OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICES/ DEMONSTRATE

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICES

LECTURE NOTES.
LEWIS
GOSHEN MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE

8.1 Introduction
Occupational safety and health practices is a unit of competency offered in TVET level 6
qualification for basic competencies. This learning outcome describes the competencies
required to comply with regulatory and organizational requirements for occupational safety and
health. The significance of occupational safety and health practices to TVET level 6
curriculum is to equip trainee with knowledge, skills and attitude required to identify hazards
in the workplace and/or the indicators of their presence, evaluation and/or work environment
measurements of OSH hazards/risk existing in the workplace, gathering of OSH issues and/or
concerns, prevention and control measures such as use of PPE and contingency measures for
a safe working environment.

The critical aspects of competency to be covered include; identification of hazards/risks in the

workplace and/or its indicators, requests for evaluation and/or work environment
measurements of OSH hazards/risk in the workplace, gathering of OSH issues and/or concerns
raised by workers, identification and implementation prevention and control measures,
including use of PPE (personal protective equipment) for specific hazards, recommending
appropriate risk controls based on result of OSH hazard evaluation and OSH issues gathered
in accordance with organization procedures. The unit of competency covers three learning
outcomes. Each of the learning outcome presents; learning activities that cover performance
criteria statements, thus creating opportunity for the trainees to demonstrate knowledge and
skills in the occupational standards and content in the curriculum. Information sheet provides;
definition of key terms, content and illustration to guide in training. The competency may be
assessed through written tests, demonstration, practical assignment, interview/oral questinong
and case study. Self assesssement is provided at the end of each learning outcome. Holistic
assessment with other units relevant to the industry sector workplace and job role is
recommended.

8.2 Performance Standard

Identify workplace hazards and risk, identify and implement appropriate control measures to
hazards and risks, implement OSH programs, procedures and policies/guidelines in
accordance with organization procedures.

8.3 Learning Outcomes

8.3.1 List of learning outcomes
a) Identify workplace hazards and risk
b) Identify and implement appropriate control measures to hazards and risks
c) Implement OSH programs, procedures and policies/guidelines
 8.3.2 Learning Outcome No. 1: Identify workplace hazards and risk
8.3.2.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 1: Identify workplace hazards and risk
Learning Activities Special Instructions

1.1. Identify hazards (physical, biological, chemical, ergonomics, PPEs should be

safety and unsafe) in the workplace and/or its indicators provided at all times
(increased of incidents of accidents, injuries, increased
occurrence of sickness or health complaints/symptoms,
common complaints of workers related to OSH, high
absenteeism for work-related reasons) of its presence
1.2. Conduct evaluation and/or work environment (health audit,
safety audit, work safety and health evaluation, work
environment measurements of physical and chemical hazards)
measurements of OSH hazards/risk existing in the workplace by
authorized personnel or agency
1.3. Gather OSH issues and/or concerns (workers’
experience/observance on presence of work hazards,
unsafe/unhealthy administrative arrangements (prolonged work
hours, no break time, constant overtime, scheduling of tasks),
reasons for compliance/non-compliance to use of PPEs or other
OSH procedures/policies/guidelines) raised by workers
8.3.2.2 Information Sheet No8/LO1: Identify workplace hazards and risk

Introduction
This learning outcome addresses hazards as well as their indicators at work place, evaluation
and work environmental measures and gathering of OSH issues and concerns at the work place
as per the workplace procedures.

Definition of key terms

Hazards: It is anything (e.g. condition, situation practice or behavior) that has potential to
cause harm, including injury, disease, death, environmental, property and equipment damage.
It can be a thing or a situation.

Hazard identification: It is the process of examining each work area and working task for the
purpose of identifying hazardous inherent in the job.
Risk: The likelihood or possibility that a risk will occur e.g. injury, illness, death, damage, may
occur from exposure to hazard.
Risk control: It is taking actions to eliminate health and safety risks as far as is reasonably
practicable.

Monitoring and review: These involve ongoing monitoring the hazard identified, risks
assessed, risk control processes and reviewing them to make sure that they are working.

Content/procedures/methods/illustrations
1.1 Hazards identification in the workplace and/or its indicators of its presence
The workplace hazards may include the following:
 Safety hazards at workplace: this includes unsafe work place conditions that may
result from confined space, excavations falling objects, gas leak, electrical fault,
waste spillage, debris, poor storage of tools and materials.
 Unsafe workers behavior: This include smoking in prohibited areas, substance and
alcohol use at work.
 Physical hazards: This may include radioactive vibration extreme temperatures,
pressure noise illumination and temperature.
 Agronomical hazards: This includes psychological factors like excessive pressure,
fatigue and varying metabolic cycles.
 Chemical hazards: They may include dust, smoke, fumes, gases and vapors.
 Biological hazards: These are hazards resulting from bacteria viruses, plants,
parasites, mites mold fungi and insect.

The hazards and risk indicators may include the following;

 A high rate of increased incidents of accidents and injuries
 Increase in occurrence of sickness or health complaints and symptoms
 Common complaints of workers as aspects related to the occupation safety and
health
 Cases of high absent seem for work related reasons that may affect the normal
working trend

1.2 Evaluation and/or work environment measurements of OSH hazards/risk existing in

the workplace is conducted by Authorized personnel or agency
The evaluation and work environmental measurement may include the following:
Health audit: This is a process by health professionals to assess, evaluate and improve care of
workers in a systematic way. It measures current practice against defined standard. It forms
part of health governance which aims to safeguard high quality care of workers.
Safety audit: It is used to describe an activity where a facility gets information about one or
more aspects of the workplace in order to evaluate the risks levels for health and safety issues.
It is a structured process where information is collected relating to the efficiency, effectiveness
and reliability of a company’s total health and safety management system.
Work safety: This describes procedures in place to ensure safety and health of the employee.
It involves hazard identification and action according to the government standards and
ongoing safety training and education for employees. The occupational
safety and health issues can be gathered from workers by a number of methods. These
methods include:
 Questionnaires
 Oral interviews
 By use of suggestion box
The data collected using these methods is analyzed to get the required information to facilitate
site taking of the corrective actions. The concerns may concern the following aspects:
 Environmental safety
 Workplace safety
 Machine safety
 Workers welfare issues
 Compensation issues in case of injury or loss of life
 Operational hours and maximum exposure limit

