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Chemistry Module 1

Properties & Structure of Matter

WORKSHEETS
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VALENCY TABLE of common ions.
This data will be useful as you attempt some of these worksheets.

Name Symbol Electrons in Charge Name Symbol Electrons in Charge

outer shell on Ion outer shell on Ion

Simple Metal Ions Simple Non-Metal Ions (name changes to -IDE)

Hydrogen H 1 1+
Lithium Li 1 1+ Fluorine F 7 1-
Sodium Na 1 1+ Chlorine Cl 7 1-
Potassium K 1 1+ Bromine Br 7 1-

• Silver Ag 1 1+ Iodine I 7 1-

Oxygen O 6 2-
Sulfur S 6 2-
Magnesium Mg 2 2+
Calcium Ca 2 2+
Barium Ba 2 2+
Nitrogen N 5 3-
• Zinc Zn 2 2+
Phosphorus P 5 3-

Carbon C 4 4-

Aluminium Al 3 3+
Polyatomic Ions

Metals with More Than One Ion

• Hydroxide OH- 1-

• Copper Cu 1 or 2 1+ or 2+ • Nitrate NO3- 1-

• Iron Fe 2 or 3 2+ or 3+
• Sulfate SO42- 2-
• Tin Sn 2 or 4 2+ or 4+
• Carbonate CO32- 2-
• Lead Pb 2 or 4 2+ or 4+

Polyatomic Ion
• Ammonium NH4+ 1+

Species marked “•” need to be memorised.

All others can be easily read from the Periodic Table.
As you encounter new ions (especially polyatomic), add to this table
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® Worksheet 1 Mixtures & Separations

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Fill in the blanks Student Name......................................
The q)............................ is the liquid part of the
pure substances composed
Elements are a)......................
Earth. It is a mixture of r)......................... and various
one type
of b)....................................... of atom. They
cannot
c).................. be separated into any simpler dissolved s)............................. and .......................,
notably t)..................... The Atmosphere is a mixture
physical nor
substances by either d).................................
of u)......................, the most abundant being
.filtration
electrolysis
chemical
................................. processes. .
e g
v)........................ and ...............................
compound pure substances which
e)......................... are f).................
contain 2 or more types of atoms, which are Homogeneous mixtures appear to have a
chemically
g)..................... fixed
bonded together in a h)................. w)............................ composition & are not obviously
made of different x)......................
ratio. They cannot be separated by any
y)...................................... mixtures are obviously
physical process, but can be chemically
i)............................
composed of different parts or “phases”.
element they contain.
separated into the j)...........................

Mixtures are8 pure

k)................................... substances Every mixture contains different parts, each with
which may contain various l)......................... atoms and different z)............................ This makes it fairly easy
molecules which are NOT all chemically
........................ to aa)............................ the “fractions” by simple
banded to each other. The proportions of
m)......................... ab)............................ processes such as
each part of the mixture may n)......................... ac)............................, ................................. and
change .......................................
enormously.

The “Lithosphere” is the o)........................... part of ad)................................. Analysis is the method of

the Earth. It is mostly made of rocks, which are finding the composition of a mixture, by separating
p)...................... of minerals. a mixture and ae)................................. the fractions
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Worksheet 2 Practice Problems section 1

Answer in the spaces provided.
(on reverse, if insufficient room)
MnOpurple
Student Name......................................

1.
3. (Answer on reverse, showing working) ↓
A dry mixture of soluble potassium sulfate and
For each of the following mixtures, suggest a -

insoluble manganese dioxide was analysed

simple way to collect the specified fraction(s) in the -
gravimetrically as follows:
laboratory. A weighed sample was thoroughly stirred into pure
a) Collect pure water from a copper sulfate solution. water, then filtered through a pre-weighed filter
paper. The collected residue was oven dried and
b) Collect clear water from muddy water.
-

weighed.
Meanwhile, the filtrate was boiled in a pre-weighed
c) Collect copper oxide (insoluble) from a water evaporating basin until a dry solid formed, then
suspension. -
weighed.
d) Collect solid nickel chloride from a water Results:
solution. Mass of mixture sample = 4.96g

t
Mass of filter paper = 0.16g
e) A can of lawn mower petrol has accidentally got Mass or paper + dried residue= 3.04g
some water in it... this could damage the engine. Mass of evap.basin = 28.62g
How to remove the water? (These liquids are immiscible) Mass of basin + dry solid = 30.70g
2.
a) Name the substance collected in the filter paper.
Fred has accidentally mixed flour (insoluble) and
icing sugar (soluble) together. b) Calculate the mass of this substance collected.

~
A

c) Calculate the % of this substance in the mixture.

a) Use a simple flow chart (answer on reverse) to d) Name the substance collected in the evap.basin.
describe a laboratory procedure to separate them e) Calculate the mass of this substance collected.
again. f) Calculate the % of this substance in the mixture.
g) What evidence is there that this analysis may be quite
b) Which simpler procedure might have been accurate?
possible if the sugar had been coarse-grained?
h) Describe one technique, not mentioned in the outline
above, which might have been done by the experimenter
to help ensure accuracy.

