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# What is Machine Learning:

Machine learning is a field of computer science that gives computers the ability to learn
without being explicitly programmed. It evolved from the study of pattern recognition and
computational learning theory in artificial intelligence.
Machine learning focuses on the study of algorithms that can learn from data and make
predictions (or decisions) based on models built from sample inputs.

Example: Chess Board Game

How has Machine Learning evolved? The History of ML
Despite its rise in popularity in the last years, Machine Learning is not a new tool. It has
been around for centuries, at least theoretically.
From Thomas Bayes, who in the 18th century laid the foundations of statistics to develop
this technology, to the creation of Alpha Go, the first machine to beat a human opponent in
the famous game Go, Machine Learning has grown along with humanity.
Here is a brief timeline of the most important events in the history of machine learning

ML vs DL vs AI:
AI simulates human intelligence to perform tasks and make decisions. ML is a subset of AI
that uses algorithms to learn patterns from data. DL is a subset of ML that employs artificial
neural networks for complex tasks. AI may or may not require large datasets; it can use
predefined rules.
There are three key aspects of Machine Learning, which are as follows:
o Task: A task is defined as the main problem in which we are interested. This task/problem can
be related to the predictions and recommendations and estimations, etc.
o Experience: It is defined as learning from historical or past data and used to estimate and
resolve future tasks.
o Performance: It is defined as the capacity of any machine to resolve any machine learning
task or problem and provide the best outcome for the same. However, performance is
dependent on the type of machine learning problems.
Types of machine learning
What are the 4 types of machine learning?
There are four types of machine learning algorithms: supervised, semi-supervised,
unsupervised and reinforcement.
What are the 3 types of machine learning?
Machine learning involves showing a large volume of data to a machine so that it can learn
and make predictions, find patterns, or classify data. The three machine learning types
are supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning

Type of machine learning

1. Supervised ML
- Regression
- Classification
2. Un Supervised ML
- Clustering
- Dimensionality Reduction
- Anomaly Detection
- Association Rule Learning
3. Semi supervised ML
4. Reinforcement ML
1. Supervised Machine Learning:

Supervised learning is defined as when a model gets trained on a “Labelled Dataset”.

Labelled datasets have both input and output parameters. In Supervised Learning
algorithms learn to map points between inputs and correct outputs. It has both
training and validation datasets labelled. Let’s understand it with the help of an
example.

Example: If we have 10,000 Students Data who have placed or some un placed and
we want to find the new predictive result output. Output

S.No Student_Name St_Percentage St_CGPA St_Placement Package

1 Nishant 87% 7.8 Yes 8 LPA
2 Swati 75% 7.2 No 0 LPA
3 Ragini 91% 8.4 Yes 10 LPA
4 Salman 68% 6.5 No 0 LPA
.
.
10K XYZ 00% 0.0 No 0

Input Data

Conclusion: Draw Mathematical Relationship for generate a new result or indicate

the prediction.
Input (87%, 7.8) + Output (Learning ML) = (Program) New Result Output

There are two main categories of supervised learning that are mentioned below:

1. Classification
2. Regression
Data

Numerical Data (%, Age, marks, weight) Categorical Data (Gender, Name, Nation)

Numerical Output → Regression (Output column is Numerical)

Categorical Output → Classification (Output Column is Categorical)
Example: Consider a scenario where you have to build an image classifier to
differentiate between cats and dogs. If you feed the datasets of dogs and cats
labelled images to the algorithm, the machine will learn to classify between a dog or
a cat from these labelled images. When we input new dog or cat images that it has
never seen before, it will use the learned algorithms and predict whether it is a dog
or a cat. This is how supervised learning works, and this is particularly an image
classification.

Advantages of Supervised Machine Learning

• Supervised Learning models can have high accuracy as they are trained on
labelled data.
• The process of decision-making in supervised learning models is often
interpretable.
• It can often be used in pre-trained models which saves time and resources when
developing new models from scratch.

Disadvantages of Supervised Machine Learning

• It has limitations in knowing patterns and may struggle with unseen or
unexpected patterns that are not present in the training data.
• It can be time-consuming and costly as it relies on labelled data only.
• It may lead to poor generalizations based on new data.
 Applications of Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is used in a wide variety of applications, including:

• Image classification: Identify objects, faces, and other features in images.