1.3 OSH issues and/or concerns raised by workers are gathered.

When workplace hazards have been identified and controls introduced, top management,
supervisors, safety and health personnel, employees, and employee representatives should
be provided with training that describes these control measures. Standards developed by the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration require the employer to train employees in the
safety and health aspects of their jobs initially upon assignment, and/or annually. Many of
these OSHA standards make it the employer’s responsibility to limit certain job assignments
to employees who are “certified,” “competent,” or “qualified” meaning that they have had
special previous training, in or out of the workplace. The term “designated” personnel
means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representative as
being qualified to perform specific duties. Training records provide evidence of the
employer’s good faith and compliance with OSHA standards. Documentation can also supply
an answer to one of the first questions an accident investigator will ask: “Was the injured
employee trained to do the job?” Many researchers and studies conclude that those who are
new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more experienced workers.
To help employers, safety and health professionals, training directors, and consultants can
help fulfill OSHA training related requirements.

Conclusion
In summary, this learning outcome covered aspects concerning hazards in the work place as
well as their indication, evaluation of the work environment and the OSH issues or observed
by the workers and how they can be addressed.

Further Reading
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 2007
Factory Act 2002
8.3.2.3 Self-Assessment
Written Assessment
1. Which of the following is not a chemical hazard?
a) Vapor
b) Fumes
c) Gases
d) Illumination
2. Identify which is not a psychological hazard.
a) Fatigue
b) Memory
c) Workout cycle
d) Personal relationship
3. Which of the following is a physical hazard?
a) Vibration
b) Electrical fault
c) Alcohol abuse
d) Gas leaks
4. Define the following terms
a) Hazard
b) Risk
5. Describe briefly the following terms as used in OSH
a) Hazard identification
b) Health auditing
c) Safety audit
6. Differentiate between physical and chemical hazards at the work place.
7. Describe briefly the ergonomic factors that can cause hazards.
Oral Assessment
1. Mention any three unsafe worker behavior.
2. Mention any five safety hazards at the work place.
3. Mention any three indicators of hazards
4. Mention any two ways of evaluating the work place environment

Practical Assessment
1. Trainees to identify any health hazards in the workshops as well as in the compound
2. Trainees to gather information on any precautionary measure that can be used to
address the above hazards.
8.3.2.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
 Standard operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 Machine/equipment manufacturer’s specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
1.3.2.5 References
Government of Kenya (2007). Occupational Safety and Health Act. Government Press.
Nairobi. Kenya
https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-Identification.html
8.3.3 Learning Outcome No. 2: Identify and implement appropriate control
measures to hazards and risks
8.3.3.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 2: Identify and implement appropriate control measures to
hazards and risks

Learning Activities Special

Instructions

2.1. Identify and implement prevention and control measures (isolate PPEs should be
the hazard, substitute the hazard with a safer alternative, use provided at all
administrative controls to reduce the risk, use engineering times
controls to reduce the risk, use personal protective equipment,
safety, health and work environment evaluation, periodic and/or
special medical examinations of workers), including use of
safety gears / PPE (personal protective equipment) for specific
hazards.
2.2. Recommend appropriate risk controls (isolate the hazard from
anyone who could be harmed, substitute the hazard with a safer
alternative, use administrative controls to reduce the risk, use
engineering controls to reduce the risk, use personal protective
equipment) based on result of OSH hazard evaluation.
2.3. Recognize and establish contingency measures (evacuation,
isolation, decontamination, emergency personnel) including
emergency procedures (fire drill, earthquake drill, basic life
support/CPR, first aid, spillage control, decontamination of
chemical and toxic, disaster preparedness/management, set of
fire-extinguisher) during workplace incidents and emergencies
are in accordance with organization procedures.

8.3.3.2 Information Sheet No8/LO2: Identify and implement appropriate control

measures to hazards and risks

Introduction
This learning outcome focuses on addressing prevention and control measures to hazards
including the use of PPEs, taking appropriate risk controls as well as contingency measures
recognized and re-established in accordance to the workplace procedures.

Definition of key terms

Hazard prevention and control: These are efforts geared towards protecting workers from
the work place hazards i.e. help avoid injuries, illness, and incidents, minimize or
eliminate safety and health risk and help provide workers with safe and healthful working
conditions.

Personal protective equipment: It is one of the importance means to protect the wearer from
hazards in the work place. It is the last frontier of the wearer from worksite hazards and should
be selected based on the job scope and intended protection.

Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
1.1 Prevention and control measures for specific hazards identified and implemented
There are six major control measures to hazards. They include:
 Use of personal protective equipment
 Elimination
 Substitution
 Isolation
 Engineering controls
 Administrative controls
Elimination
It is often cheaper and more practical to eliminate hazards at the design or planning stage of a
product, process or place used for work. In these early phases, there is greater scope to design
out hazards or incorporate risk control measures that are compatible with the original design and
functional requirements. For example, remove trip hazards on the floor or dispose of unwanted
chemicals. This involves getting rid of dangerous machine, tool and equipment away from the
work environment.
Substitution
If it is not reasonably practical to eliminate the hazards and associated risks, you should
minimize the risk. For example, today the dangers associated with asbestos are well known and
there are numerous alternatives to asbestos products currently on the market including cellulose
fiber, thermoset plastic flour or polyethane foams. Replacing solvent- based paints with water-
based ones is also a better alternative. In this case, the faulty machine is/tool/equipment is
replaced by safe ones.
Isolate the hazard from people
This involves physically separating the source of harm from people by distance or using
barriers. For example, introducing a strict work area, using guard rails around exposed edges
and holes in the floors, using remote control systems to operate machinery, enclosing a noisy
process from a person and storing chemicals in a fume cabinet.
Engineering control
An engineering control is a control measure that is physical in nature, including a mechanical
device or process. For example, this can be done through the use of machine guards, effective
ventilation systems and setting work rates on a roster to reduce fatigue. Involves incorporating
engineering design to reduce accidents and hazards e.g. having guards.
Administrative control
Administrative controls are work methods or procedures that are designed to minimize
exposure to a hazard. Establish appropriate procedures and safe work practices such as; limit
exposure time to a hazardous task so that fewer employees are exposed, routine maintenance
and housekeeping procedures, training on hazards and correct work methods and use signs to
warn people of a hazard. This involves training and proper sensitization on how to use
equipment safely, OSH related topics. Issue warming signs and ensure work operation shift.
Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Provide suitable and properly maintained PPE and ensure employees are trained in its proper
use. Examples include gloves, earplugs, face masks, hard hats, gloves, aprons and protective
eyewear. PPE limits exposure to harmful effects of a hazard but only if workers wear and use
the PPE correctly.