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® Worksheet 3 Practice Questions section 1

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Answer in the spaces provided.
(on reverse, if insufficient room) Student Name......................................
Multiple Choice Longer Response Questions
Mark values shown are suggestions only, and are to give
1. you an idea of how detailed an answer is appropriate.
The diagram shows
the particles within a 5. ( 4 marks)
substance. You have been given a mixture of potassium
chloride (which is highly soluble in water) and
Which of the following insoluble copper(II) oxide. Your task is to use
is the best description simple laboratory procedures to prepare pure, dry
of this substance? samples of each chemical.

A. a pure mixture of 2 elements. Construct a flow chart of the procedure you would
O
B. a pure compound of 2 elements. use.
C. an impure mixture of 2 elements.
D. an impure compound of 2 elements.

F
2.
The Earth’s atmosphere is predominantly:
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A. mixture of elements.
B. a mixture of compounds.
C. a compound of oxygen and nitrogen.
D. unbonded atoms.
6. (8 marks)
The following information refers to Q3 & Q4. A soil sample was subjected to gravimetric analysis
as follows:
A dry mixture of pebbles, sand and salt was Step 1: An evaporating dish was weighed
separated as follows: accurately. mass of basin = 42.85g
Step 1: Dry mix was shaken in a sieve Step 2: The soil sample was placed in it and soil : 11 4 I .

Step 2: The material that passed through the sieve weighed. mass soil+basin = 54.27g
was stirred into water. Step 3: Then placed in oven at 80oC until mass
Step 3: The water mixture was filtered. X sand was constant. mass after drying = 52.66g 9 8) = .

Step 4: Part of the filtrate was evaporated Step 4: Then into oven at extremely high
salt
Step 5: The remainder of the filtrate was distilled. temperature. (this burns away all the organic
(plant) matter, leaving only the minerals.) Cooled,
3. re-weighed. final mass = 46.72g
The material collected at Step 4 would have been:
A. water only. - a) Calculate the mass of:
B. sand only. i) the soil sample.
C. a mixture of sand & salt. soil sample : 11 42g .

O D. salt only. ii) the water in the sample.

Water :
1 :

61g
4. iii) the organic matter in the sample.
The “difference in properties” which allows a 5 949 .

separation to occur at step 3 and at step 4, iv) the minerals in the sample.
respectively, is: 3 -

879
b) Showing working, calculate the percentage
8A. particle size and boiling point.+ composition of the soil sample.
-
B. solubility and melting point. Organic matter %,
C. melting point and boiling point.f
52 Of cour
F *x108% = .
.

D. particle size and melting point.

↑ >Sign
c) Which step in the analysis involved a chemical
to
Minerals%o
change? fiy)

28 x100 % Step 4
d) Why was it important, in Step 3, for the dish to be
33 9 %
left in the oven until the mass was constant?
.

=
(cor . to 3 sig fry)

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® Worksheet 4 Atoms, Elements & Isotopes

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Student Name......................................
Guided Notes. (Make your own summary) 12. If an isotope undergoes beta decay:
a) what is basically “wrong” with the atom?
1. All atoms are composed of 3 types of particles:

..........................., .............................. & ........................

b) What happens to the Mass No. of the atom?
2. The numbers of 2 of these are always equal.
Which two?
............................... = ............................ c) What happens to the Atomic No.?

3. Define “Atomic Number”.

13. Sketch a graph to show the (approx) position of
the “Line of Stability” (LoS) for the elements.
4. How can you calculate the “Mass Number” for Label the axes. Values are not required.
any atom?
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5. Mass No. is also known as...?

6. Why are the electrons NOT counted?

7. Why is it that Mass Numbers are always integer

numbers, but the RAM (At.Weight) on the Periodic
Table is nearly always NOT an integer.

14. On the sketch graph add shadings & labels to

indicate where isotopes would be found which are:
8. How do the isotopes of an element compare to
each other... • stable
• probable alpha decay isotopes
a) in their chemistry? • probable beta decay isotopes

b) in atomic structure? 15. How can radiations cause ionisation?

9. What is a “radioisotope”?
16. Which radiation type has the highest ionising
ability?

Which one has least?

10. List 3 types of nuclear radiation, with detail of
what each type actually is.
17. Which radiation type has the highest
penetrating ability?

Which one has least?

18. Outline how artificial radioisotopes are

11. If an isotope undergoes alpha decay: produced.
a) what is basically “wrong” with the atom?

b) What happens to the Mass No. of the atom?

c) What happens to the Atomic No.?

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® Worksheet 5 Isotopes & RAM

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Practice Problems Student Name......................................
The following examples are ficticious elements & 3. Element “G” occurs in 4 isotopic forms with
isotopes. The idea is to practise the method of occurrence 15% G-153, 38% G-155, 3% G-156 &
calculating an element’s RAM from isotopic data. 44% G-158.
Calculate the RAM.
1. Element “M” occurs in 3 isotopic forms with
nucleon numbers 26, 28 & 29. On Earth, any sample
of “M” is 46% M-26, 38% M-28 & 16% M-29. School Inspection only.
Calculate the RAM. Copying NOT permitted.

