Presentation by Taylor Marie Joy

Dimagiba Swift

Communication
Models
Communication models are
systematic representations of the
process which helps in understanding
how communication works can be
done. Models show the process
metaphorically and in symbols. They
form general perspectives on
communication by breaking
communication from complex to
simple and keeps the components in
order.
Linear Model
Interactive Model
Transactional Model
Linear Communication Model
 Linear Model
The linear model shows how one-way communication works. it
means only the sender is allowed to send the message, and also
the recipient’s role is to receive the message only. This
communication model is related to the Shannon and Weaver
Communication Model, which claims that human communication is
counteracted into six main concepts: sender, encoder, path, noise,
decoder, and receiver. Norbert Weiner’s later version of the
speculation introduced the 7th principle (feedback), which changed
the model from linear to a cyclical model.

This model is called the “Mother of all models”. The concept is

additionally called ‘Information Theory’ or ‘Shannon Theory’, since
Claude E. Shannon was the primary person who developed the
theory.
 This is the oldest communication
model that dates back to 300 BC.
It is a foolproof way to excel in
public speaking, seminars, and
lectures, where the sender (public
speaker, professor, etc.) passes
on their message to the receiver
(the audience). So, the sender is
the only active member in this
model, whereas the audience is
passive.
Aristotle identified three elements that improve communication:
Ethos — defines the credibility of the speaker. Speaker gains credibility, authority, and power by
being an expert in a field of their choice.
Pathos — connects the speaker with the audience through different emotions (anger, sadness,
happiness, etc.)
Logos — an important element that signifies logic. It is not enough for the speech to be
interesting — it needs to follow the rules of logic.
 According to this model,
communication is the transmission of a
message with the effect as the result.
The effect is the measurable and
obvious change in the receiver of the
message, that is caused by the
elements of communication. If any of
the elements change, the effect also
changes.

Laswell’s model aims to answer the following 5 important questions regarding its elements
1. Who created the message?
2. What did they say?
3. What channel did they use (TV, radio, blog)?
4. To whom did they say it?
5. What effect did it have on the receiver?
The most popular model of
communication. Shannon and Weaver
were the first to introduce the role of
noise in the communication process. In
his book Introduction to
Communication Studies, John Fiske
defines noise as “anything that is
added to the signal between its
transmission and reception that is not
intended by the source.”
The noise appears in the form of
mishearing a conversation, misspelling
an email, or static on a radio
broadcast.
Berlo’s model of communication is unique in the sense that it gives a
detailed account of the key elements in each step.
Interactive Communication
Model
 Interactive
Communication Model
Also called the convergence model (sharing
and talking). This relies on an exchange of
messages from the sender to the receiver and
from the receiver to the sender, and back
again. The exchanging requires feedback,
which is lacking in the linear model.

The ICM represents a never-ending loop of

messages and feedback between two
participants. Feedback, in this model, however,
is somewhat delayed.
The interactive model requires a variety of
components to be successful:

Two sources- the originator and recipient of the

message. All parties are ready to send and
receive messages or input from the opposite side.
Message- pertains to the information that is being
shared
Feedback- it takes place after the original
message has been sent and return to the source.
The existence of feedback is that the primary
distinction between a linear and an interactive
model.
Field of experience- this is all knowledge,
attitudes, values, circumstances, psychological
influences, etc. that not only have control over the
content of the message but also on the way it is
perceived.
 This model is useful for describing
interpersonal, synchronous
communication, but less suitable for
cases with little or no feedback.

The Osgood-Schramm model is a

circular model of communication, in
which messages go in two
directions.
There are four principles in this model:
1. Communication is circular— individuals involved in the communication process are changing their
roles as encoders and decoders.
2. Communication is equal and reciprocal— both parties are equally engaged as encoders and
decoders.
3. The message requires interpretation— the information needs to be properly interpreted to be
understood.
4. There are three steps in the process of communication: Encoding, Decoding, Interpreting
 The Westley and Maclean model is
primarily used for explaining mass
communication. This model
introduces environmental and
cultural factors to the process of
communication. Namely, according
to this model, the communication
process does not start with the
source/sender, but rather with
environmental factors.
The Westley and Maclean model also takes into account the object of the orientation
(background, culture, and beliefs) of the sender and the receiver of messages. The very
process of communication starts with environmental factors which influence the speaker —
the culture or society the speaker lives in, whether the speaker is in a public or private
space, etc.
Transactional Communication
Model
 Transactional Communication Model

It is viewed as a transaction, meaning that it is a cooperative process in which

communicators (a new term for senders and receivers, which first appears in these
models) co-create the process of communication, thereby influencing its outcome
and effectiveness. In other words, communicators create shared meaning in a
dynamic process. Aside from that, transactional models show that we do not just
exchange information during our interactions, but create relationships, form cross-
cultural bonds, and shape our opinions. In other words, communication helps us
establish our realities. These models also introduced the roles of social, relational,
and cultural context. Moreover, these models acknowledge that there are barriers to
effective communication — noise.

This model differs from the previous models as it emphasizes the importance of
context in a communication process.
 Barnlund’s Transactional Model
explores interpersonal, immediate-
feedback communication, and is a
multi-layered feedback system.
That means that the sender and the
receiver change their places and
are equally important. Feedback for
the sender is the reply for the
receiver, and both communicators
provide feedback.
This model accentuates the role of cues in impacting our messages. So, Barnlund
differentiates between: Public cues (environmental cues), Private cues (person’s personal
thoughts and background), and Behavioral cues (person’s behavior, that can be verbal
and nonverbal). All these cues, as well as the environment, and noise, are part of the
message. Each communicator’s reaction depends on their background, experiences,
attitudes, and beliefs.
 According to Dance’s Helical
Model, communication is seen as a
circular process that gets more and
more complex as communication
progresses. That is why it is
represented by a helical spiral.
With every cycle of communication,
we expand our circle, and each
communication encounter is
different from the previous one
because
communication never repeats itself. Additionally, in the process of communication, the
feedback we get from the other party involved influences our next statement and we
become more knowledgeable with every new cycle.
Synthesis
Linear models — they see communication as a
one-way process. These are mainly used in
marketing, sales, and PR, in communication
with customers.
Interactive models — used in internet-based
and mediated communication, they refer to
two-way communication with indirect
feedback.
Transactional models — as most dynamic
communication models, these are the most
complex models of communication, which best
reflect the communication process.
 Aristotle argues that we should look at five elements of a
Aristotle’s
1. Linear communication event to analyze how best to communicate:
Model
speaker, speech, occasion, target audience, and effect.

Lasswell’s model is a basic framework for analyzing one-way

Lasswell’s
2. Linear communication by asking five questions: Who, said what,
Model
through which channel, to whom, with what effects?

Shannon- The Shannon-Weaver model is the first to highlight the role of

3. Weaver Linear ‘noise’ in communication, which can disrupt or alter a
Model message between sender and receiver.

Berlo’s S-M- Berlo’s S-M-C-R model explains communication in four

4. Linear
C-R Model steps: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver.
 The Osgood-Schramm model looks at reciprocal
Osgood-Schramm communication, showing how we have to encode,
5. Interactive
Model decode, and interpret information in real-time during
a conversation.

The Westley and Maclean model shows that our

Westley and Maclean
6. Interactive communication is influenced by environmental,
Model
cultural and personal factors.

Barnlund’s Transactional Model of Communication

Barnlund’s
7. Transactional highlights the role of private and public cues that
Transactional Model
impact our messages.

Dance’s Helical Model sees communication as a

circular process that gets more and more complex as
8. Dance’s Helical Model Transactional
communication occurs, which can be represented by a
helical spiral.
Which communication model is most
effective? Why?
Effective communication is critical to
getting your ideas accepted by others.
It’s easy to put information in front of
people. Successfully communicating your
ideas, however, requires thoughtfulness
and intentionality. Understanding the
three communication models and when
to use each one will help you
communicate persuasively. Do it right and
you’ll get your message across!
THANK
YOU