4689-9 FM.f.

qc 3/7/00 9:16 PM Page i

C++ Weekend Crash Course

4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:16 PM Page ii
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:16 PM Page iii

C++ Weekend
Crash Course
Stephen R. Davis

IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.

An International Data Group Company
Foster City, CA ◆ Chicago, IL ◆ Indianapolis, IN ◆ New York, NY
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page iv

C++ Weekend Crash Course Venezuela; by Express Computer Distributors for

Published by the Caribbean and West Indies; by Micronesia Media
IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. Distributor, Inc. for Micronesia; by Chips
An International Data Group Company Computadoras S.A. de C.V. for Mexico; by Editorial
919 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 400 Norma de Panama S.A. for Panama; by American
Foster City, CA 94404 Bookshops for Finland.
www.idgbooks.com (IDG Books Worldwide For general information on IDG Books Worldwide’s
Web site) books in the U.S., please call our Consumer
Copyright © 2000 IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. All Customer Service department at 800-762-2974. For
rights reserved. No part of this book, including reseller information, including discounts and pre-
interior design, cover design, and icons, may be mium sales, please call our Reseller Customer
reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any Service department at 800-434-3422.
means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or For information on where to purchase IDG Books
otherwise) without the prior written permission Worldwide’s books outside the U.S., please contact
of the publisher. our International Sales department at
Library of Congress Card Number: 00-101537 317-596-5530 or fax 317-572-4002.
ISBN: 0-7645-4689-9 For consumer information on foreign language
Printed in the United States of America translations, please contact our Customer Service
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 department at 800-434-3422, fax 317-572-4002, or
1B/RS/QU/QQ/FC e-mail [email protected].
Distributed in the United States by IDG Books For information on licensing foreign or domestic
Worldwide, Inc. rights, please phone +1-650-653-7098.
Distributed by CDG Books Canada Inc. for Canada; For sales inquiries and special prices for bulk quan-
by Transworld Publishers Limited in the United tities, please contact our Order Services department
Kingdom; by IDG Norge Books for Norway; by IDG at 800-434-3422 or write to the address above.
Sweden Books for Sweden; by IDG Books Australia For information on using IDG Books Worldwide’s
Publishing Corporation Pty. Ltd. for Australia and books in the classroom or for ordering examination
New Zealand; by TransQuest Publishers Pte Ltd. for copies, please contact our Educational Sales depart-
Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Hong ment at 800-434-2086 or fax 317-572-4005.
Kong; by Gotop Information Inc. for Taiwan; by ICG For press review copies, author interviews, or other
Muse, Inc. for Japan; by Intersoft for South Africa; publicity information, please contact our Public
by Eyrolles for France; by International Thomson Relations department at 650-653-7000 or fax
Publishing for Germany, Austria, and Switzerland; 650-653-7500.
by Distribuidora Cuspide for Argentina; by LR For authorization to photocopy items for corporate,
International for Brazil; by Galileo Libros for Chile; personal, or educational use, please contact
by Ediciones ZETA S.C.R. Ltda. for Peru; by WS Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,
Computer Publishing Corporation, Inc., for the Danvers, MA 01923, or fax 978-750-4470.
Philippines; by Contemporanea de Ediciones for
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED THEIR
BEST EFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS BOOK. THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS
OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS
BOOK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES WHICH EXTEND BEYOND THE
DESCRIPTIONS CONTAINED IN THIS PARAGRAPH. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY
SALES REPRESENTATIVES OR WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS. THE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF
THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN AND THE OPINIONS STATED HEREIN ARE NOT GUARANTEED OR
WARRANTED TO PRODUCE ANY PARTICULAR RESULTS, AND THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED
HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR AUTHOR
SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT
NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES.
Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks,
trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective owners. IDG Books Worldwide is not associated
with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

is a registered trademark or trademark under exclusive license

to IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. from International Data Group, Inc.
in the United States and/or other countries.
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page v

Welcome to the world of IDG Books Worldwide.

IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., is a subsidiary of International Data Group, the world’s largest publisher of
computer-related information and the leading global provider of information services on information technology.
IDG was founded more than 30 years ago by Patrick J. McGovern and now employs more than 9,000 people
worldwide. IDG publishes more than 290 computer publications in over 75 countries. More than 90 million
people read one or more IDG publications each month.
Launched in 1990, IDG Books Worldwide is today the #1 publisher of best-selling computer books in the
United States. We are proud to have received eight awards from the Computer Press Association in recognition
of editorial excellence and three from Computer Currents’ First Annual Readers’ Choice Awards. Our best-
selling ...For Dummies® series has more than 50 million copies in print with translations in 31 languages. IDG
Books Worldwide, through a joint venture with IDG’s Hi-Tech Beijing, became the first U.S. publisher to
publish a computer book in the People’s Republic of China. In record time, IDG Books Worldwide has become
the first choice for millions of readers around the world who want to learn how to better manage their
businesses.
Our mission is simple: Every one of our books is designed to bring extra value and skill-building instructions
to the reader. Our books are written by experts who understand and care about our readers. The knowledge
base of our editorial staff comes from years of experience in publishing, education, and journalism —
experience we use to produce books to carry us into the new millennium. In short, we care about books, so
we attract the best people. We devote special attention to details such as audience, interior design, use of
icons, and illustrations. And because we use an efficient process of authoring, editing, and desktop publishing
our books electronically, we can spend more time ensuring superior content and less time on the technicalities
of making books.
You can count on our commitment to deliver high-quality books at competitive prices on topics you want
to read about. At IDG Books Worldwide, we continue in the IDG tradition of delivering quality for more than
30 years. You’ll find no better book on a subject than one from IDG Books Worldwide.

John Kilcullen
Chairman and CEO
IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.

Eighth Annual Eleventh Annual

Computer Press Computer Press
Awards 1992 Ninth Annual Tenth Annual Awards 1995
Computer Press Computer Press
Awards 1993 Awards 1994

IDG is the world’s leading IT media, research and exposition company. Founded in 1964, IDG had 1997 revenues of $2.05
billion and has more than 9,000 employees worldwide. IDG offers the widest range of media options that reach IT buyers
in 75 countries representing 95% of worldwide IT spending. IDG’s diverse product and services portfolio spans six key areas
including print publishing, online publishing, expositions and conferences, market research, education and training, and
global marketing services. More than 90 million people read one or more of IDG’s 290 magazines and newspapers, including
IDG’s leading global brands — Computerworld, PC World, Network World, Macworld and the Channel World family of
publications. IDG Books Worldwide is one of the fastest-growing computer book publishers in the world, with more than
700 titles in 36 languages. The “...For Dummies®” series alone has more than 50 million copies in print. IDG offers online
users the largest network of technology-specific Web sites around the world through IDG.net (http://www.idg.net), which
comprises more than 225 targeted Web sites in 55 countries worldwide. International Data Corporation (IDC) is the world’s
largest provider of information technology data, analysis and consulting, with research centers in over 41 countries and more
than 400 research analysts worldwide. IDG World Expo is a leading producer of more than 168 globally branded conferences
and expositions in 35 countries including E3 (Electronic Entertainment Expo), Macworld Expo, ComNet, Windows World
Expo, ICE (Internet Commerce Expo), Agenda, DEMO, and Spotlight. IDG’s training subsidiary, ExecuTrain, is the world’s
largest computer training company, with more than 230 locations worldwide and 785 training courses. IDG Marketing
Services helps industry-leading IT companies build international brand recognition by developing global integrated marketing
programs via IDG’s print, online and exposition products worldwide. Further information about the company can be found
at www.idg.com. 1/26/00
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page vi

Credits
Acquisitions Editor Graphics and Production Specialists
Greg Croy Robert Bihlmayer
Jude Levinson
Project Editor
Michael Lewis
Matthew E. Lusher
Ramses Ramirez
Technical Editor Victor Pérez-Varela
Greg L. Guntle Dina F Quan
Copy Editors Quality Control Specialist
S.B. Kleinman Laura Taflinger
Rich Adin
Proofreading and Indexing
Media Development Specialist York Production Services
Jason Lusher
Illustrators
Permissions Editor Mary Jo Richards
Lenora Chin Sell Brent Savage
Media Development Manager Cover Design
Stephen Noetzel Clark Creative Group
Project Coordinators
Linda Marousek
Louigene A. Santos
Marcos Vergara

