ENGINEERING ANALYSIS REPORT

DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATED BUILDING

GROUP ADVISOR: SERDAR SOYÖZ

GROUP MEMBERS:
Emre Gümüş
Melikşah Ağca
Emin Atilla Bilgili
Emirhan Cihad Yıldız
Ahmet Fatih Şanlısoy
Introduction
A model of a 5-storey hospital is created in SAP2000. For this project, an isolator is chosen so
that the seismic period of the structure will equal to 3 seconds. Characteristics of the isolator
is determined in this purpose of the period equaling 3 seconds. To check if it really did, modal
analysis is conducted. Equivalent earthquake loads are found using this period. With this
calculated equivalent earthquake loads and the load combinations determined in the
beginning, structural analysis is done. Shear and moment diagrams are observed, and
maximum values are obtained. Reinforcements are designed accordingly.
The Structural Model:
The structure is designed as a reinforced concrete building. Concrete is C25 and steel is S420
in the structure. The building has 5 floors. Floor plan of the building is given below in Figure
1 and it is identical in all floors. Dimensions of all columns are 50*40 (in cms), and
dimensions of all beams are 30*50 (in cms). Slab thickness is determined to be 12 cm, and
finishing on slabs is 1.5 kN/m2, but there will be no finishing on the roof. For the live load, 2
kN/m2 is considered for all storeys. The soil type is said to be semi-stiff. The earthquake type
is DD-2 (defined in TBDY 2018) and is examined in Y direction in this project.

Figure 1) Floor Plan (Units in Centimeters)

 Figure 2) 3D View of Model on SAP2000

Figure 3) Floor Plan on SAP2000 Figure 4) Side Profile on Y Axis on SAP2000

Figure 3 Floor Plan in SAP2000

Figure 4 Side view of the structure

Design of Lead Rubber Base Isolator
To implement an isolator on the model, some coefficients are needed to be calculated and be
put in SAP2000.
Those coefficients are:

Kv :Linear stiffness in U1 (vertical) direction [kN/m]

Keff :Effective stiffness in U2 (horizontal) direction [kN/m]

Fy :Yield strength in U2 direction [kN]

Kd/Ku :Ratio of post-yield stiffness to pre-yield stiffness in the U2 direction [unitless]

Keff :Effective stiffness in U3 (horizontal) direction [kN/m]

Fy :Yield strength in U3 direction [kN]
Kd/Ku :Ratio of post-yield stiffness to pre-yield stiffness in the U3 direction [unitless]

To calculate these coefficients, first DD must be calculated.

Computing DD:
TD = 3s (Chosen)
βeff = 15% (Assumed since production assures βeff between 10%-20%)
SD1=0.488 g where g is the gravitational acceleration, thus DD = 0.334 m
Computing stiffness values:

( )
2
W 2π
K eff = ∗
g TD

W: 577 kN (one column)

Keff = 258 kN/m
2
w D =2 π∗K ef ∗D D∗β ef =¿

wD = Energy dissipated per cycle

wD = 60.69 kNm

wD
Qd =
4∗D D

Qd = 45.43 kN

The stiffness between the rubber layers is calculated below.

Kd = Keff - Qd/DD = 121.99 kN
Qd Qd
d y= , K U =10 K d →d y =
K u −K d 9∗K d

dy = 0.0414 m (where dy is yielding strain)

Qd
A pb=
fy

This formula can be used for estimating area of the lead core. Yielding strength of the lead is
taken as 11 MPa (Material property).
45.43 kN
A pb= =4130 mm 2
11 MPa
The minimum diameter of lead core is 72.51, but for manufacturing purposes 80 mm is
chosen, and the area becomes 5026 mm2.
Re-computing some parameters with chosen lead diameter:
Lead core also brings stiffness to the isolator.
Kpb = Qd / DD= 169.42 kN/m
Kd = Keff - Kpb= 371.1- 209.52 = 112.33 kN/m
Ku = 10*Kd= 1123.28 kN/m
Dy = 48.65 / (9*1123.28) = 0.00481 m
Area of the rubber is calculated as:
Dl = 80 mm, and assume isolator diameter to be 400 mm.
Then:
Arubber = (400-80)2 * π / 4 = 80424.77 mm2
The needed rubber thickness is calculated as:
¿
G Arub
t r=
K rub

G = 0.5 MPa (assumed)

tr = 358 mm
ϕ /80 ≤ t ≤ ϕ /40
ϕ is the diameter of the isolator, which is 400mm, so:
5 mm ≤ t ≤ 10 mm
take t = 10 mm.