• Natural language processing: Extract information from text, such as sentiment,
entities, and relationships.
• Speech recognition: Convert spoken language into text.
• Recommendation systems: Make personalized recommendations to users.
• Predictive analytics: Predict outcomes, such as sales, customer churn, and stock
prices.
• Medical diagnosis: Detect diseases and other medical conditions.
• Fraud detection: Identify fraudulent transactions.
• Autonomous vehicles: Recognize and respond to objects in the environment.
• Email spam detection: Classify emails as spam or not spam.
• Quality control in manufacturing: Inspect products for defects.
• Credit scoring: Assess the risk of a borrower defaulting on a loan.
• Gaming: Recognize characters, analyze player behavior, and create NPCs.
• Customer support: Automate customer support tasks.
• Weather forecasting: Make predictions for temperature, precipitation, and other
meteorological parameters.
• Sports analytics: Analyse player performance, make game predictions, and
optimize strategies.

2. Un Supervised Machine Learning:

Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning technique in which an algorithm

discovers patterns and relationships using unlabelled data. Unlike supervised
learning, unsupervised learning doesn’t involve providing the algorithm with labelled
target outputs. The primary goal of Unsupervised learning is often to discover hidden
patterns, similarities, or clusters within the data, which can then be used for various
purposes, such as data exploration, visualization, dimensionality reduction, and
more.

There are two main categories of unsupervised learning that are mentioned below:
1. Clustering
2. Dimensionality Reduction
(3. Anomaly Detection & 4. Association Rule Learning)
Unsupervised Learning algorithms:
Below is the list of some popular unsupervised learning algorithms.

• K-means clustering
• KNN (k-nearest neighbours)
• Hierarchal clustering
• Anomaly detection
• Neural Networks
• Principle Component Analysis
• Independent Component Analysis
• Singular value decomposition
Supervised ML Vs Un-Supervised ML

Advantages of Unsupervised Machine Learning

• It helps to discover hidden patterns and various relationships between the data.
• Used for tasks such as customer segmentation, anomaly detection, and data
exploration.
• It does not require labelled data and reduces the effort of data labelling.
Disadvantages of Unsupervised Machine Learning
• Without using labels, it may be difficult to predict the quality of the model’s
output.
• Cluster Interpretability may not be clear and may not have meaningful
interpretations.
• It has techniques such as auto encoders and dimensionality reduction that can be
used to extract meaningful features from raw data.
Applications of Unsupervised Learning
Here are some common applications of unsupervised learning:
• Clustering: Group similar data points into clusters.
• Anomaly detection: Identify outliers or anomalies in data.
• Dimensionality reduction: Reduce the dimensionality of data while preserving its
essential information.
• Recommendation systems: Suggest products, movies, or content to users based
on their historical behaviour or preferences.
• Topic modelling: Discover latent topics within a collection of documents.
• Density estimation: Estimate the probability density function of data.
• Image and video compression: Reduce the amount of storage required for
multimedia content.
• Data pre-processing: Help with data pre-processing tasks such as data cleaning,
imputation of missing values, and data scaling.
• Market basket analysis: Discover associations between products.
• Genomic data analysis: Identify patterns or group genes with similar expression
profiles.
• Image segmentation: Segment images into meaningful regions.
• Community detection in social networks: Identify communities or groups of
individuals with similar interests or connections.
• Customer behaviour analysis: Uncover patterns and insights for better marketing
and product recommendations.
• Content recommendation: Classify and tag content to make it easier to
recommend similar items to users.
• Exploratory data analysis (EDA): Explore data and gain insights before defining
specific tasks.

There are 4 main categories of unsupervised learning:

1. Clustering
2. Dimensionality Reduction
3. Anomaly Detection
4. Association Rule Learning
1. Clustering: It is basically a collection of objects on the basis of similarity and
dissimilarity between them. Let’s understand by example.

Example: If we have 10,000 Students Data who have placed or some un placed and
we want to find the new predictive result output. Output

S.No Student_Name St_Percentage St_CGPA St_Placement Package

1 Nishant 87% 7.8 Yes 8 LPA
2 Swati 75% 7.2 No 0 LPA
3 Ragini 91% 8.4 Yes 10 LPA
4 Salman 68% 6.5 No 0 LPA
.
.
10K XYZ 00% 0.0 No 0

Input Data

Package

Student Group 1
Max % Min Package
Student Group 2
Min % | Max Package

Student Group 3
Max % | Max Package

Percentage
2. Dimensionality Reduction: Dimensionality reduction is the process of reducing the
number of features (or dimensions) in a dataset while retaining as much information
as possible.

Example: Many input columns is not required in the algorithm, it’s remove extra
columns.