1.2 Appropriate risk controls based on result of OSH hazard evaluation is

recommended.
Risk control is the set of methods by which firms evaluate potential losses and take action to
reduce or eliminate such threats. It is a technique that utilizes findings from risk assessments,
which involve identifying potential risk factors in a company's operations, such as technical
and non-technical aspects of the business, financial policies and other issues that may affect
the well-being of the firm. It also implements proactive changes to reduce risk in these areas.
Risk control thus helps companies limit lost assets and income. The following aspects can be
considered in risk control:
 Isolate the hazard from anyone who could be harmed i.e. keep the machine in a
closed room and operate it remotely.
 Use design control to eliminate the risk.
 Use personal protective equipment to control the risk.
Prevention and control measures outlined previously are the methods used in risk control.

1.3.1 Contingency measures during workplace incidents and emergencies are

recognized and established in accordance with organization procedures
Contingency measures
In relation to occupational health and safety, contingency measures refer to plans involving
suitable immediate action for responding to accidental hazards and emergencies. It refers to
security measure put forward for emergence response to reduce the effects of system disruption
and increase system efficiency. The contingency measures include:
i. Evacuation: This involves removal of operatives from the scene of hazard/accident
to prevent the situation worsening. It also involves further medical attention i.e.
evacuation to a medical facility.
ii. Isolation: The affected victims can be isolated to give a secrecy and more attention
to prevent spread.
 iii. Decontamination: In the event of exposure to chemical hazards, where the level of
contamination can be controlled then it can be done.
iv. Engage emergence personnel: This involves getting an expert where possible to
address situation.

Emergence procedures
The following procedures can be used to address hazards:
 Fire drill
 First aid
 Use of fire extinguishers
 Basic life support
 Earth quakes drill where applicable
 Disaster management/preparedness
Incidences and emergencies
The following incidents and emergencies should be addressed and identified where
applicable:
 Fire
 Leaks
 Equipment/machine accidents
 Explosion
 Injury of personnel
 Structural support
 Toxic emission

Conclusion
In summary, this learning outcome addressed hazards, prevention and control measures,
appropriate risk controls, contingency measures, emergency procedures as well as incidents in
the work place in accordance with the workplace procedures.

Further Reading
Occupational safety and health safety guidelines
OSHA 2007

8.3.3.3 Self-Assessment
Written assessment
1. Which of the following is not a hazard control measure?
a) First aid
b) Evacuation
c) Substitution
2. Which one of the following is not a contingency measure in controlling hazards?
a) Engage personnel
b) Decontamination
c) Explosions
 d) Isolation
3. Identify which one is not a risk or incidence
a) Toxic emissions
b) Leaks
c) Design control
d) Structural collapse
4. Describe the term hazard prevention citing relevant example as used in OSH
5. Describe briefly the following hazard control measures
a) Engineering controls
b) Elimination
c) Substitution
6. Explain citing relevant examples the contingency measure to address hazards
7. Outline any five incidents and emergencies that can arise in a work place
8. Describe briefly any five emerging measures to address safety standards.

Oral Assessment
1. Mention any four personal safety equipment
2. Mention any five hazards in a work environment
3. Mention any two contingency measures to be taken into consideration to be able to
prevent and control hazards

8.3.3.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 Standard operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 Machine/equipment manufacturer’s specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1.3.3.5 References
Government of Kenya (2007). Occupational Safety and Health Act. Government Press.
Nairobi. Kenya https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-
control.asp http://phnews.org.au/six-steps-to-control-workplace-
hazards/
8.3.4 Learning Outcome No.3: Implement OSH programs, procedures and
policies/guidelines
8.3.4.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 3: Implement OSH programs, procedures and
policies/guidelines
Learning Activities Special
Instructions

3.1. Provide Information to work team about company OSH PPEs should be
program procedures and policies/guidelines provided at all
3.2. Participate in implementation of OSH procedures and times
policies/guidelines
3.3. Train and advise team members on OSH standards and Group
procedures discussions on
3.4. Implement procedures for maintaining OSH-related records OSH
(medical/health records, incident/accident reports, sickness standards and
notifications/sick leave application, OSH-related trainings procedures
obtained)

8.3.4.2 Information Sheet No8/LO3: Implement OSH programs, procedures and

policies/guidelines

Introduction
This learning outcome address the implementation of OSH programs, procedures, policy and
guidelines as well as the OSH related records as per the workplace procedures.

Definition of key terms

OSH procedures and policies: They are guidelines used to direct all employees to work safely
and prevent injury, to themselves and others.

OSH standards: OSH standards are rules that describe the methods that employers must use
to protect their employees from hazards. These standards limit the number of hazards workers
can be exposed to, require the use of certain safe practices and equipment, and require
employers to monitor hazards and keep records of workplace injuries and illnesses.

OSH-related records: They are documentations that keep track on various OSH processes.
 Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
1.1 Information to work team about company OSH program, procedures and
policies/guidelines are provided
The purpose of the Health and Safety policies and procedures is to guide and direct all
employees to work safely and prevent injury, to themselves and others. All employees are
encouraged to participate in developing, implementing, and enforcing Health and Safety
policies and procedures. The following OSH programs can be considered:
a) Medical surveillance: This is a planned plan of periodic examination which may
include the following:
 Biological effect monitoring
 Clinical examination
b) Periodic occupational health surveillance: This consists of examination
conducted periodically to identify vulnerable groups among the staff which could
be of immense value to prevention
c) Management of occupational exposure: This means amount of work place agent
that has reached and individual worker.

