WOLDIA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOOL OF CVIL AND WATER RESOURCE
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FINAL BSc THESIS

Submission date: --/--/2016E.C

WOLDIA, ETHIOPIA
G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Analysis and Design of G+4 Building” was provided by
ourselves, with the guidance of our advisor Abebe T. The work contained herein is our own original work
except where explicitly stated otherwise in the text, and that this work has not been submitted, in whole
or in part, for any other degree or professional qualification.
We want to express that we have successfully followed the activities in the report and achieved our
mission during the analysis & design times.
Finally, we can assure that the analysis & design contains the events and procedures that we observed
and performed during analysis & design period.
Name of the Students

1. Tigabu Hailu Signature: ----------- Date: -------------

2. Jemal Ahmed Signature: ----------- Date: -------------
3. Haileamlak Molla Signature: ----------- Date: -------------
4. Melese Wuhabe Signature: ----------- Date: -------------
5. Khali Ahmed Signature: ----------- Date: -------------
6. Sebsibe Belay Signature: ----------- Date: -------------
7. Mesfin Molla Signature: ----------- Date: -------------
We approved that the analysis and design report contain the three months analysis & design and the
analysis & design has been done by them.

Approval of university mentors’

Name: Mr. Abebe T. (MSc.) Signature: ----------- Date: -------------

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and for most, we want to thank our almighty GOD for giving us the courage and strength for successful
completion our Thesis project. Secondly, we would like to express our deepest gratitude and respect to our
Academic advisor Abebe T. for his valuable advice in providing relevant hint and his encouragement for the
completion of this work. We also encompass our thanks for Woldia University for preparing this academic
program for upgrading of our academic knowledge and for all staff of civil engineering department for their
continuous coordination with appreciable comments. Finally, we would like to acknowledge and express our
gratitude to our friends who helped us through moral and material supports and also to our group members for
their willingness and doing well without any hesitation.
In conclusion we would like to pay our special thanks to our families and friends since helping us in all aspects
and appreciate us to spend our time during our analysis & design time.

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

In this thesis report, the analysis and design of G + 4 residential building that is to be built in Woldia city. It
has five stories with 17.85m height above the ground level and built on an area of 247.50m2 and has bedrooms,
two living and dining rooms, kitchen’s, library and bathrooms. The structural design of the building involves
Analysis and design of a terrace solid slab roof, ribbed slab, a solid slab, a stair case, beams, columns,
foundation and analysis of frames. The design philosophy adopted for the project is the limit state design for
all parts of the structure according to European Standards Ethiopian Norm (ES-EN). The frame and part of
the building analysis were accomplished by employing ETABS 21 software. The first, second, third floors and
terrace is solid slab and the fourth floor is ribbed slab. For the analysis of frames, the restrained conditions
at the foundation level are assumed fixed. Loads acting on beams from slab reactions and walls directly resting
on beams were added to self-weight of beams to find total load acting on beams. Those loads are so called
transferred loads. These were inserted and analyzed using ETABS 21 analysis and design software. The design
of beams and columns is done for the critical moments, shears, and axial loads obtained from the load
combinations of the selected axis. Beams, columns and shear were designed according to ES-EN1992-2014
provisions. Design and detailing of the structural elements meet the requirement of specific standard of EBCS-
EN. The document incorporates the design steps and results, reinforcement detailing of slab, beam, column,
stair & foundation and ETABS analysis outputs and some excel tables are included according to the European
Standards Ethiopian Norm (ES-EN).

Key word: Terrace solid slab roof, ribbed slab, solid slab, staircase, beam, column, foundation,
ES-EN

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................... II
EXECUTIVE SUMMERY .................................................................................................................III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... IV
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. VI
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................... VII
ACRONMYS ................................................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF SYMBOLS .......................................................................................................................... IX
1 CHAPTER ONE ...........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.1 Geometrical introduction on the building ...........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Analysis software used .......................................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Materials used ....................................................................................................................................................................1

1.3.1 Concrete ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.3.2 Reinforcement/rebar ........................................................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Units ...................................................................................................................................................................................3

1.5 Loading ...............................................................................................................................................................................3

1.5.1 Self-weight ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3

1.5.2 Concrete Exposure Classes for durability and cover to reinforcement............................................................................. 4
1.5.3 Concrete Cover Design ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5.4 Cover for slab and stair ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.5.5 Load Combination ........................................................................................................................................................... 12

2 CHAPTER TWO..........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2.1 Solid and Ribbed Slab Analysis and Design ....................................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Introduction on Solid Slab ................................................................................................................................................. 14
2.3 Cover ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
2.4 Depth determination for serviceability ............................................................................................................................. 15
2.5 Analysis and design for terrace solid roof ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.6 Loading ............................................................................................................................................................................. 17

2.6.1 Dead load calculation ...................................................................................................................................................... 17

2.7 Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18

2.7.1 Design moment for terrace solid slab roof ..................................................................................................................... 18

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2.7.2 Design moment for cantilever slab ................................................................................................................................. 20

2.8 Analysis and Design of Ribbed Slab ................................................................................................................................... 27

2.8.1 Dead Loads Calculation ................................................................................................................................................... 29

2.8.2 Moment Calculation ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.8.3 Different Cases for Moment Calculation ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.8.4 Load Transfer to Girder Beam ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1. Story height and Elevation ...................................................................................................................................1

Table 1.2. Strength and deformation characteristics of concrete grades..............................................................................2
Table 1.3. Properties of Reinforcement bar .........................................................................................................................3
Table 1.4. Unit Weight of Construction Materials ................................................................................................................3
Table 1.5. Service loading (Table 6.2 CES 142-2015 ES-1991 Part 1-1) ..................................................................................4
Table 1.6. Minimum cover, Cmin,b, requirements with regard to bond as per ES EN 1992 Design of concrete structures ...5
Table 1.7. Exposure classes related to environmental conditions ........................................................................................5
Table 1.8. Indicative strength classes ...................................................................................................................................5
Table 1.9. Recommended structural classification ...............................................................................................................6
Table 1.10. Values of minimum cover, Cmin, dur, .....................................................................................................................6
Table 1.11. Category of areas ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Table 1.12. Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings ............................................................................... 13
Table 2.1. Determine k using table 7.4N of ES EN 1992:2015 .................................................................................. 16
Table 2.2. Computation of depth for deflection for terrace solid roof .................................................................... 17
Table 2.8. Second Floor Slab Shear force Analysis (factored) ................................................................................ 24
Table 2.9. Table load transfer for two way slab on Second Floor Slab ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 2.10. Area of reinforcement in second floor (As provided). .......................................................................... 26
Table 2.11. Check for deflection for each panel ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. One-way slab system ................................................................................................................................................ 14

Figure 2.2. Two-way slab system................................................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2.3. terrace solid roof slab ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.4. Section of terrace solid roof slab .............................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 2.5. Second floor slab unadjusted moment ..................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.6. Second floor slab adjusted moment ......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 2.7. Reinforcement detailing on Second floor slab .......................................................................................................... 27

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C

ACRONMYS

AutoCAD is a CAD (Computer Aided Design or Computer Aided Drafting).

ES EN: Ethiopian Building Code Standard European Norm.
ETABS: Extended three-dimensional analysis of building system.