4. Element “Tz” occurs on Earth in 8 isotopic forms,

with the following occurrences:
13% Tz-218, 5% Tz-220, 22% Tz-221, 11% Tz-224,
27% Tz-225, 3% Tz-227, 7% Tz-228 & the balance is
2. Element “J” occurs on Earth in 5 isotopic forms, Tz-230.
with the following occurrences: Calculate the RAM.
62% J-65, 5% J-66, 19% J-68, 11% J-69 & the
balance is J-70.
Calculate the RAM.

Worksheet 6 Radioactive Decay Equations

Practice Problems Student Name................................
1. Plutonium-239 (Atomic No. = 94) decays by 5. Potassium-40 is a naturally occurring
emitting alpha particles. radioisotope used to determine the age of ancient
Write the equation to describe the change. rocks. It decays by emitting beta plus gamma rays.
Write the equation.

2. Radon-224 (At.No. 86) also undergoes alpha 6. Americium-241 (95) is an artificial isotope used in
decay, emitting gamma rays as well. household smoke detectors. It decays by emitting
Write the equation. alpha particles. (If these are blocked by smoke, an
alarm sounds.) Write the equation for the decay.

3. Strontium-90 (38) is an unstable beta-decayer.

Write the equation.

7. Cs-137 is a dangerous isotope found in “nuclear

fallout” after a surface nuclear bomb blast.
Write the equation for its beta + gamma decay.
4. Write an equation for the beta decay of Be-10.

8. Write the equation for the alpha decay of Bi-209.

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® Worksheet 7 Periodic Table Basics

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Student Name......................................
1. 2.
On the outline of the Periodic Table: a) On this outline show the positions occupied by
a) show the system for naming the horizontal rows. elements which are metals, non-metals & semi-
b) show a method for numbering the vertical metals.
columns. b) Shade all the elements which are gases at
c) indicate the “block” names. standard conditions.
d) indicate the positions of the “Inert Gases”, c) Circle any elements which are liquids at
“Alkali Metals” & “Halogens”. std.conditions.
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Worksheet 8 Atoms, Electrons & Ions

1. Atomic Number and Mass Number
a) Complete all the blank spaces in this table Student Name......................................

No. No. No. Atomic Mass 3. Formation of Ions

Protons Electrons Neutrons Number Number The electron configurations for various elements
19 20 are given. State whether each atom would gain or
lose electrons, and how many electrons.
27 32 State the charge on the ion formed.

5 4 Elect. Gain/Lose? How Ion

Configuration many? Charge?
11 23
i) 2.8.8.1
35 80
ii) 2.8.6
b) Use the Periodic Table to identify each element
iii) 2.5
in the table above. (list from the top)
iv) 2.8.8
2. Electron Configuration
v) 2.2
a) The first 20 elements of the Periodic Table are
shown below by their symbol, and relative position
vi) 2.8.3
in the table.
For each, write its electron configuration.
vii) 2.6
H He
viii) 2.8.7
Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na K Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca

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® Worksheet 9 Orbitals
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Student Name......................................
1.
An element is described by the orbital notation: 3.
Yet another element is described:
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d7, 4s2
a) How many electrons altogether?
a) How many electrons altogether?
b) Identify the element.
b) Identify the element.
c) Electrons in its outer shell?
c) Electrons in its outer shell?
d) What will it do to form an ion?
d) What will it (probably) do to form an ion?
e) Charge on the ion?
e) Charge on the ion?
2.
Another element is described: 4.
Write the expected orbital arrangement for:
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p5
a) Neon (10)
a) How many electrons altogether?
b) Scandium (21)
b) Identify the element.
c) Silver (47)
c) Electrons in its outer shell?
d) Chlorine (17)
d) What will it do to form an ion?
e) Rubidium (37)
e) Charge on the ion?

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Worksheet 10 Periodic Patterns

1. Student Name......................................
a) On this Per.Table 3.
outline, use the words a) On this Per.Table
“increasing” or outline, use the words
“decreasing” to “increasing” or
describe the trend “decreasing” to
in atomic radius describe the trend
in the directions shown in electronegativity
by the arrows. in the directions shown
by the arrows.
b) Explain the horizontal trend.
b) What IS “electronegativity”?
2.
a) On this Per.Table
outline, use the words
“increasing” or c) Which group of the Per.Table is NOT included
“decreasing” to in allocation of electronegativity values?
describe the trend
in ionisation energy
in the directions shown
by the arrows. d) On the table, mark with an “x” the element
with the highest electronegativity value.
c) Write an equation to describe the 1st ionisation
of an atom of copper (Cu). e) Put a circle around the element with the lowest
electronegativity value.

