TEAM EVOLUTION

ALLAIZA BELANGEL
JADE ANN GACETA
FRANCINE GWENN SILVA
JAMESPATRICK AMPUNAN
CLAIRE ANN ECLEO
ROBYGAIL ARTAJONA
WEEK 11

the origin of life

Life on earth is still a mystery to this day. Life on earth is
still the most significant question among the scientific
community. How did it all start? How did life exist on our
planet? And how did we evolve. In this presentation, we
will find out how every living thing in this world became
over time.
 the two tents of evolution
1. Evolution explains The major principles in biology.
- All living things are descendants of organisms that lived more than two
billion years ago. Comprehending the process and changes through the
time from our ancestors down to their descendants will help us appreciate
the will help us appreciate the complexities of life forms we have at the
present

2. evolution is a dynamic and multifaceted area of research

- every evolutionary biologist attains to study the evolution of life on earth
in an attempt to arrive at new theories and conclusions for human and
animal development and adaptation.
 characteristics of life
There are 5 characteristics of life to distinguish a
living thing from a non-living thing.

1. CELLULAR COMPLEXITY - All living

things are composed of either one
or more cells that are highly
complex yet organized and
enclosed within membranes.
2. Growth and development - Every organism
needs the energy to grow by metabolizing
compounds through cellular respiration or
photosynthesis every organism has a stage of
growth from birth to maturity
3. Reproduction. - Reproduction is the production
of offspring. By sexual or asexual reproduction.
Reproduction is an important step for the species
not to extinct.
4. Irritability - All organisms have irritation by
having a change in environment or physiology.
Irritability is also a warning system for all organisms
that their environment is not normal than it used to
5. Homeostasis - A state of balance among all the
body systems needed for the body to survive and
function correctly. If it fails the organism will die.
 QUESTIONS

1. Give 2 characteristics of life.

geologic time scale
what is the geologic time scale?
•The geologic time scale divides up history of the earth based on
life-forms that have existed during specific times since the creation
of the planet. These divisions are called geochronological units
(geo: rock, chronology: time).

•Most of these life forms are found as fossils, which are the remains
or traces of an organism from the geologic past that has been
preserved in sediment or rock.
 geologic time scale
The Geologic Time Scale is divided into the following division:
Eons: Longest subdivision; based on the abundance of certain
fossils
 geologic time scale
The Geologic Time Scale is divided into the following division:
•Eras: Next to the longest subdivision; marked by major
changes in the fossil record.
The Geologic Time Scale is divided into
the following division:

•Periods: Based on types of life existing

at the time.
 theories about the
origin of life
In the case of the scientific investigation of the origin of life, there are two
dilemmas: first, the conditions in which it initially occurred are unidentified,
and second, the phenomena of life are so complex we do not understand all
of its properties. Therefore, the concept of the "unknown" in the origin of life
can still be used to explain such dilemmas. Since some scientific methods
are still somehow considered faulty, we should still consider the hypothesis
being proposed by creationism or special creation that life began at the
spontaneous creation by a superior supernatural entity that is beyond a
mere metaphysical being
 panspermia
This hypothesis proposes that microscopic life forms
that survived the effects of space became trapped in
debris that was expelled into space after a strong
collision between the planets and were responsible for
harboring life forms. For instance, meteors or cosmic
dust that hit the Earth transported a significant
amount of such complicated organic molecules,
which started the evolution of life. It is speculated that
right after the Big Bang happened, the biochemistry of
life began about 14 billion years ago during the
habitable epoch.
 abiogenesis
– This hypothesized that life evolved from inanimate objects. Naturalist
proponents of this theory believed that there are four important key
events to the origin of life:
– An atmosphere full of reduced gas molecules and a source of
energy needed to convert these molecules into important biological
precursors required for life.
– An ocean that is teeming with biological molecules.
– A process to produce from this ocean of molecules the kinds of
information-rich polymers essential for a living cell.
– A belief that if step 3 can be executed, it will result almost inevitably
in the creation of a living cell
 model of abiogenesis
– Spontaneous Generation
– The obsolete idea of spontaneous generation is described as the
formation of a living organism without arising from a similar organism.
Characteristically, the idea was that certain organisms like fleas, for
example, could come from nonliving matter or that maggots could arise
from dead meat. This belief was quite a popular belief during the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
– However, an Italian poet and naturalist Francesco Redi demonstrated a
simple experiment to disprove such popular belief at that time that
maggots originate from rotting meat. He initially acquired six jars and
separated them into two groups of three. In one of his setups, in the first jar
of each group, he placed an unidentified object; in the second, a dead fish;
in the last, a raw mass of beef
— Redien closed the tops of the first group jars with
fine gauze so that only air could get into them while
the other setups were left open. After several days,
he observed that maggots began to appear on the
set-ups with open jars, but not in the gauze-
covered jars. He also performed a second
experiment wherein the meat was kept in two
uncovered jars and one jar again covered with fine
gauze. In that experiment, he saw that flies were
only entering the two uncovered jars and in them,
maggots began to appear. The covered jar also
showed the appearance of some maggots but only
on top of the gauze, much of which are dead
– But the most popular experiment that had
attempted to refute this theory about life's origin
would be the classical experiment of Louis Pasteur,
which became the foundation of microbiology. He
wanted to find out whether a sterile nutrient broth
could spontaneously generate microbial life. He set
up what is known as the S-shape flask (Figure1.4).
He prepared two flasks containing sterile nutrient
broths. The flask with a broken swan neck became
turbid, which indicates the presence of microbial
life in the broth. The other setup remained clear,
concluding that without the exposure to dust in the
air in which microbes can travel, no microbial life
can arise.
 primordial soup theory

