Mulk Raj Anand

Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a powerful and deeply moving portrayal of the lives
of India's "untouchables," the lowest and most oppressed caste in Indian society. The novel is
set over the course of a single day in the life of Bakha, a young boy who is born into the
untouchable caste.

The novel begins with Bakha performing his job as a latrine cleaner, a task that is seen as dirty
and shameful by the rest of society. Throughout the novel, Bakha struggles to come to terms
with his lowly status in society, and he is constantly reminded of his place through the insults
and abuse that he receives from those in higher castes.

As the day progresses, Bakha becomes increasingly aware of the injustices that he and his
people face on a daily basis. He witnesses a protest against the proposed Simon Commission,
which is seen as a symbol of British imperialism and oppression, and he becomes involved in
the larger social and political struggles of his time.

Throughout the novel, Anand uses Bakha's experiences to highlight the deep and enduring
effects of the caste system on the lives of those who are born into it. He shows how the caste
system not only affects people's social and economic opportunities but also their sense of self-
worth and dignity.

At its core, "Untouchable" is a novel of social criticism, aimed at exposing the injustices and
inequalities of India's caste system. Anand uses vivid and evocative language to bring the world
of the untouchables to life, and he portrays the daily struggles and triumphs of these oppressed
people with compassion and empathy.

Overall, "Untouchable" is a powerful and important work of literature that shines a light on one
of the most pressing social issues of our time. It is a testament to the resilience and humanity
of those who are oppressed by the caste system and a call to action for those who seek to create
a more just and equitable society.
Q: What solutions does Anand offer for the 20 eradication of untouchability in his novel
? Discuss
utheir merits substantiating your answer with references to the novel.
Ans: "Untouchability" is a recurring theme in Indian literature, and the novel "Untouchable"
by Mulk Raj Anand is one of the most notable works that deals with this issue. The novel
presents a powerful critique of the caste system in India and highlights the social injustices

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faced by the "untouchables" in the Indian society. Anand's novel offers several solutions to
eradicate untouchability, which are discussed below:

1. Education: Education is the most potent weapon to combat the ignorance and prejudices of
the society. Bakha, the protagonist of the novel, is encouraged to study and become literate,
which empowers him to challenge the caste system and the discriminatory practices of his
society. Anand suggests that education can help the "untouchables" to break free from the
vicious cycle of poverty, illiteracy, and discrimination. He writes, "The way to freedom lay
through knowledge. If he could only be educated, then he would break through the barriers of
caste and make a place for himself in the world" (Anand 21).

2. Social reform: Anand advocates for social reform as a means to eliminate the caste system
and untouchability. He portrays characters like the reformer, Swami, who works tirelessly to
eradicate the caste system and promote social equality. Swami's efforts to build a temple that
is open to all castes and to organize a social gathering where people from all castes can
intermingle demonstrate that social reform is possible. Anand suggests that the caste system
can be dismantled if people from different castes come together and work towards a common
goal.

3. Empowerment: Anand suggests that the "untouchables" need to be empowered

economically, socially, and politically. Bakha's job as a latrine cleaner is a symbol of his social
and economic marginalization. Anand proposes that the "untouchables" should be given
opportunities to participate in the mainstream economy, access to healthcare and education,
and political representation. Anand writes, "There is no hope for them until they can begin to
think of themselves as men and women, and not as machines for other people's service" (Anand
84).

In conclusion, Anand's novel "Untouchable" offers several solutions to eradicate

untouchability in India, including education, social reform, and empowerment. Anand's
message is that the caste system can be dismantled if people from different castes come together
and work towards a common goal. Anand's solutions have merit because they promote social
equality, empower the marginalized, and promote a sense of dignity and self-respect among
the "untouchables."
Q: Write a critical note on the plot construction of untouchables.
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a powerful critique of the caste system in India
and a portrayal of the social injustices faced by the "untouchables." The plot of the novel is
constructed around the experiences of the protagonist, Bakha, a young "untouchable" boy who
works as a latrine cleaner in the town of Bulandshahr. The novel traces Bakha's journey as he
confronts the social prejudices and discrimination of his society and tries to break free from
the shackles of his caste.