Total height of the isolator can be calculated as below:

H = 36*10 + 22*3 (3 mm steel plates in between two rubber layers) + 2*25 (25 mm steel
plates)
H = 476 mm

Shape factor is:

S=( B2−B2L ) /(4 Bt )

S = 9.6

Vertical stiffness is computed using the formula below from TBDY 2018.
Ec = 4*0.5*(1+ 2*0.75*9.6*9.6) = 278.48 MPa
Ev = 244.44 MPa
kv = 244.44*80424.77/358= 54,913.5 kN/m

Yielding strength is:

F y =Qd + K d∗d y

Fy = 45.43+ (112.33*0.00481) = 49,20 kN

K1 = Fy / Dy = 10229 kN/m
Modal Analysis to Check Period

Required data is put into SAP2000.

T = 3,00268 s

Figure 5) Deformed Shape of LRB Isolated Structure Under Modal Analysis in Mod 1
Finding Equivalent Earthquake Load by Using T = 3s:
Base shear is calculated by the formula given above where;

VtE(X) : Total base shear

mt : Total mass of the superstructure

SaR (Tp(X)) : Reduced spectral acceleration in given period

R=1 since we don’t want any deformation at all on our superstructure.

Putting numbers in place:

mt = 1095.896 tons
SaR (3) = 0.1626 g
Total equivalent earthquake load (Base shear):
VtE(X)= 1748 kN

Determination of Equivalent Seismic Loads Acting on Floors:

The additional earthquake load which acts on the top floor is calculated by the formula given
below

(X ) (X )
Δ F NE =0.0075 N V tE

where;

N : Floor number of the top floor

∆FNE(X) : Additional equivalent earthquake force acting on the top floor

The additional load is subtracted from the total equivalent earthquake load and the remaining
load is distributed to the stories by the formula given below.
 mi H i
F iE =( V tE −Δ F NE )
( X) ( X) (XE)
N

∑❑mj H j
j=1

where;

FiE(X) : The remaining earthquake load which will be distributed to the stories

mi : Mass of the ith story

Hi : Vertical distance between the fixed support and ith floor’s slab

Earthquake loads corresponding to the same floor are equally distributed to the joints. Each
load acts on the joints as a point load.

∆FNE(X) = 65.55 kN
Floor 1: 22.43 kN applied to each of the 5 column-beam intersection joints.
Floor 2: 44.87 kN applied to each of the 5 column-beam intersection joints.
Floor 3: 67.30 kN applied to each of the 5 column-beam intersection joints.
Floor 4: 89.73 kN applied to each of the 5 column-beam intersection joints.
Floor 5: 125.27 kN applied to each of the 5 column-beam intersection joints.
 Figure 6) Equivalent Earthquake Loads Applied on Model on SAP2000

Structural Analysis for T = 3s

Isolators are removed from the model and the earthquake loads above are applied to the
structure.
Equivalent earthquake loads according to T = 3s are applied to the structure on SAP2000 and
shear and moment diagrams are obtained.
The maximum shear in Z direction and the maximum moment in Z direction is taken from
analysis results in SAP2000 to design the beam reinforcements.
 V
max
=

Figure 7) Moments on Beams in Z Direction 80.021 kN Figure 8) Beam with Maximum Moment

M max = 158.60 kNm

The maximum shear in Y direction and the maximum moment in Y direction is taken from
the analysis results in SAP2000 to design the column reinforcements.

V max = 104.369 kN
M max = 177.86 kNm

Design of Structural Members

For beam design, material properties are
tabulated as below:

Figure 9) Moments on Columns in Y Direction Figure 10) Column with Maximum Moment

First d will be assumed according to following formula for Md1 and Md2:
 d min =√ M di × bw × K l

Then, according to assumed d, K values will checked if they are higher or lower then Kl.

Since all K’s are higher than Kl, we can proceed, by calcualating As,min and As.

Since
As is higher than As.min, beam is designed according to As.
2
A s 1=1206.4 mm for M d 1 wit h 6−16 ∅
2
A s 2=615.8 mm for M d 2 wit h 4−14 ∅

For stirrups, Vcr, Vmax, and obtained Vd values are compared, and both beams have design
shear lower than critical shear. Choosing stirrup diameter to be 8 mm, maximum distance
between each stirrup is calculated as shown below.

Considering maximum requirements

of TBDY-2018 staterd in the
preliminary design report, we choose
the stirrup distance.

s=110 mm

For column design, again, required

material properties are shown belown.
First, it is
controlled if obtained moments exceeds the

mininumun requirements or not. Minimum

moment formula is shown below.

Figure 11) Right Side of Beam Cross-section Figure 12) Left Side of Beam Cross-section

Since Md1 and Md2 are bigger than minimum requirement, Md1 and Md2 will be turned into
unitless parameters.

Using the below graph , ϭtm is found which is multiplied with m (raito of steel’s yielding
design strength to concrete’s design strength), and then minimum steel area is computed.
Then, rebars are designed.
2
A s=1231 ,5 mm (8−∅ 14)

Accordingly, ∅ =8 mm stirrups and ties will be used.

Figure 13) Column Cross-

section