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Qk Characteristic value of a variable concentrated load

qk Characteristic value of a uniformly distributed load, or line load
g k Weight per unit area or weight per unit length
 Bulk weight density
 Angle of repose (degrees)
𝐺𝑘 Characteristic value of a permanent action
𝛾 Partial factor (safety or serviceability)
As,min Minimum cross-sectional area of reinforcement
F Action
𝐼 Second moment of area of concrete section
L Length
M Bending moment
V Shear force
VEd Design value of the applied shear force
fc Compressive strength of concrete
fcd Design value of concrete compressive strength
fck Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
fcm Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength
fctk Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete
fctm Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
𝑓𝑡 Tensile strength of reinforcement
ftk Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement
fy Yield strength of reinforcement
fyd Design yield strength of reinforcement
fyk Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
z Lever arm of internal forces
𝑉 Poisson's ratio

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C

𝜌1 Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement.

𝜌𝑊 Reinforcement ratio for shear reinforcement.
𝜙 Diameter of a reinforcing bar.
𝑟𝜙𝑓 Reinforcement.
𝑟𝜙𝑓𝑒𝑑 Reinforced.

α: Angle between the ray from the observer’s eye to the object for sag curve.

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C
1 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Geometrical introduction on the building

The building has different geometrical and structural arrangements and consisting of 2 bays in the x-direction
and 5 bays along the y direction. It consists of beams, columns and others. Solid Slab is adopted for the floor
system. It has also a staircase to provide a vertical circulation between floors. The building is regular in
elevation having equal story heights of 3.57m.

Table 1.1. Story height and Elevation

Floors Story Height(m) Elevation(m)

Foundation to Ground 2.5 -2.5
Ground to first 3.57 3.57
First to second 3.57 7.14
Second to third 3.57 10.71
Third to fourth 3.57 14.28
Fourth to terrace 3.57 17.85
Ground floor
The Ground floor provides services for dining and living areas, studio, kitchen room, laundry and toilet. The
structural arrangement consists of staircase for vertical circulation.
First and Second Floors
The two floors consist of bed rooms (master, children’s, and guest), bath room, library, family and terrace with
different plot areas. Structurally it has columns with the same shapes. Stair case is present for vertical
circulation.

1.2 Analysis software used

ETABS- Extended three-dimensional analysis of building system

SAP-Structural analysis program

1.3 Materials used

1.3.1 Concrete

For slab, beam and staircase elements concrete grade of C-20/25 is used.
For column and foundation elements concrete grade of C-25/30 is used.

The corresponding strength and deformation characteristics are shown on the table below,

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Table 1.2. Strength and deformation characteristics of concrete grades

Strength characteristics
Description
C-20/25 C-25/30
Cylindrical compressive strength, fck 20 Mpa 25 Mpa
Cubical compressive strength, fck cube 25 Mpa 30 Mpa
Mean compressive strength, fcm 28 Mpa 33 Mpa
Modulus of elasticity, Ecm 30 Mpa 31 Mpa
Mass per unit volume 25 (kN/m3) 25 (kN/m3)
Weight per unit volume 2549.29 (kg/m3) 2549.29 (kg/m3)
Mean tensile strength, fctm 2.2 Mpa 2.6 Mpa
Poisson's ratio (U) 0.2 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion(l/c) 0.00001 0.00001
Ƴc 1.5 1.5
Αcc 0.85 0.85

Design strength
Parameters are computed as follows for concrete grade C-20/25 the characteristic cylinder compressive
strength fck is 20Mpa and for C-25/30 fck is 25Mpa.

The partial safety factor for concrete, 𝛾𝑐 is 1.5 Now using these values, calculate the design
compressive strength of concrete, fcd

Concrete: 𝐶 − 20/25 and Concrete: 𝐶 − 25/30

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 𝑥 20 𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 𝑥25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.17 𝑀𝑝𝑎,
𝛾𝑐 1.5 𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 0.3(𝑓𝑐𝑘)2/3 = 2.21 𝑚𝑝𝑎 ≈ 2.21 Mpa 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 0.3(𝑓𝑐𝑘)2/3 = 2.56 𝑚𝑝𝑎 ≈ 2.60 Mpa

1.3.2 Reinforcement/rebar

Reinforcement property for all beams, columns, slabs, and stairs is S-400 ( fyk =400Mpa). The corresponding
properties are shown in table below.

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Table 1.3. Properties of Reinforcement bar

Properties Value Unit

Weight per unit volume 76.97 kN/m3
Mass per unit volume 7850 kg/m3
Modulus of Elasticity 200,000 Mpa
Coefficient of thermal expansion 1.00E-05 1/c
Minimum yield strength, fy 400 Mpa
Minimum tensile strength, fu 432 Mpa
Expected yield strength, fy 400 Mpa
Expected tensile strength, fu 432 Mpa

The partial safety factor for steel s is 1.15. Now using these values, calculate the design tensile strength of

steel, Fyd
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
For steel grade S- 400, 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠
= 1.15 = 347.83 𝑀𝑝𝑎

1.4 Units

SI Units (System International)

1.5 Loading
1.5.1 Self-weight

Self-weights are the weights of the structural members themselves, such as beams and columns, the weights
of roof surfaces, floor slabs, ceilings, or permanent partitions, and so on. Self-weights associated with the
structure can be determined if the materials and sizes of the various components are known. Some of the
standard material unit weights used for the purpose of determining the load on each floor is shown in the table
below.

Table 1.4. Unit Weight of Construction Materials

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Material Unit Weight
Concrete 25 kN/m3
Cement Screed 23 kN/m3
Plastering 23 kN/m3
PVC Tiles 16 kN/m3
Marble 27kN/m3
Terrazzo 25 kN/m3
Ceramic Tile 23 kN/m3
Parquet Floor finish 9 kN/m3
Aluminum 27 kN/m3
HCB 14-16 kN/m3
Steel 78.5 kN/m3

Service Loading

Table 1.5. Service loading (Table 6.2 CES 142-2015 ES-1991 Part 1-1)

Live load(kN/m2)
-Floors = 2.0
First Floor and third floors -Stairs = 4.0
-Balconies = 2.5-4.0
-Floors = 2.0
Second and fourth floors -Stairs = 4.0
-Balconies = 2.5-4.0

1.5.2 Concrete Exposure Classes for durability and cover to reinforcement

The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest concrete
surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where relevant) and the nearest concrete
surface.
The nominal cover: - is defined as a minimum cover C min , plus an allowance in design for deviation
Cdev
Cnom = Cmin + Cdev
Cdev Is an allowance which should be made in the design for deviations from the minimum cover. It should

be taken as 5 or 10 mm.
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 Should be set to satisfy the requirements below:

Safe transmission of bond forces

Durability
Fire resistance
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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C
The greater value for Cmin satisfying the requirements for both bond & envt’l conditions shall be used.

Cmin = max {Cmin, b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

Where:

Cmin,b minimum cover due to bond requirement

Cmin,dur minimum cover due to environmental conditions
Δdur,  additive safety element
ΔCdur,st reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel
ΔCdur,add reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection,
In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate compaction of the concrete, the minimum
cover should not be less than Cmin,b

Table 1.6. Minimum cover, Cmin,b, requirements with regard to bond as per ES EN 1992 Design of concrete structures

Bond Requirement
Arrangement of bars Minimum cover Cmin,b*
Separated Diameter of bar
Bundled Equivalent diameter (n) (see 8.9.1)
*: If the nominal maximum aggregate size is greater than 32mm, Cmin,b, should be increased by 5mm.
The concrete exposure classes related to environmental conditions considered for each component of the
structure along with the class definition from EN 206-1
The recommended Structural Class (design working life of 50 years) is S4 for the indicative concrete strengths
given in Annex E and the recommended modifications to the structural class is given in Table 4.3N. The
recommended minimum Structural Class is S1.

