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 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

1 International 05

a. The Role of Misinformation and Riots in the UK 06

b. Turkey and Syria Reconciliation: What Can Happen in Middle East Now? 10
c. Upcoming SCO Summit and Pak-India Relationship Dimensions 13
d. Women’s Rights in Afghanistan under Taliban Rule 16

2 National 20

a. IMF Bailouts, Economic Reforms, and Their Impact 21

b. Balochistan Conflict: Geopolitical battle or local battle? 24
c. Firewall/Internet Issues in Pakistan 28
d. The Intersection Between Poverty and Climate Change 32

3 Essay Special 36

4 Monthly Press Review 39

5 Gender In Review 54

6 Philosopher’s Corner 57

7 MCQs Compilation 61

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3
VOLUME 4 NEW VOLUME
ESENTS
PROUDLY PR

Gratitude is in style! A heartfelt thank you to all the dedicated CSS aspirants
whose unwavering support and enthusiasm have propelled us to launch
our 4th volume. Your passion for the craft fuels our journey, and we can't
wait to continue providing you with the latest trends, insights, and
inspiration in the world of CSS.

THANK YOU FOR BEING THE FOUNDATION OF OUR ACHIEVEMENTS

AND FOR INSPIRING US TO REACH NEW HEIGHTS.

4
CSS Chronicles Volume 3 | Edition 11

INTERNATIONAL
THE ROLE OF MISINFORMATION AND RIOTS IN THE
UK: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN FAR-RIGHT AND
LEFTIST MOVEMENTS

TURKEY AND SYRIA RECONCILIATION: WHAT CAN

HAPPEN IN MIDDLE EAST NOW?

UPCOMING SCO SUMMIT AND PAK-INDIA RELA-

TIONSHIP DIMENSIONS

WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN AFGHANISTAN UNDER TALI-

BAN RULE

CSS | CHRONICLES VOLUME 4 EDITION 1

5
THE ROLE OF MISINFORMATION
AND RIOTS IN THE UK: THE
CONFLICT BETWEEN FAR-RIGHT
AND LEFTIST MOVEMENTS
Nayab Noor

The United Kingdom, a nation with a long-standing tradi-

tion of political activism and civil liberties, has seen an
increasing divide between far-right and leftist movements
in recent years. This growing polarization is fueled by a toxic
combination of misinformation, social media, and political
opportunism. The result is a landscape where riots, protests,
and violent clashes between ideological groups have
become disturbingly common.
This article delves into how misinformation plays a central
role in escalating conflicts and how the tension between
far-right and leftist groups is intensifying social unrest in the
UK.
The Rise of Misinformation
Misinformation, defined as false or misleading information
spread regardless of intent, has become a powerful tool in
shaping public opinion and exacerbating political tensions.
In the UK, social media platforms and alternative news out-
lets have provided fertile ground for misinformation to
flourish, particularly concerning political issues, immigra-
tion, race relations, and the economy.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

1. Social Media Amplification

o Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube have become
battlegrounds for political ideologies. Algorithms designed to boost engagement
often prioritize sensationalist and divisive content, leading to the widespread dis-
semination of misinformation. On platforms like these, far-right and far-left groups
often exploit viral trends to push false narratives, deepening societal divisions.
o Misinformation often targets vulnerable groups, spreading disinformation
about immigrants, ethnic minorities, and LGBTQ+ communities, further inflaming ten-
sions between far-right nationalists and leftist activists.
2. Political Opportunism and Fake News
o Politicians and political groups sometimes exploit misinformation for electoral
gain. During Brexit, for example, both sides of the debate were guilty of exaggerating
or distorting facts. The Leave campaign, in particular, capitalized on misinformation
about the economic impact of immigration and the UK's relationship with the EU.
o In the current political climate, populist politicians have continued to use mis-
information to rally support, often blaming marginalized communities for economic
struggles or promoting conspiracy theories about government corruption and elit-
ism.
Far-Right Movements and Nationalism
The far-right in the UK has seen a resurgence in the past decade, spurred on by eco-
nomic hardships, increasing immigration, and global political trends. Key far-right
groups, including Britain First, the English Defence League (EDL), and various fringe
white nationalist groups, have used misinformation to amplify their narratives of na-
tionalism and cultural purity.
1. Anti-Immigration Sentiment
o Far-right groups often spread misinformation about immigrants, particularly
refugees and asylum seekers, portraying them as a threat to British culture, security,
and the economy. This rhetoric fuels anti-immigrant protests and sometimes violent
clashes, especially in urban areas with diverse populations.
o Conspiracy theories, such as the "Great Replacement" theory, claim that West-
ern governments are deliberately allowing mass immigration to replace native pop-
ulations. These ideas, though baseless, have gained traction among far-right sym-
pathizers and have been used to justify extreme violence.
2. Islamophobia and Xenophobia
o Far-right extremists frequently target Muslim communities in the UK, spreading
misinformation about Islamic practices, terrorism, and crime rates among Muslim
populations. This has led to a spike in hate crimes and vandalism against mosques
and other Muslim institutions.
o Riots and protests organized by far-right groups often focus on anti-Islamic
rhetoric, positioning Muslims as incompatible with British values. This has led to vio-
lent confrontations between far-right extremists and leftist groups defending multi-
culturalism.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

The Leftist Response: Antifa and Anti-Fascism

On the other end of the spectrum, leftist movements in the UK have risen to counter
the influence of far-right groups. These include anti-fascist groups such as Antifa,
trade unions, socialist organizations, and student movements. While these groups
advocate for equality, multiculturalism, and social justice, they are often involved in
violent clashes with far-right protestors, adding fuel to the fire.
1. Protests Against Far-Right Rallies
o Leftist activists frequently organize counter-protests to far-right rallies, leading
to tense standoffs and sometimes riots. These clashes often erupt into violence, with
both sides accusing each other of promoting misinformation and distorting facts.
o Misinformation also circulates within leftist groups, particularly regarding the
scale and influence of far-right movements. This can lead to exaggerated responses
that heighten tensions between opposing sides.
2. Black Lives Matter (BLM) and Anti-Racism
o The UK branch of the Black Lives Matter movement, which gained prominence
following the murder of George Floyd in the US, has been a major force in challenging
far-right narratives. BLM protests against police brutality, racism, and inequality have
been met with opposition from far-right groups, leading to violent altercations.
o Far-right movements often falsely claim that BLM activists promote anti-white
racism or seek to erase British history, particularly regarding statues and colonial
symbols. These claims have been debunked but continue to stir animosity and
clashes.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

Riots and the Erosion of Civil Discourse

Misinformation-driven narratives from both the far-right and leftist factions have
contributed to a breakdown in civil discourse, leading to an increase in street vio-
lence and riots. The ongoing conflict between these groups is reshaping the political
climate in the UK, undermining democratic values and making it harder to resolve
disagreements peacefully.
1. Clashes Between Extremist Groups
o Violent clashes between far-right and far-left groups have become a regular
occurrence in major UK cities. Protests, intended as peaceful demonstrations, are
often marred by violent outbursts, property damage, and arrests.
o Riots, such as those witnessed during the anti-lockdown protests and BLM
counter-protests, are symptomatic of the deep political divide. They showcase how
misinformation can push otherwise peaceful groups towards violence.
2. Public Trust in Institutions
o As misinformation spreads, public trust in institutions, including the media, the
police, and the government, continues to erode. Far-right groups often portray law
enforcement as complicit in suppressing British values, while leftist groups accuse
the police of perpetuating systemic racism and protecting far-right ideologies.
o This distrust is exacerbated by high-profile cases of police violence or per-
ceived government bias, which serve to validate the claims of both far-right and
leftist extremists.

Conclusion
Misinformation has become a critical driver of social unrest in the UK, exacerbating
the ideological conflict between far-right and leftist groups. Far from being confined
to online forums, the disinformation spread by both sides has real-world conse-
quences, leading to riots, violence, and a further erosion of trust in democratic insti-
tutions.
As tensions continue to rise, it is crucial for policymakers, media platforms, and civil
society to actively combat misinformation and promote open, informed dialogue.
Without addressing the root causes of this ideological divide, the UK risks further vio-
lence and the destabilization of its social fabric. The future of British democracy may
well depend on restoring faith in truth and finding a way to bridge the growing gap
between its polarized citizens.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1
TURKEY AND SYRIA
RECONCILIATION: WHAT CAN
HAPPEN IN MIDDLE EAST
NOW?
Tooba Bashir

Introduction
The relationship between Turkey and Syria has remained
fraught for several years. Recently, anti-Syrian street vio-
lence in Turkish cities has risen. The reason of anti-Syrian
riots which emerged in Kayseri, a Turkish city is increasing
xenophobia against the Syrian refugees. The riots broke out
after a Syrian man was accused of sexually abusing a
seven year old Syrian girl. The rioters staged anti-Syrian
protests and demanded that Syrians must be expelled
from Turkey immediately. Since the month of August 2024,
Turkey has been hinting towards reconciliatory dialogue
with Syria. The reports suggests a possibility of a meeting
between Turkish Foreign Minister and Syrian President. Also,
there have been leaks about commencement of security
level meetings between the two countries.

Key Issues
Kurds
The Peoples' Defence Units (YPG) is a wing of the Kurdistan
Workers' Party (PKK). Turkey has designated this party as
terrorist because it has fought with Ankara for decades.
Moreover, the United States and the European Union have
also added the PKK in terrorist list. Furthermore, Turkey sees
the PKK as a security threat which it wants to eliminate.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

Refugee Crisis
Due to the support of anti-Assad Syrian opposition, Turkey became a lifeline for them.
Turkey has provided them a base for military and political figures. Resultantly,
accepting 3.6 million registered Syrian refugees. So, Ankara is focusing on facilitating
the return of refugees as one of its primary objectives.
Regional Dynamics
Both countries have realized that the US-Iran rivalry, the war in Gaza, the war in
Ukraine, and the rise of far-right in the West have a domino effect on the two coun-
tries.
Recent Development
The Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has shown a possibility of rapproche-
ment with the government of Syria. As reported by Al Jazeera, Erdogan said that if
Bashar al Assad shows interest in cooperation then we will also show the same effort
for bilateral engagement. The response of the Syrian President revolved around op-
position groups. Assad showed a willingness to meet if Erdogan would only focus on
Ankara's support for the Syrian opposition groups in the dialogue. From the point of
view of Damascus, reconciliation with Turkey will give a major blow to the opposition.

What is Next?
Change of Heart
Turkey believes that the situation is not clear as the United States has not pro-
vided any solution amid security situation in Syria. Also, the US is not ready to
discontinue its support for a group of the YPG. So, now Ankara is shifting its
focus towards Russia.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

Need of Reconciliation
The majority of people in Turkey feels that an agreement with the Syrian government
has become a necessity now. Al Assad may also favor Turkey against the Syrian
Democratic Forces (SDF), a group of the YPG. Meanwhile, since 2016, it has been the
part of Syrian policy of the Turkish President to help Assad. Hakan Fidan, the Foreign
Minister of Turkey reassures that the country has focused on the foreign policy of
normalization as it is the part of Erdogan's "Vision of Peace". He further said that the
climate in the region is seeking stability and peace.
Mutual Concerns
Syria is not in a position to accept refugees back home from Turkey. While reconcilia-
tion must not require the withdrawal of Syrian refugees. On the other side, Turkey will
have to keep Syrian interests in consideration including political independence and
territorial integrity.
The Way Forward
A hope to work together in northern Syria where Turkey will invest in rebuilding as
Syria requires investment. It will benefit Turkey in multiple ways. But Turkey needs
security reassurance from Assad. According to a scholar at Carnegie Middle East
Center, the chances of success of these talks are very low due to complex disagree-
ments. But, if these talks become successful, it will change the scenario at the north-
ern borderland of Syria. However, the rising anti-Syrian riots in Turkey have made it
difficult for the Turkish government to look forward to reconciliation. The protestors
are attacking Syrians and their businesses. At this point, the much-needed thaw in
the relationship is crucial to ameliorate the bilateral relationship and engage on
economic and diplomatic fronts for long-term stability.