About the Author

A 43-year-old father and husband, lives and works in Greenville, Texas as a pro-
grammer both at work and at play when he’s not riding his bicycle or hauling his
son to Tae Kwon Do events.
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page vii

to my wonderful new nieces, Christa and Sarah

4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page viii
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page ix

Preface

C
++ Weekend Crash Course teaches the reader C++ in one admittedly busy
weekend: 30 sessions of a half-hour each, for 15 hours stretching from
Friday evening to Sunday afternoon. At the end of each part of the book,
you’ll get a chance to pause, reflect, and review what you’ve just learned before
pushing on through the rest. Good luck!

What is C++?
C++ is the most popular programming language in use today. C++ is used in appli-
cations from the micro-programs that drive your microwave oven, your clothes
washer and your TV up through the huge, hardcore programs that control nuclear
missiles and Mars rockets — heh, you can’t blame the Mars rockets on C++.
In the late 1980s C began to show signs of age. For one, C does not support the
object-oriented programming style. At the time, the object-oriented wave was tak-
ing the world by storm. Employers were throwing money at object-oriented pro-
grammers. All you had to do was work the phrase “new paradigm” into the
conversation in order to gather a crowd of admirers.
The problem was that every program worth its salt was written in C (there were
a few programs written in Pascal like early versions of Windows, but they don’t
count — if you are familiar with the earliest versions of Windows, you know why).
There was no way that companies were going to rewrite all that code just to ride
the object-oriented wave.
Object-oriented concepts had to be grafted onto the existing C language. The
result was called C++.
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page x

x Preface

C++ is a superset of C. Any well written C program can be rebuilt with a C++
tool to generate a working program. That meant the companies could upgrade
their software in pieces. Existing code could remain in C while new code adopted
the extra features of C++.
Fortunately for us, C++ is a standardized language. The American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Standards Organization (ISO) agree
on what C++ is. They issued a detailed description of the C++ language. This
standardized language is often known as ANSI or ISO standard C++ or simply
Standard C++.
Standard C++ is not controlled by a single company such as Microsoft (or Sun,
for that matter). The Standard C++ community is not held hostage to the whims
of any one corporate giant. In addition, companies do not stray. Even Microsoft’s
Visual C++ holds tightly to the C++ standard.
The programs in C++ Weekend Crash Course in can be built using any Standard
C++ implementation.

The Object-Oriented Paradigm

Object-oriented programming is not all hype. Object-oriented programming really is
a different approach to programming than its predecessor. Object-oriented programs
are easier to write and maintain. Object-oriented modules can be reused with
greater ease than those written in older styles.
C++ Weekend Crash Course presents more than just the C++ language. You need to
learn the object-oriented paradigm in order to make complete use of the power of
C++. C++ Weekend Crash Course uses C++ examples to teach you the object-oriented
view of the world. Anyone who claims to program in C++ without understanding OO
concepts is just using C++ as a “better C”.

Who
C++ Weekend Crash Course is intended for the beginner through the intermediate
reader.
This book serves the beginner by not assuming any knowledge of programming
or programming concepts. The first few lessons go over real-world, non-techie
explanations of what programming is.
This book is also great for the home programmer. The multiple examples demon-
strate programming techniques used in modern, high speed programs.
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xi

Preface xi

The serious programmer or student needs C++ in his quiver of programming

skills. The ability to speak knowledgeably of C++ can make the difference between
getting that job and not.

What
C++ Weekend Crash Course is more than just a book: it’s a complete development
package. A CD-ROM containing the famous GNU C++ environment is included with
the book.
You need a word processor, such as Microsoft Word, in order to do word processing.
Similarly, you need a C++ development environment in order to build and execute
programs in C++.
Many readers will already own a programming environment such as Microsoft’s
ubiquitous Visual C++. For those who do not own a C++ environment already, C++
Weekend Crash Course includes the standard GNU C++.
GNU C++ is not some stripped down, limited time program. The GNU C++ pack-
age included with the book is a complete, no-holds-barred development environ-
ment. C++ Weekend Crash Course provides complete instructions on how to install
and use both GNU C++ and Visual C++.

