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SQL Concepts and Queries

Last Updated : 09 Nov, 2022
In this article, we will discuss the overview of SQL and will mainly focus on
Concepts and Queries and will understand each with the help of examples.
Let’s discuss it one by one.

Overview :
SQL is a computer language that is used for storing, manipulating, and
retrieving data in a structured format. This language was invented by IBM.
Here SQL stands for Structured Query Language. Interacting databases with
SQL queries, we can handle a large amount of data. There are several SQL-
supported database servers such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, sqlite3 and so on.
Data can be stored in a secured and structured format through these
database servers. SQL queries are often used for data manipulation and
business insights better.

SQL Database :
Here, we will discuss the queries and will understand with the help of
examples.

Query-1 :
Show existing databases –
Let’s consider the existing database like information_schema, mysql,
performance_schema, sakila, student, sys, and world. And if you want to
show the exiting database then we will use the show database query as
follows.

SHOW DATABASES;

Output :

Existing database Name

information_schema
 Existing database Name

mysql

performance_schema

sakila

student

sys

world

Query-2 :
Drop a database –
Suppose we want to drop the database namely student.

DROP DATABASE student;

SHOW DATABASES;

Database Name

information_schema

mysql

performance_schema

sakila

sys

world

Query-3 :
Create a database –
Suppose we want to create a database namely a bank.
 CREATE DATABASE bank;
SHOW DATABASES;

Database Name

bank

information_schema

mysql

performance_schema

sakila

sys

world

Query-4 :
Using a database –

USE bank;

Query-5 :
Create a Table –
Here data type may be varchar, integer, date, etc.

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
....
);

Example –

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Employee (

EmployeeID int,
FirstName varchar(55),
LastName varchar(55),
 Email varchar(150),
DOB date
);

Query-6 :
Show tables in the same database –

SHOW TABLES;

Query-7 :
Dropping a Table –

DROP TABLE table_name;

Query-8 :
Inserting values into an existing table –

INSERT INTO Employee

VALUES(1111,'Dipak','Bera','[email protected]','1994-11-22');

Query-9 :
Fetching values in a table –

SELECT * FROM Employee;

Query-10 :
Not Null –
We can specify which column does not accept the null value when we insert
a value(row) in a table. It will be done at the time of table creation.

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype NOT NULL,
column2 datatype,
....
);

Query-11 :
Unique –
We can also specify that entries in a particular column should be unique.

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype UNIQUE,
 column2 datatype,
....
);

Example –

CREATE TABLE demo_table

(
EmployeeID int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
FirstName varchar(55),
LastName varchar(55)
);

KEY CONCEPTS in SQL :

Here, we will discuss some important concepts like keys, join operations,
having clauses, order by, etc. Let’s discuss it one by one.

PRIMARY KEY –
The constraint PRIMARY KEY suggests that entries should be neither null
nor duplicate corresponding to the specified column.

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Customer(

CustID int NOT NULL,
FName varchar(55),
LName varchar(55),
Email varchar(100),
DOB date,
CONSTRAINT customer_custid_pk PRIMARY KEY(CustID)
);

FOREIGN KEY –
The FOREIGN KEY is used to build a connection between the current
table and the previous table containing the primary key.

CREATE TABLE Account(

AccNo int NOT NULL,
AType varchar(20),
OBal int,
OD date,
CurBal int,
CONSTRAINT customer_AccNo_fk FOREIGN KEY(AccNo) REFERENCES
 Customer(CustID)
);

Here, AccNo column in the Account table is referred to by CustID column

in the Customer table. Here Account table is a child table and the
Customer table is the parent table.

ORDER BY :
The ORDER BY keyword is used to show the result in ascending or
descending order. By default, it is in ascending order.

Syntax –

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;

Scenario-1 :
Suppose we have the Account Table as follows.

AccNo AType OBal OD CurBal

1111 savings 1000 1990-11-09 6000

1114 current 2000 1992-10-07 1000

1113 current 7000 1992-11-03 4000

1112 savings 1000 2003-12-12 3000

Now, we will use the Order By command as follows.

SELECT * FROM Account ORDER BY CurBal;

Output :
(By default it will be in increasing order)
 AccNo AType OBal OD CurBal

1114 current 2000 1992-10-07 1000

1112 savings 1000 2003-12-12 3000

1113 current 7000 1992-11-03 4000

1111 savings 1000 1990-11-09 6000

Scenario-2 :
For descending order :

SELECT * FROM Account ORDER BY CurBal DESC;

Output :

AccNo AType OBal OD CurBal

1111 savings 1000 1990-11-09 6000

1113 current 7000 1992-11-03 4000

1112 savings 1000 2003-12-12 3000

1114 current 2000 1992-10-07 1000

GROUP BY :
This keyword is used for grouping the results.

Example –

SELECT COUNT(AType) FROM Account GROUP BY AType;

Output :
 AType count(AType)

savings 2

current 2

JOIN CONCEPTS :
Here, we will discuss the join concept as follows.

LEFT JOIN :
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (table1)
along with the matching records from the right table (table2).
Syntax –

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

LEFT JOIN

RIGHT JOIN :
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (table2)
along with the matching records from the left table (table1).
Syntax –

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
 RIGHT JOIN

INNER JOIN :
The INNER JOIN keyword returns all matching records from both the
table.
Syntax –

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

INNER JOIN

FULL JOIN :
The FULL JOIN or FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all records from
both the table.
Syntax –

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
 FULL JOIN

Note –
This keyword is not used in MySQL’s latest version. Instead, the keyword
UNION is used. Here the syntax is as follows.

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

SELF JOIN :
This is a regular join between aliases of the same table.
Syntax –

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 T1, table1 T2
WHERE condition;

WHERE CLAUSE :
This clause is used for filtering our data.

Syntax –

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example –

SELECT AccNo,CurBal FROM Account WHERE CurBal>=1000;

Output :

AccNo CurBal

1111 6000

1113 4000

1114 1000
HAVING CLAUSE :
This is required as the WHERE clause does not support aggregate functions
such as count, min, max, avg, sum, and so on.

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
HAVING condition;

Example –

SELECT AccNo,CurBal FROM Account HAVING CurBal=MAX(CurBal);

Output :

AccNo CurBal

1111 6000

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