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® Worksheet 11 Ionic Compounds

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Student Name......................................
1. Simple Ionic Compounds b) Write the name & formula for the compound of:
Write the name, and predict the formula, for a i) Fe2+ ion with sulfur
compound formed from ions of: .................................................... ......................
a) potassium and chlorine 4+
ii) Pb ion with chlorine
.................................................... ...................... .................................................... ......................
b) magnesium and sulfur iii) Cu+ ion with oxygen
.................................................... ...................... .................................................... ......................
c) oxygen and lithium iv) fluorine with the tin(IV) ion
................................................... ...................... .................................................... ......................
d) bromine and zinc v) nitrogen and the iron(III) ion
.................................................... ...................... .................................................... ......................
e) calcium and fluorine 3. Polyatomic Ions
.................................................... ...................... a) Name each compound and write symbols for the
f) iodine and aluminium two ions present.
.................................................... ...................... i) MgSO4 ...................................... .......,.........
g) beryllium and oxygen ii) ZnCO3 ...................................... .......,.........
................................................... ...................... iii) AgNO3 ...................................... .......,.........
h) silver and phosphorus iv) KOH ...................................... .......,.........
.................................................... ...................... v) NH4Cl ...................................... .......,.........
i) hydrogen and sulfur vi) Fe(OH)3 ...................................... .......,.........
.................................................... ......................
j) fluorine and sodium b) Write the formula for
.................................................... ...................... i) calcium nitrate ............................
ii) copper(II) hydroxide ............................
2. Multi-Valency Metal Ions iii) silver sulfate ............................
a) Give the name for each of these:
iv) ammonium bromide ............................
i) CuCl ......................................................
v) lithium carbonate ............................
ii) CuCl2 ......................................................
vi) aluminium nitrate ............................
iii) FeO ...................................................... vii) lead(IV) sulfate ............................
iv) Fe2O3 ...................................................... viii) iron(III) hydroxide ............................
v) SnBr2 ...................................................... ix) potassium nitrate ............................
vi) SnBr4 ...................................................... x) ammonium carbonate ............................

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Worksheet 12 Covalent Compounds

1. Write an appropriate name for:
Student Name.................................
i) CH4 ..................................................... 2. Write a formula for
ii) H2O ..................................................... i) sulfur difluoride ..............................

iii) SO3 ..................................................... ii) phosporus tri-iodide ..............................

iv) N2O3 ..................................................... iii) nitrogen monoxide ..............................

v) PBr5 ..................................................... iv) silicon tetrafluoride ..............................

vi) OCl2 ..................................................... v) diboron trioxide ..............................

vi) ammonia ..............................

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® Worksheet 13
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Student Name......................................
Draw a Lewis Formula for g) the covalent compound PH3
a) an atom of phosphorus (hint: start with the individual
atoms, then join them with
covalent bonds)
b) a phosphide ion (P3-)

c) an atom of calcium h) the covalent

compound OBr2
d) a calcium ion (Ca2+)

i) the covalent compound

e) an atom of neon School Inspection only.
ammonia, NH3
Copying NOT permitted.

f) a sulfide ion (S-2) j) carbon tetrachloride, CCl4

Worksheet 14 Chemical Equations Student Name.................................

1. Equations for Ion Formation 2. Balancing Equations

Write an equation to describe the formation of: a) Balance the following equations.
a) a lithium ion from a lithium atom.
Ca + O2 CaO
b) a bromide ion from a bromine atom.
Ag + Cl2 AgCl
c) bromide ions from a molecule of Br2.
Al + O2 Al2O3
d) an aluminium ion from an aluminium atom.
C + H2 CH4
e) a sulfide ion from a sulfur atom
S + O2 SO3
f) Combine equations (a) & (c) to form an equation
describing the formation of lithium bromide from its 3. Write and Balance
elements. Write equations in words and in symbols (then
(hint: the equations must contain the same number of electrons, so that balance) to describe the formation of:
when added the electrons will cancel out. This will require one equation to
be multiplied by 2 before adding) i) potassium bromide, from its elements (bromine
is Br2)

g) Combine equations (a) & (e) to describe the

formation of lithium sulfide. (similar hint)
ii) copper(II) oxide, from its elements (oxygen is O2)

h) Combine equations (d) & (c) to describe the iii) nitrogen dioxide, from its elements (both
formation of aluminium bromide. diatomic)
(need to multiply one equation x2, the other x3, so they
have same number of electrons, to cancel out)

i) Combine equations (d) & (e) to describe the iv) silicon tetrachloride, from its elements.
formation of aluminium sulfide. (you figure it out!)

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® Worksheet 15 Test Questions section 3

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Student Name......................................
Multiple Choice Copying NOT permitted.
Longer Response Questions
Mark values shown are suggestions only, and are to give
1. Atoms of silver contain 47 protons, 47 electrons you an idea of how detailed an answer is appropriate.
and 61 neutrons. The Atomic Number and the Mass Answer on reverse if insufficient space.
Number, respectively, would be:
A. 47 & 94 B. 61 & 108 9. (5 marks)
C. 47 & 108 D. 47 & 155 Find the element potassium on the Periodic Table,
and state:
2. The electron configuration of a certain element is a) the number of electrons, protons and neutrons
2.8.6 in a potassium atom.
(Round RAM to nearest whole number for assumed Mass No.)
You would expect that this element would:
A. form ions with charge 2+
B. form ions with charge 2- b) the electron configuration.
C. be unlikely to form ions c) what this atom would do to form an ion, and the
D. form ions with charge 6+ electric charge on the ion.