How
C++ Weekend Crash Course follows a one-weekend format. Start with Friday
evening; conclude Sunday afternoon.
This “One weekend” format is:
 ideal for the student who wants to catch up with the rest of the class,
 ideal for the one-time programmer who wants to brush up on his skills, and
 ideal for anyone who wants to learn C++ while the kids are off at
Grandma’s house.

Of course, you can proceed through the book at a more leisurely pace, if you
prefer. Each section of 4 to 6 lessons can be read independently.
The reader should be able to complete each of 30 sessions in 30 minutes. Time
markers in the lesson margin help keep the reader on pace.
Each session is followed by a set of review questions to allow the reader to judge
her comprehension of the material. A set of more involved problems is provided at the
end of each part to help drive home knowledge gained during the weekend session.
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xii

xii Preface

Overview
C++ Weekend Crash Course presents its sessions in groups of 4 to 6 chapters,
organized into 6 parts:

Friday evening — Introduction to programming.

This part introduces programming concepts and progresses you through your
first program.

Saturday morning — Basic C++

This part covers beginning topics such as statement syntax, operators and basic
function.

Saturday afternoon — Structures and pointers.

Here the reader delves the slightly more complicated topic of pointer variables
including their application in linked lists, arrays and objects.

Saturday evening — Introduction to object based programming.

This is the jumping-off point — topics such as C++ structures, which form the basis
for object-oriented programming are discussed.

Sunday morning — Object-oriented programming.

Here it is — the mother lode. This part delves into both the syntax and the mean-
ing of object-oriented programming.

Sunday afternoon — Wrap up

This part wraps up some of the more involved topics such as error handling using
exceptions and overloading operators.
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xiii

Preface xiii

Each part ends with a discussion of debugging techniques for finding and
removing the inevitable errors from your programs. The level of complexity of
these techniques is chosen to match the reader’s ability glean from that session.
The appendix includes more involved programming problems for each lesson.

Layout and Features

No one should try to simply power through this material without a break. After
each session, and at the end of each part, you’ll find some questions to check your
knowledge and give you a little practice at exercising your new-found skills. Take a
break, grab a snack, refill that coffee mug, and plunge into the next one!
Along the way, you’ll find some features of the book to help you keep track of how
far along you are, and point out interesting bits of info you shouldn’t miss. First, as
you’re going through each session, check for something like this in the margin:
This icon and others like it let you know how much progress you’ve made
through each session as you go. There are also several icons to point out special
tidbits of info for you:
This is a flag to clue you in to an important piece of info you
should file away in your head for later.

Note

This gives you helpful advice on the best ways to do things, or a

neat little technique that can make your programming go easier.

Tip

Don’t do this! ‘Nuff said.

Never

This highlights information you’ll find on the CD-ROM that

accompanies this book.

CD-ROM
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xiv

xiv Preface

We also occasionally highlight text passages that explain key concepts of C++
syntax, like so:
SYNTAX  A function is a logically separate block of C++ code. The function construct
has the form:

<return type> name(<arguments to the function>)

{
// ...
return <expression>;
}

Conventions Used in this Book

Aside from the icons you’ve just seen, such as Tip, there are only three conventions
in this book:
 To indicate a menu choice, we use the ➪ symbol, as in:
Choose File ➪ Save Project to save your work.
 To indicate programming code within the body text, we use a special font,
like this:
Likewise, when writing main(), I could concentrate on handling the summa-
tion returned by sumSequence(), while thinking only of what the function
did, and not about how it worked.
 To indicate a programming example that’s not in the body text, we use
this typeface:
float fVariable1 = 10.0;
float fVariable2 = (10 / 3) * 3;
fVariable1 == fVariable2; // are these two equal?