3.2 Implementation of OSH procedures and policies/guidelines are participated

The occupation health and safety address the following priorities:
i. Conducting workplace audits and risk assessment at facility level.
ii. Oversee compliance of facility design and building codes for new construction
iii. Support the procurement systems for quality and adequate PPEs and other OSH
supply within the facility
iv. Review causes of/for rehabilitation and compensation of injured health sector
employees
v. The management of incidents and emergencies arising within the health facility.
vi. Ensuring new staff go through the induction and orientation on OSH issues.
vii. Publicizing, promoting and enforcing the guidelines and procedures among the staff
they supervise.
viii. To coordinate capacity building of the facility level staff and disseminate policy
guidelines at the facility level

3.3 Team members are trained and advised on OSH standards and procedures Effective
training and education can be provided outside a formal classroom setting. Peer- to-peer
training, on-the-job training, and worksite demonstrations can be effective in
conveying safety concepts, ensuring understanding of hazards and their controls, and
promoting good work practices.
Duties of Workers
One of your most important responsibilities is to protect your Health and Safety as well as that
of your co-workers.
What the law requires
Workplaces under the jurisdiction are governed by your provincial legislation. The legislation
places duties on owners, employers, workers, suppliers, the self-employed and contractors, to
establish and maintain safe and healthy working conditions.
The legislation is administered by your provincial legislation. Your officials are responsible for
monitoring compliance.
Duties of your Employer
Your employer is responsible for providing you with safe and healthy working conditions. This
includes a duty to protect you from violence, discrimination and harassment. You must
cooperate with your employer in making your workplace safe and healthy. Your
Responsibilities You must also comply with the legislation. You have responsibilities to:
 Protect your own Health and Safety and that of your co-workers
 Not initiate or participate in the harassment of another worker
 Co-operate with your supervisor and anyone else with duties under the legislation

Your Rights
The legislation gives your three rights:
 The right to know the hazards at work and how to control them
 The right to participate in Occupational Health and Safety
 The right to refuse work which you believe to be unusually dangerous.
You may not be punished for using these rights. An employer can be required to legally justify
any action taken against a worker who is active in Health and Safety.
Your Right to Know
The standards require your employer to provide you with all the information you need to
control the hazards you face at work. For example, chemicals at the workplace must be listed.
You are entitled to review this list. Your employer must train you to safely handle the
chemicals you will work with. If you are inexperienced, you must receive an orientation. Your
Right to Participate
You have the right to become involved in occupational Health and Safety. The legislation
encourages employers and workers to work together to maintain a healthy and safe workplace.
Employers at workplaces with (ten or more – consult your provincial act) workers must set up
an occupational health committee of employer and worker representatives.
Your Right to Refuse
You have the right to refuse to do work which you believe is unusually dangerous. The unusual
danger may be to you or to anyone else.

3.4 Procedures for maintaining OSH-related records are implemented

The OSH documentations may include
a) Accident reporting: This includes investigation and analyzing incidents,
underlying deficiency and renew the incident reports.
b) Dangerous occurrences: The OSH committee shall maintain register for such
occurrences in the format give in the OSH regulations.
c) Incident/Near miss: The workers shall report any accident and near miss within
the work area. The Osh committee shall maintain a register and the occurrence
should be investigated.
d) Notifiable diseases: The OSH committee shall maintain a register of occupational
disease that has been reported.
Conclusion
In summary, this learning outcome addressed aspects to do with OSH programs, policies,
standards and related OSH records as applicable to the workplace.

Further Reading

OSHA 2007
Occupational safety and health safety guidelines
ISO standards

8.3.4.3 Self-Assessment

Written Assessment
1. What does OSHS not deal with?
a) Provision of PPE
b) Employability
c) First Aid training
d) Workplace safety
2. Which of the following is not an OSH related record?
a) Accident report
b) Hazard report
c) Work permit
d) Incident register
3. The occupation health and safety address the following priorities except
a) Workplace audits
b) Risk assessment
c) first aid training
d) Employees attendance
4. Differentiate between OSHS and OSHA.
5. Describe briefly the following OSH terms giving relevant examples
a) Medical surveillance
b) Periodical occupational health surveillance
c) Management of occupational exposure
6. Highlight four OSH policies and standards in relation in to the workplace
procedures
7. Describe briefly any three OSH related records.

Project
Do an assessment of the OSHS been implemented in a neighboring industry
 8.3.4.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
 Standard operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 Machine/equipment manufacturer’s specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1.3.4.4 References

Government of Kenya (2007). Occupational Safety and Health Act. Government Press.
Nairobi. Kenya
https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/education-training.html
https://www.wrla.org/sites/wrla_01/files/health_and_safety_manual_sample.pdf

FURTHER READING NOTES. (important)

OSH is a discipline that deals with the prevention of work related diseases and injury, promote
and protect the health of workers. OSH believes in the slogan that; prevention is better than cure.
Occupational and safety act 2007.
This is an act of Parliament that dictates all work places to have a risk assessment done to find
out the hazards and risks in their places of work.
Purpose
 Secure a safe health and welfare of workers
 Protect workers against any risk when working.


Importance
 Minimize risks.
 Promote a safe culture at work
 Abide by organization laws and regulations
 Increasing work efficiency

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 2007 (details)

