.
6. Use the poster board to create a timeline, placing each event, figure, or discovery chronologically.
7. Write brief descriptions or explanations for each entry on the timeline to help your classmates
understand its significance.
8. Present your timeline to the class, explaining the importance of each entry and how it contributed to
the development of anthropology.

Activity 2: Role-Playing Activity

Instructions:

1. You will be assigned a role as a prominent anthropologist from history, such as Franz Boas,
Margaret Mead, or Claude Lévi-Strauss.
2. Research your assigned anthropologist and learn about their major contributions to the field.
3. Prepare a short monologue or dialogue in character as your assigned anthropologist.
4. Participate in a role-playing session where you will present your monologue or engage in dialogue
with your classmates, who will be acting as other prominent anthropologists.
5. Try to embody your assigned anthropologist's perspective and communicate their ideas, theories, and
beliefs about anthropology.
6. After the role-playing activity, reflect on the different perspectives presented and discuss the
diversity of thought within anthropology with your classmates.

Activity 3: Artifact Analysis

Instructions:
1. Your group will receive a set of artifacts or images representing different cultures and time periods.
2. Examine the artifacts or images closely and discuss the following questions with your group
members:
- What do you think this artifact was used for?
- What does this artifact reveal about the culture that produced it?
- How does this artifact contribute to our understanding of human diversity?
3. Take notes and record your observations and interpretations of the artifacts.
4. Present your findings to the class, sharing your interpretations and insights about the artifacts you
analyzed.
5. Engage in a class discussion where you compare and contrast the different artifacts and consider how
they contribute to our understanding of the history and diversity of human cultures.

VII. Evaluation:
Quiz: Introduction to Anthropology

Instructions: Please select the best answer for each question. There is only one correct answer for each
question.

1. What is anthropology?
a) The study of ants
b) The study of human societies, cultures, and behaviors
c) The study of ancient artifacts
d) The study of stars and planets

2. Who is considered the "father of American anthropology"?

a) Lewis Henry Morgan
b) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
c) Franz Boas
d) Margaret Mead

3. Which of the following is NOT a subfield of anthropology?

a) Sociology
b) Biological (Physical) Anthropology
c) Archaeology
d) Linguistic Anthropology

4. What subfield of anthropology studies human genetics, evolution, and primatology?

a) Cultural Anthropology
b) Biological (Physical) Anthropology
c) Archaeology
d) Linguistic Anthropology

5. How do anthropology and sociology differ?

a) Anthropology focuses on human societies, while sociology focuses on animals.
b) Anthropology focuses on cultural diversity, while sociology focuses on social structures and
institutions.
c) Anthropology uses quantitative research methods, while sociology uses qualitative methods.
d) Anthropology and sociology are the same field with different names.

Assessment: Final Evaluation

Instructions: Please answer the following questions to the best of your ability. Write your responses in
complete sentences.

1. Explain the significance of Franz Boas in the development of anthropology.

2. Describe two subfields of anthropology and provide examples of research topics within each subfield.
3. How does anthropology relate to other social science disciplines such as sociology, psychology, and
economics?

4. Discuss two practical uses of anthropology in real-world contexts.

5. Explain the process of participant observation in anthropological research and why it is considered a
valuable method.

6. Provide an example of ethnographic writing and explain its importance in anthropology.

7. How do cultural relativism and ethnocentrism differ, and why is cultural relativism important in
anthropological research?

8. Describe one ethical consideration that anthropologists must keep in mind when conducting research
with human subjects.

9. Reflect on your learning experience in this module. What concepts or topics did you find most
interesting or challenging? How will you apply what you have learned in future academic or
professional endeavors?

10. Based on your understanding of anthropology, propose a research question or topic that you would
be interested in exploring further. Explain why this topic is significant and how you would approach
studying it.

VIII. References:
1) Haviland, W. A., Prins, H. E. L., McBride, B., & Walrath, D. (2018). Cultural anthropology: The
human challenge (15th ed.). Cengage Learning.
2) Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (2019). Anthropology (15th ed.). Pearson.
3) Kottak, C. P. (2017). Anthropology: Appreciating human diversity (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill
Education.
4) Jurmain, R., Kilgore, L., & Trevathan, W. (2018). Introduction to physical anthropology (15th
ed.). Cengage Learning.
5) Ferraro, G. P. (2016). Cultural anthropology: An applied perspective (10th ed.). Cengage
Learning.
6) Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative
approaches (6th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
7) Bernard, H. R. (2018). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (2nd ed.).
SAGE Publications.
8) Spradley, J. P., & McCurdy, D. W. (2016). Conformity and conflict: Readings in cultural
anthropology (15th ed.). Pearson.

I.