What’s left?
Nothing. Open your work book to the first page and start the clock. It’s Friday
evening: you have two days.
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xv

Acknowledgments

W
riting a book like C++ Weekend Crash Course is a challenge, especially
since it’s one of the first titles in a new series. I’m pleased to have had
the opportunity to help launch a new way to teach readers the basics
of programming.
I’d first like to thank Greg Croy, acquisitions editor, for spearheading this new
series and selecting me as an author. I’d also like to thank my agent, Claudette
Moore, for her work with Greg and me to get this project moving.
The editorial staff at IDG Books has been very helpful, and their contributions
have made this a better book: Matt Lusher, project editor; S.B. Kleinman and Rich
Adin, copy editors; and the production staff directly responsible for the look of
what you now hold in your hands. Greg Guntle, technical editor, provided a sharp
eye for accuracy and detail.
Finally, and most of all, I’d like to thank my family, whose support of my writ-
ing makes it all worthwhile.
 4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xvi

e
ng

tter

fol-
its
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xvii

xvii

Contents at a Glance
Preface .......................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................xv

FRIDAY ....................................................................................2
Part I—Friday Evening ..............................................................4
Session 1–What Is Programming Anyway? ........................................................5
Session 2–Creating Your First C++ Program in Visual C++ ..................................11
Session 3–Creating Your First C++ Program in GNU C++ .....................................23
Session 4–C++ Instructions ...........................................................................37
Part I—Friday Evening Review .......................................................................45

SATURDAY ...............................................................................48
Part II—Saturday Morning .......................................................50
Session 5–Variable Types ..............................................................................51
Session 6–Mathematical Operations ...............................................................65
Session 7–Logical Operations ........................................................................73
Session 8–Flow Control Commands .................................................................85
Session 9–Functions ...................................................................................101
Session 10–Debugging I ..............................................................................115
Part II—Saturday Morning Review ................................................................127

Part III—Saturday Afternoon ................................................130

Session 11–The Array .................................................................................131
Session 12–Intro to Classes .........................................................................149
Session 13–A Few C++ Pointers ....................................................................159
Session 14–A Few More Pointers ..................................................................175
Session 15–Pointers to Objects .....................................................................195
Session 16–Debugging II .............................................................................213
Part III—Saturday Afternoon Review ............................................................229

Part IV—Saturday Evening .....................................................232

Session 17–Object Programming ..................................................................233
Session 18–Active Classes ...........................................................................239
Session 19–Maintaining Class Integrity .........................................................257
Session 20–Class Constructors II ..................................................................273
Part IV—Saturday Evening Review ................................................................296
 4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xviii

xviii Contents at a Glance

o
SUNDAY ................................................................................298
r,
Part V—Sunday Morning ........................................................300
Session 21–Inheritance ..............................................................................301
Session 22–Polymorphism ...........................................................................315
Session 23–Abstract Classes and Factoring ....................................................329
Session 24–Multiple Inheritance ..................................................................345
Session 25–Large Programs .........................................................................361
Session 26–C++ Preprocessor .......................................................................373
Part V—Sunday Morning Review ...................................................................384

Part VI—Sunday Afternoon ....................................................388

Session 27–Overloading Operators ................................................................389
Session 28–The Assignment Operator ...........................................................409
Session 29–Stream I/O ...............................................................................419
Session 30–Exceptions ................................................................................441
Part VI—Sunday Afternoon Review ...............................................................456

Appendix A ...............................................................................................461
Appendix B ...............................................................................................483
Appendix C ...............................................................................................497
Index .......................................................................................................501
End-User License Agreement ......................................................................514
GNU General Public License........................................................................517
CD-ROM Installation Instructions ................................................................526
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xix

Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................xv

FRIDAY .....................................................................................2
Part I–Friday Evening ................................................................4
Friday Evening ..........................................................................4
Session 1–What Is Programming Anyway? ......................................................5
A Human Program ...........................................................................................6
The algorithm ..............................................................................................6
The processor ...............................................................................................7
The program ................................................................................................7
Computer processors .....................................................................................9
Session 2–Creating Your First C++ Program in Visual C++ ...............................11
Installing Visual C++ .....................................................................................12
Creating Your First Program ...........................................................................12
Building Your Program ..................................................................................14
Executing Your Program ................................................................................18
Closing Points ...............................................................................................20
Program output ..........................................................................................20
Visual C++ help ...........................................................................................20
Session 3–Creating Your First C++ Program in GNU C++ .................................23
Installing GNU C++ ........................................................................................24
Creating Your First Program ...........................................................................26
Entering the C++ code .................................................................................26
Building Your Program ..................................................................................29
Executing Your Program ................................................................................33
Closing Points ...............................................................................................34
Program output ..........................................................................................35
GNU C++ help .............................................................................................35
Session 4–C++ Instructions .........................................................................37
The Program .................................................................................................37
The C++ Program Explained ...........................................................................39
The basic program framework .......................................................................39
Comments ..................................................................................................40
There’s that framework again ........................................................................40
Statements .................................................................................................41
Declarations ...............................................................................................41
Input/output .............................................................................................42
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xx

xx Content

Expressions ...................................................................................................42
Assignment ................................................................................................43
Expressions (continued) ...............................................................................43
Part I–Friday Evening Review .........................................................................45

SATURDAY ...............................................................................48
Part II–Saturday Morning .........................................................50
Session 5–Variable Types ............................................................................51
Decimal Numbers ..........................................................................................52
The limitations of int’s in C++ .......................................................................52
Solving the truncation problem ....................................................................55
Limitations of floating point ........................................................................56
Other Variable Types .....................................................................................57
Types of constants ......................................................................................59
Special characters .......................................................................................59
Mixed Mode Expressions ................................................................................61
Session 6–Mathematical Operations .............................................................65
Arithmetic Operators .....................................................................................66
Expressions ...................................................................................................67
Operator Precedence ......................................................................................68
Unary Operators ............................................................................................69
Assignment Operators ...................................................................................71
Session 7–Logical Operations ......................................................................73
Simple Logical Operators ...............................................................................74
Short circuits and C++ .................................................................................76
Logical variable types ..................................................................................76
Binary Numbers ............................................................................................77
Bitwise Logical Operations .............................................................................78
The single-bit operators ...............................................................................78
The bitwise operators ..................................................................................80
A simple test ..............................................................................................81
Why? .........................................................................................................82
Session 8–Flow Control Commands ...............................................................85
The Branch Command ....................................................................................86
Looping Commands .......................................................................................87
The while loop ............................................................................................88
The for loop ...............................................................................................91
Special loop controls ...................................................................................93
Nested Control Commands .............................................................................96
Can We switch to a Different Subject? ............................................................97
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xxi

Contents xxi

Session 9–Functions .................................................................................101

Sample Function Code .................................................................................102
Sample code .............................................................................................102
Function .....................................................................................................105
Why use functions? ...................................................................................105
Simple functions .......................................................................................106
Functions with arguments ..........................................................................107
Multiple functions with the same nickname .................................................110
Function Prototypes ....................................................................................112
Variable Storage Types .................................................................................113
Session 10–Debugging I ............................................................................115
Types of Errors ............................................................................................115
The Output-Statement Technique .................................................................116
Catching Bug #1 ..........................................................................................118
Visual C++ ................................................................................................118
GNU C++ ...................................................................................................120
Catching Bug #2 ..........................................................................................122
Part II–Saturday Morning Review ..................................................................127

Part III–Saturday Afternoon ...................................................130

Session 11–The Array ...............................................................................131
What Is an Array? ........................................................................................132
An array in practice ...................................................................................134
Initializing an array ..................................................................................137
Why use arrays? ........................................................................................138
Arrays of arrays .........................................................................................138
Arrays of Characters ....................................................................................139
Manipulating Strings ...................................................................................142
Our own concatenate function ....................................................................142
C++ string-handling functions .....................................................................145
Wide characters .........................................................................................146
Obsolescent Output Functions ......................................................................146
Session 12–Intro to Classes ......................................................................149
Grouping Data .............................................................................................149
An example ..............................................................................................150
The problem .............................................................................................153
The Class .....................................................................................................153
The format of a class .................................................................................153
Example program ......................................................................................155
Advantages ...............................................................................................157
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xxii

xxii Content

Session 13–A Few C++ Pointers .................................................................159