Table 1.7. Exposure classes related to environmental conditions

Class Description of the

Informative examples where exposure classes may occur
designation environment
1. Corrosion induced by carbonation
Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity concrete permanently
XC1 Dry or permanently wet
submerged in water.
XC2 Wet, rarely dry Concrete surface subject to long-term water contact many foundations.
Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity external
XC3 Moderate humidity
concrete sheltered from rain.
XC4 Cyclic wet and dry Concrete surface subject to water contact, not within exposure class XC2
Table 1.8. Indicative strength classes
Exposure Classes according to Table 4.1
Corrosion

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Chloride-induced
Carbonation-induced-corrosion Chloride-induced corrosion
corrosion from sea-water
Indicative Strength
XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2 XD3 XS1 XS2/XS3
Class
Damage to concrete C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C30/37 C30/37 C35/45 C30/37 C35/45
Damage to concrete
No risk Freeze/Thaw Attack Chemical Attack
X0 XS1 XF2 XF3 XA1 XA2 XA3
Indicative Strength
C12/15 C30/37 C25/30 C30/37 C30/37 C35/45
Class

Table 1.9. Recommended structural classification

Structural class
Exposure Class according to Table 4.1
Criterion
X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2/XS1 XD3/XS2/XS3
Design working life Increase Increase Increase Increase class Increase class Increase Increase class
of 100 years class by2 class by2 class by2 by2 by2 class by2 by2
C30/37  C30/37 C45/45  C40/50 C40/50
C40/50 reduce C45/55 reduce
Strength class1)2) reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class
class by1
reduce class
class by1
by1 by1 by1 by1 by1
Member with slab
geometry (Position of
reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class
reinforcement not reduce class by1
affected by by1 by1 by1 by1 by1 by1
construction process)
Special quality control
reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class
of the concrete reduce class by1
production ensured. by1 by1 by1 by1 by1 by1

Table 1.10. Values of minimum cover, Cmin, dur,

Environmental Requirement for C min,dur (mm)

Exposure Class according to Table4.1
Structural class
XO XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1/XS1 XD2/XS2 XD3/XS3
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 25 25 35 40 45 50 55

Assumption Data

For beam and slab elements concrete grade of C-20/25

For column and footing elements concrete grade of C-25/30
Not affected by Ground water
Special quality control of the concrete production ensured
Fabrication is subjected to quality assurance
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Assured that a very accurate measurement device is not used
Recommended Structural classification without no reduction for 50 years of design
working life is S4
➢ Assumptions
For Slab  = (10-12) mm
For beam  = (12-20) mm
For column  = (16-24) mm
For Foundation  = (16-24) mm

1.5.3 Concrete Cover Design

The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest concrete
surface including inks and stirrups and surface reinforcement where relevant and the nearest concrete surface.
Nominal cover is designed as maximum cover 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 plus allowance in design for deviation ∆Cdev.
𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆ Cdev 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992: 2015 𝐴𝑟𝑡 4.4.1.2(1) [1]
Where: 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛- minimum cover
∆Cdev- allowance in design for deviation
𝐶 min 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑐 min, 𝑑𝑢𝑟+∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟 γ − ∆Cdur,st − ∆Cdur,add
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 10𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒
Where:

✓ Cmin, b = minimum cover due to bond requirement, see ES EN Art. 4.4.1.2 (3).
✓ Cmin, dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions, see ES EN Art 4.4.1.2 (5)
✓ ∆Cdur, γ = additive safety element, see ES EN Art 4.4.1.2 (6)
✓ ∆Cdur, st = reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel, see ES EN Art 4.4.1.2 (7)
✓ ∆Cdur, add = reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection, see ES EN Art
4.4.1.2 (8)

But; the recommended value of ∆Cdur, γ, ∆Cdur, st, and ∆Cdur, add is zero see Art. 4.4.1.2 (6,7, and 8)

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1.5.4 Cover for slab and stair

Cover Design for Bond (Cmin, b): In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate compaction
of the concrete, the minimum cover should not be less than Cmin.
Assume Ø10 longitudinal bar and Φ20 nominal maximum aggregate size; Therefore, Cmin, b=10mm Cover
Design for Corrosion/Durability (Cmin, dur)
Exposure Class for Environment Woldia It is Cyclic wet and dry. The concrete exposure class is XC1. Cmin,
dur =15 from table 4.4 ES-EN 2015 by structural class S4 and exposure class XC1.
Determination of ∆Cdur, γ, ∆Cdur, st, and ∆Cdur, add=0, recommended value based on our country code.
10𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {15𝑚𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 15𝑚𝑚
10𝑚𝑚
Determination of ΔCdev for a country may be found in its subjected to quality assurance system=5mm
Cnom=Cmin+ΔCdev=15mm+5mm=20mm
Then the concrete cover for slab is 20mm

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cover for Slab
Cmin = max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

Step-1 Determination of Cmin,b

Cmin,b=10mm these comes from Diameter of the slab reinforcement
Step-2 Determination of Cmin,dur
Cmin,dur=15mm these comes from Table 10.
By Structural class S4 and Exposure class XC1
No reduction of structural class S4 needed because we have used C-20/25 less than C-30/37
Step-3 Determination of, ΔCdur,  , ΔCdur,st , ΔCdur,add
ΔCdur,  =0
ΔCdur,st =0 Are the recommended Value
ΔCdur,add=0

Step-4 Determination Cmin

Cmin = max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

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Cmin = max {10mm; 15mm; 10 mm}

Cmin =15mm

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Step-5 Determination Cdev

Cdev = 10mm Recommended

Step-5 Determination Cnom

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cnom = 15mm + 10mm
Cnom = 25mm
Nominal concrete cover for slab is 25mm
Cover for Beam
By similar procedure as done for slab the concrete cover for beam is tabulated in Table 1-4

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cmin = max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

Step-1 Determination of Cmin,b

Cmin,b=14mm these comes from Diameter of the beam reinforcement
Step-2 Determination of Cmin,dur
Cmin,dur=15mm these comes from Table 10.
By Structural class S4 and Exposure class XC1
No reduction of structural class S4 needed because we have used C-20/25 less than C-30/37
Step-3 Determination of, ΔCdur,  ΔCdur,st , ΔCdur,add
ΔCdur,  =0
ΔCdur,st =0 Are the recommended Value
ΔCdur,add=0

Step-4 Determination Cmin

Cmin = max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

Cmin = max {14mm; 15mm; 10 mm}

Cmin =15mm
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Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Step-5 Determination Cdev

Cdev = 10mm Recommended

Step-5 Determination Cnom

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cnom = 15mm + 10mm
Cnom = 25mm
Nominal concrete cover for Beam is 25mm
Cover for Column
By similar procedure as done for slab the concrete cover for beam is tabulated in Table 1-4

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cmin = max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

Step-1 Determination of Cmin,b

Cmin,b=14mm these comes from Diameter of the column reinforcement
Step-2 Determination of Cmin,dur
Cmin,dur=15mm these comes from Table 10.
By Structural class S4 and Exposure class XC1
No reduction of structural class S4 needed because we have used C-25/30 less than C-35/45
Step-3 Determination of, ΔCdur,  , ΔCdur,st , ΔCdur,add
ΔCdur,  =0
ΔCdur,st =0 Are the recommended Value
ΔCdur,add=0

Step-4 Determination Cmin

Cmin = max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

Cmin = max {14mm; 15mm; 10 mm}

Cmin =15mm

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Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Step-5 Determination Cdev

Cdev = 10mm Recommended

Step-5 Determination Cnom

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cnom = 15mm + 10mm
Cnom = 25mm
Nominal concrete cover for Column is 25mm
Cover for Foundation

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cmin = max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

Step-1 Determination of Cmin,b

Cmin,b=16mm these comes from Diameter of the Foundation reinforcement
Step-2 Determination of Cmin,dur
Cmin,dur=15mm these comes from Table 10.
By Structural class S4 and Exposure class XC1
No reduction of structural class S4 needed because we have used C-25/30 less than C-35/45
Step-3 Determination of, ΔCdur,  , ΔCdur, st , ΔCdur,add
ΔCdur,  =0
ΔCdur,st =0 Are the recommended Value
ΔCdur,add=0

Step-4 Determination Cmin

Cmin = max {Cmin,b; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,  - ΔCdur,st – ΔCdur,add; 10 mm}

Cmin = max {16mm; 15mm; 10 mm}

Cmin =16mm

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

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Step-5 Determination Cdev

Cdev = 10mm Recommended

Step-5 Determination Cnom

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cnom = 16mm + 10mm
Cnom = 26mm
Nominal concrete cover for Foundation is 30mm
According to ES-EN 1992, concrete cover for foundation has a minimum requirement which is tabulated in
Table 4.
Member Concrete Grade ǾRɸf (mm) Nominal Cover(mm)
Beam C-20/25 24 25
Slab C-20/25 10 20
Stair C-20/25 10 20
Column C-25/30 20 35
Foundation C-20/25 24 50

1.5.5 Load Combination

Structures are subjected to loads due to their own self-weight, live load and due to other unavoidable loads;
such as lateral and dynamic loads. The establishment of this loads which is acting on a structure is one of the
most difficult and yet important steps in the design process. The loads that act on a structure can be classified
into three categories: dead loads, live loads and environmental loads.

1) Dead load

Dead loads are load that act on structures as a result of the self-weight of the structure itself and components
that are immovable fixtures and permanent components remain stationary and relatively constant over time.
Examples of dead loads are the weights of the structural members such as beams, floor slabs, columns and
walls, the weight of permanent partitions, plaster board, roof materials, and ceilings and of fixed service
equipment.

2) Live Loads

Examples for live loads are weight of persons, movable partitions, dust loads, weight of furniture etc. Movable
loads are those for which change in position take place over an extended period of time such as people,
merchandise, non-fixed furniture and equipment, stored material in a warehouse and movable partitions in an
office building. The live loads on a structure can be obtained from ES EN 1991-1-1: 2014 based on the function
of building. According to table 6.1in ES EN 1991-1-1: 2014 Sec 6.3.1.1

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Table 1.11. Category of areas

Category Specific Use Example

Areas for domestic and Rooms in residential buildings and houses; bedrooms and wards in
A
residential activities hospitals; bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets.
The categories of loaded areas, as specified in Table 11, shall be designed by using characteristic values 𝑞𝑘
(uniformly distributed load) and 𝑄𝑘 (concentrated load).

Table 1.12. Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings

Categories of loaded areas qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)

Category A
Floors 1.5 to 2.0 2.0 to 3.0
Stairs 2.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 4.0
Balconies 2.5 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0

3) Earthquake Loads
Earthquake is one of the common dynamic loads that structures in seismic regions experience, when it occurs
the building undergoes dynamic motion. Here loads are not applied to the structure in the normal fashion but
the base of the structure undergoes a sudden shaking. Internal forces are induced due to inertia force of the
structure (ES EN-1998, 2015).
Earthquakes and their magnitudes are impossible to predict. Design earthquakes are obtained from statistical
analyses carried out on past recorded earthquake data. The design earthquake load to be considered for the
design of a structure depends on seismicity of the region, ground conditions of its site and stiffness of its
structural components (ES EN-1998, 2015).
4) Load combinations
Combination for seismic design situation:
pd =  Gk , j + AED +  2iQki
j 1 i 1

Where:
pd is the design load
Gkj is the characteristic value of permanent actions;
Qki is the characteristic value of variable actions;
AEd is the design value of seismic action;

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2 CHAPTER TWO

Solid and Ribbed Slab Analysis and Design

2.1 Introduction on Solid Slab

Concrete slab is a flat piece of concrete, put on the walls or columns of a structure. It serves as a walking
surface. In addition to that it serves as a load bearing member, as in slab homes. Slab is a very common and
important structural element, are constructed to provide flat, useful surfaces. It is a horizontal structural
component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so Criteria for using coefficient method of slab
analysis the architectural drawing is shown in figure with the beam, column, partition wall, slab panels and
cantilever arrangement.
Slabs are horizontal structural elements which transfer service loads to the frame elements. There are two types of
slabs based on the load transferring mechanisms. These are one way and two-way slabs.

Ly/Lx > 2 ………………………one-way slab system where, Ly is longer span and Lx is shorter span.

Figure 2.1. One-way slab system

Ly/Lx ≤ 2 ……………………… two-way slab system where, Ly is longer span and Lx is shorter span.

Figure 2.2. Two-way slab system

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2.2 Cover

Slab 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 20𝑚𝑚 calculated above in the introduction part 1.5.2 (concrete exposure class for durability
and cover to reinforcement), see the above page.

2.3 Depth determination for serviceability

According to ES EN 1992:2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:

By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or by comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3,
with a limit value
3
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( 𝜌 − 1) ] … … … … … . . 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌

𝑙 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 12 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 √ 𝜌 ] … … … … … … … … … 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌−𝜌′

Where;

𝐿
-is the limit span/depth?
𝑑

K -is the factor to consider the different structural systems

ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3
ρ- is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads (at support for cantilevers)
ρʹ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to design
loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units.

Assume slab is lightly reinforced (𝜌=0.5%) from ES EN: 1992, 2015 Section 7.4.2 but by using iteration
𝜌=0.32%=0.0032
ρo = √fck ∗ 10−3 = √20 ∗ 10−3 = 0.0045
Since 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑜, Case 1 is used for slab depth determination
Correction for reinforcement grade:
ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Eqn. 7.16 a and b are derived by assuming a reinforcement with yield strength of 500
Mpa. And ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Article 7.4.2[2], stated that where other stress levels are used, the values
obtained from Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by (500/fyk).
𝜙⁄
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝐷 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑑) + 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 + 2
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Table 2.1. Determine k using table 7.4N of ES EN 1992:2015
Structural system K
Simply supported beam, one- or two-way spanning simply supported slab 1
End span of continuous beam or one-way continuous slab or two- way spanning slab continuous over 1.3
Interior span of beam or one-way or two-way spanning slab 1.5
Slab supported on columns without beams (flat slab) (based on longer side) 1.2
Cantilever 0.4

2.4 Analysis and design for terrace solid roof

Figure 2.3. terrace solid roof slab

3
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( 𝜌 − 1) ] − − − − − −𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌

3
𝐿 0.0045 0.0045 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√20 0.0032 + 3.2√20 (0.0032 − 1) ]
𝑑

𝐿 500 𝐿
= 𝐾[11 + 9.44 + 3.71] = 𝐾[24.15] = 𝐾[24.15] ∗ (400) = 𝐾[24.15] ∗ (1.25) ∴ 𝑑 =30.19K =39.25 or
𝑑

𝐿 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝐾[24.15] ∗ (1.25)
𝐿 𝐿
𝑑 = 𝐾[24.15]∗(1.25) = 𝐾(24.15∗1.25)