1. The act applies to all workplaces where any person is at work whether temporarily or
permanently
2. Duties of workers. Every occupier shall;
a) Ensure safety, health and welfare at work of all employees.
 b) Ensure that their premises are registered as work places by the director.
c) The certificate of registration shall be renewed every year
d) Have a written occupational and health policy
e) Carry out a risk assessment in relation to safety and health audit of persons employed
f) Ensure a safety and health audit of workplace is carried out at least once every year by an
approved safety and health adviser
g) Not make any deductions from an employee’s salary or other benefits for anything provided
under the act.
h) An employer with twenty or more employees shall establish a workplace safety and health
committee whose membership shall comprise both the workers and management
3. Duties of self-employed persons;
Take necessary precautions to ensure own safety and health and that of any other person who may be
affected by his activities.
4. Duties of employees:
Take care of own safety and health and that of other persons who may be affected by his acts or
omissions at work.
Cooperate with his employer in discharge of any requirement imposed by the act.
Use at all times protective equipment or clothing provided by the employer to prevent risk to his
safety and health.
Report to his supervisor any accident or injury that arises in the course of work.
Not willfully interfere with or misuse anything provided for safety and welfare.
5. Duties of designers, manufacturers and importers.
Ensure that any article for use at work is safe and without risk to health when properly used
6. Notice of accidents and dangerous occurrences
An employer or self-employed person shall notify the area occupational safety and health office of
any accident, dangerous occurrence and occupational poisoning occurring at a workplace. In
case of fatal accident, notice shall be given within twenty-four hours.
7. Notification of occupational diseases
Every medical practitioner shall notify the director of any occupational disease he encounters
while attending to a patient.
8. Enforcements
 Inspections – occupational health and safety officers have powers to inspect every work
place by day or night. Any person obstructing such an officer commits an offence and is
liable for prosecution
 Notices – an occupational safety and health officer may issue an improvement notice on
an employer if he is contravening the act or prohibition notice if an activity being carried
out involves a risk of serious personal injury.
9. Health
 Cleanliness – every workplace must be kept clean.
 Overcrowding – every employee is allowed 10 cubic meters of space below which the
workplace is deemed to be overcrowded.
 Ventilation – adequate ventilation of work rooms must be secured by the circulation of
fresh air.
 Lighting – there must be sufficient and suitable lighting in every part of the workplace in
which persons are working or passing.
  Drainage of floors – where wet processes are carried on adequate means for draining the
floor must be provided.
 Sanitary accommodation – sufficient and suitable sanitary conveniences, separate for
each sex must be provided.
10. Machinery and plant safety.
 All plant machinery and equipment shall only be used for work which they are designed
for and be operated by a competent person.
 Every part of the machinery transmission and dangerous Part of the machine must be of
substantial fence and maintained in an efficient state.
 Hoists, lifts, chairs cranes etc should be thoroughly examined at prescribed intervals by
an approved person. A report of examination must be entered in or attached to the general
register.
 Steam boilers, steam receivers, air receivers, cylinders for compressed, liquefied and
dissolved gases must be properly maintained and must be thoroughly examined at
prescribed intervals by persons approved by the director once in every period of 12
months.
11. Safety provisions.
 Access – floor passages, gangways, steps, stairs and ladders must be soundly
constructed and properly maintained. Handrails must be provided for stairs. Where a
person is liable to fall a distance more than three meters, suitable means of protection
shall be provided.
 Confined spaces – special precautions as laid down in the act should be taken for work
in confined spaces where persons are liable to be overcome by dangerous fumes.
 Explosions of flammable dust or gas –
Where the access gives rise to dust which is liable to explode on ignition, all practicable
steps shall be taken to prevent such explosions.
No tank or vessel which contains or has contained any explosive or inflammable substance
shall be subjected to any welding, brazing or soldering operation until all practicable
steps so have been taken to render it non-expressive or non-flammable.
 Protecting eyes – goggles or effective screens must be given in specified processes.
 Training and supervising inexperienced workers – a person must not work at any
dangerous machine or process unless he has been fully instructed as to the dangers and
precautions and has received sufficient training in the work or is under adequate
supervision.
 Fire – adequate and suitable means for extinguishing fire must be provided in every
workplace.
 Fire prevention – flammable substances shall be handled and stored in such a way as to
reduce the risk of fire
Adequate fire exits must be provided and marked. All designated fire exit doors must be
either sliding doors or made to open outwards.
Every occupier of a work place once every twelve months by a person approved by the
director.
Every occupier of a workplace shall design evacuation procedures to be used during an
emergency.
12. Chemical safety
 Handling of hazardous substances – any person handling hazardous substances shall
ensure that they are handled in a safe manner.
  Material safety data sheets – manufactures and distri utors of chemicals shall mak
available safety data sheets for chemicals and other hazardous subastances.
 Dust and fumes removal – workers must be protected against inhaling and where
applicable localized exhaust ventilation must be provided and maintained.
 A person must not partake meals of food and drinks in workrooms where there are
hazardous substances.
13. Welfare.
 An wholesome and adequate supply of drinking water must be provided.
 Adequate and suitable washing facilities must be provided and maintained.
 Suitable accommodation for c;othing not worn during work hours must be provided.
 Suitable facilities for sitting must be provided for workers who work while standing to
enable them take advantage of any opportunity for resting.
 First aid box or cupboard of prescribed standard medication must be provided and should
be under the charge of a trained first aider.
 Protective clothing and appliances must be provided and maintained for use of workers
employed in any process involving exposure to wet or to any injurious or an offensive
substance.
14. The occupier must keep a general register of prescribed form.

Safety rules in a place of work (safety tips)

 Be aware of what is happening in your sorrounding
 Locate emergency exits.
 Use working equipments well - use machinery you are trained and authorized to use keep
tools.
 Maintain correct Posture- use both hands to lift or carry heavy objects.
 breaks regularly- regular break makes you feel and stay fresh and alert on the job.
 TakeReport safety concerns.
 Maintain clean and organized work environment.
 Make use of mechanical aids.
 Reduce work place stress.
 Use appropriate safety equipment e.g clothing.
 Follow safety signage

Regulations (laws) governing occupational safety

1. Occupational safety and health act (OSHA)
It outlines the responsibilities of employees and other stake holders in ensuring work
safety and health
 2. Work injury benefits act (WIBA)
It provides for compensation of employees for work related injuries and diseases
contracted in the course of employment. It also gives the guidelines on how to get
compensation.
3. Fire safety act
Requires all employers to assess risks in a workplace and implement appropriate fire
prevention and control measures. It also provides provisions for fire drills, alarms and
emergency procedures.
4. Hazardous substances act
Provides guidelines for managing hazardous substances to prevent occupational
exposure and environmental contamination.
5. Noise prevention and control regulations
It sets permissible noise exposure limits and requirements for hearing protection in
noisy workplaces. Noise assessments should be done and controls implemented.
6. Building operations and works of engineering construction rules
Provides specific safety requirements for the construction industry eg covers,
evacuation, demolition, etc
7. First aid regulation measures
Employers should provide adequate first-aid facilities and trainings in workplaces. A
first aid kit should be provided and a first aid room set aside.
8. Medical examination rules and regulations
Requires certain categories of workers to undergo regular medical examinations to
detect occupational diseases early
9. Safety and health committee rules and regulations
Requires the establishment of safety and health committees in workplace with more
than 20 employees
10. Chemical safety and substances act.
Regulates the use, handling storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals in the
workplace. It also requires employers to provide information, training and protective
equipment to workers handling hazardous substances.
Objectives of occupational safety and health.
 Prevent workplace injuries and illness
 Promote health and wellbeing
 Compliance with legal requirements
 Reduce cost that would have been used if an accident or an incident had happened
 To enhance productivity
 To foster a safe and a positive safety culture
 To improve the reputation
 To protect the environment
 To provide training and education in regards to different professions
  To ensure there is a continuous improvement of goods and service delivery.
Contingency measures
Contingency measures are plans and actions that one puts in place to address unexpected events
such as accidents and emergency at work.
Contingency measures involves preparations of unexpected situations to ensure safety and we'll
being of workers.
The sole purpose of contingency measures is to minimize risks and to ensure the well being of
employees. These measures include;