What’s Your Address? ...................................................................................160
Introduction to Pointer Variables .................................................................162
Types of Pointers .........................................................................................165
Passing Pointers to Functions ......................................................................167
Pass by value ............................................................................................167
Passing pointer values ...............................................................................168
Passing by reference ..................................................................................169
Heap Memory ..............................................................................................169
Scope .......................................................................................................170
The scope problem .....................................................................................171
The heap solution .....................................................................................172
Session 14–A Few More Pointers ................................................................175
Pointers and Arrays .....................................................................................176
Operations on pointers ...............................................................................176
Character arrays ........................................................................................180
Operations on different pointer types ..........................................................185
Differences between pointers and arrays ......................................................185
Arguments to the Program ...........................................................................187
Arrays of pointers .....................................................................................187
Arrays of character strings .........................................................................188
The arguments to main() ............................................................................190
Session 15–Pointers to Objects ..................................................................195
Pointers to Objects .......................................................................................195
Passing objects ..........................................................................................196
References ................................................................................................198
Return to the heap ....................................................................................199
The Array Data Structure .............................................................................199
Linked Lists ................................................................................................200
Adding to the head of a linked list ..............................................................202
Other operations on a linked list .................................................................203
Properties of linked lists ...........................................................................205
A Linked NameData Program .......................................................................206
Other Containers .........................................................................................210
Session 16–Debugging II ..........................................................................213
Which Debugger? ........................................................................................214
The Test Program .........................................................................................215
Single-Stepping Through a Program .............................................................217
Single-Stepping into a Function ...................................................................218
Using Breakpoints .......................................................................................220
Viewing and Modifying Variables .................................................................221
Using the Visual C++ Debugger ....................................................................226
Part III–Saturday Afternoon Review ..............................................................229
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xxiii

Contents xxiii

Part IV–Saturday Evening .......................................................232

Session 17–Object Programming ................................................................233
Abstraction and Microwave Ovens ................................................................233
Functional nachos .....................................................................................234
Object-oriented nachos ..............................................................................235
Classification and Microwave Ovens ..............................................................235
Why Build Objects This Way? .......................................................................236
Self-Contained Classes .................................................................................237
Session 18–Active Classes .........................................................................239
Class Review ................................................................................................240
Limitations of Struct ...................................................................................241
A functional fix ........................................................................................241
Defining an Active Class ..............................................................................243
Naming member functions ..........................................................................244
Defining a Member Function in the Class .....................................................245
Writing Member Functions Outside of the Class ............................................247
Include files .............................................................................................248
Calling a Member Function ..........................................................................249
Calling a member function with a pointer ....................................................250
Accessing other members from a member function ........................................251
Overloading Member Functions ....................................................................253
Session 19–Maintaining Class Integrity ......................................................257
Creating and Destroying Objects ...................................................................257
The constructor .........................................................................................259
The destructor ..........................................................................................264
Access Control .............................................................................................266
The protected keyword ...............................................................................267
Static data members ..................................................................................270
Session 20–Class Constructors II ...............................................................273
Constructors with Arguments .......................................................................273
Constructing Class Members .........................................................................277
Order of Construction ..................................................................................283
Local objects are constructed in order ..........................................................284
Static objects are constructed only once ......................................................284
All global objects are constructed before main() ............................................285
Global objects are constructed in no particular order .....................................285
Members are constructed in the order in which they are declared ....................286
Destructors are invoked in the reverse order of the constructors .....................287
The Copy Constructor ...................................................................................287
Shallow copies versus deep copies ...............................................................290
A “fall back” copy constructor ....................................................................291
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xxiv

xxiv Content

Exercises .....................................................................................................293
Problems ..................................................................................................293
Hint ........................................................................................................294
My solution ..............................................................................................294
Part IV–Saturday Evening Review..................................................................296