3. Which of the following is a correct formula for an 10. (10 marks)

ionic compound? a) Give the correct name for each compound.
A. AlBr3 B. CaCl3 i) CaS
C. MgO2 D. KSO4 ii) CaSO4
iii) Cu(NO3)2
4. iv) As2O3
The correct name for the compound CuCO3 is v) (NH4)2CO3
A. copper carbon trioxide
B. copper carbonate b) Write the formula for:
C. copper(I) carbonate i) silver sulfate
D. copper(II) carbonate ii) iron(III) iodide
iii) germanium dioxide
5. Which of the following chemical species (A, B, C iv) aluminium hydroxide
or D) has exactly the same electron configuration v) lead(IV) sulfide
as a chloride ion?
A. an atom of argon 11. (5 marks)
B. a fluoride ion Sketch a Lewis formula for:
C. a sodium ion a) an atom of neon
D. an atom of chlorine b) an atom of phosphorus
c) a chloride ion
6. A “double covalent bond” involves: d) an oxygen molecule (O2)
A. the transfer of 2 electrons from one atom e) a water molecule
to another.
B. the sharing of an electron between 2 atoms. 12. (8 marks)
C. the sharing of 2 electrons. Write balanced symbol equations for
D. the sharing of 4 electrons. a) formation of a chloride ion from a chlorine atom.

7. A molecular compound with formula N2O4 would b) formation of chloride ions from a molecule of Cl2.
be best named as:
A. dinitrogen 4-oxide c) formation of a potassium ion from a potassium
B. nitrogen(II) tetra-oxide atom.
C. dinitrogen tetra-oxide
D. nitrogen tetroxide d) formation of the compound potassium chloride
from its elements in their normal state.
8. Which of the following equations shows correctly
the formation of ammonia (NH3) from its elements?
A. N + H3 NH3 13. (5 marks)
a) Sketch a Lewis Formula for a nitrogen atom.
B. N2 + H2 NH3
b) Nitrogen and chlorine can form a compound
C. N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 NCl3 by sharing electrons so that every atom
achieves an outer shell of 8. Sketch the Lewis
D. N2 + H2 N 2H 2 Formula for a molecule of NCl3.

c) Give the name for this compound.

d) Sketch a structural formula for the molecule.

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® Worksheet 16 Bonding, Structures & Properties

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Fill in the blanks Student Name......................................
It is the a)............................................ of The electrical attraction between the ions
substances that allow us to identify and and this “aa)................... of electrons” holds
classify them. Physical properties include the metal together quite strongly and gives
b)................... and ................... points, it a fairly ab)................... (high/low) melting
c)......................... conductivity, and the point, but also allows flexibility. This is why
hardness and flexibility of each substance. metals have the properties of
ac)....................... and ...............................
d)......................... properties include
chemical reactivity and the types of • Covalent ad)........................... substances
e).................... a substance will undergo. include some elements, such as
ae)............................ and many compounds
Each element or f).......................... is a pure such as af)............................ Each molecule
substance with a set of properties which is held together internally by
are g)......................... and .............................. ag)............................ bonds which are very
ah)............................. (strong/weak) These
Mixtures are not pure, so their properties are the “ai).............. - molecular” forces.
h)............................ Generally, the properties
of a compound are i)............................. However, it is NOT these that must be
when compared to the properties of the broken in a change of state. There are also
j).......................... it is made from. very aj)................ (strong/weak) forces
between the molecules. These are the
It is often the k)............................. within a “ak)................. -molecular” forces which are
substance that determines its general broken by heat energy in a change of state.
physical properties: Since these are al)...................., the melting
points are generally very am)...................
• Ionic compounds are a l)........................ of
ions. The “m).................. bonds” which hold The property of electrical an)................... is
the ions together are actually n).................... very important in classifying matter. In
........................ between opposite electrical general terms, a substance will conduct if
o)........................... These bonds are very it contains ao)........................ which are able
p).......................... (strong/weak), so these to ap).............. independently of each other.
substances generally have high
q)............................ Covalent lattice and covalent molecular
substances aq)......................(do/do not)
• r).............................. Lattice substances conduct because they do not contain any
include some elements, such as ar)...................................................
s)..........................., and some compounds,
such as t)............................ The lattice is Metals are always as)..........................
composed of atoms which are conductors because of the mobile
u)............................ bonded together. These at).................................................. within.
bonds are very v)..........................
(strong/weak) so these substances have Ionic compounds do not conduct in the
very high w)..................................... au)................. state because the av)...............
cannot aw)........................ However, when
• Metals are held together by they are ax)...................... or when
“x)................................. bonding”. Each ay).......................... they become conductors
atom is really a y)....................... (charge) because their ions are
ion because it fails to hold its outer az)....................................... .......................
z)..........................., which wander freely.

