1082142

research-article20222022
SGOXXX10.1177/21582440221082142SAGE OpenDu and Chen

Original Research

SAGE Open

Political Discourse and Translation

January-March 2022: 1­–18
© The Author(s) 2022
DOI: 10.1177/21582440221082142
https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221082142

Studies. A Bibliometric Analysis in journals.sagepub.com/home/sgo

International Core Journals

Lijuan Du1 and Wenliang Chen1

Abstract
This study provides a bibliometric analysis of political discourse in translation studies based on the Web of Science (WoS)
database from 1990 to 2020. It adopts a guiding procedure integrating the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews
and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines into the bibliometric standard workflow and using VOSviewer as the visualization tool.
With the help of the built-in WoS analysis tools, the annual publication trends and the most influential productive countries
are examined. VOSviewer is used to explore the influential sources in the field, research themes, cited references and their
intersections with other references, cited sources and their links to other sources, and most frequently cited authors. The
co-occurrence analysis of keywords distinguishes eight research themes, namely, linguistic analysis, ideology and manipulation,
power embodied in political communication, interpreting and critical discourse analysis (CDA), the recontextualization of
political discourse in media discourse, diplomatic translation, the representation of political speeches in news translation,
and conflict and politics. The co-citation analysis of the cited references focuses on discourse analysis models, research
approaches, and theoretical frameworks. The co-citation of sources suggests that interdisciplinary features characterize
political discourse translation studies, interacting with other disciplines through fields such as pragmatics, discourse analysis,
and communication research.

Keywords
Web of Science, political discourse, translation studies, a bibliometric analysis, international core journals

Introduction Hatim and Mason (1997) argue that insights provided by

CDA studies contribute to understanding “the way ideology
The development of contemporary international relations shapes discourse, and the way discourse practices help to
and the varied demands of national interests have deepened maintain, reinforce or challenge ideologies” (p. 119).
the function of political discourse translation. The reception Schäffner contributes significantly to the study of political
of political discourse in different cultures has complex socio- discourse analysis from the perspective of translation.
political, socio-cultural, and socio-ideological implications, Schäffner (2003) examines the English and German versions
essential for analyzing political discourse and translation of the Blair/Schröder document published in June 1999.
studies (TS). Applying CDA-related methods and descriptive and func-
In the past two decades, a growing body of literature on tionalist translation approaches, she attempts to link textual
the translation of political discourse has emerged from a lin- features to the social and ideological context of text produc-
guistic point of view. An essentially text-centered perspec- tion and reception. Linguistic choices of ideological words
tive explores in what ways the source text (ST) and the appear to be different in the ST and TT. She attributes these
target text (TT) are textually not equivalent (Baumgarten & findings to the fact that translators’ decisions at the linguistic
Gagnon, 2005; Calzada-Pérez, 2003; Schäffner, 2003). The micro-level indicate their awareness of ideological implica-
subsequent political need to relate to the communicative and tions in different cultures. Schäffner (2004b) further shows
pragmatic effects of the translated political discourse has
inspired numerous CDA studies (Hatim & Mason, 1990, 1
Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
1997; Schäffner, 1997, 2003, 2004a, 2004b; Valdeón, 2007).
Corresponding Author:
Other studies focus on the mediating role of translators and Lijuan Du, Fuyang Normal University, Qinghe East Road, Fuyang City,
interpreters (Calzada Pérez, 2007; Gu, 2018, 2019a, 2019b; Anhui Province, Fuyang 236041, China.
Guo, 2015, 2018; Gu & Tipton, 2020; Tang, 2007). Email: [email protected]