 Isolation
 Decontamination
 Emergency response plan
 Evacuation procedure
 First aid

Criteria for managing the risks/hazards (Risk assessment)

1. Identify the risk(hazard)
2. Analyze/Assess/Evaluate the risk (hazard)
3. Prioritize the risks/ hazards
4. Treat/control the risk
5. Record your findings
6. Monitor the risk/review control measures

Evaluating risk (OSH) in work place

A risk assessment is method of looking at work activities and considering what could go wrong,
and deciding on suitable control measures. These control measures are designed to eliminate,
reduce or minimize the risks of loss, damage or injury in the workplace.
It is a legal requirement for all organizations to carry out a risk assessment. The biggest threat to
a worker's health and safety is their work environment.
The most important thing to do when carrying out a risk assessment is to identify potential
hazards in your workplace. You should think of what could hurt people or make them sick.
After identifying one should;
 Speak to your employees - they may be aware of hazards that aren't so obvious to you
 Observe the tasks carried out by your employees - through it you can tell what risks
workers might be exposed in
 Check your accident, ill-health records - employees should declare their health status.
 Read instructions for tools and equipment - they will inform you of hazards that might
exist in your place of work.
  Check the information contained within safety data sheets for hazardous substances
 Consider other situations - such as problems with equipment, maintenance or cleaning.

What is the importance of risk evaluation?

Occupational Hazards
Some hazards put workers at risk of accidents and injury and can also lead to other hazards. For
example, workers can face increased chemical exposure if their protective equipment is
damaged. There is also the potential for explosion when mixing chemicals. Employees need to
be aware of potential safety hazards, and tell supervisors of any new hazards that arise.
1. Fire hazards
Fire is simply a product of heat and light that is evolved during a chemical reaction called
combustion. It relies upon the presence of oxygen from air reacting with flammables.
Fire is a combination of oxygen, fuel and ignition source (heat source) and cannot take place
when one of the element is missing.
The three requirements for fire can be represented in what is termed as a fire triangle.
Cause of fire
For fire to occur three things must be present. They are the key requirements for fire to start.
They are termed as fire triangle. They are:
 Oxygen
 Fuel
 Heat / ignition.

Classes of fire
We have six different classes of fire namely
Classes of fire Source of fuel Suitable extinguisher
A Solids Foam, water
B Liquids Foam, powder
C Gases Powder, cutting the supply of
gas
D Metals Powder
E Electricity CO2 (carbon iv oxide)
F (K) Fats and oils. Wet chemical, fire blanket.

Safety procedure Incase of fire

R - rescue victims
A - Active the alarm
C - contain fire / converge in the fire assembly point.
E - evacuate/ extinguish fire.
Safety precautions for fire hazards.
1. Every workplace must have a fire extinguisher
2. Workplace stations should have wide enough exit door opening outwards or sideways but
not inwards.
3. No obstructions should be on the way outside the work station.
4. Regular inspection for fire safety should be in any workplace and records kept.
5. Regular fire drills should be held in which staff and the public should be informed and
made familiar with the emergency routine to be followed Incase of fire outbreak.
6. There should be a final point of meeting from the adjoining fire risk areas where
everybody assembles for identification.
7. Incase of fire all personal should be evacuated immediately.
8. While trying to slow down the spread of fire all doors and windows should be closed to
rid off oxygen supply from the room.
9. Call the fire brigades
10. Raise the alarm for everybody to run to the fire assembly point where the roll call will be
taken.

Describe how to use a fire extinguisher.

P - remove the pin (extinguisher)
A - aim at the base of fire
S - squeeze the lever of the extinguisher
S - sweep the nozzle from side to side.

Types of fire extinguishers and their color identification.

Type of fire Extinguisher Cylinder color
Water Red body
Foam Red body cream band
Wet chemical Red body yellow band
Carbon iv oxide Red body black band
Dry chemical Red body white band
Dry powder Red body blue band (sometimes purple
band)
 Halon/clean agent Red body green band

2. Biological Hazards
Facilities produce wastes that may contain disease-causing organisms, known as biological
hazards. They pose a risk of infection for site personnel, they disperse into the environment
through wind and water spreading contamination.
There are many biological hazards present at hazardous waste sites. All personnel must wear
respiratory equipment and protective clothing to reduce or avoid exposure. Workers should
decontaminate their working stations often.
Biological materials that may cause hazards includes
Microbes i.e bacteria fungi virus and protozoa
Poisonous plants i.e. Datura stramonium
Poisonous animals i.e. spiders snakes, animal droppings
Blood and other bodily fluids.
Chemical Hazards
Chemical hazards are present anytime you are exposed to chemical substances. Chemical
hazards include cleaning solutions and solvents, vapors and fumes, carbon monoxide and some
gases. They include those caused by;
Explosive chemicals due to, poor storage and handling of volatile and inflammable chemicals,
fuming chemicals, gas cylinder and fire extinguishers
Corrosive chemicals like acids and bases
Poisonous chemicals that is inhaled, swallowed or absorbed
Workers experience chemical hazards when they are exposed to a chemical. Chemicals may take
the form of a gas, liquid or solid. All chemicals pose a risk to workers even though different
people respond differently to chemicals. Chemicals can cause breathing issues, skin infection
such as irritation and some illness.
While at work, one needs to beware of liquids solvents, acids, paints and cleaning products,
especially if they are in unlabeled containers.
Beware of vapors and fumes that come from exposure to solvents.
Beware of gases such as helium, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, propane and
acetylene
Workers should beware of flammable materials such as explosive chemicals, gasoline etc.
Chemicals can be classified into six classes, depending on the nature of the danger associated
with a given material
CLASS I: Explosives and unstable substances
CLASS II: Oxidizing
CLASS III: Flammable substance
CLASS IV: Toxic and Harmful
CLASS V: Corrosive and Irritating
CLASS VI: Radioactive material

Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomic hazards happen when there is strain on the body parts. Workers may experience light
symptoms but over time, it can lead to severe long-term illnesses. Ergonomic hazards occur as a
result of physical factors that can harm the body muscles. This type of hazard is not easily
identified, examples of this hazard are poor lighting, repetitive motion, awkward movements,
Frequent lifting, Improperly adjusted chairs and workstations, Bad posture, Awkward
movements , Repetition of a certain motor skill, Repeated use of force beyond one’s limits
Physical Hazards
Workers face physical factors that can cause harm to the body even without physically
contacting the hazard. Physical hazards include; Radiation, High exposure to sunlight and
ultraviolet (UV) rays, Cold and hot temperature, loud noise levels.
Psychological Hazards
Psychological hazards can cause harm like burnout or stress, leading to distraction and potential
mistakes.. Examples of psychological hazards in the workplace include: Lack of job training,
Unrealistic production goals, Threats or intimation by management or coworkers, Poor safety.
Supervisors should implement a positive working environment.
Safety Hazards
They refer to unsafe conditions leading to illness, injury and even death.
They include; Tripping and slipping hazards, including spilled liquid, cords running across the
floor and blocked aisles, Working from any raised work area, Moving machinery parts and
unguarded machinery that a worker can accidentally touch, confined spaces. Improper use of
folklifts
Electrical hazards
They are hazards caused die to electricity. Electricity is the flow of electrons in a closed circuit.
Hazards of electricity include improper wiring, missing ground pins.
Electricity can cause electric shock, direct burn and secondary injury from non lethal shock. It
can also cause fires and explosions.
Static electricity is a form of electricity produced when electricity is displaced on the surface of a
material, it occurs because of friction when two surfaces move over each other. Static electricity
can cause high voltage to be created on a material which can be discharged as sparks at critical
level. The energy of the spark is enough to initiate dust or vapor explosion.
Prevention of electrical hazards.
1. Electrical equipment must be earthed to discharge.
2. Electrical appliances must be carefully selected, correctly installed and adequately
maintained.
3. Wiring should be done by a qualified person
4. Worn out cables should be replaced immediately
5. Always switch off power before removing the plugs.
6. The color coding of the wire should follow the conventional color code i.e. live wire (red
or brown) neutral wire (black or blue) earth wire ( green or yellow)
7. Install a voltage stabilizer between the supply and the consumption point and circuit
breaker should be used to cut off the supply Incase too much current shall pass through.
8. All conducting wires must be properly insulated, not left hanging and away from water
points.

Gathering OSH issues and concerns

The main methods used to collect data are accident investigations, safety inspections by
enterprise personnel and the reporting of near-accidents.
Prevention and control measures.
1. Elimination
Elimination of the hazard removes the hazard and thereby eliminates the risk of exposure. For
example removal of lead from petrol products sold.

2. Substitute
Substituting the hazard lessens the effects of hazard. For example toluene is used as a substitute
for benzene. The solvent-properties of the two are similar but toluene is less toxic and is not
categorised as a carcinogen although toluene can cause severe neurological harm.
3. Isolate
Isolating the hazard is achieved by locking the hazard away under strict control. When using
certain chemicals, a fume cupboard can isolate the hazard from the person, similarly placing
noisy equipment in a non-accessible room isolates the hazard from the person
4. Use engineering controls Engineering Controls involve redesigning a process to place a
barrier between the person and the hazard or remove the hazard from the person, such as
machinery guarding, proximity guarding, extraction systems or removing the operator to a
remote location away from the hazard.
5. Use administrative controlsAdministrative controls include adopting standard operating
procedures or safe work practices or providing appropriate training, instruction or information to
reduce the potential for harm and/or adverse health effects to person(s). Isolation and permit to
work procedures.
6. Use personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) include gloves,
glasses, earmuffs, aprons, safety footwear, dust masks which are designed to reduce exposure to
the hazard.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

By wearing PPE, workers can greatly reduce their risk of illness and injury even in the presence
of airborne contaminants, corrosive chemicals, and manufacturing equipment.

PPE Guidelines

Here are some guidelines every PPE user should follow:

1. Understanding When PPE Should Be Used

PPE is critical to workplace safety but it is still one of the least effective ways of controlling the
risks associated with hazards. It should, therefore, only be used when there are no other practical
control measures available, or as an interim measure until a more effective form of control can
be implemented

In cases where PPE could reduce the risk of illness or injury, it should always be used.

2. Assessing Suitable PPE

The type of PPE that should be used will vary depending on the job being performed. When
assessing its suitability, consider the following:

 What are the requirements of this job?

 Will this PPE protect workers from the risks they face?
 Is this PPE appropriate given the environmental conditions?
 Will using this PPE introduce any new risks?
 Can this PPE be adjusted to fit correctly?

3. Selecting Appropriate PPE

Always consult with the worker before selecting PPE for them to use. They are intimately
familiar with the details of their job and work environment and may be able to identify issues
that escaped your notice. They will also be able to help you select the right size and take comfort
into consideration.

Make sure the product meets relevant regulations.

If your employees will need to use multiple items of PPE at the same time, make sure that they
can be worn together without hindering any of their functions.

4. Properly Using PPE

As an employer, it is your responsibility to instruct and train your employees on how to properly
use their PPE. In addition to showing them how to put it on, you also need to go over why the
PPE needs to be used, when it should be used, how to maintain and store it, and its limitations.

5. Maintaining PPE

To ensure its longevity, PPE should be kept clean and in good conditions. Follow the
manufacturer's maintenance schedule, including the recommended replacement periods and shelf
lives. Workers should always inspect their PPE before use.

Simple maintenance requirements can be carried out by the employees themselves, but more
intricate repairs, such as replacing parts, should only be done by specialists.