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The plot of "Untouchable" is simple yet effective, and it is constructed around a series of events
that shape Bakha's character and expose the injustices of the caste system. The novel is divided
into nine chapters, each of which presents a distinct episode in Bakha's life.

The first chapter sets the tone for the novel and introduces the reader to Bakha's world. The
chapter opens with Bakha cleaning the latrines and ends with him encountering a group of
high-caste boys who taunt him and call him names. This chapter establishes Bakha's lowly
status in society and the discrimination he faces on a daily basis.

The second chapter introduces the character of Gandhi, who visits Bulandshahr and gives a
speech on the evils of untouchability. Bakha attends the speech and is inspired by Gandhi's
message of equality and non-violence. This chapter highlights the role of Gandhi in the Indian
independence movement and his efforts to promote social reform.

The third chapter focuses on Bakha's relationship with his father and his desire to break free
from the constraints of his caste. Bakha's father is a traditionalist who believes in the caste
system and discourages Bakha from pursuing education or challenging the social norms. This
chapter highlights the generational divide in the Indian society and the conflict between
tradition and modernity.

The fourth chapter presents a pivotal moment in the novel when Bakha accidentally touches a
high-caste woman while carrying water. This incident leads to a violent confrontation between
Bakha and the high-caste men, and Bakha is humiliated and beaten. This chapter exposes the
deep-rooted prejudices and caste-based violence in the Indian society.

The fifth chapter focuses on Bakha's friendship with a Muslim boy named Sohini, who is also
marginalized in the society. Bakha and Sohini share their experiences of discrimination and
find solace in each other's company. This chapter highlights the intersectionality of oppression
and the bonds of solidarity that can emerge among the marginalized.

The sixth chapter presents another pivotal moment in the novel when Bakha encounters a group
of high-caste women who ask him for water. Bakha is torn between his duty as a latrine cleaner
and his desire to help the women. This chapter highlights the dilemma faced by the
"untouchables" who are expected to serve the high-caste people but are not allowed to touch
them.

The seventh chapter focuses on Bakha's encounter with a social reformer named Swami, who
encourages Bakha to challenge the caste system and become literate. Swami's message of social
equality and empowerment inspires Bakha and gives him hope for a better future.

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The eighth chapter presents a moment of catharsis when Bakha confronts his father and
challenges his beliefs. Bakha's father disowns him, but Bakha is determined to pursue his
dreams and break free from the constraints of his caste.

The final chapter presents a moment of closure when Bakha participates in a public gathering
organized by Swami and interacts with people from different castes. Bakha's experiences
throughout the novel have transformed him, and he now sees himself as a citizen of India rather
than an "untouchable."

The plot construction of "Untouchable" is effective because it presents a series of

interconnected episodes that highlight the various aspects of the caste system and the
experiences of the "untouchables." The plot is focused on Bakha's personal journey, but it also
exposes the broader social issues that exist in the Indian society. The novel is structured in a
way that keeps the reader engaged and interested in Bakha's story while also conveying the
larger social message.

One of the strengths of the plot construction of "Untouchable" is the way it balances the
personal and the political. The novel is centered on Bakha's experiences and emotions, but it
also presents a broader critique of the caste system and the social injustices that exist in India.
The novel is not just a personal story of Bakha's struggles; it is also a commentary on the larger
social issues that affect the Indian society.

Another strength of the plot construction is the way it presents the intersectionality of
oppression. The novel portrays not just the discrimination faced by the "untouchables," but also
the experiences of other marginalized groups such as Muslims and women. This intersectional
approach makes the novel more powerful and emphasizes the interconnectedness of different
forms of oppression.

However, one weakness of the plot construction is that it can feel episodic at times. The novel
consists of a series of events that are linked thematically but not necessarily narratively. This
can make the novel feel disjointed in places and may leave some readers wanting a more
cohesive narrative.

In conclusion, the plot construction of "Untouchable" is effective in conveying the larger social
message while also presenting a personal story of a young "untouchable" boy. The novel's
episodic structure may be a weakness in some ways, but it also allows for a more nuanced
exploration of the various aspects of the caste system and the experiences of the marginalized.