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2 SAGE Open

that analyzing political discourse from the perspective of and Aixelá (2018, p. 119) regard the dedication of an entire
translation can shed new light on understanding politics. issue of Perspectives in 2015 to bibliometrics as a turning
Using examples, she argues it is hazardous to rely exclu- point within TS. In this article, we have searched the litera-
sively on the TT without comparing with the ST when dis- ture related to bibliometric studies on TS between 2015 and
course analysts comment on linguistic features or its 2020. Methods used in these studies include getting a histori-
discursive ramifications of translated political texts. cal overview of the discipline (Gile, 2015; Zanettin et al.,
More recently, the corpus-based CDA approach is adopted 2015), focusing on specific topics, such as non-professional
to explore the intricated interrelation between political dis- interpreting (Martínez-Gómez, 2015), translation criticism
course translation and ideology. Farhan (2017) explores ide- studies (Huang & Xin, 2020), identifying the merging trend
ological manipulation in the five English translations of between Discourse Studies and Translation Studies (Zhang
presidential speeches after the Arab Spring based on corpora et al., 2015), and examining the international visibility of TS
and from a CDA point of view and proves that collocation, scholars in China’s Mainland (Li, 2015).
semantic prosody, discourse prosody, transitivity, modality, These studies not only contribute to the reliability of bib-
and lexical cohesion could serve as vehicles of ideological liographic information as research data but show how
meanings. Gu (2019a) explores the interpreters’ institutional researchers conduct their studies using bibliometric tools.
alignment and reconstruction of China’s political discourse However, these studies are mainly conducted through count-
and image building on a corpus-based CDA perspective. It is ing, such as calculating publication types, keywords, authors,
found that the interpreters’ agency and active mediation are and affiliations. Citation information remains underexplored,
proved through the discursive and linguistic means of their except for Li (2015). Bibliometric studies related to co-cita-
mediation through the corpus tools. tion are rare, except for Dong and Chen (2015).
Despite the increasing interest in translation of political
discourse in recent decades, there are hardly any comprehen-
sive overviews of this field by applying the PRISMA guide- Research Design
lines and bibliometrics using VOSviewer software. Methodology
This study aims to collect the literature on the field of
political discourse translation from the online WoS database While the PRISMA guidelines are followed in most sys-
and conduct a comprehensive overview of this field by tematic literature review, recent studies have begun to inte-
translating the sparse literature into visual presentations. grate analysis software and visualization tools to synthesize
There are three motivations for precipitating the need to the reviewed literature (Almasri et al., 2021; Kalibatiene &
develop a bibliometric study of this field combining the Miliauskaitė, 2021; Petersen et al., 2015; Zupic & Čater,
PRISMA guidelines and VOSviewer visualizations. First, 2015). Based on the PRISMA guides developed by (Moher
apart from collecting and compiling the literature on the et al., 2009), Almasri et al. (2021) develops a new guiding
topic, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the field procedure integrating the PRISMA guidelines into the
offers an insightful outlook on future research by highlight- bibliometric standard workflow and using Biblioshiny,
ing its key topics and research trends; second, the student VOSviewer, and NVIVO software as tools. The developed
researchers and novice researchers are confronted with the procedure includes four stages (research design, data col-
challenge of identifying influential research literature. lection, data analysis, and visualization), as illustrated in
VOSviewer is used as a visualization tool to examine Figure 1. This study continues with this line of analysis by
research themes, cited references and co-occurrences of combining the PRISMA guidelines and bibliometrics using
keywords. The network visualizations are helpful for VOSviewer software.
researchers to recognize the research gaps in the large and
growing body of previous literature; third, as with many
Research Questions
systematic reviews, the PRISMA guidelines are particularly
useful when examining a study that seeks to map the field. The first step for designing this study is to formulate the
The PRISMA guidelines developed by Moher et al. 2009) research questions. Inspired by previous research, this article
provides guidelines that illustrate the existing evidence in a offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific landscape
staged process and improve the transparency and clarity in of political discourse translation based on a bibliometric
literature reviews and meta-analyses. analysis of data available in WoS. The following research
To date, there have been many bibliometric research on questions (RQs) are addressed:
social sciences or natural sciences that could underpin the
design, method, and analysis of this study. In translation RQ1: Which countries contributed most to the field of
studies, bibliometric methods are of recent development, but political discourse translation between 1990 and 2020?
they have increased rapidly in recent years. Bibliometrics RQ2: What are the most influential sources?
offers a new perspective that can help promote the develop- RQ3: What are the research themes?
ment of the field (Rovira-Esteva et al., 2015). Rovira-Esteva RQ4: What are the co-citation networks of this field?
Du and Chen 3

Stage 1: research design

Research questions

Stage 2: data collection

Selection of database
1st phase: identification
Selected keywords
2nd phase: screening
Search strategy
3rd phase: eligibility
Title, abstract assessed for eligibility: exclusion criteria
Full-text articles assessed for eligibility: exclusion criteria
4th phase: inclusion

Stage 3: data analysis

Research question Analysis method Analysis software
De scriptive bibliometric analysis Biblioshiny
Science mapping VOSviewer
Nvivo

Stage 4: visualisation
Research question Visualisation method Visualisation tool
Graphics and tables Biblioshiny
Bibliographic network VOSviewer
Nvivo

Figure 1. The developed procedure combining the PRISMA guides and analysis software and visualization tools.

Data Collection inclusion and exclusion criteria are specified. Schäffner

(1997, p. 119) defines political discourse as “both inner-state
The second stage is data collection. Figure 2 is the revised and inter-state discourse” which takes different forms, such as
PRISMA flowchart that offers a detailed map of the records “bilateral or multilateral treaties, speeches made during an
included for this study. In selecting the publication, the electioneering campaign or at a congress of a political party, a
PRISMA guidelines are followed, including four phases: contribution of a member of parliament to a parliamentary
identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. debate, editorials or commentaries in newspapers, a press
It is important to set the inclusion and exclusion criteria for conference with a politician, or a politician’s memoirs, schol-
choosing the most relevant articles before conducting data arly article, conference paper, or conference proceeding.” The
collection. According to the RQs, research design, and the inclusion criteria are formulated as follows: (1) All journals
definition of political discourse (Schäffner, 1997), the indexed by the WoS Core Collection are included, (2) The
4 SAGE Open

Identification Records identified through searching the

Web of Science database (1990-2020)
(n 176)

Book reviews, proceeding papers, meeting

abstracts, conference reports, editorials, and
other items are removed. The results are
Screening

refined choosing Language of English

(n = 165)

Records with title, abstract and keywords

Records excluded
screened
(n 6)
(n 165)
Eligibility

Full-text articles assessed for eligibility Records excluded

(n 159) (n 4)

Studies included in quantitative synthesis

Included

(n 155)

Figure 2. The revised PRISMA flowchart.

keywords searched should include diverse forms of “political CCR-EXPANDED, and IC. In terms of data collection, the
discourse,” such as “political text,” “political speech,” keywords used for the record searches were “political dis-
“political oration,” “political meeting,” “political interview,” course*” OR “political text*” OR “political speech*” OR
“press conference,” “political communication,” “diplomatic “political oration*” OR “political meeting*” OR “political
discourse,” etc., (3) The publication must be a published interview*” OR “press conference*” OR “political commu-
scholarly article, (4) The publication period covered is from nication” OR “diplomatic” AND translation. A total of 176
January 1, 1990 to May 8, 2020. The exclusion criteria are data records are identified in the first phase.
as follows: (1) The word “political discourse” and “transla- In the screening phase, the results were refined choosing
tion” in the publication are used irrelevantly, (2) The arti- “article” as the document type by excluding book reviews,
cles have at least five pages, (3) The articles without political proceeding papers, meeting abstracts, conference reports,
discourse translation as research objectives are excluded. editorials, and other items. The results were also refined by
In the identification phase, all articles were collected choosing “English.” The publication period covered is from
from the online WoS Core Collection, namely, SCI- January 1, 1990 to May 8, 2020. A total of ten data records
EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, ESCI, are excluded in the second phase.
Du and Chen 5

