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OS UNIT Cycle Test

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9 views6 pages

OS UNIT Cycle Test

Uploaded by

23102208
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

What is Operating System?

 It is an intermediary between the user of the computer and the computer hardware.
 The operating system controls the hardware and coordinates its use among the various
application programs for the various users.

Operating systems can be viewed from two viewpoints:


 User View
 System View

What is dual mode in operating systems?

User Mode:

Runs user applications and provides a controlled environment where user processes operate.

Kernel Mode:

Runs the operating system kernel and manages hardware resources.

1. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

An operating system is a resource manager. The system’s CPU, memory space, file-
storage space, and I/O devices are among the resources that the operating system must
manage.

Process Management
A program can do nothing unless its instructions are executed by a CPU. A program
in execution is called as a process. A program is a passive entity, like the contents of a file
stored on disk, whereas a process is an active entity. The operating system is responsible for
the following activities in connection with process management:

• Creating and deleting both user and system processes


• Scheduling processes and threads on the CPUs
• Suspending and resuming processes
• Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
• Providing mechanisms for process communication

Memory Management

Memory management is the most important part of OS. The operating system is responsible
for the following activities in connection with memory management:

• Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and which process is
using them
• Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed

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• Deciding which processes and data to move into and out of memory

File-System Management

File management is one of the most visible components of an operating system. A file is a
collection of related information. File can represent variety of content including program and
data which can be numeric, alphabetic, alpha-numeric or binary. The operating system is
responsible for the following activities in connection with file management:

• Creating and deleting files


• Creating and deleting directories to organize files
• Supporting primitives for manipulating files and directories
• Mapping files onto mass storage
• Backing up files on stable (nonvolatile) storage media

Mass-Storage Management

Mass storage management is a critical function in operating systems, involving the efficient use,
allocation, and management of large-scale storage devices like hard drives, SSDs, and other
persistent storage media. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with secondary storage management:

• Mounting and un-mounting


• Free-space management
• Storage allocation
• Disk scheduling
• Partitioning
• Protection

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Cache Management

Caching is an important principle of computer systems.

 Information is normally kept in some storage system. It is copied into a faster storage
system— the cache—on a temporary basis.

 When we need a particular piece of information, we first check whether it is in the cache.

 If it is, we use the information directly from the cache.

 If it is not, we use the information from the source, putting a copy in the cache under the
assumption that we will need it again soon.

I/O System Management

I/O (Input/Output) system management is a critical function of an operating system (OS) that
involves managing the communication between the system's hardware components and the
various processes that require I/O operations.

I/O System Management Functions:

 Device Drivers

 I/O Scheduling

 Buffering

 Caching

 Spooling

2. OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES

Operating System Structures refers to the organization and architecture of an


operating system, including how its various components are designed, interact, and are
managed. Various structures of OS are given below:

1. Simple Structure
2. Layered Approach
3. Microkernel
4. Modules

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5. Hybrid Systems

Simple Structure

 Many commercial systems do not have a well-defined structure.


 Frequently, such operating systems started as small, simple, and limited systems, and
then grew beyond their original scope.
 MS-DOS is an example of such an operating system
 It does not break the system into subsystems, and has no distinction between user and
kernel modes, allowing all programs direct access to the underlying hardware.
 It provides the most functionality in the least space

In a monolithic OS, all operating system functions (e.g., file system, memory management, device
drivers) are integrated into one large kernel that runs in a single address space.Applications and system
utilities interact with the kernel through a system-call interface, allowing them to request services such
as I/O operations, memory allocation, and process control.

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Layered Approach
 Given proper hardware support, OS may be broken into smaller, more appropriate
pieces.
 The modularization of a system can be done in many ways.
 One method is the layered approach, in which the operating system is broken up into
a number of layers (or levels), each built on top of lower layers.
 The bottom layer (layer 0) is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface.
 The main advantage of the layered approach is modularity.
 The modularity makes the debugging & verification easy.

Microkernel
 Remove the non-essential components from the kernel into the user space.
 Moves as much from the kernel into “user” space.
 Communication takes place between user modules using message passing.
 Benefits:
 Extensibility
 Portability
 Reliability
 Security

Modules
 The best current methodology for operating-system design involves using loadable
kernel modules.
 The idea of the design is for the kernel to provide core services while other services
are implemented dynamically, as the kernel is running.

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 This type of design is common in modern implementations of UNIX, such as Solaris,


Linux, and Mac OS X, as well as Windows.
 The Solaris operating system structure, is shown below. It is organized around a core
kernel with seven types of loadable kernel modules:
1. Scheduling classes
2. File systems
3. Loadable system calls
4. Executable formats
5. STREAMS modules
6. Miscellaneous
7. Device and bus drivers
Hybrid Systems
 Many operating systems combine different structures, resulting in hybrid systems that
address performance, security, and usability issues.
 Examples are Mac OS X, iOS and Android.

21CS404 OPERATING SYSTEMS UNIT – I

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