The concept of Russian scientist Alexander Oparin, this theory

hypothesized that possible conditions on the primitive Earth allow
the onset of chemical reactions that leads to the formation of other
complex organic compounds using simple inorganic substances.
Oparin initially argued that the concept of "spontaneous
generation" might have happened due to a "primeval soup" of
different organic molecules that could be created in a non-oxygen
atmosphere due to the action of sunlight.
This particular theory was summarized by another scientist
named Roberto Shapiro by giving four conditions that might
have been life's origin on Earth:(1) Earth had a chemically
reducing atmosphere; (2) the atmosphere exposed to energy
in various forms produced simple organic compounds; (3)
these compounds are accumulated in a "soup" which may
have been concentrated at various locations; and (4) by
further transformation, more complex organic polymers-and
ultimately life developed in the soup.
 But the most important scientific
experiment that supported a particular
hypothesis was the "MillerUrey
experiment. Carried out in 1952 by
Stanley Miller with assistance from
Harold Urey, they simulated the putative
condition of the early Earth’s
atmosphere.
the clay hypothesis

Proposed in 1985 by Graham Cains-Smith, this hypothesis

suggests that the first molecules of life might have met on clay,
whose surfaces not only concentrated these organic
compounds together but also helped organize them into
patterns. These intricate organic molecules ascended slowly
from a pre-existing, non-organic repetition platform of silicate
crystals in solution.
 deep hot biosphere
hypothesis

Postulated by Thomas Gold, this model suggests that life did

not begin on the surface of the earth but instead in the
porosity of its crust. The discovery of tiny filament structures
that are similar to bacteria called nanotubes in deep rocks in
the early 90s supported such a claim
WEEK 13

FROM THE ORIGIN OF

LIFE TO EVOLUTIONARY
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
 WINDSOR, 2003 STATED THAT DURING THE
CLASSICAL TIMES, MANY ANCIENT SCIENTISTS
BELIEVED THAT ALL SPECIES ON EARTH WERE
UNCHANGEABLE BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF
ESSENTIALISM
 SOME SCIENTISTS
WHO MADE THEORIES
ABOUT EVOLUTION
JEAN BAPTISTE de
LAMARCK
(1744-1829)
Charles darwin
(1809-1882)
Alfred Russel Wallace:
the father of
biogeography
Gregor Mendel
( 1822-1884)
 evidences of evolution

In modern times, several basic lines of evidence are used to

prove evolution. Areas of biology can only be interpreted
sensibly as the outcome of evolution itself. Would be able to
realize that biology simply would not make sense if evolution
were taken out of the picture.
 Evidence of evolution can be
found at all levels of the
extinct tissue we know from
living organisms and fossils.
Fossils provide evolutionary
changes due to the now
extinct morphology leading to
modern species
 evidence from
paleontology:
the fossil record
there are five lines
of evidence that
support evolution
 FOSSIL RECORD
This documents the existence
of how extinct species show
different organisms have lived
on earth during different
periods of the planet's history.
Figure 1.2 is one of the
example of fossil record.