In the eligibility phase, the remaining 166 data records interrelationship among specialties” (Small, 1973, p. 268).
were then assessed for eligibility by full-text reading. The Co-citation analysis also provides a historical picture of the
rationale for full-text reading is that the searched keywords emergence of a topic (Suominen et al., 2019).
for data records happened to be included in the article or It is important to note that the relatedness of items is
mentioned only in the research background. The articles determined based on the number of times they are cited
without political discourse translation as research objectives together in the co-citation analysis. According to the param-
are excluded. In the third phase, four data records were eters in VOSviewer, there are two counting methods. For this
excluded with 155 records included in the final phase. study, a full account was chosen. Full counting means that
each co-occurrence or each co-citation link has the same
weight. Fractional counting means that the weight of a link is
Bibliometric Information Analysis
fractionalized. For instance, if an author co-authors a paper
After retrieving the data, we performed a general bibliomet- with ten other authors, each of the links has a weight of 1/10.
ric analysis of political discourse translation in international
journals through WoS’s built-in tool. Next, we loaded the
data into VOSviewer (van Eck & Waltman, 2009) to perform Results and Discussion
citation and co-citation analysis. We first present the annual
publication trends and the most influential countries using
General Bibliometric Analysis
the automatic visualization of the WoS database. To answer Figure 3 shows that the first paper on the translation of politi-
the second research question, we present the citation analysis cal discourse was published in 1994 in our data. From 1995
of sources using the citation function in VOSviewer. In cita- to 2013, articles were published sporadically, suggesting that
tion analysis, the relatedness of items is determined based on scholars paid scant attention to the topic. In 2014, however,
the number of times authors cite each other. The citation over ten papers were published. After that, papers on the
analysis of documents is used to evaluate their academic translation of political discourse received increasing atten-
impact on a certain field of study (Lv et al., 2011). The more tion and reached a peak in 2018, with 30 published papers.
citations a journal or article receives, the greater its academic Table 1 shows the ten most productive countries. Those
influence. contributing to the total collection of 155 papers are listed in
To answer the third research question, we present the net- the second column, followed by the number of papers in the
work analysis of the keywords co-occurrence downloaded third column, the percentage of published articles in the
from the WoS database. Many translation scholars have con- fourth column, and the citations received by the country in
ducted keyword analysis to identify research foci, research the fifth column. Authors from the People’s Republic of
areas, development trends, or what the leading edge in trans- China and the United States contributed the most papers over
lation studies is (Dong & Chen, 2015; Huang & Liu, 2019; the past three decades, each with 16.13% of the 155 papers
Li, 2015; Liang & Xu, 2016; Martínez-Gómez, 2015; Wang respectively, followed by the United Kingdom, Canada,
et al., 2019; Zanettin et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015). Australia, Iran, and Russia, with contributions of 13.55%,
However, the co-occurrence of keywords remains understud- 6.45%, 5.16%, 4.52%, and 3.23% respectively. The authors
ied, with the exception of Dong and Chen (2015) and Wang from other countries contributed less than five papers. The
et al. (2019). In this kind of analysis, the relatedness of items People’s Republic of China ranks at the top, indicating that
is determined by the number of keywords in which they Chinese academics have high international productivity. A
occur together. closer look at these papers reveals that twenty-three papers
To answer the fourth research question, VOSviewer was are from researchers from China’s Mainland and only two
used to conduct the following network and cluster analysis: from Hong Kong. This finding does not support the Li’s
views (2015), who finds that TS scholars from China’s
① Co-citation analysis to identify the most frequently Mainland have low international productivity based on thir-
cited references in this field and their intersections teen examined SSCI- or A&HCI-indexed translation jour-
with other references; nals between 2005 and 2013.
② Co-citation analysis of the most cited sources and Judging by the origin of the citations, the United Kingdom
their intersections with other sources; stands out with 158 citations, followed by the People’s
③ Co-citation analysis of the most cited authors. Republic of China, and the United States. Although the
United Kingdom and Canada contribute less to this area,
Small (1973, p. 265) introduced co-citation analysis and papers produced in these two countries are still cited more
defined co-citation as “the frequency with which two docu- frequently.
ments are cited together.” Two documents establish a co- For ease of analysis, it is important to merge the journals
citation relationship when they are cited in another document. with different titles. For example, “Perspectives-Studies in
Co-citation provides a tool for “monitoring the develop- Translation Theory and Practice” and “Perspectives-Studies
ment of scientific fields, and for assessing the degree of in Translatology” were placed under the “Perspective” label.
6 SAGE Open

The Annual Research Output

35
30
30
24
25
20
20 18

15 12 11
10
6 5 6
3 4 4
5
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 1 1 1 1
0
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Figure 3. Annual research output.

Table 1. Top Ten Productive Countries/Territories.

No. Countries/territories Documents % of 155 Citation

1 People’s Republic of China 25 16.129 57
2 The United States 25 16.129 35
3 The United Kingdom 21 13.548 158
4 Canada 10 6.452 74
5 Australia 8 5.161 1
6 Iran 7 4.516 5
7 Russia 5 3.226 0
8 Italy 4 2.581 20
9 Jordan 4 2.581 7
10 Netherlands 4 2.581 0

A total of 155 articles were published in 110 journals. The Meta, the internationally renowned journal from Canada,
minimum number of documents of a source was set to two, is ranked second. Wang’s (2012) article “A descriptive study
and the minimum number of citations to four. Of the 110 of norms in interpreting: Based on the Chinese-English con-
journals, we presented the ten most cited journals in Table 2. secutive interpreting corpus of Chinese Premier Press
The number of articles and citations are listed in the sec- Conferences” has a total of sixteen citations.
ond and third columns. Based on the number of articles, Babel and the Journal of Language and Politics, both
Perspectives, an internationally renowned TS journal from from the Netherlands are in third place, with five publica-
the UK, ranks first when it comes to cover topics related to tions. The most cited article in Babel is Yang’s (2012) “The
political discourse. The higher the citation frequency of an principles and tactics on diplomatic translation: A Chinese
article, the more influential this article is within this field. perspective” with eight citations. The most cited article in the
The filter function of VOSviewer is used to find the most Journal of Language and Politics is Al-Hejin’s (2012)
cited article in Perspectives. It turns out that “A corpus-based “Linking critical discourse analysis with translation studies:
study of stance-taking as seen from critical points in inter- An example from BBC News” with six citations.
preted political discourse” by Wang and Feng’s (2018) has a To determine the influence of a journal, both citations and
total of seven citations. the number of articles need to be taken into account.
Du and Chen 7

Table 2. Top Ten Sources.

No. Journal titles No. of articles Citations

1 Journal of Pragmatics 3 86
2 Perspectives 12 31
3 Target 4 21
4 Meta 6 20
5 Babel 5 18
6 Journal of Language and Politics 5 12
7 Discourse, Context & Media 2 9
8 Translator 3 8
9 Translation Studies 2 5
10 Across Languages and Cultures 2 4

Table 3. Top Fifteen Keyword List. The keyword ideology has the highest frequency (nine),
with the exception of the two keywords, translation and
No. Keywords Occurrence
political discourse. The keyword ideology is followed by
1 Translation 29 three relevant but different keywords (critical discourse
2 Political discourse 12 analysis, discourse, and Chinese political discourse), with an
3 Ideology 9 occurrence of eight, six, and four respectively. This suggests
4 Critical discourse analysis 8 that CDA issues are the most frequently explored topics in
5 Discourse 6 political discourse translation studies. It corroborates what
6 Chinese political discourse 4 Zhang et al. (2015) had already discovered in their research
7 Diplomacy 4 on the development of a merging area between Discourse
8 Diplomatic translation 4 Studies and Translation Studies.
9 Politics 4
The clustering technique in VOSviewer was done accord-
10 Translation studies 4
ing to “the citation relations between clusters” (van Eck &
11 Discourse analysis 4
Waltman, 2017, p. 1063). VOSviewer automatically groups
12 Agency 3
13 Journalism 3
the forty-nine keywords into eight clusters of significant
14 Manipulation 3 size. In this way, the field of political discourse translation is
15 Media 3 divided into eight research themes. It is important to note that
Table 4, Figures 4 and 5 give the same representation of the
keyword clusters while complementing each other. Table 4
According to the citations received, the Journal of presents a full list of eight clusters. In the network visualiza-
Pragmatics, an interdisciplinary journal of language studies tion of keywords (Figure 4), a node represents a keyword,
from the Netherlands, stands out. Schäffner’s (2004a) article and the size of the node indicates the frequency of the key-
“Metaphor and translation: Some implications of cognitive word. In the density visualization of keywords (Figure 5),
approach” has a total of seventy-nine citations. Perspectives different colors represent different keyword clusters. The
is second. Target from the Netherlands is third. Schäffner’s next section focuses on the eight clusters in detail.
(2012) article “Unknown agents in translated political dis- The red cluster (cluster 1) is strongly related to linguistic
course” is the most cited article with nineteen citations. analysis, as indicated by the terms transitivity and transla-
tion shifts. The research method is both quantitative and
qualitative, as suggested by the term corpus-based discourse
Co-occurrence Analysis of Keywords analysis. The research material used in the analysis of politi-
The keyword searches were done in the keywords provided cal discourse is related to China and media discourse, as
by the authors of the 155 papers. After having merged some indicated by the terms Chinese political discourse and jour-
keywords, we obtained 758 keywords from a total of 155 nalism. Li and Pan’s (2021) study is the latest one, which
papers. For example, the American English “recontextualisa- adopts the perspective of corpus-based discourse analysis
tion” and the British English “recontextualization” were to investigate how the image of China is reshaped in the
placed under the “recontextualization” label. “Ideology”. English translation of Chinese political discourse. Based on
and its plural form became “Ideology”. The minimum num- the Appraisal System and the Ideological Square Model,
ber of times of a keyword appears was set to two. We obtained they argue that the translation shifts detected in the English
forty-nine keywords from a total of 758, with a threshold translation of the appraisal epithets serve China’s interests
value of two. The top fifteen keywords are listed in Table 3. or its diplomatic principle.
8 SAGE Open

Table 4. Keyword Clusters.

Cluster 1 (nine items) Chinese political discourse, corpus-based discourse analysis, discourse, Iran, journalism, politeness,
political discourse translation, transitivity, translation shifts
Cluster 2 (eight items) discourse analysis, ideology, journalistic translation, manipulation, metaphor, narrative theory, political
discourse analysis, translation studies
Cluster 3 (seven items) attitudes, behavior, media, model, political communication, power, social media
Cluster 4 (six items) Corpus-based CDA, hegemony, ideologies, interpreted political discourse, interpreter mediation, stance
Cluster 5 (six items) agency, critical discourse analysis, language, newspapers, political discourse, recontextualization
Cluster 6 (five items) capitulations, cosmopolitanism, democracy, diplomacy, translation
Cluster 7 (four items) English, German, news translation, political speeches
Cluster 8 (four items) conflict, development, politics, public opinion

Figure 4. Network visualization of keywords.

The green cluster (cluster 2) is strongly linked with ideology link between politics, media, and translation in their seminal
and manipulation. The research method is primarily qualita- work Political Discourse, Media and Translation. The juxta-
tive, as suggested by the term discourse analysis. The research position of the three terms translation studies, manipulation,
theory can also be identified in this cluster, as illustrated by and ideology shows that the manipulative power and ideol-
the term narrative theory. The emphasis is on exploring the ogy behind the translation of political discourse has attracted
linguistic realizations of ideology in translation (Puurtinen, scholarly attention.
2003) and the extratextual and intratextual aspects of ideol- The azure cluster (cluster 3) right above Figures 4 or 5 is
ogy as related to translation (Schäffner, 2003). Schäffner’s strongly associated with power embodied in political com-
emphasis on ideology echoes Hatim and Mason’s (1997, munication, as suggested by the terms political communica-
p. 119) distinction between “the ideology of translating” and tion, power, social media, and media. In recent years, the
“the translation of ideology.” Baker’s (2006) Translation and media has promoted political communication across lan-
Conflict: A Narrative Account and Calzada-Pérez’s (2003) guages, cultures, and boundaries. Its role cannot be neglected
Apropos of Ideology also touch upon ideology and translation. in the study of the translation of political discourse. Schäffner
It can be argued that the juxtaposition of the terms jour- (2010, p. 255) believes that political discourse is transmitted
nalistic translation and political discourse analysis refers to in recontextualization processes and argues that “political
Schäffner and Bassnett’s (2010) exploration of the implicit communication is mediated by translation.”
Du and Chen 9

Figure 5. Density visualization of keywords.

The yellow cluster (cluster 4) is related to interpreting and The acid blue cluster (cluster 6) in the upper right area of
CDA, as evidenced by corpus-based CDA, interpreted politi- Figures 4 or 5 is related to diplomatic translation. This clus-
cal discourse, and interpreter mediation. The research ter suggests a strong connection between translation and
method used, in this cluster, is both quantitative and qualita- diplomacy, showing that translation is involved in negotiat-
tive, as evidenced by the term corpus-based CDA. This syn- ing between states.
ergistic approach highlights that discourse analyses are The orange cluster (cluster 7) is related to the representa-
underpinned by empirical interpreting studies. Wang and tion of political speeches in news translation. A detailed
Feng’s (2018) stance-taking in interpreting studies is a tell- reading reveals that the textual analyses are based on obser-
ing example. Drawing on evaluation theory, they conduct a vations between English and German, as in Schäffner’s
corpus-based study of how the Chinese government’s stance (2004b) study. A recent study calls for multilingual collabo-
is interpreted in English translation. Their findings show that ration in news translation, which could deepen our under-
the interpreters’ lexical choices reflect the Chinese govern- standing of global news translation (Matsushita & Schäffner,
ment’s position on various political and social issues. 2018). The brown cluster (cluster 8) in the upper left part of
The purple cluster (cluster 5) is strongly related to the Figure 4 is related to conflict and politics. Small and mar-
recontextualization of political discourse in media discourse ginalized as the two clusters, news translation, conflict, and
across languages, cultures, and boundaries, as suggested by politics, could be the potential topics of political discourse
the terms newspapers, political discourse, and recontextual- translation in future studies. News reports of conflicts
ization. The research method is primarily qualitative, as between different nations are of interest to scholars. For
shown by the term critical discourse analysis. The data used example, Haj Omar (2019) conducts a narrative study on
in the analysis of political discourse comes from the media, media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict from 2000 to
as indicated by the term newspaper. A telling example is a 2010, and finds that competing narratives manifest them-
study by Kang (2007). To examine how North Korea is (re) selves in the media.
constructed in translation, Kang (2007) takes a critical
approach to news translations of stories about North Korea
Co-citation Analysis
published in Newsweek and Newsweek Hankuk Pan (Korean
edition) from the perspective of discourse analysis. She finds Co-citation of cited references. The co-citation analysis of
that the recontextualization of news discourse on North cited references aims to identify the most influential ones
Korea involves “a reformulation of the source text in and their intersection using cited references as the unit of
response to priorities and values relevant within the target analysis. The importance of a cited reference is evaluated by
context” (Kang, 2007, p. 240). “the number of co-citations it may possess” (Dong & Chen,
10 SAGE Open

Table 5. Top 30 Cited References.

No. Cited references Citations Co-citation links

1 Schäffner (2004b), Journal of language and politics, v3, p117 15 27
2 Baker (2006), Translation and conflict: a narrative account 12 21
3 Bielsa and Bassnett (2009), Translation in global news 10 22
4 Venuti (1995), The translators’ invisibility 10 24
5 Hatim and Mason (1990), Discourse and the translator 9 28
6 Munday (2007), Translator, v13, p195 9 26
7 Hatim and Mason (1997), The translator as communicator 8 25
8 Kang (2007), Translator, v13, p219 8 24
9 Schäffner (1997), Text typology and translation, p119 8 21
10 Chilton (2004), Analyzing political discourse 7 21
11 Fairclough (1995), Critical discourse analysis: A critical study of language 7 23
12 Halliday (1994), An introduction to functional grammar 7 23
13 Hermans (1999), Translation in systems 7 15
14 Newmark (1988), A textbook of translation 7 10
15 van Dijk (1998), Ideology: a multidisciplinary approach 7 22
16 Fairclough and Wodak (1997), Discourse as social interaction, p258 6 15
17 Schäffner (2012), Target, v24, p103 6 22
18 Bell (1984), Language in society, v13, p145 5 10
19 Catford (1965), Linguistic theory translation 5 14
20 Fairclough (1992), Discourse and social change 5 21
21 House (1997), Translation quality assessment 5 19
22 Kuo and Nakamura (2005), Discourse society, v16, p393 5 21
23 Lefevere (1992), Translation, rewriting and the manipulation of literary fame 5 18
24 Newmark (1981), Approaches to translation 5 15
25 Nida (1964), Toward a science of translating 5 10
26 Schäffner (2003), À propos of ideology: translation Studies on ideology, p23 5 22
27 Schäffner (2010), Perspectives in politics and discourse, p255 5 18
28 Schäffner (2010), Political discourse, media and translation 5 18
29 Valdeón (2015), Perspectives, v23, p634 5 16
30 Yang (2012), Babel, v58, p1 5 13
Total 208 583

2015, p. 1117). The minimum number of citations of a cited co-cited at least once. Different colors represent different
reference was set to five. In other words, a cited reference clusters of co-cited references in the visualization of the
must appear at least five times along with its co-cited refer- density of the thirty co-cited references (Figure 7).
ence. Of the 6, 526 cited references, thirty met this threshold. Cluster 1 (red cluster) is primarily concerned with the
For each of these, the co-citation links with other cited refer- models of critical discourse analysis (Chilton, 2004; Fairclough,
ences were calculated by VOSviewer. Table 5 shows thirty 1995) and narrative theory (Baker, 2006), as well as how crit-
cited references, their citations, and co-citation links. ical discourse analysis can be applied to media discourse and
Table 5 shows that, except for eight journal articles (in translation, represented by Kuo and Nakamura (2005) and
bold), most of the thirty cited references are books and Kang (2007). It is important to note that the intertwined rela-
book chapters dealing with translation theory, discourse tionships between political discourse, media, and translation
analysis, and news translation widely known to researchers. represented by Schäffner and Bassnett (2010) link critical dis-
For instance, Venuti’s (1995) book, cited ten times, is popu- course theory, media, news discourse, political discourse, and
lar among translation scholars in Western and Chinese translation. Although neither Chilton (2004) nor Fairclough
academia. (1995) focus on translation, the influence of their discourse
The thirty cited references are divided into four clusters models is immense. Valdeón (2015, p. 647) argues that these
by VOSviewer. In Figure 6, a node represents a reference and discourse models have great potential to analyze translated
is labeled with its author and the year of publication. The texts and in particular news texts. These references are co-
larger the node is, the more frequently cited by scholars. Two cited, as they are all related to discourse analysis models and
nodes are connected by a line, indicating that they have been theories of political discourse translation.
Du and Chen 11

Figure 6. Network visualization of the co-citation of the selected thirty cited references.

Figure 7. Density visualization of the co-citation of the thirty cited references.

Cluster 2 (green cluster) focuses on the core point of the and language functions, and Nida’s (1964) equivalence
linguistic approach, as evidenced by Halliday’s (1994) translation theory. Cluster 2 also deals with how linguistic
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Newmark’s (1981, theories can be applied to translation studies, such as how
1988) communicative and semantic translation, and dynam- SFL can be used in discourse theory (Hatim & Mason, 1990)
ics of translation, equivalent effects in translation, text types and how Nida’s equivalence translation theory can be applied
12 SAGE Open

in diplomatic translation studies (Yang, 2012). Notably, Co-citation of cited sources. The co-citation analysis of
Yang’s (2012) study adopts a pioneering political equiva- cited sources is designed to identify the most co-cited sources
lence theory based on Nida’s work. Cluster 2 also revolves and their links, using cited sources as the unit of analysis to
around the role of translation and interpreting in media dis- complement the co-citation analysis of cited references. The
course (Schäffner, 2012) and the relationship between ide- minimum number of citations for a source was set to four-
ology and language (van Dijk, 1998). The co-citation of teen. Of the 4, 857 sources, seventeen met the threshold. The
these references concerning linguistic theories suggests that seventeen sources in the database are listed in Table 6.
the linguistic approach of TS is being applied in the field of Table 6 shows that Target ranks first in terms of citations,
political discourse translation. while The Translator stands out in terms of co-citation links.
Cluster 3 (blue cluster) represents the cultural approach This suggests that a journal with a high number of citations
to TS (the ideological functions in translation), represented is not necessarily frequently co-cited. Communication
by Lefevere’s (1992) Translation, Rewriting, and the Research ranks tenth in terms of citations, but seventeenth
Manipulation of Literary Fame and Venuti’s (1995) binary in terms of co-citation links.
opposition of domestication and foreignization. This cluster Their co-citation relationships are further visualized. The
also covers how ideology is conveyed and presented in polit- network visualization of the seventeen cited sources is
ical discourse translation (Munday, 2007), the study of ideo- shown in Figure 8. The density visualization is shown in
logical shifts (Hatim & Mason, 1997), and extratextual and Figure 9. In Figure 8, a node represents a cited source, and
intratextual aspects of ideology (Schäffner, 2003). Munday each is labeled with the title of the cited source. The larger
(2007) examines how ideology is conveyed textually in the the node is, the more citations a source has received. The
translations of political speeches and interviews with Castro, closer the nodes are to each other, the more closely related
Marcos, Chávez in Latin America by drawing on critical lin- they are. In Figure 9, different colors represent different
guistics, the precursor of CDA. Schäffner (2003, p. 41) clusters of co-cited sources.
claims that ideology can be reflected in the text and attributes Cluster 1 (red cluster) covers language and politics, text
the subtle differences identified in the comparative analysis typology and translation, linguistic theories, and translation.
of the English and the German text of the Blair/Schröder These sources include three journals (Chinese Translators
document to ideological phenomena in the respective cul- Journal, Journal of Language and Politics, and Translation
tures. The fact that these references are co-cited suggests that Studies), an encyclopedia (Routledge Encyclopedia of
cultural approaches to TS and “ideology of translating” and Translation Studies), and two books (Introducing Functional
“the translation of ideology” (Hatim & Mason, 1997, p. 119) Grammar and Text Typology and Translation). It is not sur-
are active areas in the field of political discourse translation. prising to find that Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation
Cluster 4 (yellow cluster), consisting of six cited refer- Studies is one of the most cited sources. Generalist publica-
ences, conceptualizes the translation of political discourse tions receive many more citations than specialized ones.
from different perspectives, such as Catford’s (1965) linguis- Probably it could also suggest that encyclopedias have more
tic translation theory, Hermans’s (1999) systems theory, academic influence for research.
House’s (1997) translation quality assessment, Fairclough Cluster 2 (green cluster) focuses on political discourse
and Wodak’s (1997) discourse analysis, and Schäffner (1997, and translation research. These sources include four journals
2004a, 2004b) studies of political discourse. Schäffner (Meta, Perspectives, Target, and The Translator) and two
(1997, p. 119) considers translation as a mediated cross- books (Schäffner and Bassnett’s Political Discourse, Media
cultural type of communication and considers discourse and Translation and Baker’s Translation and Conflict: A
analysis “a genuine social, political, or cultural analysis.” Narrative Account).
Schäffner (2004b) further argues that political discourse Cluster 3 (blue cluster) covers discourse, society, and com-
analysis (PDA) and postmodern translation theory link tex- munication. These sources include three journals (Journal of
tual features to socio-political and socio-cultural contexts. In Communication Research, Discourse & Society, and Public
this regard, the translation of political discourse has been Management Review). Cluster 4 (yellow cluster) focuses on
analyzed in a broader social, political, and cultural context. pragmatics and news discourse. These sources include one
The large yellow node in the middle in Figure 6 shows the journal (The Journal of Pragmatics) and one American
strong link between the four clusters. This node is Schäffner’s newspaper (The New York Times). Figure 8 shows that the
(2004b) seminal paper “Political discourse analysis from the yellow cluster serves as a linking cluster between the red,
point of view of translation studies,” published in the Journal green, and blue clusters. In other words, research on the
of Language and Politics. This article, with Schäffner’s pow- translation of political discourse connects with other disci-
erful call for closer collaboration between TS and PDA, can plines through fields such as pragmatics, discourse analysis,
be regarded as the standard reference for the field of political and communication research.
discourse translation studies. These pieces of research are
often cited because they provide a theoretical framework for Co-citation of cited authors. The co-citation analysis of
political discourse translation studies. cited authors is intended to complement the co-citation of
Du and Chen 13

Table 6. List of the Seventeen Cited Sources.

No. Cited sources Citations Co-citation links

1 J Target 56 439
2 J Translator 54 499
3 J Meta 48 318
4 J Discourse & Society 41 409
5 J Chinese Translators 37 319
6 Journal of Pragmatics 36 198
7 J Perspectives 33 302
8 Journal of Language and Politics 30 275
9 J Translation Studies 28 199
10 J Communication Research 18 2
11 J Public Management Review 18 36
12 New York Times 18 57
13 Introducing Functional Grammar 17 101
14 Political Discourse, Media and 17 157
15 Translation 16 132
16 Text Typology and Translation 15 138
17 Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation 14 125
Total Studies Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account 496 3,306

Figure 8. Co-citation network visualization of the seventeen cited sources.

cited references and cited sources. We set the threshold at proposes the three-dimensional CDA model to analyze dif-
ten, and eighteen authors met this threshold. The eighteen ferent types of discourse.
cited authors are listed in Table 7. It shows that Schäffner is The network visualization of the eighteen co-cited authors
the most cited author, with citations of eighty-four and co- is shown in Figure 10. VOSviewer groups the eighteen
citation ties of 726, followed by Baker and Fairclough, with authors into three clusters (Figure 11). In the network visual-
citations of forty-five and thirty-nine, respectively, and with ization (Figure 10), a node represents an author, and each one
co-citation ties of 312 and 278. is labeled by the author’s name. The larger the node is, the
Schäffner ranks the top in terms of political discourse more frequently the author is cited. A line is drawn when two
translation, as Schäffner contributes greatly to political dis- authors are cited in one source. Figure 10 shows that the largest
course studies, CDA studies, and Translation Studies. The node is Schäffner’s (the green node), who acts as a link between
second most cited author is Mona Baker who advances cor- the three clusters. In the density visualization (Figure 11),
pus linguistics and Translation Studies. Third, Fairclough different colors represent different cited author clusters.
14 SAGE Open

Figure 9. Co-citation density visualization of the seventeen cited sources.

Table 7. The Eighteen Co-cited Authors. Conclusion

No. Cited authors Citations Co-citation links To identify the influential countries and sources, research
1 Schäffner, c 84 726
themes, and the most co-cited references, sources, and authors,
2 Baker, m 45 313 we used the automatic visualization tools provided by the WoS
3 Fairclough, n 39 312 database, the network analysis of co-occurrence of keywords,
4 van Dijk, ta 27 278 and the co-citation analysis of cited references, sources, and
5 Halliday, mak 26 151 authors. It has produced several significant findings.
6 Hatim, b 25 261 First, it appears that the People’s Republic of China and
7 Chesterman, a 20 160 the United States contribute the most to this field. The inter-
8 Venuti, l 20 136 national journals of translation studies are paying more and
9 Bielsa, e 18 162 more attention to Chinese political discourse translations.
10 Newmark, p 18 102 One possible explanation for this could be the growing
11 Foucault, m 17 54 awareness of Chinese scholars of the importance to dissemi-
12 Valdeón, ra 17 169 nate Chinese political discourse research. It also appears that
13 Munday, j 15 148 countries such as the United Kingdom and Canada can pro-
14 Pym, a 15 178 duce papers recognized in international academia with a
15 Banhegyi, matyas 12 130 smaller share of contribution. This necessarily help research-
16 Chilton, p 12 149 ers understand that although the United Kingdom and Canada
17 Hermans, t 12 90 contribute less to this area, papers produced in these two
18 Wodak, r 10 109 countries are still cited more frequently. Thus, it is essential
Total 432 3,628 for researchers to locate these influential papers for future
studies. Besides, countries such as the United Kingdom,
Canada and the People’s Republic of China begin to account
Cluster 1 (red cluster) relates to the linguistic and theo- for a growing share of research output. This might be a gen-
retical framework of political discourse translation and eral research trend corroborated in other fields, not only in
CDA, as suggested by the names of the authors: Halliday linguistics in general (Lei & Liu, 2019), but also in other
and Baker. It also focuses on discourse analysis models: disciplines (Moiwo & Tao, 2013).
Fairclough and Wodak; on news translation: Bielsa and Second, the citation analysis of sources shows that the top
Valdeón. three most influential sources in this area are the Journal of
Cluster 2 (green cluster) concerns political discourse Pragmatics, Perspectives, and Target. Based on the number
translation and ideology: Schäffner, van Dijk, Hatim, Munday, of articles, Perspectives, Meta, Babel, and the Journal of
Banhegyi, and Chilton. Language and Politics stand out. Although the Journal of
Cluster 3 (blue cluster) focuses on translation and inter- Pragmatics contributes less to this field, it receives the most
preting studies: Chesterman, Newmark, Pym, and Hermans. citations.
Du and Chen 15

Figure 10. Network visualization of the eighteen cited authors.

Figure 11. Density visualization of the eighteen cited authors.

Third, the network analysis of co-occurrence of the top translation, (3) power embodied in political communica-
forty-nine keywords identifies eight major research themes: tion, (4) interpreting and CDA, (5) the recontextualization
(1) linguistic analysis in political discourse translation stud- of political discourse in media discourse across languages,
ies, (2) ideology and manipulation within political discourse cultures and boundaries, (6) diplomatic translation, (7) the
16 SAGE Open

representation of political speeches in news translation, (8) that the researchers should not only entrench their views of
news translation, conflict and politics. The synergic method the field in canonical works but also stay tuned to the newer
of corpus linguistics and CDA is applied extensively in the sources. Therefore, the bibliometric study should continue to
field of political discourse translation. Corpus techniques, be conducted for a panoramic view of a field.
which help to locate linguistic patterns in translation studies, Finally, a number of limitations should be mentioned.
make this field much more persuasive and objective. First, other databases such as Scopus, the Translation Studies
Fourth, it is evident that the co-citation analyses provide Bibliography (TSB), or the Bibliography of Interpreting and
a historical picture of the emergence of the field of political Translation (BITRA) were not used, therefore this paints a
discourse analysis. The co-citation analysis of cited refer- very limited view of the field; second, the co-authorship
ences shows that these are divided into four major clusters: analysis and H-index analysis were not performed; third,
(1) discourse analysis models and theories of political documents in languages other than English were not consid-
discourse translation, (2) linguistic approaches to TS, (3) ered. Despite these limitations, it should be enlightening for
cultural approaches to TS, (4) theoretical frameworks for researchers and students to be aware of this field’s research
political discourse translation studies. The co-citation anal- themes and origins. The frequently cited documents, widely
ysis of cited sources suggests that the study of political dis- co-cited references, sources, and authors guide novice
course translation draws extensively on linguistic translation researchers in political discourse translation studies.
theory, systems theory, discourse analysis, and others. The
frequently cited authors can be divided into three clusters: Declaration of Conflicting Interests
authors who focus on the linguistic and theoretical frame- The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect
work and CDA, discourse analysis models; authors who to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
concentrate on political discourse translation and ideology;
authors who focus on translation and interpreting studies. Funding
Schäffner acts as a link between the three clusters.
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support
Combining the PRISMA guidelines and VOSviewer visu- for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This
alizations, this study will shed new light on the current devel- work was supported by Anhui Department of Education, “A
opment of political discourse translation. First, the combined Corpus-based Study on the Communication and Reception of
methodology for this study offers guidelines that show the Chinese Political Discourse” [grant number SK2020ZD61], Anhui
previous literature in a staged process and improve the trans- Department of Education [grant number SK2021A0865], and Key
parency and clarity of this bibliometric analysis; second, it Project of Quality Engineering of Anhui Department of Education,
helps student scholars and novice scholars identify the most “Shaping and Improving young Teachers’ Curriculum Resource
productive countries, the most influential sources and docu- Development Ability in Chinese Universities from the Perspective
ments, and the prospective authors in the field of political of Virtual Network Ecology” [grant number 2020jyxm1416].
discourse studies; third, it helps scholars improve their
ORCID iDs
awareness of the key topics and research trends in the field of
political discourse translation. The key topics and research Lijuan Du https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-5206
trends are essential for scholars to keep following the cut- Wenliang Chen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8040-5515
ting-edge research; fourth, cited authors are clustered into
linguistic theory, political discourse and translation studies. References
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