12
UPCOMING SCO SUMMIT
AND PAK-INDIA
RELATIONSHIP
DIMENSIONS
Fareena Habib

Introduction
Pakistan has extended an invitation to Indian Prime Minister
Narendra Modi to attend the upcoming Shanghai Cooper-
ation Organisation (SCO) meeting, which is scheduled to
be held in Islamabad on October 15 and 16, according to
sources. As the host country, Pakistan has invited Modi and
other member states' leaders to participate in the summit.
Recently India opined that it will attend the meeting virtual-
ly. The SCO is a forum that confirms and publicizes China’s
increasing role in global geopolitics. President Xi opined in
his speech that he would uphold the original aspiration of
friendship for generations in response to an “ever-chang-
ing international situation.” Besides, the SCO summit
allowed Putin to demonstrate that Russia still holds regional
clout and is not as isolated in global geopolitics. President
Putin states, “The organization has firmly established itself
as one of the key pillars of a fair, multipolar world order.”
Hence, it provides an opportunity for the participating lead-
ers to pursue their politico-economic agendas.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

Pakistan and India are full members of the SCO, a regional organization led by Russia
and China. However, India has been cautious of the group’s anti-West stance and
has consistently refrained from supporting China’s Belt and Road Initiative in SCO’s
joint declarations. Despite these differences, the SCO remains the only multilateral
forum where India and Pakistan have managed to cooperate. Last year, Pakistan’s
then-Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari visited India to participate in an SCO for-
eign ministers' meeting. The SCO charter’s prohibition on raising bilateral issues has
allowed both nations to collaborate within the framework of the organization.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established in 2001 as a multilat-
eral association to ensure security and stability across the vast Eurasian region. It
convened its 24th annual summit earlier this month in Astana, the capital of Kazakh-
stan. The leaders of SCO— nine member states, three observer countries, and 14 dia-
logue partners— contemplated enhancing the organization’s role in global geopoli-
tics. 10,000 foreign delegates from across the Eurasian continent participated. During
the summit, Belarus became the SCO’s tenth member, further expanding and diver-
sifying its geopolitical composition.
SCO does not undertake bilateral disputes but provides ample opportunity for par-
ticipating leaders to contemplate bilateral issues on the summit's sidelines. Besides,
the organization offers the opportunity to deliberate on options to increase trade
among like-minded states. Nonetheless, SCO’s primary purpose of addressing three
evil forces— terror, separatism, and extremism— remains the principal concern of the
leaders of the organization. The SCO leaders are also busy chalking out an effective
mechanism for promoting economic cooperation and addressing shared security
challenges such as drug trafficking, cybercrime, and transnational organized crime.
The Relationship Dimensions between India and Pakistan
Currently, Pakistani society and state are vulnerable to terrorism, separatism, and
extremism. These three evils are immensely destabilizing Pakistan’s internal security.
On July 4, PM Shehbaz Sharif drew the attention of SCO participants toward militant
sanctuaries in Afghanistan. He said that the Taliban government had to take con-
crete measures to ensure its territory is not used for terrorism against any other state.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

PM Sharif intelligently used the SCO summit to apprise and sensitize participants
regarding the increasing transnational terror syndicates’ challenges in the region. He
solicited them to coordinate with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s Regional
Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) to terminate foreign financial and material support to
groups such as the Pakistani Taliban, Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), and Daesh.
The economic cooperation received significant support from SCO members during
the summits. However, the members cannot take practical initiatives to reduce trade
barriers, harmonize regulations and promote investment across member states.
Though China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) germinates optimism about increasing
regional connectivity and economic ties, one of the leading members of the SCO
refused to join it.
India seems determined to obstruct the BRI flagship project, CPEC. Prime Minister Na-
rendra Modi’s absence from the summit indicates India’s dwindling interest in the
Eurasian organization. Last year, India, as a chair, organized a virtual summit.
During a meeting on the sidelines of the summit with his Azerbaijan and Turkiye
counterparts, PM Shehbaz Sharif stressed the need to promote trilateral economic
cooperation between Pakistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkiye. He proposed establishing
tripartite institutional mechanisms, particularly in economic and investment areas,
to strengthen trilateral economic and commercial cooperation further.
PM Shehbaz offered Russian President Putin a barter trade, which both nations did in
the 1950s and 1960s. Indeed, it’s a practical option to overcome Western banking and
financial obstacles to enhance bilateral trade further. He said, “I think today is the
time we can overcome financial and other banking issues by renewing our trade
and expanding it under barter.”
Indeed, SCO aims to promote socio-economic development through enhanced
connectivity, mitigate climate change challenges, and maintain internal peace and
security by collectively combating terrorism. It provides ample opportunity for India
and Pakistan to cooperate in their mutual interests like regional stability, respect for
sovereignty, and territorial integrity.

15
WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN
AFGHANISTAN UNDER
TALIBAN RULE
Sabeen

Since the Taliban took control of Afghanistan in August 2021,

women’s rights have been severely undermined, marking a
stark reversal of the progress made over the previous two
decades. In stark contrast to their promises of respecting
women's rights "within Islamic law," the Taliban have
imposed a series of restrictions that target women and girls
across multiple spheres of life. These restrictions have
severely affected their access to education, employment,
healthcare, and public life.
In September 2023, the Taliban issued new legislative
guidelines that further entrenched these restrictive mea-
sures, sparking international outrage and deepening the
humanitarian crisis for Afghan women. This article delves
into the latest legislative developments and their impact on
Afghan women’s rights.
A Brief History of Women’s Rights in Afghanistan
Before the Taliban's rise to power in the 1990s, Afghan
women enjoyed considerable freedoms, particularly during
the 1960s and 1970s, when Afghanistan’s constitution guar-
anteed equal rights for all citizens. Women actively partici-
pated in various aspects of society, including education,
healthcare, and politics. However, the Soviet invasion in 1979
and subsequent civil wars destabilized the country, and by
the time the Taliban first came to power in 1996, women’s
rights had eroded significantly.
Under the Taliban’s initial rule, from 1996 to 2001, women
were almost entirely erased from public life. Girls were
banned from attending schools, and women were prohibit-
ed from working or even leaving their homes without a
male guardian (mahram). The fall of the Taliban regime in
2001, following the U.S. invasion, led to the gradual resto-
ration of women’s rights. The Afghan constitution adopted
in 2004 enshrined equal rights for men and women, and
significant progress was made in women’s access to edu-
cation, healthcare, and employment.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

However, the Taliban’s resurgence in

2021 marked a turning point. Their
return to power signaled the
beginning of a rollback of two de-
cades of hard-earned rights for
Afghan women.
Education, a Denied Right
One of the most immediate and
devastating impacts of the Tali-
ban’s return to power has been the
ban on girls' secondary education.
By September 2021, the Taliban an-
nounced that only boys and male
teachers would be allowed to return to secondary schools. Girls' secondary schools
were shuttered indefinitely, leaving millions of girls without access to education
beyond the sixth grade.
Despite early indications that the Taliban might allow girls to resume their education,
the reality has been a stark contrast. In September 2023, the Taliban issued new
legislation explicitly forbidding girls from attending schools beyond primary
education. This decree was coupled with severe punishments for families who
attempted to educate their daughters in secret. The Taliban’s education ministry
justified the decision by claiming it was based on their interpretation of Islamic law,
asserting that educating girls could lead to "moral corruption."
This regressive policy has drawn widespread condemnation from the international
community, as education is recognized as a fundamental human right. The impact
on Afghan girls and women is profound, limiting their ability to pursue careers, par-
ticipate in public life, or contribute to the country's future.

Employment and Economic

Participation: Barriers and Re-
strictions
Women’s right to work has also been
severely restricted under the Taliban’s
new legislation. In urban centers,
where women had previously made
significant strides in employment,
particularly in the public sector, the
Taliban have systematically disman-
tled these gains. The majority of
women who worked in government
offices have been dismissed, with the
Taliban stating that male relatives can
fulfil their roles instead.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

The latest legislation passed in 2023 prohibits women from working in key sectors,
including NGOs, education, media, and healthcare, except under minimal circum-
stances. Female healthcare workers, who are desperately needed to treat Afghan
women in a gender-segregated society, face increased restrictions and harass-
ment. Many have been forced to work in unsafe conditions, and some have been
barred from practicing altogether.
In rural areas, where poverty is more widespread, the economic impact is particular-
ly devastating. Afghan families rely heavily on income from female workers, and with
women’s employment restricted, household poverty has skyrocketed. This situation
has led to an increase in child marriages and human trafficking, as desperate fami-
lies seek to survive.
The Return of the Mahram Requirement
The Taliban have also reinstated the mahram system, which requires women to be
accompanied by a male guardian whenever they leave their homes. This rule ap-
plies to all women, regardless of age, and is particularly oppressive for widows and
single women who do not have male family members to accompany them. In prac-
tice, this requirement severely limits women’s freedom of movement and access to
essential services such as healthcare, education, and legal protection.
The latest legislation introduced by the Taliban has further entrenched the mahram
rule. Women found in public spaces without a male guardian are subject to punish-
ment, including imprisonment or physical violence. The mahram requirement has
not only curtailed women’s freedoms but has also limited their ability to participate
in public life, further marginalizing their role in Afghan society.

Access to Healthcare, a
Growing Crisis
Women’s access to healthcare has
been severely impacted by the Tali-
ban’s restrictive policies. The mahram
requirement makes it difficult for
women to travel to health facilities,
especially in rural areas. Female
healthcare workers, who are essential
for treating women in a society that
strictly enforces gender segregation,
face increasing restrictions and ha-
rassment.
The Taliban's ban on female employment in many sectors has also led to a shortage
of female medical professionals, exacerbating the already dire state of the country’s
healthcare system. The Taliban’s health ministry, under the new 2023 legislation, has
further restricted women’s access to healthcare by mandating that only female
doctors can treat women, while simultaneously limiting the number of women
allowed to practice medicine. This paradoxical policy has left many women without
access to essential healthcare services, including maternal care, contributing to
rising maternal and infant mortality rates.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

Political and Civic Participation: Erased from Public Life

Afghan women have been systematically excluded from political and civic life since
the Taliban’s return to power. Women are no longer allowed to hold public office, and
the Ministry of Women’s Affairs has been dissolved. The Taliban’s new legislation
bans women from participating in protests or gatherings, further silencing their
voices.
Women who have spoken out against the Taliban’s restrictions, either through pro-
tests or social media, have been subjected to arrest, imprisonment, and torture. The
Taliban’s intelligence services have targeted prominent women’s rights activists,
journalists, and former government officials, forcing many into hiding or exile.
Human Rights Violations and International Response
The Taliban’s policies regarding women’s rights have been widely condemned by
international human rights organizations, governments, and the United Nations. The
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) has repeatedly called on
the Taliban to reverse their restrictions on women’s education and employment, em-
phasizing that these policies violate international human rights law, including the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW), to which Afghanistan is a signatory.
Despite this, the Taliban have shown little willingness to change their stance. Instead,
they continue to claim that their policies are in line with their interpretation of Sharia
law. This assertion has been refuted by many Islamic scholars worldwide, who argue
that Islam encourages the education and participation of women in all aspects of
society.
The Future for Afghan Women
The future for Afghan women under the Taliban remains bleak. The latest legislative
developments have further entrenched a system of gender apartheid, stripping
women of their most basic rights. Without access to education, employment, and
healthcare, Afghan women are being pushed to the margins of society, their voices
silenced and their futures stolen.
The international community faces a critical challenge in addressing the plight of
Afghan women. While sanctions and diplomatic pressure have so far had little effect
on the Taliban’s policies, continued advocacy for women’s rights, humanitarian
assistance, and support for Afghan civil society are essential. The voices of Afghan
women must not be forgotten, and their fight for freedom and equality must contin-
ue to receive global attention.
In conclusion, the Taliban’s latest legislative measures represent a grave violation of
women’s rights in Afghanistan. The international community must continue to hold
the Taliban accountable for their actions and ensure that the rights of Afghan
women are at the forefront of any future negotiations. Only through sustained pres-
sure and advocacy can the women of Afghanistan hope to reclaim the rights that
have been so brutally taken from them.

19
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CSS Chronicles Volume 3 | Edition 11

NATIONAL
IMF BAILOUTS, ECONOMIC REFORMS, AND THEIR
IMPACT ON THE COMMON CITIZEN IN PAKISTAN

BALOCHISTAN CONFLICT: GEOPOLITICAL BATTLE

OR LOCAL BATTLE?