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Overall, the plot construction of "Untouchable" contributes to the novel's impact as a powerful
critique of the caste system in India.
Q: `Bakha is not just a suffering abstraction but a man of flesh and blood convincingly
Portrayed by the author. Discuss
Ans: The character of Bakha in Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a compelling and
vividly drawn character who is presented as a fully realized person with a rich inner life and
complex emotions. Anand's portrayal of Bakha goes beyond a simple depiction of the suffering
of the "untouchables" in India; rather, Bakha is depicted as a unique individual with his own
desires, hopes, and dreams.

One of the ways in which Anand convincingly portrays Bakha as a man of flesh and blood is
through his use of vivid sensory detail. Anand frequently describes the sights, sounds, and
smells of Bakha's world in great detail, immersing the reader in Bakha's experience. This
attention to sensory detail helps to create a vivid picture of Bakha as a real person with a
physical presence in the world.

Another way in which Anand convincingly portrays Bakha as a fully realized character is
through his depiction of Bakha's emotional life. Throughout the novel, Bakha experiences a
range of emotions, from joy and excitement to fear and despair. Anand does not shy away from
depicting the darker aspects of Bakha's emotional life, such as his sense of shame and self-
loathing. By portraying Bakha's emotional life in such a nuanced way, Anand creates a
character who is relatable and empathetic to the reader.

Furthermore, Anand portrays Bakha as a character who is not simply defined by his oppression,
but who has his own agency and desires. Bakha longs to be educated and to escape the confines
of his caste, but he also has more mundane desires, such as the desire for love and
companionship. By portraying Bakha in this way, Anand emphasizes his humanity and
individuality, rather than reducing him to a mere symbol of the oppression faced by the
"untouchables."

Overall, Anand convincingly portrays Bakha as a man of flesh and blood, rather than a
suffering abstraction. Through his use of vivid sensory detail, nuanced emotional portrayal,
and attention to Bakha's desires and agency, Anand creates a character who is both relatable
and unique. This portrayal of Bakha as a fully realized person with a rich inner life contributes
to the novel's impact as a powerful critique of the caste system in India, as it emphasizes the
humanity of those who are often reduced to symbols of oppression.
Q: Discuss in detail the efforts made by Gandhi to bring together the fragmented society
of India with reference to MulkRaj Anand's UNTOUCHABLE.
Ans:

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Mahatma Gandhi, also known as the Father of the Nation, was one of the most prominent
leaders of the Indian independence movement. He was a firm believer in non-violence and
worked tirelessly to unite the fragmented society of India. Mulk Raj Anand's "Untouchable" is
a novel that portrays the life of a young boy named Bakha, who is an untouchable. The novel
portrays the discrimination and humiliation faced by untouchables in Indian society.

Gandhi's efforts to bring together the fragmented society of India can be seen in his advocacy
for the rights of untouchables. He believed that untouchables were an integral part of Indian
society and deserved equal rights and opportunities. He saw untouchability as a social evil that
needed to be eradicated for India to progress as a nation. Gandhi started several campaigns to
fight against untouchability, including the Harijan movement. The term "Harijan" means
"children of God" and was used by Gandhi to refer to untouchables.

In "Untouchable," Bakha is shown to be an outcast in society, and the novel highlights the
social, economic, and psychological barriers faced by untouchables. Gandhi recognized the
plight of untouchables and worked tirelessly to address their issues. He encouraged the upper-
caste people to treat untouchables with respect and dignity. Gandhi believed that if
untouchables were given equal rights and opportunities, they could contribute significantly to
the progress of India.

In the novel, Bakha's encounter with a group of upper-caste men shows the deep-seated
prejudices and discrimination prevalent in Indian society. However, Gandhi believed that
through education and awareness, such prejudices could be eradicated. He encouraged people
to educate themselves about the plight of untouchables and to work towards their upliftment.

Gandhi's efforts to bring together the fragmented society of India were not limited to
untouchables. He also worked towards Hindu-Muslim unity and advocated for the rights of
women. Gandhi believed that India could only progress if all sections of society were treated
equally and given equal opportunities.