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Computation of depth for deflection
Over all depth D is computed in the tabular form below by using nominal minimum concrete cover (C nom)
20mm and ∅ of R∅f is 10mm.
Table 2.2. Computation of depth for deflection for terrace solid roof
Panel Ly (mm) Lx (mm) Ly/Lx Type Span Type K d=Lx/(K*23.95*1.25) D=d+20+5

T-1(Terrace) 5750 4000 1.4 Two way End span 1.3 102.78 127.78
T-2(Terrace) 5750 5250 1.1 Two way End span 1.3 134.90 159.90
T-3(Terrace) 5750 5000 1.2 Two way End span 1.3 128.47 153.47
T-4(Terrace) 4100 4000 1.0 Two way End span 1.3 102.78 127.78
T-5(Terrace) 5250 4100 1.3 Two way End span 1.3 105.35 130.35
T-6(Terrace) 5000 4100 1.2 Two way End span 1.3 105.35 130.35
C-1(Terrace) - 1150 - Cantilever Cantilever 0.4 96.03 121.03
C-2(Terrace) - 1150 - Cantilever Cantilever 0.4 96.03 121.03
C-3(Terrace) - 1700 - Cantilever Cantilever 0.4 141.96 166.96

Governor Depth (D) = 180.00

From the above table the calculated depth should the maximum of all slab depth or the cantilever for the
deflection requirement D governing is D=166.96 then we should take D=180mm the for d=180-25=155mm.

2.5 Loading

We can calculate the design load for slabs by using the formula:
Pd=1.35Gk+1.5Qk, where
pd = total factored load, Gk and Qk=total dead & live loads on slabs respectively.
Dead load is computed by using its material density so; some of useful construction materials unit weights
are listed above in page 4.

2.5.1 Dead load calculation

Table 2.3. Dead Load of Materials on Terrace solid roof Slab

Panel type Material Unit Weight (KN/m3) Thickness(m) Gk = (KN/m2)
Ceramic ff 23 0.02 0.46
Cement Screed 23 0.03 0.69
T-1,2,3, 4, 5 &6
RC Slab 25 0.18 4.50
Plastering 23 0.02 0.46
Total Dead load Gk= 6.11
Ceramic ff 23 0.02 0.46
Cement Screed 23 0.03 0.69
C-1, 2 & 3
RC Slab 25 0.18 4.50
Plastering 23 0.02 0.46
Total Dead load Gk= 6.11
Dead load from Partition wall on the Slab
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Dead load of partition wall = Dead load of plaster + Dead load of HCB in this case on the second and first
floor slabs the following slabs have partition walls
Dead load of partition wall = Dead load of plaster + Dead load of HCB
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝐵 ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∗ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∗ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝐵
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙
2 ∗ (thickness of plaster ∗ length ∗ height ∗ unit weight of plaster)
𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 plaster load =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙

Figure 2.4. Section of terrace solid roof slab

Table 2.5. Design load (pd) for terrace solid roof slab.
Partition Dead load of Total dead
Wall Plastering Live load Design load
Floor Panel load Floor load
load (Gk=kN/m2) (Qk=kN/m2) Pd=1.35Gk+1.5Qk (kN/m2)
(Gk=kN/m2) (Gk=kN/m2) (Gk=kN/m2)
T-1 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25
T-2 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25
T-3 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25
Terrace

T-4 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25

T-5 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25
T-6 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25
C-1 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25
C-2 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25
C-3 0.00 0.00 6.11 6.11 2.00 11.25

2.6 Analysis
2.6.1 Design moment for terrace solid slab roof

The basic criteria that have to be satisfied in order to use coefficient method of slab analysis is the following:

No large openings allowed

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For small holes like electric pipes since it is negligible it is assumed to be fully solid for the analysis. For open
down slab coefficient method of analysis is not an option, so in this final year project there is an open down in
panel 4. Then to use coefficient method of slab analysis a beam is provided on the free edge side of the panel

Rectangular slab

If the sides of the slab are more than 4 it is impossible to use coefficient method of analysis.

In the analysis and design of slab the general procedure to be followed are:
➢ Calculating the slab depth using serviceability limit state.
➢ Determining the load at each panel.
➢ Calculating the moment at each slab panel.
➢ Readjusting the support and span moments.
➢ Designing the slab using the adjusted moments.
➢ Checking the slab for shear.
➢ Checking the serviceability limit state for crack and deflection

Analysis (Using Coefficient Method)

Moment Analysis we use the following general formula to determine the moment on each rectangular
two-way slab (as per EBCS – 2 1995)

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The moment calculation is shown in the following table
Table 2.7. Summarized designed moment at support and span of the solid slab in terrace solid roof slab for two-way and Cantilever Slab.

Partition Load

1.5Qk (kN/m2)

Design Load,
Load (kN/m2)

Qk (kN/m2)
Plastering

pd(kN/m2)
Moment, M= αi*pd*Lx2 (kNm/m)

condition

Total Gk
Support

(kN/m2)

(kN/m2)

(kN/m2)

(kN/m2)
Self Wt

1.35Gk
Span

Ly Lx Ly/Lx Moment
(m) (m) ratio Coefficients
Unadj, Adj,
Adjusted With
moment moment
4.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs 0.074 13.32 15.61 SF-1&2,αxs
T-1 5.75 4.00 1.4 P-4 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxf 0.055 9.90 9.90 it self
4.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αys 0.045 8.10 7.38 SF-1&4, αxs
4.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αyf 0.034 6.12 6.84 SF-1, αyf+αys-Adj,αys
5.25 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs 0.056 17.36 17.54 Avrg, SF-2&3, αxs
5.25 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxf 0.042 13.02 14.77 αxf+αxs-Adj, αxs
T-2 5.75 1.1 P-4
5.25 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αys 0.045 13.95 13.50 Avrg, SF-2&5, αys,αxs
5.25 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αyf 0.034 10.54 10.99 SF-2, αyf+αys-Adj,αys
5.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs 0.063 17.72 17.54 Avrg, SF-2&3, αxs
5.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxf 0.047 13.22 13.39 Iit self
T-3 5.75 1.2 P-4
5.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αys 0.045 12.65 11.04 αxf+αxs-Adj,αxs
5.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αyf 0.034 9.56 11.17 SF-3,αyf+αys-Adj,αys
4.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs 0.039 7.02 7.77 SF-4&5 αxs
4.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxf 0.030 5.40 5.40 it self
T-4 4.10 1.0 P-3
4.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αys 0.037 6.66 7.38 SF-1&4,αxs
4.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αyf 0.028 5.04 5.04 it self
4.10 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs 0.069 13.05 13.50 Avrg, SF-2&5,αys,αxs
4.10 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxf 0.051 9.64 9.64 SF-5,αxf+αxs-Adj,αys
T-5 5.25 1.3 P-4
4.10 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αys 0.045 8.51 7.77 SF-4&5 αxs
4.10 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αyf 0.034 6.43 7.16 SF-5,αyf+αys-Adj,αys
4.10 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs 0.048 9.08 11.04 αxf+αxs-Adj, αxs
4.10 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxf 0.036 6.81 6.81 it self
T-6 5.00 1.2 P-3
4.10 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αys 0.037 7.00 7.75 SF-5&6,αys
4.10 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αyf 0.028 5.29 5.29 it self
C-1 - 1.15 - Cant 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs - 11.72 11.72 it self
C-2 - 1.15 - Cant 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs - 11.72 11.72 it self
C-3 - 1.70 - Cant 6.11 0.00 0.00 6.11 8.25 2.00 3.00 11.25 αxs - 22.58 22.58 it self