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® Worksheet 17 Test Questions section 5

keep it simple science
Answer in the spaces provided. Student Name......................................
(on reverse, if insufficient room)

Multiple Choice School Inspection only.

Copying NOT permitted. 5. (10 marks)
1. The following are descriptions of 2 elements:
Most covalent molecular substances (e.g. water)
have: Chlorine: mp = -101oC, poisonous green-yellow gas,
highly reactive, valency -1.
A. strong inter-molecular forces only.
B. weak intra-molcular forces only. Silicon: mp=1,410oC, grey crystalline solid semi-
C. strong inter-molecular and weak conductor, valency -4, does not form ions but will
intra-molecular forces. share electrons covalently.
D. strong intra-molecular and
weak inter-molecular forces. a) List 2 chemical properties of chlorine mentioned
above.
2.
The compound silicon disulfide has a very high
melting point. Its chemical formula is SiS2. It is very
likely that: b) Silicon and chlorine can combine to form a
compound in which each atom achieves an outer
A. this compound has an ionic lattice structure. electron shell of 8.
B. “SiS2” is an empirical formula for a
covalent lattice. i) is it likely to be an ionic or covalent compound?
C. this is a covalent molecular compound.
D. the compound would conduct electricity
when liquid. ii) Suggest a likely formula and name for this
compound.
3.
A substance is found to be a good conductor in
both solid and liquid (molten) states. You would iii) Are properties of these elements above likely to
expect it to: be of any help in predicting the properties of the
compound? Explain.
A. be brittle.
B. have a very low melting point.
C. be malleable
D. be soluble in water. c) Sketch a Lewis Formula and structural formula
for the compound.
Longer Response Questions
Mark values shown are suggestions only, and are to give
you an idea of how detailed an answer is appropriate.

4.
Compare & contrast “isotopes of an element' with
“allotropes of an element” by answering the
following:
d) Given the information that the compound is
a) Are the atomic structures the same or different? molecular rather than a lattice structure, predict
(If different, state how they are different) (in general terms) its:

isotopes: i) mp & bp. (high, low?)

allotropes:
ii) electrical conductivity.
b) Chemical properties the same or different?

isotopes:
iii) hardness & flexibility of the solid.
allotropes:

c) Physical properties the same or different?

isotopes:

allotropes:

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Worksheet 1 Worksheet 3
a) pure b) one type 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A
c) cannot d) physical nor chemical
e) Compounds f) pure 5. Add water to mixture.
g) chemically h) fixed Stir well
i) physical j) elements
k) impure l) elements & compounds
m) bonded n) vary
o) solid (rocky) p) mixtures Residue FILTER Filtrate
q) Hydrosphere r) water in filter paper passes through
s) elements & compounds t) salt
u) gases v) nitrogen & oxygen DRY EVAPORATE
w) uniform x) parts / fractions.
y) Heterogeneous z) properties
aa) separate ab) physical copper(II) oxide potassium chloride
ac) filtration, evaporation & distillation
ad) Gravimetric ae) weighing
6.
a) i) Soil sample = 54.27 - 42.85 = 11.42g
Worksheet 2 ii) Water = 54.27 - 52.66g = 1.61g
1. iii) Organic = 52.66 - 46.72 = 5.94g
a) distillation b) filtration (filtrate) iv) Minerals = 46.72 - 42.85 = 3.87g
c) filtration (residue) d) evaporation
e) use a separating funnel b) %water = (1.61/11.42)x100 = 14.1%
% organic = (5.94/11.42)x100 = 52.0%
2. Add water to mixture. % minerals = (3.87/11.42)x100 = 33.9%
a) Stir well
c) Step 4. Burning (combustion) is a chemical
change.
d) To ensure that it was thoroughly dried before
Residue FILTER Filtrate
weighing.
in filter paper passes through

DRY EVAPORATE Worksheet 4

1. protons, electrons & neutrons
Flour Sugar 2. Protons = Electrons

3. Atomic No. is the number of protons (=electrons)

b) A sieve with appropriate mesh size. in any atom of that element.

3. 4. Add protons + neutrons.

a) manganese dioxide
5. Nucleon Number
b) 3.04 - 0.16 = 2.88g (nucleon is the general name for any particle in the
nucleus. ie proton or neutron.)
c) % composition = 2.88 x 100 = 58.1%
4.96 6. The mass of electrons is so small (compared to a
nucleon) that it is insignificant.
d) potassium sulfate
7. A Mass No. must be an integer because there
e) 30.70 - 28.62 = 2.08g must be a whole number of nucleons... no fractions
of a particle.
f) % composition = 2.08 x 100 = 41.9%
4.96 RAM is the “weighted average” of the mix of
different isotopes of that element, each with a
g) The 2 percentages add to exactly 100%. different Mass No.

h) Washing the residue with a little extra pure water. 8.

or Drying substances until their mass does not a) same
change, to ensure they are fully dry. b) different number of neutrons (only)