In conclusion, Gandhi's efforts to bring together the fragmented society of India were
significant and had a lasting impact on Indian society. His advocacy for the rights of
untouchables and his campaigns against untouchability helped to bring about significant social
change. The novel "Untouchable" portrays the discrimination faced by untouchables in Indian
society, and Gandhi's efforts to address this issue can be seen as a response to such
discrimination.
Q: Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable is a piece of realistic 20 fiction. Comment.
Ans:

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Mulk Raj Anand's "Untouchable" is a piece of realistic fiction that portrays the harsh realities
of the Indian society during the 20th century. The novel is set in the pre-independence era,
where the caste system was prevalent in India, and untouchables faced social, economic, and
political discrimination.

The novel is a realistic portrayal of the life of an untouchable named Bakha. It depicts the daily
struggles faced by Bakha and his community, including the humiliating jobs they were forced
to do, the lack of basic amenities, and the constant discrimination they faced. The novel also
portrays the attitudes and prejudices of the upper-caste people towards untouchables.

Anand's portrayal of the untouchables' lives is based on extensive research and personal
experiences. Anand spent several years in rural India and witnessed the harsh realities faced by
untouchables firsthand. His observations and experiences are reflected in the novel's realistic
portrayal of the life of an untouchable.

Furthermore, Anand's use of language and narrative style in the novel adds to its realism. He
uses colloquial language, which is reflective of the way the characters in the novel would speak.
The narrative style is straightforward and does not rely on exaggeration or hyperbole.

Moreover, the novel's themes of poverty, discrimination, and social inequality are still relevant
today. The issues faced by untouchables in the novel are not limited to the pre-independence
era but are also prevalent in some parts of India today.

In conclusion, "Untouchable" is a piece of realistic fiction that portrays the harsh realities of
the Indian society during the 20th century. Anand's extensive research and personal
experiences are reflected in the novel's realistic portrayal of the life of an untouchable. The
themes and issues raised in the novel are still relevant today, making it a timeless work of
literature.
Q: How is the question of caste addressed in Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable ? Explain.
Ans:

The question of caste is central to Mulk Raj Anand's "Untouchable." The novel portrays the
life of a young boy named Bakha, who is an untouchable. Bakha's experiences in the novel
highlight the complex and deeply entrenched caste system in India, which was prevalent during
the pre-independence era.

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One of the ways that the question of caste is addressed in the novel is through Bakha's daily
experiences. Bakha is subjected to humiliating jobs, such as cleaning latrines, which were
reserved for untouchables. This highlights the rigid caste system in India, where certain jobs
were reserved for certain castes. The novel also portrays the discrimination faced by
untouchables in terms of access to public spaces, such as temples, which were reserved for the
upper castes.

Another way that the question of caste is addressed in the novel is through the attitudes and
prejudices of the upper-caste people towards untouchables. The novel portrays the upper-caste
people as looking down upon untouchables and treating them with contempt. This is illustrated
through the character of the tanner, who refuses to let Bakha drink water from his tap and
instead throws a piece of bread at him.

Furthermore, the novel addresses the question of caste through Bakha's own experiences of
shame and humiliation. Bakha is acutely aware of his position in society as an untouchable and
feels ashamed of his own identity. This highlights the psychological impact of the caste system
on the untouchables.

In conclusion, Mulk Raj Anand's "Untouchable" addresses the question of caste in several
ways. The novel portrays the rigid caste system in India and the discrimination faced by
untouchables in terms of access to public spaces and job opportunities. It also highlights the
attitudes and prejudices of the upper-caste people towards untouchables and the psychological
impact of the caste system on the untouchables themselves. Overall, the novel offers a powerful
critique of the caste system in India and its impact on society.
Q: Discuss the importance of Gandhian philosophy in the Novel Untouchable.
Ans: Gandhian philosophy plays an important role in Mulk Raj Anand's "Untouchable." The
novel portrays the harsh realities of the caste system in India and the discrimination faced by
untouchables, and it also shows how Gandhian philosophy offers a way to challenge and
overcome these injustices.

One of the key elements of Gandhian philosophy that is highlighted in the novel is the
importance of nonviolence. Bakha, the protagonist of the novel, is subjected to violence and
discrimination on a daily basis. However, he is also exposed to the ideas of nonviolence and
non-cooperation through the character of a young man named Sohini. Sohini is a follower of
Gandhi and believes in the power of nonviolence to challenge injustice. She encourages Bakha
to participate in the nonviolent protests that are taking place around the country, and he begins
to see the value of this approach.