2.6.2 Design moment for cantilever slab

To analysis the cantilever moments by taking 1.0m wide strip as one-way slab.
Cantilever(C-1)
Pd = 11.25kN/m2 from the above pd table
Wall on the cantilever
Assume Due to 20cm HCB with height of 0.9m, by taking 1m strip width.
𝑃, = Gk, p = [((t ∗ h ∗ l) ∗ 𝛾𝐻𝐶𝐵 ) + (2(𝑡 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑙) ∗ 𝛾𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 )] , 𝑝 = 𝑘𝑁
16𝐾𝑁
𝑃 = [((0.2𝑚 ∗ 0.9𝑚 ∗ 1𝑚) ∗ ) + (2 ∗ (0.02𝑚 ∗ 0.9𝑚 ∗ 1𝑚 ∗ 23𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 ) ]
𝑚3

𝑃 = 3.71 𝑘𝑁…… un-factored point load at C-1 (Cantilever one)

𝑤𝐿2 11.25 ∗ 1.152

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = + 𝑝𝐿 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = + 3.71 ∗ 1.15 = 11.72𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
Cantilever(C-2)
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Pd = 11.25kN/m2 from the above pd table
Wall on the cantilever
Assume Due to 20cm HCB with height of 0.9m, by taking 1m strip width.
𝑃, = Gk, p = [((t ∗ h ∗ l) ∗ 𝛾𝐻𝐶𝐵 ) + (2(𝑡 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑙) ∗ 𝛾𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 )] , 𝑝 = 𝑘𝑁
16𝐾𝑁
𝑃 = [((0.2𝑚 ∗ 0.9𝑚 ∗ 1𝑚) ∗ ) + (2 ∗ (0.02𝑚 ∗ 0.9𝑚 ∗ 1𝑚 ∗ 23𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 ) ]
𝑚3

𝑃 = 3.71 𝑘𝑁…… un-factored point load at C-2 (Cantilever two)

𝑤𝐿2 11.25 ∗ 1.152

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = + 𝑝𝐿 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = + 3.71 ∗ 1.15 = 11.72𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
Cantilever(C-3)
Pd= 11.25 kN/m2 from the above Pd table
Wall on the cantilever
Due to 15cm HCB with height of 0.9 m, by taking 1m strip width.
𝑃, = Gk, p = [((t ∗ h ∗ l) ∗ 𝛾𝐻𝐶𝐵 ) + (2(𝑡 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑙) ∗ 𝛾𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 )] , 𝑝 = 𝑘𝑁
16𝐾𝑁
𝑃 = [((0.2𝑚 ∗ 0.9𝑚 ∗ 1𝑚) ∗ ) + (2 ∗ (0.02𝑚 ∗ 0.9𝑚 ∗ 1𝑚 ∗ 23𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 ) ]
𝑚3

𝑃 = 3.71𝑘𝑁 ……. Un-factored point load at C-3 (Cantilever three).

𝑤𝐿2 11.25∗1.72
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = + 𝑝𝐿 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = + 3.71 ∗ 1.7 = 22.56𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

Bending Moment
When the slab is provided with different edge conditions like fixed or continuous edges, the maximum
moments per unit width for two-way slabs are given by:
Mxs = αxs × PEd × Lx2
Mxf = αxf × PEd × Lx2
Mys = αys × PEd × Lx2
Myf = αyf × PEd × Lx2
Position of unadjusted moment

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Figure 2.5. Second floor slab unadjusted moment

Moment Adjustment:

1. Support moment adjustment

(𝑀𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 − 𝑀𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 ) (16.84 − 12.92)

Δ𝑀𝑠 = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 30.34% > 10% … . . 𝑢𝑠𝑒 Moment distribution 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑
𝑀𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 12.92
Δ𝑀𝑠 = 16.84 − 12.92 = 3.92kNm
𝐾𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐼
𝑀𝑆 = 𝑀𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 − 𝐾 ∗ ∆𝑀𝑠 , where 𝐾 = 𝐿𝑥
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 +𝐾𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙

1/5.25
𝑀𝑆 = 16.84− (1/5.25+1/4) ∗ 3.92𝑘𝑁𝑚, ∴ 𝑀𝑆 = 15.14kNm

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N.b: (all of the above table the adjusted moments at the support are done by this formula and by using
averaging system).

Since the adjustment is b/n two way and one-way slab, the maximum of the two values will be
taken.
Since the adjustment is b/n two way and cantilever slab, the maximum of the two values will be
taken.
2. Span/Fixed Moment adjustment

If the support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span moments. If the support moment
is decreased, the span moments Mxf and Myf are then increased to allow for the changes of support moment.
𝑀𝑥𝑓𝑎𝑑 = (𝑀𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒,𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 + 𝑀𝑥𝑓 ) − 𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑗,𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝
𝑀𝑦𝑓𝑎𝑑 = (𝑀𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒,𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 + 𝑀𝑦𝑓 ) − 𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑗,𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝
Sample calculations: -

Figure 2.6. Second floor slab adjusted moment

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Check the depth for flexure
Mmax = 22.56kNm = 22.56*10^6 Nmm: b=1m=1000mm.
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 22.56∗10^6𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √0.2942𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑑 = √0.2942∗1000∗11.33𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 = 82.27𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 155𝑚𝑚 … 𝑂𝑘‼!

Shear force analysis: 𝑉𝑖 = 𝛽𝑣𝑖 𝑃𝑑 𝐿𝑥

Shear force analysis and load transfer for each panel is shown in the following table.
Table 2.3. Terrace Solid Roof Slab Shear Force Analysis and Load Transfer to Beams
LOAD TRANSFER TO BEAM (ON TWO WAY SLAB) Unfactored
Panel

supp Ly/Lx Lx Load Shear Vi=βVi*Lx*Load Vi = 0.92(Vx, Vy)

cond ratio (m) Gk Qk PED Coefficients Vi ViGk ViQk ViPED ViGk ViQk ViPED
4.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc 0.52 Vxc 12.71 4.16 23.40 11.69 3.83 21.53
4.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxd 0.34 Vxd 8.31 2.72 15.30 7.64 2.50 14.07
T-1 P-4 1.40
4.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyc 0.40 Vyc 9.78 3.20 18.00 8.99 2.94 16.56
4.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyd 0.26 Vyd 6.35 2.08 11.70 5.85 1.91 10.76
5.25 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc 0.44 Vxc 14.11 4.62 25.98 12.98 4.25 23.91
5.25 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxd 0.29 Vxd 9.30 3.05 17.13 8.56 2.80 15.76
T-2 P-4 1.10
5.25 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyc 0.40 Vyc 12.83 4.20 23.62 11.80 3.86 21.73
5.25 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyd 0.26 Vyd 8.34 2.73 15.35 7.67 2.51 14.13
5.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc 0.47 Vxc 14.36 4.70 26.43 13.21 4.32 24.32
5.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxd 0.31 Vxd 9.47 3.10 17.44 8.71 2.85 16.04
T-3 P-4 1.20
5.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyc 0.40 Vyc 12.22 4.00 22.50 11.24 3.68 20.70
5.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyd 0.26 Vyd 7.94 2.60 14.62 7.31 2.39 13.45
4.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc 0.36 Vxc 8.80 2.88 16.20 8.09 2.65 14.90
4.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxd 0.24 Vxd 5.87 1.92 10.80 5.40 1.77 9.93
T-4 P-3 1.00
4.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyc 0.36 Vyc 8.80 2.88 16.20 8.09 2.65 14.90
4.00 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyd 0.00 Vyd 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.10 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc 0.50 Vxc 12.53 4.10 23.06 11.52 3.77 21.21
4.10 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxd 0.33 Vxd 8.27 2.71 15.22 7.61 2.49 14.00
T-5 P-4 1.30
4.10 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyc 0.40 Vyc 10.02 3.28 18.45 9.22 3.02 16.97
4.10 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyd 0.26 Vyd 6.51 2.13 11.99 5.99 1.96 11.03
4.10 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc 0.44 Vxc 11.02 3.61 20.29 10.14 3.32 18.67
4.10 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxd 0.29 Vxd 7.26 2.38 13.37 6.68 2.19 12.30
T-6 P-3 1.20
4.10 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyc 0.36 Vyc 9.02 2.95 16.60 8.30 2.72 15.27
4.10 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVyd 0.00 Vyd 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C-1 Cantilever - 1.15 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc - Vxc 7.03 2.30 12.94 6.46 2.12 11.90
C-2 Cantilever - 1.15 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc - Vxc 7.03 2.30 12.94 6.46 2.12 11.90
C-3 Cantilever - 1.70 6.11 2.00 11.25 βVxc - Vxc 10.39 3.40 19.12 9.56 3.13 17.59