FIREWALL/INTERNET ISSUES IN PAKISTAN

THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN POVERTY AND

CLIMATE CHANGE

CSS | CHRONICLES VOLUME 4 EDITION 1

20
IMF BAILOUTS,
ECONOMIC
REFORMS, AND
THEIR IMPACT
Muhammad Hamza Ahmad

Pakistan has experienced a series of economic crises over

the past few decades, often necessitating financial assis-
tance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). While
these bailouts offer temporary relief for the country’s bal-
ance of payments crisis, the stringent economic reforms
attached to these loans often have significant implications
for the common citizen.
Understanding IMF Bailouts
The IMF provides financial assistance to countries facing
severe economic instability, allowing them to stabilize their
economies. However, these loans come with condi-
tions—known as structural adjustment programs
(SAPs)—that require the borrowing country to implement a
range of fiscal and monetary reforms. Pakistan has been a
regular recipient of IMF assistance, with the most recent
bailout deal signed in 2023, marking the 23rd agreement
with the IMF since 1958.
Key Economic Reforms Linked to IMF Bailouts
IMF loans are typically linked to reforms aimed at stabiliz-
ing the economy, reducing deficits, and enhancing eco-
nomic efficiency. The reforms often include:
1. Fiscal Austerity Measures
• The government is required to reduce public spend-
ing and increase tax revenues, leading to budget cuts in
areas such as subsidies, public sector wages, and social
services.
• Public sector reforms may include freezing govern-
ment hiring and reducing the size of the public workforce
to cut expenditures.
2. Tax Reforms
• The IMF insists on broadening the tax base to
improve revenue collection. This often involves imposing
new taxes or raising existing tax rates, such as general
sales taxes (GST) on goods and services.
• Taxes on utilities and fuels are also increased to
reduce subsidies, raising the cost of electricity, gas, and
petrol.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

• The IMF often calls for the privatization of loss-making state-owned enterprises
(SOEs) to reduce fiscal burdens. This could lead to the sale or restructuring of gov-
ernment-owned industries such as steel mills, airlines, and energy companies.
4. Currency Devaluation and Interest Rate Hikes
• Currency devaluation is often enforced to make exports cheaper and more
competitive internationally. However, this also raises the cost of imports, pushing
inflation upward.
• Interest rate hikes are implemented to curb inflation, but they also increase the
cost of borrowing, impacting business growth and investments.
Impact on the Common Citizen
While IMF bailouts aim to bring macroeconomic stability, their effects are often felt
most by the common citizen, especially those in low- and middle-income brackets.
1. Rising Inflation and Cost of Living One of the most immediate impacts of IMF
reforms is inflation. With the removal of subsidies and devaluation of the currency,
the prices of essential goods, such as food, fuel, and electricity, skyrocket. Pakistan
has already witnessed surges in fuel prices and utility bills following IMF-mandated
reforms, making it harder for ordinary citizens to meet daily expenses. Inflation
reached record highs in 2023, pushing millions of people closer to poverty.
2. Unemployment and Job Insecurity Public sector cuts and privatization can
lead to layoffs, increasing unemployment in an already strained job market. More-
over, private companies often reduce their workforce to remain competitive, adding
to job insecurity. In Pakistan, industries that heavily rely on government subsidies,
such as agriculture, may suffer, further threatening livelihoods.
3. Reduced Access to Social Services Austerity measures often result in reduced
government spending on health, education, and social welfare programs. This puts
additional strain on the most vulnerable segments of society, such as low-income
families who rely on government services for basic necessities like healthcare and
education. The reduction in subsidies for essential services, such as electricity and
gas, further exacerbates hardships.
4. Increased Poverty While the IMF's policies aim to stabilize the economy in the
long term, the short-term effects often increase poverty levels. Higher living costs
and lower access to services push millions of Pakistanis into poverty. According to
recent reports, nearly 40% of the population lives below the poverty line, and this
figure is expected to rise as inflation outpaces wage growth.
5. Widening Inequality The burden of economic reforms often disproportionately
affects the lower and middle classes. The wealthy, with greater resources and finan-
cial cushions, are better positioned to weather the economic storm, while the poor
face the brunt of price hikes and job losses. This further widens the gap between the
rich and the poor in Pakistan.

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Potential Benefits of IMF Reforms

Despite the immediate hardships, IMF reforms can have long-term benefits if imple-
mented effectively. By improving fiscal discipline and reducing deficits, the govern-
ment can stabilize the economy, attract foreign investment, and boost growth.
Moreover, reforms such as tax collection improvements can create a more sustain-
able and efficient revenue system.
1. Macroeconomic Stability IMF programs are designed to stabilize key macro-
economic indicators such as inflation, exchange rates, and fiscal deficits. Once the
country achieves stability, it can focus on growth-oriented policies, such as infra-
structure development and industrialization.
2. Increased Foreign Investment Economic stability and structural reforms can
make Pakistan more attractive to foreign investors. Reforms in the energy and infra-
structure sectors, for instance, may lead to higher levels of investment, creating jobs
and boosting economic activity.
3. Long-Term Fiscal Health By reducing reliance on debt and improving tax reve-
nues, the country can reduce its fiscal deficit and have more resources for long-term
development projects. This could allow for future investments in healthcare, educa-
tion, and social welfare once the immediate crisis is over.

Conclusion
IMF bailouts and the economic reforms that follow are a double-edged sword for
Pakistan. On one hand, they are crucial for maintaining financial stability and pre-
venting economic collapse; on the other, the strict conditions attached to these
loans often lead to higher inflation, job losses, and reduced access to essential ser-
vices for the common citizen. While the reforms may bring long-term benefits, the
short-term costs are borne heavily by ordinary Pakistanis, particularly the lower-in-
come groups.
For the IMF programs to truly benefit the population, it is essential that the govern-
ment implements complementary social safety nets and economic policies that
protect the most vulnerable and promote equitable growth. Without these, the
country risks deepening the divide between the rich and poor, and further burdening
the common citizen in the name of economic reform.

23
BALOCHISTAN CONFLICT:
GEOPOLITICAL BATTLE OR
LOCAL BATTLE?
Adnan Athangul

T
he Balochistan conflict, a multifaceted and protracted
struggle, encompasses both local and geopolitical dimen-
sions. Situated in the southwestern region of Pakistan,
Balochistan is a resource-rich area with a complex
socio-political landscape. The conflict in Balochistan is
driven by local grievances rooted in historical injustices,
economic marginalization, and political exclusion. Simulta-
neously, it attracts geopolitical interest due to the region's
strategic location and abundant natural resources. Here
we try to explore both the local and geopolitical aspects of
the Balochistan conflict, examining the historical back-
ground, socio-economic factors, and the broader interna-
tional context.

Historical Background
To understand the Balochistan conflict,
it is essential to consider its historical
context. Balochistan’s history is marked
by its strategic importance and the
continuous struggle for autonomy. The
region, historically inhabited by the
Baloch people, has experienced vari-
ous forms of governance, from tribal
rule to colonial and post-colonial
states.

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1. Colonial Era: During British colonial rule, Balochistan was treated as a buffer
zone between British India and the Persian Empire. The British stablished treaties with
local tribes but did not fully integrate Balochistan into their administrative framework.
The clonal legacy left the region with a sense of political economic marginalization.
2. Post-Independence Era: after the partition of British India in 1947, Balochistan
was divided among Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. The Pakistani portion of Baloch-
istan was incorporated into the newly formed state of Pakistan, and the Bloch people
were promised a degree of autonomy under the 1947 and 1955 agreements. Howev-
er, these promises were often disregarded, leading to tensions.
How the Balochistan Conflict is a Local Battle?
A. Socio-Economic Factors:
Local grievances are at the core of Balochistan’s conflict, driven by socio-economic
disparities and political exclusion. The Baloch people have long felt marginalized by
the central government in Islamabad, leading to discontent ]periodic insurgencies.
1. Economic Marginalization: Balochistan is rich in natural resources, including
gas, oil, and minerals. However, the benefits of these resources have not been equi-
tably distributed. The local population often perceives that the central government
and multinational corporations exploit Balochistan’s resources without adequately
compensating the local communities. This economic disparity fuels resentment and
demands for greater control over local resources.
2. Political Exclusion: the Baloch people have frequently accused the central
government of denying them political representation and autonomy. Despite
Balochistan’s significant ethnic and cultural identity, the central government policies
and military actions have often sidelined local governance structures. This lack of
political inclusion has been a significant factor in the ongoing conflict.
3. Human Rights Violations: Reports of Human rights abuses, including extraju-
dicial killings, enforced disappearances, and arbitrary arrests, have exacerbated
tensions. These actions are often attributed to both state security forces and insur-
gent groups, contributing to an atmosphere of fear and distrust.

How Balochistan Conflict is a geopolitical issue? OR the geopolitical

dimensions of the Balochistan Conflict

While the Balochistan conflict is deeply rooted in local issues, it also has significant
geopolitical dimensions. The region’s strategic location and resource wealth attract
the interest of various international and regional actors.
1. Strategic Location: Balochistan’s geographical location makes it a critical
area in the South Asian and Middle Eastern geopolitical landscape. It borders Iran
and Afghanistan and has a coastline along the Arabian Sea. This positioning makes
it a valuable corridor for trade routes and energy transit.
2. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): the development of the Chi-
na-Pakistan Economic Corridor has further internationalized the Balochistan conflict.
CPEC is a massive infrastructure project that aims to connect China’s western region
with the Arabian Sea through Pakistan. The corridor passes through Balochistan
increasing the region’s strategic importance. However, the project has been a
source of tension as local Baloch groups view it as an exploitation of their resources
and territory without adequate local benefits.

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3. Regional Interests: Balochistan’s proximity to Iran and Afghanistan introduces

additional layers of geopolitical complexity. Iran has its own Baloch population and
is concerned about separatist movements spilling over its border. Similarly, the
instability in Afghanistan affects the Balochistan region, with cross-border insurgen-
cy and smuggling contributing to the conflict.
4. International Interests: Global powers have an interest in Balochistan due to
its resource wealth and strategic location. The U.S., China, and other nations have
varying degrees of involvement or interest in the region, often focusing on energy
security and regional stability.

The Role of External Actors in the Balochistan Conflict

Various external actors have influenced the Balochistan conflict, each pursuing their
interests.
1. Pakistan’s Response: the Pakistani government has employed a combination
of military and political strategies to address the conflict. Military operations aim to
suppress insurgent groups, while political efforts involve promises of development
and greater autonomy. However, the effectiveness of these measures has been lim-
ited, often exacerbating local grievances.

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2. Iran and Afghanistan: Iran and Afghanistan’s involvement in Balochistan is

partly driven by their domestic issues with the Balch population and cross-border
insurgency. Both countries are concerned about the potential for instability in
Balochistan to affect their territories.
3. China: China’s investment in Balochistan through CPEC has introduced a new
dynamic in the past few years. The Chinese government has a vested interest in
maintaining stability in the region to ensure the success of its economic projects. This
has led to increased security measures and cooperation with the Pakistani govern-
ment.
4. International Community: the international community, including the United
Nations and human rights organizations, has occasionally highlighted the human
rights situation in Balochistan. However, geopolitical considerations often limit the
extent of international intervention or support.

Conclusion
In a nutshell, the Balochistan conflict is both a local and geopolitical battle. Locally, it
is driven by ethnic identity, political disenfranchisement, and economic inequality.
While, geopolitically, it involves strategic interests and regional rivalries that influence
the conflict’s dynamics. Understanding the conflict requires a comprehensive ap-
proach that considers both the local grievances and the broader geopolitical con-
text. Resolving the conflict will necessitate addressing the legitimate aspirations of
the Baloch people while navigating the complex interplay of regional and global
interests.

27
19
FIREWALL/INTER
NET ISSUES IN
PAKISTAN
Maham Fatima

Introduction
While the government and the Pakistan Telecommunica-
tion Authority remain mum over the scale and scope of
internet infrastructure plans in the country, there is tremen-
dous precedent pointing to what might be at play and why
authorities must come clean.
Contrarily, The Lahore High Court recently heard a petition
against internet disruptions and issued notices to the rele-
vant parties with a requirement to respond.
Another such petition was filed in the Islamabad High Court,
in which the installation of firewalls was alleged to be made
conditional upon stakeholder consultations and the pro-
tection of basic rights. The petition emphasized that inter-
net access is a "fundamental human right" under the Con-
stitution.
Moreover, the petition also requested that all information
about the installation of the firewall be filed with the court
and that the installation process be put on hold while
awaiting a ruling.
Potential Reasons for the Problem
Several factors explain the current state of affairs regarding
internet censorship and firewalls in Pakistan:

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Political Turbulence
The frequent switch in the governments has been a never-ending issue, and political
strife is prevalent. For maintaining control over cyberspace, suppression of dissent-
ing voices becomes obvious. This freedom of speech is minimized by the fear that
the opposition might use social media as a tool of power mobilization.
Security Concerns
Pakistan faces various security issues, including terrorism and sectarian violence.
The government mainly cites reasons for filtering the internet to prevent indulging in
extremist online content to control it in the name of national security, due to which
Twitter also became non-operational in Pakistan in February.
Religious Sensitivity
Being a Muslim majority state while surviving with other ethnic groups as well as
sects the concerns of blasphemy becomes inevitable. The Government tends to
censor content that might spark religious unrest; as such, the vast majority of web-
sites and social networks are censored. For instance; the government seeks to close
the network coverage amid Shia processions and other religious events like that.
Regulatory Environment
The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority is empowered to ban or censor internet
content. In the past couple of years, the agency began to exercise this legal right
abruptly, referring to the necessity of safeguarding societally prized elements and
security.
The Role of Non-State Actors
Geopolitics and the pressure of various state and non-state actors dominate inter-
net governance dynamics for Pakistan. At times, its relations with other nations result
in excessive censorship as a way to appease or dominate.
Severe Repercussions
The outcomes of continued internet censorship and firewall issues are severe:
Death of Freedom of Speech
In today’s arena where media is the fourth pillar of any state, these restrictions creat-
ed a fearful environment among the journalists, activists, and citizenry at large.
People are afraid to speak out online, which represses democratic discourse.