FIGURE 1.2. Fossil interpreted as a nesting oviraptorid

Citipati at the American Museum of Natural History
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Is the only way by which can we learn about the past is through
the dating of the rocks on fossils they were believed to be related
to their actual age (relative dating); rocks and fossils that were
generally in the having the knowledge of the relative positions of
sedimentary rocks and fossils and the rates of erosion of various
sedimentary rocks in different environments, geologists derived a
fairly precise idea of the rocks relative ages. However, nowadays,
rocks are dated through radiometric age dating where the most
significant factor considered to identify a rock age is the degree
of radioactive decay. The older the rock, the more its isotopes are
decayed. By factors like temperature or pressure, decay at a
constant rate, isotopes in a rock may serve as an internal. Since
rocks' sedimentary layers are arranged sequentially, the
sequential order of organisms can be the chronological order of
the major groups found via fossil record evolutionary theory
predicted that fossilized prokaryotes should appear before the
eukaryotes. North America shows the transition of cetaceans from
terrestrial to aquatic life. However, fossil records have shown how
cetacean evolution had preservation and recovery. It is still not
surprising that there are still gaps in the fossil record
evidence from geographic
distribution:
biogeography
 the Philippines
archipelago

Biogeography is the study of the

geographical distribution of
organisms and provides
information about how and when
species may have evolved

Figure 1.3 Google Earth satellite imagery of the

Philippines Archipelago
The geospatial distribution of a particular species is
examined. According to evolution, the world's islands
have very different species of communities. Islands
must be inhabited by species closely related to the
nearest mainland species, but the surroundings are
very different. Specific island group similarities only
appear in the light. Specific islands have become
prominent, namely Great Luzon, Great Mindanao,
Pany, Great Sul, Great Palawan. This Pleistocene
archipelago was not connected to each other or Migration to new habitats, adaptions of
species to new environments,
even mainland Asia. These Pleistocene islands in the
divergence from ancestral populations,
Philippines are home to endemic species. 76% of and patterns of emergence of new
non-flying mammals. This model is predicted by species are predominantly found on
evolution. The newly formed geographically isolated islands. The idea that the general
islands are inhabited by plants and animals. From geographical distribution pattern of
these species is best explained by the
the nearest mainland, then adapts to the island's
common history of the various species
new environment, resulting in reproductive isolation. of these islands
 evidence from comparative
anatomy

Evolution is the theory of evolution that holds that all living

organisms are descended from an ancestor that possessed
a specific anatomical feature that has subsequently been
modified by its descendants for a specific function. For
example, the human skeleton is very similar to that of the
gorilla, but both are very different from the exoskeleton of
the birds or retiles.
 Some of the fundamental structures of tetrapod's
limbs have been modified to serve different functions
based on environmental needs and living conditions. For
example, in monkeys, the forelimbs are much elongated
and more adapted for climbing and swinging among
trees, and in anteaters, they use their enlarged third digit
to tear down termites and ant nests. In whales, forelimbs
become flippers for steering and maintaining equilibrium
during swimming; and in horses, a series of carpals (wrist