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Worksheet 4 (cont.) Worksheet 5 Copying NOT permitted.
9. 1.
An isotope which is unstable and emits radiation as RAM(M) = 26x0.46 + 28x0.38 + 29x0.16
it decays into a more stable form. = 27.24
2.
10. RAM(J) = 65x0.62 + 66x0.05 + 68x0.19 + 69x0.11 +
alpha = helium nucleus = 2 protons + 2 neutrons 70x0.03
= 66.21
beta = a high-speed electron 3.
RAM(G) = 153x0.15 + 155x0.38 + 156x0.03 +158x0.44
gamma = high frequency wave, similar to x-rays = 156.05
4.
11. RAM (Tz) = 218x0.13+220x0.05+221x0.22+224x0.11
a) The nucleus is too large for the “strong nuclear +225x0.27+227x0.03+228x0.07+230x0.12
force” (very short-range) to hold it all together. = 223.72

b) decreases by 4 Worksheet 6
1.
c) decreases by 2 239 235 4
Pu U + He
12.
94 92 2
a) The ratio between protons:neutrons is beyond the Uranium-235 Alpha
“balance” necessary for stability.
Plutonium-239

b) no change 2.
224 220 4
c) goes UP by one. Rn Po + 2 He + γ
86 84
13. Beta Gamma
decayers
Alpha Polonium-220
decayers
14. 3.
on graph 90 90 0
Line of
38
Sr Y + -1 e-
stability 39
neutrons

Yttrium-90 Beta

Other forms 4.
of decay 10 10 0 -
4
Be
5
B + -1 e

protons 5.
15.
Radiation may strike an electron & give it so much
40
19
K
40 0
Ca + -1 e- + γ
energy that it is knocked out of orbit. This turns that 20
atom into an electrically charged ion.
6.
16. 241 237 4
a) highest = alpha Am Np + He
b) lowest = gamma 95 93 2

17. 7. Neptunium-237
highest = gamma
lowest = alpha 137 137 0
55
Cs
56
Ba + -1 e- + γ
18.
Placing an appropriate element inside a nuclear 8.
reactor is one method. (note: there are other
methods) Atoms will be struck by the huge flux of 209 205 4
neutrons. Some neutrons may stick in the atomic Bi Tl + He
83 81 2
nucleus. This creates a new isotope.
Thallium-205

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Worksheet 7 Worksheet 8 (cont.)

1.
group grp grp grp
3.
1 etc
2 3 18
period 1 Elect. Gain/Lose? How Ion
Configuration many? Charge?
period 2
alkali metals

i) 2.8.8.1 lose 1 1+

inert gases
period 3
p-block ii) 2.8.6 gain 2 2-
period 4

halogens
iii) 2.5 gain 3 3-
etc
d-block iv) 2.8.8 will not form ions
s-block

v) 2.2 lose 2 2+
vi) 2.8.3 lose 3 3+
vii) 2.6 gain 2 2-
f-block viii) 2.8.7 gain 1 1-

2. Worksheet 9
gases non-metals: all to right 1.
(grey) of metalloids a) 12 b) magnesium c) 2
metalloids d) lose outer 2 electrons e) 2+
metals (black)
(all left of metalloids) 2.
a) 35 b) bromine c) 7
d) gain 1 electron e) 1-

3.
?
a) 27 b) cobalt c) 2
?
d) lose outer 2 electrons e) 2+

4.
a) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6

b) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d1, 4s2.

Worksheet 8 c) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p6, 4d9, 5s2.
1. a)
d) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5.
protons electrons neutrons At. No. Mass No.
e) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p6, 5s1.
19 19 20 19 39

27 27 32 27 59 Worksheet 10
1. a) decreasing
4 4 5 4 9
b) The increasing
increasing

11 11 12 11 23 amount of nuclear
charge pulls the entire
orbit closer in.
35 35 45 35 80

b) In order, potassium, cobalt, beryllium, sodium, bromine

2. a) 2. a) increasing

b) The increasing amount

decreasing

1 2 of nuclear charge
requires more & more
energy to remove an
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 electron. (Plus, the
electrons are closer to
nucleus... held tighter.
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8

2.8.8.1
2.8.8.2

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Worksheet 10 (cont.) Worksheet 13

3. a)
increasing 3-
b) Electronegativity is a (a) P (b) P (c) Ca

decreasing
numerical “score” given to
elements, indicating each
one’s ability to attract 2+ 2-
electrons. (d) Ca (e) Ne (f) S
c) Inert gases