Economic Destruction
The restriction impacts the tech
industry in many ways, mostly
startups that thrive upon social
media and the internet. Investors
are wary of investing in an unpre-
dictable market, further hamper-
ing growth and innovation.

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‘’According to a report, the suspension of 3G and 4G services has resulted in daily

losses of PKR 1.3 billion.’’
‘’As per Pakistan Software Houses Association, Pakistan’s economy could lose up
to
$300 million due to internet disruptions caused by the imposition of a national
firewall.’’

Public Distrust
The continued surveillance of the internet by the government further increases public
mistrust over state institutions. Citizens increasingly begin to view the government as
the silencer of free speech and communication rather than as an enabler.
International Concerns for Pakistan
The internet censorship policy of Pakistan has been much criticized by international
human rights organizations and foreign governments. Failure to address these
concerns may make Pakistan even more isolated at the international level.
Social Media Backlash
The government tried to manage social media but could not even curtail the
demonstration at the fronts of social media, where Twitter and Facebook became
public avenues of protest. Then came the use of #FreeInternet and #CensorshipIn-
Pakistan, just like in other countries where public resistance is at its peak.

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International Engagement
Activists from the country are canvassing international organizations to put pressure
on the Pakistani government. International lobbying groups have gone into partner-
ships that amplify local voices over the issue.

‘’Amnesty International and Human Rights Watchdog have criticized Pakistan for
limiting online freedoms, arguing that such actions violate basic human rights
and suppress dissent.’’

What does the Future Hold?

The future of access to the internet and censorship in Pakistan remains uncertain,
offering several possible futures:
Increased Regulation
If the present position is maintained, later the future government may further scuttle
freedom by approving tighter controls on online material, perhaps even from securi-
ty agencies who may be pushing the government for more stringent laws on free-
dom of speech on the net. Reform and Liberalization
Determined public unrest and international opposition may make the government
review its policy. Reformations may take the form of enhanced digital rights as well
as access with the youth still voicing.
Technological Fixes
As time goes by, users will likely rely more on VPNs and forms of encrypted communi-
cation as they try to go around the restrictions. The game would then be one of cat
and mouse between the authorities and the users.
Civil Society Mobilization
Strengthened coalitions of civil society groups may indeed present themselves as
salient means of advocacy for rights on the net. Greater awareness and education
on digital freedoms may organize broad movements toward change.

Final Thoughts!
Ending Pakistan's Struggle with Firewall Issues and Internet Censorship The
political, social, and economic factors that inform Pakistan's ongoing firewall and
internet censorship issues have left it on a trajectory full of risks. Yet, public
dissent and international advocacy offer spaces for possible reform. Perhaps, the
future landscape of digital rights in Pakistan would be one of resilience by the
citizens to try and speak for freedom in the digital world.

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THE INTERSECTION
BETWEEN POVERTY AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
Imaima Mazhar

Climate Change has emerged as a pressing global issue

threatening the ecosystems and the economies of vulner-
able states. The developing states with the lowest contribu-
tion to global greenhouse emissions are more susceptible
to the cascading effects of climate change. Within the
state, it disproportionately strikes the poor people as their
livelihood depends on the activities most disrupted by the
climate emergency, i.e., agriculture, forestry, and fishery.
According to a World Bank report, climate change might
drive an additional 68 to 135 million people into poverty by
2030. The repercussions of extreme weather events and the
changing climate are wide-ranging, from damaging infra-
structure and agriculture productivity to jolting the liveli-
hood of people. For a state with a fragile economy and a
high poverty rate, it weighs on the overall development and
growth of the economy. This article delves into the study of
the intersection between climate change and poverty in
Pakistan. It further explores the cyclical relationship be-
tween the two where poverty exacerbates vulnerability to
climate change and further entrenches poverty.

How Climate Change Deepens the Poverty Crisis

Though Pakistan shares the lowest percentage of GHG
emissions globally, less than 1%, it has to grapple with the
devastating consequences of the changing weather
patterns and severe disasters each year.

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Rising temperatures are driving the rapid melting of glaciers in northern areas,
and unexpected rains, such as those witnessed in 2022, have caused mayhem in
Pakistan through floods that have been unprecedented in the prior 30 years. Poor
communities are more vulnerable to the variability in climate change as they
have fewer resources and capacity to adapt.
According to the report by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, the
Poverty rate in Pakistan has reached up to 39.5% with the highest rate recorded in
the Baluchistan region. It further reports a higher rate in rural areas than in urban
centers. While there are many factors responsible for the surge in poverty, the
continuous increase in global temperatures and the changing climate have
become the leading cause of persistent poverty in Pakistan.
Climate change has created uncertainty around seasons, rainfall, and droughts; it
makes it difficult for farmers to plan and adapt crops and livestock expansion thus
trapping them in a vicious cycle of poverty. The ravages of the recent flood led to the
displacement of 8 million people with 4 million acres of farmland inundated and
800,000 cattle killed. The agriculture, food, livestock, and fisheries sectors suffered
damage totaling PKR 800 billion (USD 3.7 billion). The overall damages and economic
losses amounted to USD 30 billion. According to Pakistan's Post Disaster Needs
Assessment, the floods may have driven up to 9.1 million people, or four percentage
points, into poverty.
The Link Between Poverty and Climate Vulnerability
Poor communities have limited access to resources like insurance, financing, and
social safety nets, all of which are critical for recovery from climate emergencies. This
lack of support slows their rehabilitation and makes them more vulnerable to future
climatic shocks. Most Pakistani farmers whose crops were destroyed by last year's
disastrous floods have no insurance to fall back on, leaving many thousands facing
destitution. The assets that poor people rely on for a living—such as their health,
access to water, housing, and infrastructure—are expected to decline due to climate
change. Because of changes in natural resources and systems, infrastructure, and
worker productivity, climate change is predicted to affect the direction and pace of
economic growth.

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Poverty is strongly impacted by slower economic growth since there are fewer pros-
pects for income. Due to heat waves and erratic rains, Pakistan's agricultural pro-
ductivity has decreased, posing a threat to the country's food security. Food security
is the result of several interacting variables, including food production and purchas-
ing power. When food production and supply chains face disruption, food prices au-
tomatically go up, impacting economic access to food due to inflation. Through
direct negative effects on productivity and indirect effects on purchasing power,
climate change may make hunger more common.
Climate Change Threatens Socio-Economic Progress
Three fundamental pillars crucial for socio-economic progress include infrastruc-
ture, human capital, and standard of living. Climate-induced calamities have the
potential to reverse overall economic progress and undermine poverty reduction
efforts.
Infrastructure—the backbone of any economy—can be severely damaged by
climate events such as floods, hurricanes, and extreme heatwaves. This not only
incurs enormous repair costs but also disrupts trade, education, and healthcare de-
livery.
Human capital is likewise vulnerable, encompassing the population's health, educa-
tion, and skill levels. Particularly in impoverished areas, climate change may exacer-
bate health issues such as waterborne infections, hunger, and heat stress. It can dis-
rupt education by destroying schools or uprooting families, which can have
long-term consequences for children's development. These effects lower workforce
productivity and hinder economic progress, continuing the cycle of poverty.
Climate-related disasters worsen the shortage of food and water, raise energy
prices, and restrict access to basic utilities, all of which lower living standards.
Droughts and floods, for example, can cause food shortages and price increases,
making it more difficult for low-income people to acquire basics. Unpredictable
weather patterns exacerbate Pakistan's already serious problem of water scarcity,
which affects both rural and urban areas. Poverty rates rise in response to worse
living conditions, which exacerbates social inequality and fuels unrest.

Way Forward
Pakistan Ranked 18 out of 191 countries facing some of the highest disaster risk levels
in the world According to World Bank studies, the combined hazards of extreme
climate events, environmental degradation, and air pollution are expected to cut
Pakistan's GDP by 18 to 20% by 2050. Country Climate and Development Report
(CCDR) for Pakistan says that the country requires major changes in its development
path and policies, as well as significant investments in people-centered climate ad-
aptation and resilience that will necessitate foreign assistance.
Climate change's impact on agriculture and food security, health, and infrastructure
is predicted to exacerbate poverty and inequality, hindering Pakistan's socio-eco-
nomic development. Given these widespread and interconnected impacts, there is
an urgent need for effective mitigation and climate adaptation strategies to be
implemented from the grassroots level.

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This involves investing in resilient infrastructure capable of withstanding catastrophic

weather events, encouraging sustainable agricultural methods to secure food pro-
duction, and assuring access to safe drinking water and healthcare. A successful
method includes raising community knowledge and education on climate resilience,
empowering local people to participate in decision-making, and developing early
warning systems. By proactively tackling these concerns, we can safeguard the foun-
dations of socioeconomic success and promote a more sustainable and equitable
future.
Any policy framework for gauging and addressing the vulnerabilities of climate
emergency must inculcate the principles of climate justice. It calls for equitable
responsibility where those states responsible for emissions should take a leading role
in mitigation efforts and support vulnerable communities in adaptation. Moreover, it
seeks to ensure that the voices of vulnerable communities are heard in climate poli-
cy-making and that they receive adequate support to adapt and recover from
climate impacts. Climate justice essentially advocates for a comprehensive strategy
against climate change that tackles its underlying causes, upholds equitable
accountability, shields the most vulnerable, and encourages sustainable develop-
ment. It promotes measures and programs that enhance social justice, human rights,
and economic equity in addition to lowering carbon emissions.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 3 | Edition 11

ESSAY
SPECIAL

CSS | CHRONICLES VOLUME 4 EDITION 1

36
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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

1. The Ethics of Artifi-

cial Intelligence and
Human Rights
Introduction
•Definition of Artificial Intelli- • Access to Education: • Job Displacement and
gence (AI) AI-enabled tools for Economic Inequality: AI
•Overview of its rapid ad- improving access to quali- and automation’s impact
vancement and integration ty education in underde- on labor markets, raising
into various sectors (e.g., veloped regions concerns about the right to
healthcare, finance, de- • AI in Governance and De- work and economic dis-
fense, etc.) mocracy: parities
•Brief introduction to human Using AI for transparency in V. Legal and Regulatory
rights and the ethical con- governance, improving Challenges
cerns surrounding AI public participation • Lack of Comprehensive AI
II. The Ethical Framework IV. Ethical Concerns and Regulation: The global reg-
for AI Threats to Human Rights ulatory gap in AI gover-
•The importance of ethics in • Bias and Discrimination in nance
technological advance- AI Algorithms: • Need for International
ments How AI systems can per- Standards: The role of
•Key ethical principles: petuate or exacerbate international organizations
transparency, fairness, social inequalities (e.g., in establishing a global
accountability, privacy, and racial, gender, socioeco- ethical framework for AI
justice nomic bias in algorithms) • Balancing Innovation and
•Existing frameworks for AI • Surveillance and Privacy Regulation: Ensuring that
ethics (e.g., UNESCO AI prin- Violations: regulations do not stifle
ciples, EU AI Act) AI-powered mass surveil- technological progress
III. Potential Benefits of AI lance tools (e.g., facial rec- while protecting human
for Human Rights ognition, data mining) rights
•Enhancing Human Rights threatening individual VI. Case Studies and
Monitoring: AI for detecting privacy and rights to free- Real-world Examples
human rights abuses, track- dom of expression •China’s Surveillance
ing violations, and gathering • Autonomous Weapons System: Ethical concerns
evidence (e.g., AI-driven sat- and Warfare: regarding AI-driven sur-
ellite imagery, AI-based AI in military applications, veillance in China and its
data analytics) ethical concerns over au- impact on citizens’ privacy
•Improving Healthcare tonomous weapons, and and freedom of expression.
Access: AI in diagnostics and their implications for inter-
personalized medicine, national human rights law
expanding access to remote
populations