Figure 1.4 Principle of homology bones) replaced the third digit bearing a hoof.
illustrated by the adaptive radiation
of the forelimb of mammals
 embryology
During vertebrate development, all embryos
exactly look the same - even if they will
develop into different adult stages. For
example, a reptilian embryo, an avian embryo,
and a human embryo look very similar (Figure
1.5). The best explanation for this is that all
vertebrate embryos are characterized by
having gill pouches and tails.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY - is the study of similarities and differences in the
anatomy of different species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and
phylogeny
COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY- is the branch of embryology that compares
and contrasts embryos of different species, showing how all animals are
related
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - is the branch of biology that concerns the molecular
basis of biological activity in and between cells, including molecular
synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions
 contrivances
Some characters that are passed on through generations will not
be "perfectly" adapted based on evolutionary theory. Since natural
selection occurs on the genetic variation that is presently available
in a population, the "best" alternatives cannot constantly be found.
Most of the time, existing traits are modified to serve a new function.
For example, thumbs of giant pandas are found to have a modified
wrist bone.
 vestigial structures and organs
Evolutionary theory predicts that different
species will evolve different forms of
homologous traits. As the ancestries of
organisms increase their ranges to unusual
environments, they adapt to function in those
new surroundings. Whereas ancestral
anatomical features can be adapted to new
functions, they can also find that these
Figure 1.6 Human vermiform append
structures can be abolished altogether
ix on the vestigial caecum
resulting in vestigial organs (Figure 1.6).
They are thought to be vestigial remnants of
structures that did have a function in the earlier
ancestors. One example is the human coccyx or
tailbone, which is a condensed version of a bony
tail.
 evidence from physiology and biochemistry
Chimpanzees and humans also share
identical molecules, while the rhesus
monkey has one less amino acid (on
position 66th) - this difference can be
used to estimate how long ago the
two species diverged. There are 100
amino acids forming the primary
structure of cytochrome c and many
If all living things evolved from a single common higher-order organisms have 104
ancestor then they should have some fundamental amino acids.
characteristics in common. Comparing the human
genetic code with that of other organisms will show that
chimpanzees and baboons are human's closest
relations. The genetic similarities between
chimpanzees and humans only differed by around
1.29%, whereas the more distantly related mouse differs
by almost 15%.
evidence from selection
Antibiotic Resistance

They can produce millions of new generations of bacteria

every 24 hours and their resistance to antibiotics is due to
natural selection. This is an example of a clear ongoing
evolutionary revolution amongst the simplest organisms on
our planet but creating a major impact on the most complex.
Selection in Humans

The most common example of selection in the human

population is lactose intolerance or the inability to metabolize
lactose. In non-dairy societies, a drop in lactase production is
observed in the first four years of life. This appears to be
evolutionarily recent (Tishkoff et al, 2007).
 QUESTIONS
1. This is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different
species and it is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny.

A. Molecular Biology
B. Comparative Embryology
C. Comparative Anatomy

2. This is the branch of embryology that compares and contrasts embryos of

different species, showing how all animals are related.

A. Comparative Embryology
B. Molecular Biology
C. Comparative Anatomy
 QUESTIONS
1. Who is the father of Biogeography??

A.Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

B.Charles Darwin
C.Alfred Russel Wallace
D.Gregor Mende

2. Sedimentary rock is an example of what lines of

evidence support evolution?
A.Evidences from paleontology: the fossil record
B.Evidence from Geographic Distribution: Biogeography
C.Evidence from Geographic Distribution: Biogeography
WEEK 14

how evolution
works
mechanism change
 mutation
A mutation is a change in a gene's DNA
sequence. A mutation can change one allele
into another, but the net result is a frequency
shift.
 gene flow
Gene flow occurs as a result of migratory individuals breeding
in a new site. Immigrant genes may add new alleles to the
community's existing gene pool, or they may adjust the allele
frequencies currently existent if they come from a group with
different allele frequencies.
 recombination

Sexual reproduction introduces new gene combinations into a

population, making it a significant source of genetic variation. As
you may already be aware, even siblings are not genetically
identical. Because when organisms reproduce sexually, some
genetic recombination" on homologous chromosomes happens
during meiosis, bringing together new gene combinations.
 GENETIC DRIFT

Genetic drift refers to any change in allele frequencies in a

population caused by random sampling. Some animals, by
chance, may leave a few more descendants than other
individuals in each new generation.
 natural selection
Natural selection is the mechanism through which living
creature populations adapt and change. Individuals in
a population are naturally varied, which means they
differ in certain respects. This variance indicates that
some individuals have qualities that are more adapted
to their environment than others.
artificial selection

Artificial selection refers to the identification of

desirable qualities in plants and animals by humans,
as well as the actions are taken to improve and
maintain such traits in future generations.
 the hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a
principle that states that in the absence of
disrupting forces, genetic variation in a
population will remain constant from
generation to generation.
Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San
Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean.
Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to
stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through
which of the following mechanisms?

A. natural selection
B. genetic drift
C. gene flow
D. mutation
In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary
processes introduce new genetic variation into a
population?

A. natural selection and genetic drift

B. mutation and gene flow
C. natural selection and gene flow
D. gene flow and genetic drift