Minimum Shear strength of the slab

𝑉𝑠𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24.32𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
The minimum concrete shear resistance (𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) is given by an empirical expression
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =[0.035(𝐾)3/2 ∗ (𝑓𝑐𝑘)1/2 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑
200 200
𝐾 =1+√ = 1 + √155 = 2.14 ≤ 2, ∴ 𝐾 = 2
𝑑

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =[0.035(2)3/2 ∗ (20)1/2 ]1000 ∗ 155 ∗ 10−3 𝑘𝑁 = 68.62𝑘𝑁

As 𝑉𝑠𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ……………. ok!!! No need of reinforcement against shear
i.e. shear of the slab is control by its depth.

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Load on beams:

Reinforcement:

a. Effective depth

Assuming ∅10 RՓf is used in both direction

Short span
d = D – (CC+ 3∅/2) = 180 – (20+3*10/2) = 145mm

b. Minimum and Maximum Code Provision

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.21
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 = 0.26 ( ) = 0.00144
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
∴ 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟒 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑 … … … … … … 𝑶𝑲‼!
As secondary  0.2Asprincipal …………………………... In one-way slabs

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Smax ≤  400
3ℎ
…………………………………………. For principal RՓf
Smax ≤ 3ℎ=3∗180=540𝑚𝑚
400𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
Smax ≤  3.5ℎ
450 …………………………………………. For secondary RՓf

Smax ≤  3.5∗180=630𝑚𝑚
450𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.4𝐴𝑐
2∗𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.25 𝑓
𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ]∗ 𝑚 = 0.8𝑓 ∴ 𝑚 = 0.8∗11.33 𝑚 = 38.37
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑚 𝑐𝑑

Area of reinforcement (𝑅Փf) for terrace solid roof slab.

Table 2.4. Area of reinforcement in second floor (As provided).

(0.26fctm/f
As=M/fyd*Z

(Scal=,3h=or
K=M/bd2fck

(1+−3.5k)(

=300) (mm)
Asmax=0.04
Panel type

=bas/Sprov.
0.0013bd
Asmin,max

(3.14d2)/4

Sprov=min
(as*b)/As
bd (mm2)
yk)bd or
Z  d/2

(mm2)

(mm2)

(mm2)
Asprov.
Scal=

(mm)
mm)
∅

as =
Moment d b
Smax
(kNm/m) (mm) (mm) (mm)

Mxs 15.61 145 1000 0.037 140.08 320.44 208.29 5800 10 78.55 245.13 200 200 392.75
T-1 Mxf 9.90 145 1000 0.024 141.92 200.52 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Mys 7.38 145 1000 0.018 142.72 148.65 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Myf 6.84 145 1000 0.016 142.89 137.61 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Mxs 17.54 145 1000 0.042 139.45 361.60 208.29 5800 10 78.55 217.23 200 200 392.75
Mxf 14.77 145 1000 0.035 140.36 302.54 208.29 5800 10 78.55 259.63 200 200 392.75
T-2
Mys 13.50 145 1000 0.032 140.77 275.70 208.29 5800 10 78.55 284.91 200 200 392.75
Myf 10.99 145 1000 0.026 141.57 223.25 208.29 5800 10 78.55 351.85 200 200 392.75
Mxs 17.54 145 1000 0.042 139.45 361.60 208.29 5800 10 78.55 217.23 200 200 392.75
Mxf 13.39 145 1000 0.032 140.80 273.49 208.29 5800 10 78.55 287.22 200 200 392.75
T-3
Mys 11.04 145 1000 0.026 141.56 224.26 208.29 5800 10 78.55 350.26 200 200 392.75
Myf 11.17 145 1000 0.027 141.52 226.99 208.29 5800 10 78.55 346.04 200 200 392.75
Mxs 7.77 145 1000 0.018 142.59 156.72 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Mxf 5.40 145 1000 0.013 143.34 108.29 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
T-4
Mys 7.38 145 1000 0.018 142.72 148.65 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Myf 5.04 145 1000 0.012 143.45 101.00 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Mxs 13.50 145 1000 0.032 140.77 275.70 208.29 5800 10 78.55 284.91 200 200 392.75
Mxf 9.64 145 1000 0.023 142.00 195.24 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
T-5
Mys 7.77 145 1000 0.018 142.59 156.72 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Myf 7.16 145 1000 0.017 142.79 144.26 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Mxs 11.04 145 1000 0.026 141.56 224.26 208.29 5800 10 78.55 350.26 200 200 392.75
Mxf 6.81 145 1000 0.016 142.90 136.95 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
T-6
Mys 7.75 145 1000 0.018 142.60 156.30 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
Myf 5.29 145 1000 0.013 143.37 106.17 208.29 5800 10 78.55 377.11 200 200 392.75
C-1 Msup 11.72 145 1000 0.028 141.34 238.31 208.29 5800 10 78.55 329.61 200 200 392.75
C-2 Msup 11.72 145 1000 0.028 141.34 238.31 208.29 5800 10 78.55 329.61 200 200 392.75
C-3 Msup 22.58 145 1000 0.054 137.77 471.16 208.29 5800 10 78.55 166.72 200 170 462.06
Check depth for deflection
3
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( 𝜌 − 1) ] … … … … … 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌

𝐿 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 12 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 √ 𝜌 ] … … … … … … . . . 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌−𝜌′

𝑐𝑘 √𝑓 √20
𝜌𝑜 = 1000 = 1000 = 0.0045

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500
Multiplication factor for “L/d” (m) = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞
( ⁄𝐴𝑠 )
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣

Reinforcement Detailing

Figure 2.7. Reinforcement detailing on Second floor slab

2.7 Analysis and Design of Ribbed Slab

According to ES, EN 1992 1, 1

The rib spacing does not exceed 1500mm.

The depth of the rib below the flange does not exceed 4times its width.

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The depth of the flange is at least one-tenth of clear distance between ribs or 50mm whichever is the
greater.

Transverse ribs are provided at a clear spacing not exceeding 10 times the overall depth of the slab.