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• AI in Predictive Policing: The use of AI in law enforcement and its potential for racial
profiling and discrimination
• AI for Good Initiatives: Examples of AI applications in humanitarian contexts (e.g., AI for
disaster relief, medical research)
VII. Future of AI Ethics in Human Rights
• Ethical AI by Design: Integrating ethics into the development of AI systems from the
outset
• AI and Human Rights Advocacy: The role of civil society, NGOs, and governments in
safeguarding human rights in the age of AI
• Education and Awareness: The need for AI ethics education for developers, policymak-
ers, and the public
VIII. Conclusion

2. Can World Peace be Achieved

through Diplomacy Alone?
I. Introduction
• Definition of diplo- promoting peace through cultural exchange and
macy: The art and practice diplomatic means dialogue (e.g., UNESCO
of conducting negotiations III. Strengths of Diplomacy initiatives, sports diploma-
between nations in Achieving World Peace cy)
• Overview of the impor- • Multilateralism and Diplo- IV. Limitations of Diplo-
tance of diplomacy in macy: Importance of inter- macy in Achieving World
international relations national cooperation and Peace
• The complexity of achiev- dialogue in preventing • Diplomacy’s Dependence
ing world peace and the conflicts (e.g., UN peace- on Political Will: Lack of
various mechanisms keeping missions, G20 commitment from state
involved Summits) actors, often due to na-
II. The Role of Diplomacy • Economic Diplomacy: tional interests overriding
in Conflict Resolution Trade agreements and global peace efforts
• Historical Role of Diplo- economic cooperation as • Failure of Diplomacy in
macy: Examples of suc- means to reduce tensions Certain Conflicts: Historical
cessful diplomatic efforts and foster interdepen- examples where diploma-
(e.g., Treaty of Westphalia, dence between nations cy alone failed to prevent
Camp David Accords) (e.g., EU, ASEAN) war (e.g., lead-up to World
• Preventing Conflicts: • Track II Diplomacy: Infor- War II, Syrian Civil War)
Diplomacy as a tool for mal, non-governmental • Power Imbalances in Dip-
mediation and negotiation dialogues that comple- lomatic Negotiations: The
to avoid wars and conflicts ment official diplomatic dominance of powerful
• Diplomacy as a efforts (e.g., peace-build- nations in shaping the out-
Peace-building Tool: The ing efforts between Israel comes of international
role of international orga- and Palestine) diplomacy (e.g., veto
nizations (e.g., United Na- • Cultural Diplomacy: Soft power in the UN Security
tions, European Union) in power, promoting mutual Council)
understanding through

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4
MONTHLY
PRESS REVIEW

CSS | CHRONICLES VOLUME 4 EDITION 1

39
 CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

America’s
election in 2020 was sto- The second outcome is a
len—an assertion that Trump win. Democrats
nearly 70% of Republican could bring legal challeng-

Election is
voters say they endorse. He es in close states where Ms
and his party are gearing Harris lost. Some of these
up to wage the post-elec- might end up at the

Mired in
tion war a second time. Supreme Court, where
Both parties argue that three justices appointed by
victory for the other side Mr Trump would have to

Conflict
would threaten American adjudicate their merits.
democracy. For Mr Trump Three of the conservative
Published in The Economist personally the stakes are justices worked on George
even higher: if he loses he W. Bush’s legal team back
Even without Donald could go to prison. If the in 2000 on Bush v Gore.
Trump on the ballot, Ameri- election is not close, per- That would make it hard to
can elections tend to haps America might avoid persuade Ms Harris’s sup-
create conflict. America is another toxic transfer of porters that decisions
the only proper presiden- power. Unfortunately for favouring the Trump cam-
tial democracy in which America’s increasingly be- paign were impartial. After
the person who wins the leaguered democracy, by the court’s rulings on abor-
most votes does not nec- our reckoning this presi- tion and presidential
essarily win power. The dential race is tighter immunity, Democrats have
two-month gap between today than any since poll- come to view the justices
voting and election certifi- ing began. as Republican politicians in
cation in Congress is the How messy will it get? robes. Nevertheless, most
most drawn-out any- There are three possible elected Democrats would
where. Complexity invites outcomes. Start with the probably accept the
legal challenges, which extremely unlikely one, rulings, if more grudgingly
add to the complexity. For which is a vote so close than in 2000.
all those reasons, Ameri- that Kamala Harris and Mr However, if enough Demo-
can elections demand pa- Trump tie in the electoral cratic lawmakers were
tience and trust. Unfortu- college. Were this to really convinced the courts
nately, the country comes happen, the next president had acted unfairly, they
joint last among the G7 on would be picked by the could try to block certifica-
trust in the judiciary and House of Representatives, tion of the result in Con-
dead last on belief that its with each state wielding gress, following the prece-
elections are honest. one vote. Even if Ms Harris dent set by Republicans in
And then there is Mr Trump. won the popular vote on 2021. Then, 139 House
At the debate in Philadel- November 5th, Mr Trump members and eight sena-
phia this week the former would almost certainly tors (all Republicans)
president was angry and become president. That voted to reject the results.
aggrieved. He repeated his would be fair in the sense
false and outrageous that it would follow the
claim that the rules, but Democrats would
be furious.

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A reform of the Electoral Supreme Court, John Rob- have to prepare for pro-
Count Act, passed two erts and the three testers descending on
years ago, raises the Trump-appointed justices statehouses, and for the
threshold, so that 20 sena- may well be keen to risk of assassination
tors and 87 members of demonstrate their inde- attempts against lawmak-
the House would have to pendence by rejecting ers.
object. In the unlikely sce- weak challenges. Demo- About 20% of American
nario that those prelimi- crats might yet come to adults say that they are
nary votes passed, Demo- see the Supreme Court as open to the possibility of
crats would probably lose a guarantor of democracy. using violence for a politi-
the subsequent full votes Yet a new “stop the steal” cal end. In a large,
of both chambers. All this is movement could fail legal- well-armed country you do
possible, but the most ly while succeeding politi- not need many of them to
probable outcome, if Mr cally. In the last election a mean it for that threat to
Trump were to win the shocking number of House be scary.
election, is that Ms Harris Republicans voted to Cheater-in-chief
would concede, taking the reject the result. Since then The other consequence of
wind out of any Democrat- the party has only become the stolen-election myth is
ic challenge to the result. more beholden to Mr the continuing degrada-
If Ms Harris wins, Mr Trump Trump. Members either tion of American democ-
will not be so gracious. In sincerely believe the other racy. To be clear, America
that third scenario, the side wins only when it will still see a peaceful
complexity of America’s steals elections, or go transfer of power in Janu-
voting system collides with along with that idea in ary 2025. Neither side will
the MAGA conspiracy ma- public. Those who be able to install a presi-
chine. The Republican Na- refuse—Liz Cheney, Mitch dent who lost by the rules.
tional Committee has McConnell, Mike Pence, Mitt But that is a minimal defi-
pre-emptively filed more Romney—have been side- nition of democratic suc-
than 100 election lawsuits lined. If congressional cess. In the broader sense,
in the states to create a Republicans did indeed elections are meant to
paper trail in preparation secure a vote to overturn generate the consent of
to fight the result. As a legal the election, they would the people to be governed,
strategy this would proba- probably lose. But the even by a president for
bly fail again, as it did in retailing of conspiracies whom they did not vote.
2020. Fortunately, the gov- could make the sto- That requires voters to be-
ernors of key swing states len-election myth even lieve that the process is fair
are not election-deniers. stronger. One possible and can be trusted, so that
Lawyers who might be consequence of this myth their side has a decent
tempted to bring conspir- is political violence. The shot in four years. Each
acy theories to court ought Capitol will be so well po- time people feel that an
to be deterred by the liced in January 2025 that election lacks legitimacy,
example of Rudy Giuliani, a there will be no repeat of the day draws closer when
Trump bagman who was the riots on January 6th. one side or the other
bombarded by lawsuits. If But local police, the Secret breaks the system rather
some cases do get to the Service and the FBI will than accept the result.

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How 9/11 Changed There were almost no jobs,

the Taliban authorities

and Didn’t Change

were barely able to pay the
monthly wages of govern-
ment employees, and

Afghanistan
international aid agencies
had limited operations in
the country.
Clean drinking water was
Published in The Diplomat scarce. Every few days, we
lined up at old Soviet-era
of burned apartments
On 9/11, I lived in Kabul, the water pipes that ran in the
remained blackened by
capital of Afghanistan. basements to collect what
fire, riddled with bullet
Our neighborhood in east- we perceived as clean
holes – a haunting
ern Kabul, Microryan, stood water, storing it in pots and
reminder of the violence
like a forgotten relic—a barrels to last until the next
that had ravaged the an-
gray, unremarkable opportunity.
cient capital city.
five-story housing complex To keep warm, we placed a
In 1996, after the Taliban
built during the Soviet small, portable coal-burn-
takeover and the escape
invasion. ing oven in the middle of
of the Mujahideen, Afghan-
By 2001, the Taliban con- our living room, using it to
istan slipped from the
trolled roughly 90 percent cook as well. It was tragi-
chaos of civil war, warlord
of Afghanistan, with the cally common for people
cruelty, and anarchy into
remaining areas, primarily to die from coal smoke due
the malaise of poverty, iso-
in the north, held by the to carbon monoxide poi-
lation, and disease.
Northern Alliance, a coali- soning. One of our neigh-
Back then, only the United
tion of anti-Taliban forces, bors, for example, put her
Arab Emirates, Pakistan,
particularly in northern 4-year-old son to sleep in
and Saudi Arabia recog-
regions like the Panjshir a room heated by a coal
nized the Taliban govern-
Valley. The Northern Alli- oven. Within a few hours,
ment. This abandonment
ance was primarily com- her cries echoed through
left us, the Afghan people,
posed of remnants of the the entire building – her
sanctioned and almost cut
Mujahideen factions that son had died. In another
off from the rest of the
had fought against the heartbreaking incident, an
world while the Taliban au-
Soviet invasion of Afghani- entire family was found
thorities were unchecked
stan in the 1980s. However, dead, victims of the same
and unaccountable. Living
after the collapse of the silent killer. Despite these
in Kabul at the time, it felt
pro-communist regime in tragedies, people contin-
as if, for the rest of the
April 1992, they unleashed ued to burn coal – the
world, we didn’t exist. We
a devastating civil war that cheapest available fuel in
might have starved if not
lasted from 1992 to 1996. their homes, desperate to
for the daily aid of five
The civil war had reduced stay warm in the harsh
loaves of bread from a
Kabul to ashes. Windows winters.
United Nations relief
shattered during the fight- Education had become
agency – our sole lifeline
ing were patched with foreign to Afghan girls.
during those desperate
plastic, and the walls
times.

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Women were barred from day’s events. That was the impact of that refusal.
working. Hence, families wrap-up of our daily lives. On October 7, 2001, as the
were streaming into neigh- We’d go to bed right after United States began its
boring countries, primarily to conserve the oil in the military campaign in
Iran and Pakistan, while lantern. Afghanistan, then-Presi-
those who remained were It was during this nightly dent George W. Bush ad-
effectively trapped in a city ritual that my family dressed the nation. He de-
devastated by poverty, learned of the 9/11 attacks clared, “The oppressed
disease, and drought on the United States. people of Afghanistan will
During their first rule, the My father was away, and it know the generosity of
Taliban also banned tele- was my mother who America and our allies. As
vision, music, and all forms followed the routine. That we strike military targets,
of visual arts. But my family night, she turned off the we will also drop food,
had an old, nearly broken radio and told us, “Some- medicine, and supplies to
Sony ICF-7601 radio, a thing huge has happened.” the starving and suffering
1980s model from the Jap- We didn’t grasp the full men and women and chil-
anese brand that my par- extent of it, but it was clear dren of Afghanistan.”
ents perhaps had bought that my mother was very Bush framed the invasion
at a flea market in Kabul. worried. as a dual mission: to
The radio was held togeth- My mother’s brief summa- combat terrorism and to
er in the middle by a plas- ry – “America has been bring freedom to the
tic band to keep it from attacked. Innocent people Afghan people under Tali-
falling apart. My father are killed. Something bad is ban rule. The U.S.-led coali-
would carefully take it out going to happen” – was a tion invaded Afghanistan
of the cloth case my stark . reflection of our and promised to liberate
mother had sewn to pro- helplessness. us, build a democracy, and
tect it from dust, placing it But we were too weak, too establish a government in
delicately on the edge of distant, too impoverished our name.
our living room table to to think beyond it. Afghani- The coalition soldiers
turn on the BBC Pashto stan’s name was coming entered Kabul on Novem-
news broadcast. He would up as the news developed, ber 12, 2001, during the
listen in a hushed voice, as but it was a relief that none initial phase of the military
we didn’t want to attract of the attackers or those campaign aimed at dis-
any unwanted attention to directly involved were mantling al-Qaida and
our home. Afghans. “They were all removing the Taliban from
That radio was our sole Arabs,” my mother said. power. Our neighbor, an
connection to the outside However, Osama Bin Laden elderly man whom we
world. – the Saudi orchestrator of called Baba, brought flow-
My parents would kneel the September 11th attacks ers to the soldiers. It was
before the radio at around – and the head of al-Qa- perhaps the first time an
8:00 p.m. Kabul time, when ida were hiding in Afghani- Afghan elder had wel-
the broadcast began. stan, and the United States comed a foreign invader.
Looking back, I would demanded that the Tali- Suddenly, we had a new-
guess it was a half-hour of ban hand him over. The found freedom. Young
programming, after which Taliban leadership refused. men danced in the streets
my parents would give us It took us nearly a month to of our neighborhood, and
their own analysis of the fully understand the cars blared music with