Another important element of Gandhian philosophy that is highlighted in the novel is the idea
of self-reliance. Gandhi believed in the importance of people taking responsibility for their own

8
lives and communities, rather than relying on outside forces to bring about change. This idea
is reflected in the character of Bakha, who is encouraged to take control of his own life and not
be defined by his caste identity. Bakha's journey towards self-reliance and self-determination
is a central theme of the novel, and it is presented as a way to challenge the injustices of the
caste system.

Moreover, the novel also highlights the importance of education as a means of empowerment.
Gandhi believed that education was crucial for the development of individuals and
communities, and this idea is reflected in the novel through Bakha's desire to learn and improve
his own situation. Bakha's journey towards education is a symbol of hope and progress, and it
represents the potential for change that exists within individuals and communities.

In conclusion, Gandhian philosophy plays an important role in Mulk Raj Anand's

"Untouchable." The novel portrays the harsh realities of the caste system in India and the
discrimination faced by untouchables, and it also shows how Gandhian philosophy offers a
way to challenge and overcome these injustices. The ideas of nonviolence, self-reliance, and
education are presented as powerful tools for social and political change, and they represent
the potential for hope and progress in the face of injustice.
Q: Comment on the significance of the title The Untouchable.
Ans: The title of Mulk Raj Anand's novel, "Untouchable," is significant in multiple ways. It
not only refers to the protagonist, Bakha, who is an untouchable by caste, but also highlights
the discrimination and social exclusion faced by the untouchables in Indian society during the
pre-independence era.

The term "untouchable" refers to a lower caste group in the Hindu caste system that was
considered impure and polluted. They were often subjected to social and economic
discrimination and were barred from certain public spaces and jobs. The novel presents the life
of Bakha, who is trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty and prejudice, and the title highlights
the social exclusion faced by people like him.

Moreover, the title can also be interpreted symbolically to represent the marginalized sections
of society that are excluded from mainstream social and political discourse. Bakha's
experiences reflect the experiences of many people in India who are discriminated against
because of their caste, gender, or economic status. The title, therefore, highlights the larger
issues of social inequality and injustice.

Furthermore, the title also highlights the power dynamics inherent in the caste system. The
upper-caste people considered themselves pure and superior, and the untouchables were
considered impure and polluted. The title, therefore, represents the binary opposition between
purity and pollution, which is an essential feature of the caste system.

9
In conclusion, the title "Untouchable" is significant in multiple ways. It not only refers to the
protagonist's social identity but also highlights the larger issues of social inequality and
injustice. The title also represents the power dynamics inherent in the caste system and the
binary opposition between purity and pollution. Overall, the title reflects the harsh realities of
the caste system in India and the social exclusion faced by marginalized sections of society.
Q: Critically examine the treatment of untouchability in Mulk Raj Anand's novel
Untouchable. Suggest an alternative title for the novel.
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel, "Untouchable," is a poignant portrayal of the caste system and
untouchability in India during the pre-independence era. The novel depicts the life of Bakha,
an untouchable, and highlights the discrimination and oppression faced by him and his
community. In this essay, I will critically examine the treatment of untouchability in the novel
and suggest an alternative title that reflects the central themes of the story.

One of the most striking aspects of Anand's portrayal of untouchability in the novel is its
realism. The novel shows the brutal and dehumanizing treatment of untouchables, including
the forced separation from others, the denial of basic human rights, and the constant reminder
of their low social status. For instance, in the opening scene of the novel, Bakha is forced to
clean the public latrines, a job considered too filthy for any other caste, and is subjected to
verbal abuse and humiliation. This scene not only reflects the harsh realities of the caste system
but also highlights the indignity faced by untouchables in their daily lives.

Moreover, the novel also depicts the psychological impact of untouchability on Bakha's
identity and self-worth. Bakha's sense of inferiority is internalized, and he begins to see himself
as a worthless being, which is evident in his constant desire to escape from his caste identity.
This portrayal of the psychological impact of untouchability is a significant contribution to the
novel's treatment of the issue.