Where a slab is formed with permanent blocks are a topping thickness less than 50mm and one-tenth
of the clear distance between ribs it is recommended that a longitudinal shear check is carried out to
determine whether additional transverse reinforcement is required. ES EN 1992-1-1Art 5.3.1(6)

The proposed ribbed slab section is shown on Figure

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Figure 8- general cross section of rib beam

Width of the web, bw 80 mm

C/C spacing of the rib 400 mm
Height of topping slab, ht 60 mm
Height of the rib web, hw 200 mm
Height of HCB block, HHCB 240 mm

2.7.1 Dead Loads Calculation

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Floor finish = 0.02𝑚 × 27𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 0.54𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Cement screed = 0.03𝑚 × 23𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 0.69𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Topping = 0.06𝑚 × 25𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 1.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Rib = 0.2𝑚 × 25𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
HCB = (3 × 0.02𝑚 × 0.2 + 0.02 × 0.32) × 14𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 0.26𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Plastering = 0.02 × 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 0.46𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Total dead load without rib = (0.54+0.69+1.5+0.26+0.46) = 3.45𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Dead load of partition wall = {(L× 𝑊 × 𝐻) × 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝐵 ÷ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙}
I. For Cantilever One (C-1)

Partition load for C-1, C-2, C-3 there is no any partition load on the cantilevers.
𝐺𝑘 = 0.4m× ((3.45 + 0) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2)=1.38 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Gk for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total Gk = (0.4+1.38)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=1.78kN/m
Live load of bed room = 4𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.60𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 1.78 + 1.5 × 1.6 = 4.81𝑘𝑁/𝑚

II. For Cantilever Two (C-2)

𝐺𝑘 = 0.4m× ((3.45 + 0) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2)=1.38 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Gk for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total Gk = (0.4+1.38)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=1.78kN/m
Live load of bed room = 4𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.60𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 1.78 + 1.5 × 1.6 = 4.81𝑘𝑁/𝑚

III. For Cantilever Three (C-3)

𝐺𝑘 = 0.4m× ((3.45 + 0) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2)=1.38 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Gk for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total Gk = (0.4+1.38)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=1.78kN/m
Live load of bed room = 4𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.60𝑘𝑁/𝑚
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𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 1.78 + 1.5 × 1.6 = 4.81𝑘𝑁/𝑚

IV. For Panel One (Rb-1)

Partition load for Rb-1 is 2.09𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 which is calculated in solid slab design
GK=0.4m× ((3.45 + 2.09) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 )=2.22 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
GK for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total GK = (0.4+2.22)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=2.62kN/m
Live load of bed room = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.20𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 2.62 + 1.5 × 1.20=5.34 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

V. For Panel Two (Rb-2)

Partition load for Rb-2 is 1.80𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 which is calculated in solid slab design
Gk=0.4m× ((3.45 + 1.80) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 )=2.10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Gk for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total Gk = (0.4+2.10)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=2.50kN/m
Live load of bed room = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.20𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 2.50 + 1.5 × 1.20=5.18 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

VI. For Panel Three (Rb-3)

Partition load for Rb-3 is 0.00𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Gk=0.4m× ((3.45 + 0) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 )=1.38 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Gk for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total Gk = (0.4+1.38)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=1.78kN/m
Live load of bed room = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.20𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 1.78 + 1.5 × 1.20=3.67 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

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VII. For Panel Four (Rb-4)

Partition load for Rb-4 is 2.29𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 which is calculated in solid slab design
Gk=0.4m× ((3.45 + 2.29) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 )=2.30 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Gk for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total Gk = (0.4+2.30)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=2.70kN/m
Live load of bed room = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.20𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 2.70 + 1.5 × 1.20=5.45 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

VIII. For Panel Five (Rb-5)

Partition load for Rb-5 is 3.93𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 which is calculated in solid slab design
Gk=0.4m× ((3.45 + 3.93) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2)=2.95𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Gk for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total Gk = (0.4+2.95)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=3.35kN/m
Live load of bed room = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.20𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 3.35 + 1.5 ×1.20=6.33 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

IX. For Panel Six (Rb-6)

Partition load for Rb-6 is 2.41𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Gk=0.4m× ((3.45 + 2.41) 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2)=2.35 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Gk for rib = (0.08× 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 0.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total Gk = (0.4+2.35)𝑘𝑁/𝑚=2.75kN/m
Live load of bed room = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.4𝑚 = 1.20𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 × 2.75 + 1.5 × 1.20=5.47𝑘𝑁/𝑚

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3 STAIRCASE DESIGN

Introduction
Staircase is a structural member which provides vertical movement (circulation) between floors of the building
at different vertical levels. It consists of steps arrange in a series for the purpose of giving access to different
floors of building.
The type of stair on the architectural drawing is a u-shape stair case with two landing in which a well or opening
is left between forward and backward flight. The staircase is longitudinally supported. It spans between
supports of beam at the top and bottom of a flight
In case of open well stairs where span partly cross at right angles the load on common area may distributed as
one half in each direction.
The basic steps of the analysis and design of a staircase are

Determine design life and loading arrangements

Assess actions on the stair, durability requirements and determine concrete strength
Check cover requirements for appropriate fire resistance period
Calculate minimum cover for durability, fire and bond requirements
Check deflection for depth of stair
Analyze structure to obtain critical and shear forces
Obtain critical moment and Design flexural reinforcement
Check shear capacity, minimum reinforcement, cracking, anchorage and laps

Model of staircase

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3.1 Stair Depth Determination

The design of stair has to fulfill both Serviceability Limit States (SLS) and Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
requirements. In general, the depth “D” of stair is controlled by the deflection limits (EC2 7.4). The limiting
span/depth ratio may be estimated using Expressions 7.16 (a) and 7.16 (b) from ES-EN 1992-1-2:2004 and
multiplying this by correction factors to allow for the type of reinforcement used and other variables.
𝐿/𝑑 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3
Where:
𝐿/𝑑 – limiting span/depth;
𝑁–General term;
3
𝜌0 𝜌0
N = (11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 )+3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘( 𝜌 − 1)2 ) : 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝜌
3
𝜌0 1 𝜌1 𝜌0
N = (11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝜌−𝜌0)+ 2 √𝑓𝑐𝑘√ 𝜌 ( 𝜌 − 1)2 ) : 𝜌 > 𝜌0

Where:
K – Factor accounting for support condition
F1 – factor accounting for T-beam effect
F2 – factor accounting for span lengths>7m
F3 – factor accounting for stress at serviceability limit state assumption

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G+4 Residential Building Analysis and Design 2016E.C
𝜌o is the reference reinforcement ratio = 10−3√fck;
𝜌 is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design loads (at
support for cantilevers);
𝜌ʹ is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to design loads (at
support for cantilevers)
Assumption 𝜌=0.32%=0.0032
√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √20
𝜌o= 1000 =1000=0.45%=0.0045
3
𝑙 𝜌𝑜 𝜌𝑜
We use the formula: 𝑑 = 𝑘{11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘( 𝜌 − 1)2
𝜌

𝑙
= 𝑘 ∗ 31.78, 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑘 = 1.3 , 𝑙/𝑑 = 39.25
𝑑
𝐿 5750
D=39.25 =39.25 =146.50mm

Assume reinforcement to be Ø14 and concrete cover for stair case 20mm
𝑑’ = 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + Ø/2=20 + 14/2 = 27𝑚𝑚
𝐷 = 27 + 146.50 = 173.50 , 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 180𝑚𝑚

3.2 Geometric Data of The Stair

3.57
Height of stair in one flight (clear height between landing) = = 1.785𝑚
2

Number of riser(R) per flight = 11Pcs

Number of thread (T) = Number of riser -1= 11-1 = 10Pcs
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟 1.785
Height of riser = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 = ≈ 0.17m
11
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2.5
Width of thread = = = 0.25m
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 10

Breadth of step along slope = √0.252 ∗ 0.172 = 0.30m

Nosing = 10cm = 0.012m
Width of going = 0.3 - 0.01 = 0.29m
1.785
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 27.020
3.5

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