43
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their windows down, letting as champions of human ban were caught in the
the sound echo through rights. Upon coming to crossfire and alienated.
our somber surroundings. power, their campaign of Weddings, funerals,
Schools reopened imme- brutality on the defense- schools, and mosques
diately, and all the girls less began right from the were bombed. Official
were urged to return to start, with systemic rapes, casualty statistics, both
class. Universities resumed torture and revenge killings military and civilian, only
as well. rural areas. hint at the true scale of the
It was as though a new life We placed our hope in conflict. Slowly but steadily,
had been breathed into Hamid Karzai, a man with a the air in Kabul changed.
the hearts and souls of the background in the Jihad The city reeked of explo-
people. Families who had against the Soviet invasion sions, burned rubber, and
fled to Pakistan and Iran but no personal involve- blood. In a cruel irony,
began returning. Kabul felt ment in the civil war or in during the bombing of the
as if a great wave had leading militias or drug Doctors Without Borders
swept through, transform- dealing. Yet, reality soon hospital in Kunduz by U.S.
ing everything. dispelled the illusion of a forces, one of the 42
We were supposedly res- clean slate. people killed was the
cued, with the Taliban cast One man could not deliver nephew of our neighbor
as our enemies and the justice to a nation scarred Baba, the man who had
new Afghan government so deeply, burdened by welcomed the foreign sol-
that the West sat up as our powerful warlords and an diers with flowers.
saviors. international community The consequences of the
Unfortunately, our democ- that heavily interfered in war extend beyond imme-
racy perished from the be- the internal affairs of the diate human suffering to
ginning, when the United country. Karzai com- severe environmental
States and its allies chose plained, accusing the damage. For example, a
our tormentors to bring us United States of acting like 2017 study revealed alarm-
a better life. Most of the a “colonial power.” ing levels of toxic sub-
figures ushered into the Over the next two decades, stances in Afghanistan’s
new government were the thousands of innocent water, including arsenic,
same people who had civilians were slaughtered. boron, and fluoride – seri-
inflicted civil war upon the The reported figures of ous pollutants with grave
Afghan people just a few 70,000 Afghan military and health implications.
years earlier. police deaths, alongside Amid this environmental
These individuals were now 46,319 civilian casualties and humanitarian crisis, it
being presented as new, estimated by the United is worth noting that Osama
polished alternatives – but States Institute of Peace, Bin Laden was eventually
we saw them as mere begin to illustrate the enor- discovered living in Paki-
repackaged versions of mity of the loss. The cam- stan, a short drive from its
the war criminals and paign to win Afghan hearts powerful military head-
human rights abusers who and minds was harsh. quarters.
had once been notorious Arrests, imprisonments, The U.S. campaign to
for atrocities such as skin- night raids, and bombings spread democracy in
ning people alive, rape, were so indiscriminate that Afghanistan quickly de-
and mass murders. They many Afghan villagers volved into the country’s
were now being paraded unconnected to the Tali longest war.

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Approximately 2,459 U.S. remain a major concern thousands of Afghans

military personnel were for Afghanistan’s neigh- played a crucial role in
killed, and 20,769 were bors. While the Doha supporting the U.S. mission
wounded during the con- agreement did not explic- during the War on Terror,
flict, which stretched from itly address human rights, standing alongside the
October 2001 to August particularly women’s U.S.-led coalition forces on
2021. rights, it outlined the pro- the front lines. They risked
After a two-decade-long cess for intra-Afghan their lives, and countless
war, the group signed the negotiations aimed at others paid the ultimate
Doha Agreement with the achieving a political settle- price, believing in the
United States in February ment. But in reality, the U.S. promise of a more stable
2020 – a document withdrawal has left and secure Afghanistan.
focused primarily on troop Afghanistan in a precari- Yet, many Afghans now
withdrawal and the Tali- ous position – back under face an uncertain future,
ban’s commitment to pre- Taliban control, with a gov- feeling abandoned as the
vent Afghanistan from be- ernment that has no world turns away following
coming a terrorist haven. formal recognition from the U.S. withdrawal. Over 40
Once again, the Afghan the outside world. To those million Afghans feel locked
people were forgotten and of us who lived in Kabul in in isolation, facing an
the Taliban returned to 2001, the situation is bleakly uncertain future.
power. familiar. In other ways, too, Afghani-
As per the agreement, the Moving forward, it is imper- stan has now reverted to
last U.S. soldier was out of ative that the United States where it stood 23 years
Afghanistan on August 30, stands with the Afghan ago: Women are stripped
2021. people and supports a of the most basic free-
The Taliban claim to be negotiated solution, rather doms, the government
protecting Afghanistan than once again placing remains unrecognized,
from foreign terrorists, per- trust in those who have and millions of girls, like I
haps having learned from repeatedly failed Afghans. once was, are being
past lessons. But on July 31, There should be no more denied education, facing
2022, al-Qaida leader engaging with notorious starvation and isolation.
Ayman al-Zawahiri, one of human rights abusers, Their last hope rests with
the United States’ most warlords, and militia lead- the international commu-
wanted terrorists, was ers as legitimate actors. nity.
killed in a drone strike in Over the past two de- The 9/11 terrorist attacks
Kabul. It seems unlikely he cades, these people did claimed the lives of thou-
could have been living in what they knew best: sands of innocent people
Afghanistan’s capital with- abused power, siphoned in the United States. They
out some level of coopera- U.S. taxpayer dollars also left an indelible mark
tion from those in power. intended for the Afghan on the history of Afghani-
The Taliban also claim to people, and eroded law, stan, reshaping countless
be fighting the Islamic order, and justice in lives, including my own. Yet
State’s local branch, fre- Afghanistan. As Kabul fell, 23 years later, millions of
quently reporting arrests most of them ran away to Afghans are once again at
and ambushes against IS luxurious lives abroad, a stalemate, caught be-
operatives across the leaving a starving popula- tween uncertainty and iso-
country. tion behind. Through the lation.
years,
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As I look back on the life I Election day is Nov. 5, but Biden’s performance was
once lived in that small, early voting is already widely seen as poor, am-
coal-warmed ground floor starting in some states. The plifying concerns about his
apartment in Kabul – presidency, the House of age and mental acuity. As
where the world slipped in Representatives and about Trump gained a clear lead
only through the crackling a third of Senate seats will in polls after the debate,
whispers of a broken radio all be contested. In many concerned Democrats
and water trickled weakly states, voters will also began to demand a
from forgotten Soviet pipes make choices about state- change. Eventually, Biden
– I am struck by the cruel and local-level positions. ended his candidacy and
echo of history. For the presidential race, endorsed Vice President
The same fear, hunger, and most of the traditionally Kamala Harris. The Demo-
isolation that shaped my important events are cratic Party rapidly united
life then, again cast their already over. The Republi- behind her, making her the
shadows over the lives of can and Democratic par- official candidate at the
millions of Afghan girls ties have held their primary convention in August.
today. We clung to hope elections and caucuses to On Sept. 10, Trump and
then, just as these girls do choose their candidates. Harris participated in a
now, but hope, without The Republican conven- televised debate on ABC
action, is a fragile flame – tion, where the candidate News. Afterward, Trump
flickering in the darkness, is officially chosen, took said he would not debate
until it’s smothered by de- place in July and the Dem- Harris again, though he
spair. The world, especially ocratic convention in might change his mind,
the United States must not August. and Harris has expressed
let Afghanistan disappear Another traditionally interest in another debate.
into that darkness once important event in presi- Meanwhile, vice presiden-
more. dential campaigns is a tial candidates J.D. Vance
debate between candi- (Republican) and Tim Walz
What to watch dates — or, typically, sever- (Democratic) are sched-
for in last weeks al debates. There is a long
history of debates be-
uled to debate on Oct. 1 on
CBS News.
of US election tween US presidential can- While Americans might not
campaign didates, but the current
norms around the debates
have another opportunity
to see Harris and Trump go
Published in Arab News emerged with the age of head-to-head, both can-
television. This year saw didates will hold many
After months of political some changes in recent campaign rallies and
campaigning, the US is norms, as President Joe events, especially in the
now into the final count- Biden and former President battleground states that
down to the 2024 election. Donald Trump bypassed will determine who wins.
For observers of this elec- the Commission on Presi- Harris’ campaign is focus-
tion — which has major dential Debates and nego- ing on maintaining the
implications for American tiated their own terms for a current enthusiasm within
and global politics — there debate on CNN. That June much of the Democratic
are a few key events and 27 debate fundamentally Party while actively court-
factors to watch over the changed the 2024 election. ing swing voters.
next few weeks.

46
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who are often disconnect- Also, polling can help to includes a peaceful trans-
ed from politics to show up explain that a race is very fer of power, and the
at the polls for Trump. Both tight but, in a close race, breaking of that norm
candidates seem to prefer polling may not be useful opens the door to more
local and niche media to for predicting the winner; potential violence and dis-
traditional national media, for example, some polling trust after the upcoming
so there might not be in several battleground election.
many broadly televised states is so close that the Trump’s insistence that he
interviews before the elec- results fall within the sur- won the last election also
tion. vey’s margin of error. means that many of his
There are still several As Americans and many supporters would not
weeks left before the elec- people around the world accept a Harris victory.
tion concludes, leaving anxiously wait to see who Also, when Trump won in
room for unexpected wins, the reality is that the 2016, his opponents
events. There is a tradition result might be unclear as accepted his win but, in a
in US politics of speculating Nov. 6 dawns. Some previ- very different political envi-
about an “October sur- ous elections took days or ronment in 2024, they
prise” — a last-minute even weeks for the final might be less willing to do
news event that is unex- vote tallies to be complet- so if the outcome is close
pected or planned by an ed and for courts to settle and contested. Observers
opponent that could disputes. Trump, who of US politics are naturally
change the election’s out- argues that he won the focused on the weeks
come. Furthermore, this 2020 election, has invested leading up to Nov. 5, but
race has already seen two significant campaign the weeks immediately
attempted assassinations resources in preparing to following the election will
of the Republican candi- challenge votes that favor also be crucial to the future
date and a late switch in Harris. of US politics and policy.
the Democratic candidate. Furthermore, this year’s
More surprises could be in election is the first presi-
store. dential election to take
Throughout the rest of place in the wake of the
September and October, Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the
pollsters will frequently Capitol as members of
release new data. This Congress voted to certify
close to the election, poll- the presidential election
ing can provide useful results. In the nearly four
insights. However, observ- years since that attack,
ers should focus on polling narratives about its nature
in the battleground states and why it happened have
that will determine the diverged along partisan
election’s outcome, rather lines, so many Americans
than on national polling. have very different per-
Poll results in Pennsylvania, spectives on the event. The
for example, are far more Jan. 6 attack blew an enor-
relevant than nationwide mous hole in Americans’
surveys. confidence that their
democracy automatically

47
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The real problem Treasury is baffled. On

August 19th stock

with China’s
exchanges stopped pub-
lishing daily numbers on
dwindling foreign-invest-

Economy
ment inflows. As the eco-
nomic dashboard dims,
the private sector is finding
it harder to make good de-
Published in The Economist cisions. Officials probably
are, too. To understand the
By backtracking on the de-
China’S giant economy significance of this shift,
cades-long policy of par-
faces an equally giant look back to the mid-20th
tially liberalising the flow of
crisis of confidence—and a century. Witnessing the
information, China will find
growing deficit of accurate totalitarianism of the 1930s
it harder to complete its
information is only making and 1940s, liberal thinkers
ambition of restructuring
things worse. Even as the such as Karl Popper and
the economy around new
country wrestles with a Friedrich Hayek argued
industries. Like the Soviet
property crash, the ser- that political freedom and
Union, it risks instead be-
vices sector slowed by one economic success go
coming an example of how
measure in August. Con- hand in hand: decen-
autocratic rule is not just
sumers are fed up. Multi- tralised power and infor-
illiberal but also inefficient.
national firms are taking mation prevent tyranny
The tightening of censor-
money out of China at a and allow millions of firms
ship under President Xi Jin-
record pace and foreign and consumers to make
ping is well known.
China-watchers are trim- better decisions and live
Social-media accounts
ming their forecasts for better lives. The collapse of
are ever more strictly po-
economic growth. the Soviet Union proved
liced. Officials are warier of
The gloom reflects real them right. In order to
candid debate with out-
problems, from half-built maintain political domi-
siders. Scholars fear they
houses to bad debts. But it nance, its rulers ruthlessly
are watched and business
also reflects growing mis- controlled information. But
people mouth Communist
trust of information about that required brutal
Party slogans. Less familiar
China. The government is repression, starved the
is the parallel disappear-
widely believed to be mas- economy of price signals
ance of technical data,
saging data, suppressing and created an edifice of
especially if it is awkward
sensitive facts and some- lies. By the end, even the
or embarrassing for the
times offering delusional Soviet leadership was de-
party. Figures for youth
prescriptions for the econ- prived of an accurate pic-
unemployment, a huge
omy. This void feeds on ture.
problem, have been “im-
itself: the more fragile the As China grew more open
proved and opti-
economy is, the more in the late 1990s and 2000s,
mised”—and lowered. Bal-
knowledge is suppressed its leaders hoped to main-
ance-of-payments statis-
and the more nerves fray. tain control while avoiding
tics have become so
This is not just a cyclical the Soviet Union’s mistakes.
murky that even America’s
problem of confidence.

48
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For many years they unwilling to limit the scope includes a peaceful trans-
allowed technical informa- of its interference in infor- fer of power, and the
tion in business, the econ- mation flows. Mone- breaking of that norm
omy and science to flow tary-policy documents opens the door to more
far more freely. Think of and the annual reports of potential violence and dis-
Chinese firms with listed China’s mega-banks now trust after the upcoming
share prices disclosing invoke Xi Jinping Thought. election.
information to investors in Deadly-dull foreign man- Yet if investment is based
New York, or scientists agement consultants are on erroneous calculations
sharing new research with treated as spies. This is of demand and supply, or if
groups abroad. Technolo- happening despite the data on subsidies and
gy seemed to offer a more fact that China’s increas- profits are suppressed,
surgical way to censor ingly sophisticated econo- then the odds of a suc-
mass opinion. The internet my requires more fluid and cessful transition are low.
was intensively policed, but complex decision-making. China’s admirers might
it was not banned. An obvious result is the retort that the country’s key
China’s top leadership also retreat of individual liberty. decision-makers still have
redoubled its efforts to In a reversal of its partial good information with
know what was going on. opening, China has which to steer the econo-
For decades, it has run a become a more repressive my. But nobody really
system known as neican, place. Many Chinese still knows what data and
or internal reference, in have liberal views and reports Mr Xi sees. More-
which journalists and offi- enjoy debate but stick to over, as the public square
cials compile private private gatherings. They empties it is a good bet
reports. During the Tianan- present no immediate that the flow of private
men Square protests, for danger to the party. information is becoming
example, the leadership The information void’s more distorted and less
received constant up- other effects pose more of subject to scrutiny. No one
dates. Techno-utopian a threat. As price signals wants to sign a memo that
party loyalists reckoned dim, the allocation of capi- says one of Mr Xi’s signa-
that big data and artificial tal is getting harder. This ture policies is failing.
intelligence could improve comes at a delicate After the horrors of the
this system, creating a moment. As its workforce mid-20th century, liberal
high-tech panopticon for shrinks, China must rely thinkers understood that
the supreme leader that more on boosting produc- free-flowing information
would allow the kind of tivity to grow. That is all improves decision-mak-
enlightened central plan- about using resources well. ing, reduces the odds of
ning the Soviets failed at. The country needs to pivot grave mistakes and makes
It is this vision of a partially away from cheap credit it easier for societies to
open, hyper-efficient and construction to inno- evolve. But when informa-
China that is now in doubt. vative industries and sup- tion is suppressed, it turns
Amid a widening culture of plying consumers. That is into a source of power and
fear and a determination why capital spending is corruption. Over time, the
to put national security pouring into electric vehi- distortions and inefficien-
before the economy, the cles, semiconductors and cies mount. China has big
party has proved unable or more. opportunities but it also
faces immense problems.

49
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From Ukraine to Gaza, UN to commit to multilateral

needs urgent reform to
cooperation and solidarity.
Reform and renewal
We are living in a world of
tackle 21st-century crises increasing and diverse
threats to international
peace and security. This is
Published in Al Jazeera a major challenge for the
UN, charged under the UN
The United Nations rests on The compromise result Charter (as the very first of
three equally important was Sustainable Develop- the organisation’s purpos-
and interdependent pillars: ment Goal (SDG) 16, which es) with “the maintenance
sustainable development, recognises the central of international peace and
peace and security, and importance of the security”. Is the UN fit for
human rights. In adopting achievement of both this purpose in the 21st
the 2030 Agenda for Sus- peace and development century? Do its institutions
tainable Development in by ensuring inclusive insti- and resourcing enable it to
2015, world leaders em- tutions, the rule of law, the play the role expected of it
phasised that “sustainable protection of human rights since 1945 in relation to
development cannot be and access to justice. conflict prevention and the
realised without peace Today there is little doubt safeguarding of peace? Or
and security”. about the interdepen- is the UN being rendered
When the agenda was dence between peace and obsolete by big-power
being negotiated, there sustainable development. competition, by its own
was no guarantee that an The escalation of armed outdated rules and by
agreement would be conflict in various parts of gradual international
reached at this point. Many the world is one of the neglect of the toolbox it
in the Global South had main factors inhibiting has at its disposal?
misgivings about including progress on the SDGs. Small wonder that these
the pursuit of peace as a Russia’s invasion of issues are among the
goal. They feared this Ukraine, for example, is priorities for the Summit of
would introduce unfair having multiple disruptive the Future, which meets in
conditionality and be prej- impacts on many states, New York on September
udicial to war-torn devel- including those affected 22-23.
oping countries. by food supply or energy Never has it been more
The Global North insisted it repercussions. The Gaza urgent to reinvigorate the
was not trying to introduce war is causing massive role of the UN in identifying
a peace condition, merely upheaval in the Middle space for dialogue, negoti-
to recognise that violent East. ation and compromise
conflict is not conducive to More generally, the polaris- and helping member
sustainable development ing effect of such crises is states resolve conflict.
and that peace is a legiti- eroding the international A key question is what
mate development consensus which gave rise needs to be done, institu-
objective. to the SDGs and weaken- tionally and fiscally,
ing the readiness of states to strengthen the UN’s

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

capacities to manage The UNSC, however, is impasse, France launched

increasingly complex and trapped in a time-warp, an initiative several years
multifaceted crises. dominated by a ago under which the five
The Security Council is veto-wielding permanent would voluntarily restrict
clearly anachronistic, membership which is their use of the veto in the
reflecting in its permanent reflective of 1945 geopoliti- case of draft resolutions
membership and in the cal realities rather than relating to mass atrocities
latter’s veto rights a world today’s. or humanitarian crises. As
order which has long been The requirement for the agreement of all five
out of date. For example, agreement among the would be required to take
although two-thirds of the permanent members this further, however, the
council’s business relates limits the council’s ability to proposal has remained
to African issues, there are decide what constitutes a more or less stillborn.
no permanent African threat to international The UNSC needs to be
members. peace and security and more broadly representa-
Many leading regional how this should be tive of the world we live in,
players, such as Brazil, responded to. acknowledging, for exam-
India, Japan or Germany, While disunity among the ple, the role and influence
make a case for perma- five has long been a fea- of emerging regional
nent membership which ture of the UNSC’s work, the powers. We need a council
might be considered last few years have seen which limits, and ideally
stronger than that of some an escalation in the tradi- eliminates, the veto powers
of the existing five. tional polarities. Trade dis- conferred on the five per-
We live in a patently multi- putes and strategic ten- manent members.
polar world, the days of sions have been intensified Greater emphasis on col-
one or two superpowers by bitter confrontations lective involvement in the
long behind us. No state, over Syria, Ukraine and framing of UN-led crisis
however large or powerful, Gaza. The growing compe- responses should help to
can solve the world’s chal- tition between the United offset the dominance of
lenges on its own. States and China for world the US, Russia and China.
All states need allies, hegemony is increasingly We also need thorough
whether the agenda is that fuelling discord in the reform of the UN’s peace-
of defusing direct threats council. building architecture and
to international peace and It is the veto rights of the mediation capacity, rein-
security or making prog- five which do most to bring forced protection for civil-
ress on global public the UNSC into disrepute. ians caught in armed con-
goods such as climate Russia regularly vetoes flict and a range of other
action, sustainable devel- draft resolutions which it reforms. Above all, we need
opment and human rights sees as threatening its all member states to
(which make their own interests in Syria or Ukraine. renew their commitment
contributions to global The US does the same if it to the principles and
security). considers Israel’s interests mechanisms set out in the
In the General Assembly, to be threatened. The UN Charter for the mainte-
the interconnectedness effect is to paralyse this nance of international
between all such issues is key UN organ in its ability to peace and security. The
clearly recognised. act. In an effort to break the Summit of the Future will
hopefully be the moment
for such renewal.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

Why India is still punishment in the perpe- sexually abused by school

trators and boost confi- staff (in charge of clean-
struggling with dence in society. However, ing) in Badlapur, Maharas-
an unrelenting his BJP party appears to tra.
grapple with its own rape 'Rape isn’t just a Bengal
rape crisis problem. problem, it’s a wake-up
Still, what happened on the call for police, courts and
Published in TRT World
night of August 9 has not schools,' says former Army
only opened a floodgate of chief Gen MM Naravane
Over the past couple of
fury, but also reopened (retd) @ManojNaravane in
days, it has rained inces-
scars of the past, forcing this week's column for The-
santly in Kolkata, the capi-
Indians to once again ask Print
tal of India's West Bengal
hard questions about rape And these are just the inci-
state. But that hasn't
culture, a disorder that has dents that have made it to
stopped the West Bengal
gripped our society for too the news headlines.
Junior Doctors Front and
long. From all of these concur-
citizens from all walks of life
In the past month, several rent events, it's fair to con-
from taking part in massive
notable events have taken clude that India is in a
protests demanding jus-
place in India. complex, distressing situa-
tice for a doctor who was
For one, India's Supreme tion where two things hold
raped and killed at RG Kar
Court has begun hearing true.
Medical College last
the proceedings of the Kol- One, that law-abiding pro-
month.
kata case, and the Central cesses are in place, the
It's been more than 36
Bureau of Investigation judiciary is working
days since the doctor was
(CBI) has assumed juris- towards offering justice,
killed at one of the oldest
diction over the matter. and verdicts and punish-
medical colleges in the
Meanwhile, a district court ment are pronounced and
country. Since then,
in Siliguri (in North Bengal) implemented. Two, sexual
demonstrations have
has announced a guilty violences and rape still
gripped Kolkata, with pro-
verdict in a rape and continue.
testers demanding justice
murder case that occurred So what is the problem,
and successfully spurring
in the Matigara area of and why can't India fix it?
the sacking of the city's
Siliguri subdivision, roughly The near-distant past
police commissioner and
a year ago. The perpetra- offers a clue.
state government health
tor was sentenced to Attempts to change
officials.
death. On December 16, 2012, a
The public outrage has
Additionally, more cases of 23-year-old physiotherapy
spilled over across the
rape continue to be student was gangraped by
nation, as well as to 25
reported around the coun- six men in a moving bus in
cities through Europe and
try, including a rape of a New Delhi.
North America.
woman in broad daylight Outrage continues over
In an Independence Day
in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, the rape and murder of a
speech last month, Prime
and the rape and murder trainee doctor in Kolkata,
Minister Narendra Modi
of a 14-year-old Dalit girl in but have India's institutions
alluded to the crime,
Bihar, as well as reports changed since Nirbhaya in
saying state governments
that two kindergarten stu- 2012?
should instill the fear of
dents (girls) had been