SUNDAY ................................................................................298
Part V–Sunday Morning ..........................................................300
Session 21–Inheritance ............................................................................301
Advantages of Inheritance ...........................................................................302
Class Factoring ............................................................................................303
Implementing Inheritance in C++ ................................................................303
Constructing a Subclass ...............................................................................308
The HAS_A Relationship ..............................................................................311
Session 22–Polymorphism .........................................................................315
Overriding Member Functions ......................................................................316
Enter Polymorphism ....................................................................................318
Polymorphism and Object-Oriented Programming .........................................320
How Does Polymorphism Work? ...................................................................322
When Is a Virtual Function Not? ..................................................................324
Virtual Considerations .................................................................................326
Session 23–Abstract Classes and Factoring .................................................329
Factoring .....................................................................................................329
Abstract Classes ...........................................................................................334
Declaring an abstract class .........................................................................335
Making a “concrete” class out of an abstract class .........................................337
When is a subclass abstract? .......................................................................339
Passing an abstract object to a function .......................................................341
Why are pure virtual functions needed? .......................................................342
Session 24–Multiple Inheritance ...............................................................345
How Does Multiple Inheritance Work? ..........................................................346
Inheritance Ambiguities ..............................................................................348
Virtual Inheritance ......................................................................................349
Constructing the Objects of Multiple Inheritance ..........................................356
A Contrary Opinion ......................................................................................357
Session 25–Large Programs .......................................................................361
Why Divide Programs? .................................................................................361
Separating Class Definition from Application Program ..................................362
Dividing the program .................................................................................362
The #include directive ................................................................................364
Dividing application code ...........................................................................365
Project file ...............................................................................................367
Reexamining the standard program template ................................................370
Handling outline member functions .............................................................371
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xxv

Contents xxv

Session 26–C++ Preprocessor ....................................................................373

The C++ Preprocessor ...................................................................................373
The #include Directive .................................................................................374
The #define Directive ..................................................................................375
Defining macros ........................................................................................376
Common errors using macros ......................................................................376
Compile Controls .........................................................................................378
The #if directive ........................................................................................378
The #ifdef directive ...................................................................................379
Part V–Sunday Morning Review.....................................................................384

Part VI–Sunday Afternoon .....................................................388

Session 27–Overloading Operators .............................................................389
Why Do I Need to Overload Operators? ..........................................................390
What Is the Relationship Between
Operators and Functions? ............................................................................391
How Does Operator Overloading Work? .........................................................391
Special considerations ................................................................................395
A More Detailed Look ..................................................................................395
Operators as Member Functions ...................................................................398
Yet Another Overloading Irritation ...............................................................401
When Should an Operator be a Member? ......................................................402
Cast Operator ..............................................................................................402
Session 28–The Assignment Operator .........................................................409
Why Is Overloading the Assignment Operator Critical? ..................................409
Comparison with copy constructor ...............................................................410
How Do I Overload the Assignment Operator? ...............................................411
Two more details about the assignment operator ...........................................415
An Escape Hatch ..........................................................................................416
Session 29–Stream I/O .............................................................................419
How Does Stream I/O Work? .........................................................................420
The fstream Subclasses ................................................................................421
The strstream Subclasses .............................................................................425
Comparison of string-handling techniques ....................................................427
Manipulators ...............................................................................................431
Custom Inserters .........................................................................................433
Smart Inserters ...........................................................................................435
But Why the Shift Operators? .......................................................................438
Session 30–Exceptions ..............................................................................441
Conventional Error Handling .......................................................................441
Why Do I Need a New Error Mechanism? .......................................................442
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xxvi

xxvi Content

How Do Exceptions Work? ............................................................................444

Why is the exception mechanism an improvement? .......................................446
Trying to Catch the Details Thrown at You ....................................................446
What kinds of things can I throw? ...............................................................449
Chaining Catch Phrases ...............................................................................453
Part VI–Sunday Afternoon Review.................................................................456

Appendix A–Answers to Part Reviews .........................................................461

Appendix B–Supplemental Problems ..........................................................483
Appendix C–What’s On the CD-ROM ............................................................497
Index .......................................................................................................501
End-User License Agreement .....................................................................514
GNU General Public License .......................................................................517
CD-ROM Installation Instructions ...............................................................526
4689-9 FM.f.qc 3/7/00 9:17 PM Page xxvii