Type of Rooms No Of Rooms Room Size

Bedroom 3 10*15 | 10*10 | 10*12
Washroom 2 6*6 | 6*8
Kitchen 1 10*8

Area
370 Sqft
84 Sqft
80 Sqft
3. Anomaly Detection: Anomaly detection in machine learning is the process of
identifying such anomalies in a dataset. Anomaly detection is an important technique
in machine learning and data mining, as it can be used to detect unusual behaviour,
identify errors, and discover new insights in large datasets.
4. Association Rule Learning
Association rule mining is a technique used to uncover hidden relationships between
variables in large datasets.

Example: Study many purchase product in shopping mart.

3. Semi supervised machine learning: (Partially Supervised and Un Supervised)

We want to ignore labelling, because it’s very costly that’s why we use “Semi
supervised machine learning”

Example: Google photos

4. Reinforcement machine learning: Reinforcement learning is a machine
learning training method based on rewarding desired behaviours and punishing
undesired ones. In general, a reinforcement learning agent -- the entity being
trained -- is able to perceive and interpret its environment, take actions and learn
through trial and error.

Example: Self Drive Cars | Go Game Deep Mind Company Google

Applications of Machine learning
Machine learning is a buzzword for today's technology, and it is growing very rapidly day by day. We
are using machine learning in our daily life even without knowing it such as Google Maps, Google
assistant, Alexa, etc. Below are some most trending real-world applications of Machine Learning:

1. Image Recognition:
Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is used to identify
objects, persons, places, digital images, etc. The popular use case of image recognition and face
detection is, Automatic friend tagging suggestion:

Facebook provides us a feature of auto friend tagging suggestion. Whenever we upload a photo with
our Facebook friends, then we automatically get a tagging suggestion with name, and the
technology behind this is machine learning's face detection and recognition algorithm.

It is based on the Facebook project named "Deep Face," which is responsible for face recognition
and person identification in the picture.
2. Speech Recognition
While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech recognition, and
it's a popular application of machine learning.

Speech recognition is a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is also known as
"Speech to text", or "Computer speech recognition." At present, machine learning algorithms are
widely used by various applications of speech recognition. Google assistant, Siri, Cortana,
and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to follow the voice instructions.

3. Traffic prediction:
If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the correct path with
the shortest route and predicts the traffic conditions.

It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or heavily congested
with the help of two ways:

o Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
o Average time has taken on past days at the same time.

Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It takes information from
the user and sends back to its database to improve the performance.

4. Product recommendations:
Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment companies such
as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation to the user. Whenever we search for some
product on Amazon, then we started getting an advertisement for the same product while internet
surfing on the same browser and this is because of machine learning.

Google understands the user interest using various machine learning algorithms and suggests the
product as per customer interest.

As similar, when we use Netflix, we find some recommendations for entertainment series, movies,
etc., and this is also done with the help of machine learning.

5. Self-driving cars:
One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars. Machine learning plays
a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla, the most popular car manufacturing company is working
on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised learning method to train the car models to detect people
and objects while driving.
6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:
Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal, and spam. We
always receive an important mail in our inbox with the important symbol and spam emails in our
spam box, and the technology behind this is Machine learning. Below are some spam filters used by
Gmail:

o Content Filter
o Header filter
o General blacklists filter
o Rules-based filters
o Permission filters

Some machine learning algorithms such as Multi-Layer Perceptron, Decision tree, and Naïve
Bayes classifier are used for email spam filtering and malware detection.

7. Virtual Personal Assistant:

We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri. As the
name suggests, they help us in finding the information using our voice instruction. These assistants
can help us in various ways just by our voice instructions such as Play music, call someone, Open an
email, Scheduling an appointment, etc.

These virtual assistants use machine learning algorithms as an important part.

These assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the server on a cloud, and decode it using
ML algorithms and act accordingly.

8. Online Fraud Detection:

Machine learning is making our online transaction safe and secure by detecting fraud transaction.
Whenever we perform some online transaction, there may be various ways that a fraudulent
transaction can take place such as fake accounts, fake ids, and steal money in the middle of a
transaction. So to detect this, Feed Forward Neural network helps us by checking whether it is a
genuine transaction or a fraud transaction.

For each genuine transaction, the output is converted into some hash values, and these values
become the input for the next round. For each genuine transaction, there is a specific pattern which
gets change for the fraud transaction hence, it detects it and makes our online transactions more
secure.
9. Stock Market trading:
Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading. In the stock market, there is always a risk of
up and downs in shares, so for this machine learning's long short term memory neural network is
used for the prediction of stock market trends.

10. Medical Diagnosis:

In medical science, machine learning is used for diseases diagnoses. With this, medical technology is
growing very fast and able to build 3D models that can predict the exact position of lesions in the
brain.

It helps in finding brain tumors and other brain-related diseases easily.