52
CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

Over the past couple of punishment in the perpe- sexually abused by school
days, it has rained inces- trators and boost confi- staff (in charge of clean-
santly in Kolkata, the capi- dence in society. However, ing) in Badlapur, Maharas-
tal of India's West Bengal his BJP party appears to tra.
state. But that hasn't grapple with its own rape 'Rape isn’t just a Bengal
stopped the West Bengal problem. problem, it’s a wake-up
Junior Doctors Front and Still, what happened on the call for police, courts and
citizens from all walks of life night of August 9 has not schools,' says former Army
from taking part in massive only opened a floodgate of chief Gen MM Naravane
protests demanding jus- fury, but also reopened (retd) @ManojNaravane in
tice for a doctor who was scars of the past, forcing this week's column for The-
raped and killed at RG Kar Indians to once again ask Print
Medical College last hard questions about rape And these are just the inci-
month. culture, a disorder that has dents that have made it to
It's been more than 36 gripped our society for too the news headlines.
days since the doctor was long. From all of these concur-
killed at one of the oldest In the past month, several rent events, it's fair to con-
medical colleges in the notable events have taken clude that India is in a
country. Since then, place in India. complex, distressing situa-
demonstrations have For one, India's Supreme tion where two things hold
gripped Kolkata, with pro- Court has begun hearing true.
testers demanding justice the proceedings of the Kol- One, that law-abiding pro-
and successfully spurring kata case, and the Central cesses are in place, the
the sacking of the city's Bureau of Investigation judiciary is working
police commissioner and (CBI) has assumed juris- towards offering justice,
state government health diction over the matter. and verdicts and punish-
officials. Meanwhile, a district court ment are pronounced and
The public outrage has in Siliguri (in North Bengal) implemented. Two, sexual
spilled over across the has announced a guilty violences and rape still
nation, as well as to 25 verdict in a rape and continue.
cities through Europe and murder case that occurred So what is the problem,
North America. in the Matigara area of and why can't India fix it?
In an Independence Day Siliguri subdivision, roughly The near-distant past
speech last month, Prime a year ago. The perpetra- offers a clue.
Minister Narendra Modi tor was sentenced to Attempts to change
alluded to the crime, death. On December 16, 2012, a
saying state governments Additionally, more cases of 23-year-old physiotherapy
should instill the fear of rape continue to be student was gangraped by
reported around the coun- six men in a moving bus in
try, including a rape of a New Delhi.
woman in broad daylight Outrage continues over
in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, the rape and murder of a
and the rape and murder trainee doctor in Kolkata,
of a 14-year-old Dalit girl in but have India's institutions
Bihar, as well as reports changed since Nirbhaya in
that two kindergarten stu- 2012?
dents (girls) had been

53
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CSS Chronicles Volume 3 | Edition 11

GENDER
IN REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW:
THE SECOND SEX
BY SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR

CSS | CHRONICLES VOLUME 4 EDITION 1

54
THE SECOND SEX BY
SIMONE DE
BEAUVOIR
Introduction:
Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, first published in 1949, is a groundbreaking work
of feminist philosophy that continues to resonate in contemporary discussions about
gender, identity, and the social roles of women. The book is widely regarded as one of
the most important works in feminist literature, addressing the status of women
throughout history and examining how societal structures have shaped their lives.
Overview
In The Second Sex, de Beauvoir explores the ways in which women have been historically
relegated to the role of "the Other" in a male-dominated society. She delves into existen-
tialist philosophy to argue that women, like men, have the capacity for autonomy and
agency, but their potential has been systematically suppressed through cultural, social,
and religious structures.
De Beauvoir uses a wide range of historical, literary, and philosophical sources to discuss
the biological, psychological, and sociological factors that have contributed to the op-
pression of women. The book is divided into two volumes: "Facts and Myths" and "Lived
Experience." In the first volume, she analyzes the portrayal of women in various domains,
from biology to psychoanalysis, while the second volume offers an in-depth exploration
of women’s personal and collective experiences.
Key Themes
1. The Concept of "The Other": Central to de Beauvoir’s thesis is the notion that men
have historically defined themselves as the subject, the essential being, while women
have been cast as the "Other," a secondary entity whose purpose is to serve men. This
existential imbalance forms the basis of her critique of patriarchal structures.
2. Biological Determinism vs. Social Constructs: De Beauvoir critiques the idea that
biology alone determines women’s fate, arguing instead that society has constructed
limiting roles for women that prevent them from realizing their full potential. She
famously states that "one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman," highlighting the
role of societal influence in shaping gender identity.
3. Women’s Oppression through History: De Beauvoir provides a historical analysis
of the ways women have been marginalized across cultures. From ancient civilizations
to the modern era, she examines how religion, mythology, and politics have contributed
to the subjugation of women.
4. Sexuality and Womanhood: A significant portion of The Second Sex deals with
women’s sexuality and their roles in marriage, motherhood, and work. De Beauvoir
argues that women’s sexuality has often been controlled by men, and their roles as
wives and mothers have been romanticized in ways that limit their freedom and individ-
uality.

55
5. Existential Freedom: Rooted in existentialist philosophy, de Beauvoir argues that
women, like men, have the potential for transcendence and freedom. However, they
must overcome the societal pressures and expectations that confine them to imma-
nence (a state of passive existence) rather than transcendence (the realization of one’s
full potential).
Strengths
• The Second Sex is notable for its comprehensive scope, incorporating biology,
psychology, history, and philosophy to form a cohesive critique of women’s oppression.
• De Beauvoir’s writing is both scholarly and deeply personal, making the book both
intellectually rigorous and emotionally compelling.
• Her existentialist framework encourages readers to think critically about the role of
individual agency in shaping one’s life, providing a powerful message for those seeking
to break free from societal constraints.
Criticisms
• Some critics argue that The Second Sex is overly focused on the experiences of
white, middle-class women, thus not fully addressing the intersecting oppressions of
race, class, and sexuality.
• While de Beauvoir’s analysis is profound, the book is dense and challenging to
read due to its length and philosophical depth, which may make it less accessible to
general readers.

Conclusion
The Second Sex remains a foundational text in feminist theory and continues to
influence discussions on gender and equality. Simone de Beauvoir’s incisive critique of
patriarchal society and her call for women’s liberation are as relevant today as they
were when the book was first published. Despite its challenges, The Second Sex is essen-
tial reading for anyone interested in the philosophical, historical, and social dimensions
of women’s rights. It offers a bold vision of a world where women can achieve true
equality by overcoming the societal forces that have long kept them in the role of "the
Other."

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CSS Chronicles Volume 3 | Edition 11

PHILOSOPHER’S
CORNER
HEGEL'S

CSS | CHRONICLES VOLUME 4 EDITION 1

57
HEGEL'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY:
THE STATE AS THE EMBODIMENT
OF RATIONAL FREEDOM
The dialectical method, central to Hegel’s philosophy, is a
process of thought in which contradictions are resolved
through synthesis, leading to the evolution of ideas and
reality. It’s a dynamic way of understanding how ideas, his-
tory, and society develop through conflicts and their resolu-
tions. Hegel applied the dialectical method to virtually all
aspects of reality, from logic and nature to history and poli-
tics.
Key Concepts in Hegel's Dialectical Method
1. Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis:
o Thesis: A starting point or an initial idea or condition. It
represents an affirmative proposition or a state of affairs.
o Antithesis: The negation or contradiction of the thesis.
It emerges when the limitations or conflicts within the thesis
become apparent.
o Synthesis: The resolution that transcends and recon-
ciles the contradictions between the thesis and antithesis.
The synthesis doesn’t abolish the contradictions but over-
comes them by incorporating elements of both in a higher
unity.
This process is ongoing, meaning the synthesis itself can
become a new thesis, leading to further contradictions (an-
titheses) and new syntheses. This forms the basis of contin-
uous development in thought and reality.
2. Development Through Contradiction:
o Hegel believed that contradictions are not merely
oppositions but essential for progress. Reality, according to
Hegel, is full of inherent contradictions that drive change.
These contradictions are not negative forces but produc-
tive, as they force ideas and systems to evolve.
o In Hegel’s view, something incomplete or limited (the-
sis) contains within it the seeds of its negation (antithesis).
Through this conflict, a new and more complete reality or
concept (synthesis) emerges.
3. Historical Development:
o Hegel applied the dialectical method to human his-
tory, arguing that history unfolds as a rational process
where each stage of history resolves the contradictions of
the previous one. The dialectic of history is seen as humani-
ty's journey toward the realization of freedom.

58
o For example, in the realm of political history, Hegel viewed the progression from
ancient empires (which emphasized collective identity over individual rights) to the
Enlightenment (which emphasized individual liberty) as a dialectical development. The
modern state, for Hegel, represents the synthesis that reconciles collective order with
individual freedom.
4. Absolute Knowledge:
o For Hegel, the dialectical method ultimately leads to what he called "Absolute
Knowledge", where all contradictions in thought and reality are overcome, and truth is
fully realized. This state is the culmination of the dialectical process, where thought rec-
ognizes itself in reality, and reality reflects the rational order of thought.
5. Becoming:
o A fundamental aspect of Hegel’s dialectic is the concept of "becoming." He be-
lieved that all reality is in a constant state of change and flux, driven by internal contra-
dictions. Nothing is static; everything is a process of becoming something new as it
moves through stages of development. This process is mediated by dialectical move-
ment.
Example of Hegel's Dialectic in Action
1. In Thought (Logic):
• Hegel’s dialectic can be applied to concepts. For instance, take the idea of "Being."
o Thesis: Being – the concept of pure existence.
o Antithesis: Nothing – the concept of pure non-existence.
o Synthesis: Becoming – the movement between being and nothing, which rep-
resents the process of change.
2. In History:
• Hegel applied the dialectical method to historical processes. For example:
o Thesis: The Ancient Greek city-state emphasizes the collective and the ethical life
of the community.
o Antithesis: The Roman Empire emphasizes the individual and the rule of law, creat-
ing a more legalistic and impersonal system.
o Synthesis: Modern constitutional states, such as European nations in Hegel’s time,
which combine individual rights with a collective ethical system.
3. In Society (Political Dialectic):
• Consider the movement from feudalism to modern democracy.
o Thesis: Feudalism, where society is based on rigid hierarchies and privileges of
birth.
o Antithesis: The rise of bourgeois society and individual rights, which challenge the
feudal order.
o Synthesis: The modern state, which reconciles individual freedom with a rational
legal order and social responsibilities.

Difference from Traditional Logic

In traditional Aristotelian logic, contradictions are seen as false or problematic, and the
law of non-contradiction holds that something cannot be both true and false at the
same time. In contrast, Hegel’s dialectic sees contradictions as necessary for develop-
ment. Reality, for Hegel, is not static or fixed but is in constant flux, and contradictions are
the driving force of progress and change.

59
Dialectic as a Universal Method
Hegel’s dialectic is not limited to logic or politics. It’s a universal method that applies to
everything, from nature to society. The dialectical process allows one to understand the
development of ideas, cultural institutions, philosophical systems, and even scientific
theories as processes of overcoming internal contradictions.
Influence and Legacy
• Hegel’s dialectical method had a profound impact on subsequent philosophers,
particularly Karl Marx, who adopted and transformed the dialectic into historical materi-
alism, where material conditions and class conflicts drive historical change.
• Friedrich Engels and Lenin also used Hegelian dialectics to explain political and
social evolution.

In summary, Hegel’s dialectical method is a way of understanding development,

progress, and reality itself through the resolution of contradictions. It sees history,
thought, and even nature as evolving through a process where opposites clash and,
through their interaction, give rise to higher forms of existence or understanding.

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CSS Chronicles Volume 3 | Edition 11

MCQS
COMPILATION
Pakistan Affairs
Islamic Studies
Current Affairs

CSS | CHRONICLES VOLUME 4 EDITION 1

61
CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

62
CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

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CSS Chronicles Volume 4 | Edition 1

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 VOLUME 4

SEP EDITION

Sr. No Pakistan Affairs Islamic Studies Current Affairs

1 B) 1940 A) 114 A) 2019

2 A) Liaquat Ali Khan B) Khadija (RA) B) Joe Biden

3 D) 1948 B) Purifica�on C) Qatar

4 B) 1960 A) Jibrael (AS) C) Rishi Sunak

5 B) 1046 km C) 5 A) South Africa

6 B) Benazir Bhu�o C) Mecca C) OpenAI

7 C) Multan B) Uthman (RA) C) Germany

8 B) Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan A) Submission C) 2020

9 C) 1971 B) Ramadan C) Geneva

10 D) Balochistan C) 5 A) NASA

Gratitude is in style! A heartfelt thank you to all the dedicated CSS aspirants
whose unwavering support and enthusiasm have propelled us to launch
our 4th volume. Your passion for the craft fuels our journey, and we can't
wait to continue providing you with the latest trends, insights, and
inspiration in the world of CSS.

THANK YOU FOR BEING THE FOUNDATION OF OUR ACHIEVEMENTS

AND FOR INSPIRING US TO REACH NEW HEIGHTS.

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