d) & e) on diagram. g) H P H h) Br O

Worksheet 11 H Br
1.
a) potassium chloride, KCl
b) magnesium sulfide, MgS Cl
c) lithium oxide, Li2O i) H N H j)
d) zinc bromide, ZnBr2
Cl C Cl
e) calcium fluoride, CaF2 H
f) aluminium iodide, AlI3
g) beryllium oxide, BeO Cl
h) silver phosphide, Ag3P
i) hydrogen sulfide, H2S
j) sodium fluoride, NaF
Worksheet 14
1.
a) Li Li+ + e-
2. b) Br + e- Br-
a) i) copper(I) chloride ii) copper(II) chloride c) Br2 + 2e- 2Br-
iii) iron(II) oxide iv) iron(III) oxide d) Al Al+3 + 3e-
v) tin(II) bromide vi) tin(IV) bromide e) S + 2e - S-2
b) f) (multiply eqn.(a)x2, then add (c)
i) iron(II) sulfide, FeS ii) lead(IV) chloride, PbCl4
2Li + Br2 + 2e- 2Li+ +2e- + 2Br-
iii) copper(I) oxide, Cu2O iv) tin(IV) fluoride, SnF4
2Li + Br2 2 LiBr
v) iron(III) nitride, FeN
g) multiply eqn(a) x2. Add to (e). Electrons cancel.
3. 2Li + S Li2S
a) i) magnesium sulfate, Mg2+, SO42- h) multiply (c)x3 and (d)x2, so both contain 6
ii) zinc carbonate, Zn2+, CO32- electrons, then combine:
iii) silver nitrate, Ag+, NO3- 2Al + 3Br2 + 6e- 2Al+3 + 6e- + 6Br-
iv) potassium hydroxide, K+, OH- 2Al + 3Br2 2AlBr3
v) ammonium chloride, NH4+, Cl- i) multiply (d)x2 and (e)x3 so both have 6 electrons.
vi) iron(III) hydroxide, Fe3+, OH- 2Al + 3S Al2S3
b) i) Ca(NO3)2 ii) Cu(OH)2 2. a)
iii) Ag2SO4 iv) NH4Br 2 Ca + O2 2 CaO
v) Li2CO3 vi) Al(NO3)3
vii) Pb(SO4)2 viii) Fe(OH)3
2 Ag + Cl2 2 AgCl
ix) KNO3 x) (NH4)2CO3

4Al + 3 O2 2Al2O3

C + 2H2 CH4
Worksheet 12
1.
i) methane (memorise!) ii) water 2S + 3O2 2SO3
iii) sulfur trioxide iv) dinitrogen trioxide b)
v) phosphorus pentabromide vi) oxygen dichloride i) potassium + bromine potassium bromide
2. 2K + Br2 2 KBr
i) SF2 ii) PI3 iii) NO ii) copper + oxygen copper(II) oxide
iv) SiF4 v) B2O3 vi) NH3 (learn!) 2 Cu + O2 2 CuO
iii) nitrogen + oxygen nitrogen dioxide
N2 + 2 O2 2 NO2
iv) silicon + chlorine silicon tetrachloride
Si + 2 Cl2 SiCl4

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Worksheet 15 Worksheet 17
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. D 1. D 2. B 3. C
7. C 8. C
4.
9. a) isotopes: different in no. of neutrons.
a) 19 electrons, 19 protons, 20 neutrons allotropes: same
b) 2.8.8.1
c) lose 1 electron. Charge +1 b) isotopes: same
allotropes: form same compounds, but reactivity often
10. different.
a) i) calcium sulfide ii) calcium sulfate
iii) copper(II) nitrate iv) diarsenic trioxide c) isotopes: same (except slight diff. in density)
v) ammonium carbonate allotropes: can be totally different in colour,
density, mp & bp, etc.
b) i) Ag2SO4 ii) FeI3
iii) GeO2 iv) Al(OH)3 5.
v) PbS2 a) highly reactive, valency.
11. a) Ne b) P c)
Cl
- “Poisonous” might also be considered a chemical
property since its effect depends on a chemical reaction.

b) i) covalent
d) O O e) H O
ii) SiCl4 Silicon tetrachloride
12.
a) Cl + e- Cl- H iii) Probably not. The properties of most compounds are
b) Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- totally different to the properties of the elements within.
c) K K+ + e-
d) 2K + Cl2 2 KCl c) Cl
Cl
13. Cl
a)
Si Cl Cl Si Cl
N N b) Cl N Cl
Cl Cl
(triple covalent bond) Cl

c) nitrogen trichloride d)
d) Cl N Cl i) low
ii) poor
Cl iii) possibly soft, but if hard, it will be brittle.
Worksheet 16
a) properties b) melting & boiling
c) electrical d) Chemical
e) reactions f) compound
g) fixed & characteristic (or unique)
h) vary i) totally different
j) elements k) bonding
l) lattice m) ionic
n) electrical attractions o) charges
p) strong q) mp’s & bp’s
r) Covalent s) carbon
t) silicon dioxide (silica) u) covalently
v) strong w) mp’s & bp’s
x) metallic y) positive
z) electron(s) aa) sea
ab) high ac) malleability & ductility
ad) molecular ae) oxygen/hydrogen, etc.
af) water ag) covalent
ah) strong ai) intra-
aj) weak ak) inter-
al) weak am) low
an) conductivity ao) charged particles
ap) move aq) do not
ar) mobile charges as) good
at) sea of electrons au) solid
av) ions aw move
ax) melted ay) dissolved (in water)
az) free to move independently

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