6. Storing PPE
PPE should be properly stored when it is not in use. A dry, clean cupboard is suitable for most
larger items. For smaller items, a box or case can do the trick

Respiratory Protection:
The primary corrective measure in the control of occupational diseases caused by harmful, dusts,
fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays or vapors shall be to prevent atmospheric
contamination. This shall be accomplished through the use or application of accepted
engineering control measures, like enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local
ventilation and substitution of less toxic materials or a combination of these. When effective
engineering control measures are not feasible or while they are in process of being instituted,
appropriate respirators shall be used. The employee shall use the respiratory protection in
accordance with instruments
Head protection
Headgear includes any element of clothing which is worn on one's head including hats, helmet,
hair net and many other types. They protect our heads from mechanical injury while at work.
They also protect us from contamination, for instance a hair net protects long hair from carrying
contaminants from one place to the next place it also prevents hair from catching machinery
parts. A helmet protects our heads from injury for example from falling objects, from machines
installed at raised levels etc.

Body protection/cloth protection

An apron, laboratory coat is used to protect us from carrying hazards from one place to the next.
For example when worn and left in the laboratory the risky of contamination reduces. An apron
can be used when there is less risk of hazardous exposure to the limbs, such as for radiation
protection of gonads (ovary, testes).

A gown or a coverall is used when additional limb protection is required

Face protection; (Face shield:)

This are protective equipment used for protection of the facial area and associated mucous
membranes e.g nose mouth and eyes from splashes and spatter body fluids.

Face shields, goggles, and masks are used to protect the eyes and face. A face shield can be used
to protect the user from injury or infection.

A metal shield may prevent welding burns to the eyes and face.

A clear plastic shield can prevent bio-hazardous fluid from spraying onto the wearer's face.
Goggles prevent foreign bodies or hazardous liquids from entering the wearer's eyes.

Ordinary spectacles do not have the same protective capabilities and should not be used as a
substitute in healthcare

Special safety goggles can be worn over spectacles.

A respirator or a face mask can prevent dust and infectious particles from being inhaled.

A mask may also trap respiratory droplets produced by coughing or sneezing.

A mask with the appropriate filter size should be selected based on the size of the hazardous
particles involved.

Eyes and face protective equipment shall be required where there is reasonable probability of
exposure to such hazards. Eye protection shall be provided where the processes or operations
present hazards of flying objects, liquids, injurious radiation, glare or a combination of these
hazards. Eye and face protective equipment shall conform with the following minimum
requirements;
(1) provide adequate protection against the particular hazard for which they are designed or
intended; (2) be reasonably comfortable to use
(3) fit snugly and shall not unduly interfere with the movements of the user;
(4) be durable, easily cleaned and capable of being disinfected;
(5) be kept clean and in good condition, and
(6) be of the approved type.

Hand and arm protection

Gloves made of a wide range of materials can be used as a protective barrier to shield a wearer
from hazards. Latex gloves, vinyl glove and nitrile gloves reduce the transmission of infection.
Heat-proof gloves made of acrylic prevent thermal burns or welding burns. Durable plastic
gloves may protect the hands from some harsh chemicals that could cause burns or irritation.
Kevlar gloves protect from physical trauma such as cutting knives in abattoirs

Feet protection

Rubber boots guard against fluid splashes and prevent slips.

Steel-toe boots prevent traumatic foot injuries

Importance of using personal protective equipments

1. Provides protection against hazard
2. Promoting hygiene
3. Encouraging safety
4. Protecting those around you.

Criteria for selecting workers for occupational safety training

1. Legal guidelines
2. Skills and experience
3. Mult-skillng
4. Employee need and motivation
5. Goal of training
6. The number of trainees
7. Workplace culture

Occupational indicator
What is an occupational indicator?
An occupational indicator is a measure of work related disease or injury. Below are some
indicators that can tell someone to be alert while at work. When any of them is observed there is
need to be extra careful.
1. Risk/hazard assessment
2. Observation/accidents
3. Employee turn over rate
4. Number of inspections
5. Number of audits and survey
6. Employee and supervisor training
7. Safety and health training
8. Injuries/illness rate
9. Chemical releases
10. Number of fatalities.

Ways of passing occupational safety and health information to workmates

 1. Verbal communication
2. Written communication
3. Non-verbal communication
4. Visual (video)communication
5. Audio visual communication
6. Audio communication

Occupational safety and health records

1. Fire safety checks
2. Risk assessment
3. Hazardous substances subject to COSHH
4. Accident and incident investigation
5. Health and safety manuals
6. Procedural records
7. Hazardous waste disposal
8. Maintenance of machinery

Tools used to gather Occupational safety and health issues

1. Interviews
2. Focus groups
3. Questionnaires
4. Case study
5. Observation/testing
6. Survey
7. Document reviews

First aid
What is first aid?
Importance of first aid
1. Makes recovery faster
2. Saves life
3. Prevent injury from worsening
4. Relieving pain
5. Creating confidence
6. Increasing safety
7. Improving living standards

PSYCHOLOGICAL FIRST AID

 A - Approach the individual
 S - Stabilize their emotions
 S - serve their needs
 I - inform them of the facts
 S - Support their story
 T - Turn them towards other facilities

Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health COSSH.

Effective control of hazardous substances is essential to prevent serious health effects like lung
disease, skin irritation, occupational asthma, and cancer. COSHH provides a framework to help
protect people in the workplace against these risks.
In Kenya there are regulations that help control and monitor work place environments. These
provide a framework to help protect people in the workplace against health risks from
hazardous substances.
The substances may be used directly in the workplace (eg cleaning chemicals) or may arise from
the work (e.g. dusts, fumes and waste products).
COSHH lays down a sensible step-by-step approach to the necessary precautions. (Risk
assessment. Already discussed)
COSHH applies to virtually all substances hazardous to health. Below are the symbols that help
in identification of potential hazards that may be present at a place of work:
 Health Hazards

Hazards have chronic effects on individuals. A cancer-causing agent or substances that

cause damage over time

Flammable

Flammable substances have the ability to cause fire on their own when exposed to water or
air

Exclamation Mark

Immediate skin, eye, or respiratory irritant

Gas Cylinder

Gases that are stored under pressure like ammonia or liquid nitrogen

Corrosion

Materials causing corrosion, burns, or damage to the eye when coming into contact with

Exploding Bomb

Explosives including peroxides and volatile substances at risk of explosion when exposed to
air

Flame Over Circle

Chemical that facilitates burning and make fire burns hotter

Skull & Crossbone

Poisonous or highly concentrated acids have severe toxic effects

Environment

Chemicals harmful to aquatic or wildlife

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv