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    Assignment 1 MTH113

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    Assignment 1 MTH113

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    Assigment maths

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    Assignment-1-MTH113

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    Assigment maths

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    4 views4 pages

    Assignment 1 MTH113

    Uploaded by

    Book House
    Assigment maths

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, I.I.T.

    KANPUR
    LINEAR ALGEBRA(MTH113)–ASSIGNMENT 1

    Problem solving session:    


    x x
    (1) Let A, B be 2 × 2 real matrices such that A =B for all (x, y) ∈ R2 . Prove
    y y
    that A = B.

    (2) It is easy to check that all the matrices given below


           
    1 0 −1 0 −1 0 0 1
    , , ,
    0 −1 0 1 0 −1 1 0
    satisfy the equation A2 = I2 . Explain geometrically why it is happening.

    (3) Explain geometrically, why


         
    1 0 −1 0 −1 0 1 0
    =
    0 −1 0 1 0 1 0 −1

    (4) Let A be a 2 × 2 real invertible matrices. Show that the image under A of
    (a) any straight line is a straight line
    (b) any straight line passing through origin is a straight line passing through origin.
    (c) any two parallel straight lines are parallel straight lines.

    (5) Let A be a nilpotent (Am = 0, for some m ≥ 1) matrix. Show that I + A is invertible.

    (6) If a n × n real matrix A satisfies the relation AAT = 0 then show that A = 0. Is the same
    true if A is a complex matrix? Show that if A is a n × n complex matrix and AĀT = 0 then
    A = 0.

    (7) By using the first definition of the determinant as discussed in the lecture (involving S3 ),
    determine the determinant of the following matrix:
     
    1 2 4
    3 2 0 .
    0 4 5

    Practice problems
     
    1 2 0
    (8) Let A = 0 1 3. Find Ak for all integers k.
    0 0 1
    (9) Show that the matrix multiplication is associative and distributive over addition of matrices.

    1
    2 ASSIGNMENT-1

    (10) Given A = (aij ) define AT = (bij ) where bij = aji .


    (a) For two matrices A and B show that (A + B)T = AT + B T if A + B is defined.
    (b) (AB)T = B T AT if AB is defined.

    (11) A matrix A is called symmetric if A = AT and skew symmetric if A = −AT . Show that
    every square matrix can be written as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrices.

    (12) Show that if A and B are symmetric then AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA.

    (13) Let A and B be two n × n invertible matrices. Show that (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 .

    (14) Apply Gauss elimination to the following system

    2x + y + 2z = 3
    3x − y + 4z = 7
    4x + 3y + 6z = 5

    (15) Let A and B be two n × n matrices.  


    m
    Pm m
    (a) If AB = BA then show that (A + B) = i=1 Am−i B i .
    i
    (b) Show by an example
    Pn that if AB ̸= BA then (a) need not hold.
    (c) If Tr(A) = i=1 ii then show that Tr(AB) = Tr(BA). Hence show that if A is
    a
    invertible then Tr (ABA−1 ) = Tr(B).

    (16) Suppose A is a 2 × 1 matrix and B is a 1 × 2 matrix. Prove that the product AB is not
    invertible.
     
    a b
    (17) Find all possible choices of a, b and c so that A = has an inverse matrix such that
    0 c
    −1
    A = A.

    (18) Give examples of 3 × 3 nonzero matrices A and B such that


    (a) An = 0 , for some n > 1,
    (b) B 3 = B.

    (19) A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent if Ak = 0 for a positive integer k.


    (a) Show that any nilpotent matrix is not invertible.
    (b) Show that any invertible matrix is not nilpotent.
    (c) Show that any triangular matrix with zero diagonal entries is nilpotent.

    (20) Prove that if A is a 3 × 3 matrix such that AB = BA for every 3 × 3 matrix B, then A = cI3
    for some constant c.
    ASSIGNMENT-1 3

    (21) Let f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 be a polynomial. For any square matrix A, a
    matrix polynomial f (A) is defined as
    f (A) = an An + an−1 An−1 + · · · + a1 A + a0 In .
    3 2
     x − 6x + 11x − 6, find f (A) for
    For f (x) =
    1 2 0
    (a) A = −3 4 0

    0 0 5
     
    1 −1 2
    (b) A = 0 2 −1 .
    0 0 3
     
    1 2 0
    (22) For A = 0 3 2 , find invertible matrices P
     and Q such that
    1 5 2
     
    1 0 0
    P AQ = 0 1
     0 .
    0 0 0
    Is it possible to find P and Q such that P AQ = I3 ? Justify your answer.

    (23) Label the following statements as true or false.


    (a) An elementary matrix is always square.
    (b) The only entries of an elementary matrix are zeros and ones.
    (c) The n × n identity matrix is an elementary matrix.
    (d) The product of two n × n elemtary matrices is an elementary matrix.
    (e) The transpose of an elementary matrix is an elementary matrix.
    (f) The sum of two n × n elementary matrices is an elementary matrix.
    (g) If B is a matrix that can be obtained by performing an elementary row operation on a
    matrix A, then B can also be obtained by performing an elementary column operation
    on A.
    (h) If B is a matrix that can be obtained by performing an elementary row operation on a
    matrix A, then A can be obtained by performing an elementary row operation on B.

    (24) Let
         
    1 2 3 1 0 3 1 0 3
    A = 1 0 1 , B = 1 −2 1 , C = 0 −2 −2 .
    1 −1 1 1 −3 1 1 −3 1
    Find an elementary operation that transforms A into B and an elementary operation that
    transforms B into C. By means of several additional operations, transform C into I3 .

    (25) Use the method of row reduction to find the inverse of


     
    1 2 2
     2 1 2 .
    2 2 1
    4 ASSIGNMENT-1

    (26) Find all elements of S3 (the set of all permutations of the set {1, 2, 3} ) and determine which
    permutations are odd.

    (27) Let σ ∈ S5 be given by


     
    1 2 3 4 5
    5 4 1 2 3
    −1
    (a) Find sign of σ and sign of σ .
    (b) What does σ 2 := σ ◦ σ do to (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) ?

    Hints for a few practice problems:


    Pn
    (10) for (b): A = (aij )m×n , B = (bij )n×r , C = (cij )m×r
    P with cij = k=1 aik bkj . By definition
    (AB)T = (cji )r×m and B T AT = (dij )r×m with dij = nk=1 bki ajk .

    (11) Use A = 12 (A + AT )) + 12 (A − AT ).
       
    1 0 0 1
    (15)(a) Use binomial theorem, (b) consider A = and B = , (c) Tr(AB) =
    0 0 −1 0
    −1
    Tr(BA) part is easy. For the next part, consider C = BA and use AC and CA.

    (17)use A−1 = A implies A2 = I2

    (19) (a) prove and use that Ak = 0 and AB = I implies Ak−1 = 0. (b) (A−1 )k = (Ak )−1 .
    (c) An−1 = 0 if A ∈ Mn (R)

    (20) Consider various options for B

    (22) Use elementary row and column elementary matrices to find P and Q
     
    1 −2 0
    (24) A 0 1 0 = B and so on
    0 0 1
    (26) recall there are 6 elements.

    (27) Use σ = (24)(13)(15)

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