Another notable aspect of the novel's treatment of untouchability is its portrayal of the
untouchable community's agency and resistance. The novel shows how untouchables resist the
oppression and discrimination they face in their daily lives. Bakha's journey towards self-
reliance and self-determination is a symbol of this resistance. He realizes that he can break free
from the limitations imposed by his caste identity and take control of his life. This portrayal of
the untouchable community's agency is a significant aspect of the novel's treatment of
untouchability.

However, one criticism of the novel's treatment of untouchability is its limited focus on the
untouchable community. The novel does not give an in-depth portrayal of the upper-caste
people who perpetuate the caste system. This limited focus on the untouchable community can
be seen as a weakness in the novel's treatment of untouchability.

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In terms of an alternative title for the novel, "The Dehumanized" could be a suitable alternative.
This title reflects the central themes of the novel, which are the dehumanization and oppression
of the untouchable community. It also highlights the psychological impact of untouchability
on Bakha's identity and self-worth. Additionally, the title suggests a broader interpretation of
the novel, beyond the issue of untouchability, as it implies a critique of any form of oppression
that dehumanizes people.

In conclusion, Mulk Raj Anand's novel, "Untouchable," is a powerful portrayal of the caste
system and untouchability in India. The novel's realistic portrayal of the oppression and
discrimination faced by untouchables is a significant contribution to the treatment of the issue.
The novel's portrayal of the untouchable community's agency and resistance is also a notable
aspect of its treatment of untouchability. However, the limited focus on the untouchable
community can be seen as a weakness in the novel's treatment of the issue. Finally, "The
Dehumanized" could be a suitable alternative title for the novel, as it reflects the central themes
of the story and suggests a broader interpretation of the issue of untouchability.
Q: Critically examine the ending of Mulk Raj Anand's novel Untouchable. What is your
suggestion for ending untouchability ?
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a powerful portrayal of the caste system and
untouchability in India during the pre-independence era. The novel depicts the life of Bakha,
an untouchable, and highlights the discrimination and oppression faced by him and his
community. The ending of the novel is a crucial aspect of its overall message and impact. In
this essay, I will critically examine the ending of the novel and suggest my own solution to
ending untouchability.

The ending of the novel is bittersweet. Bakha, after experiencing a series of events that
challenge his caste identity, finally comes to terms with his identity and realizes the importance
of his community. The novel ends with Bakha returning to his community and resolving to
fight for their rights and dignity. The ending is a hopeful note, as Bakha has learned to value
his own identity and sees himself as part of a larger community.

However, some readers may find the ending unsatisfying, as it does not provide a concrete
solution to the problem of untouchability. While Bakha's transformation is inspiring, it does
not address the systemic issues that perpetuate untouchability. Moreover, the ending does not
provide a clear path for Bakha or his community to achieve their goals.

In my view, the ending of the novel highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to ending
untouchability. While individual transformation and self-acceptance are essential, they must
be complemented by larger social and political changes. The novel suggests that the fight
against untouchability requires both individual and collective action.

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My suggestion for ending untouchability is to address the systemic issues that perpetuate it.
This includes challenging the caste system, promoting education and social mobility for
marginalized communities, and implementing policies and laws that protect the rights and
dignity of all individuals. It also involves challenging the attitudes and beliefs that underlie
untouchability, such as caste-based prejudices and discrimination. In addition, it requires the
active involvement of individuals, organizations, and governments in addressing the issue.

Finally, it is essential to create awareness and dialogue around untouchability and its impact
on individuals and society as a whole. This can be achieved through literature, art, and other
forms of media that raise awareness of the issue and encourage empathy and understanding.

In conclusion, the ending of Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a crucial aspect of its
overall message and impact. While it highlights the importance of individual transformation
and self-acceptance, it also underscores the need for larger social and political changes to end
untouchability. My suggestion for ending untouchability involves a multifaceted approach that
addresses the systemic issues that perpetuate it, challenges attitudes and beliefs, and creates
awareness and dialogue around the issue.
Q: How does Mulk Raj Anand paint the picture of a socially fragmented nation in
Untouchable ?
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" provides a stark and realistic portrayal of the
social fragmentation that existed in India during the pre-independence era. The novel depicts
the life of Bakha, a young untouchable boy, and the discrimination and oppression faced by
him and his community. Anand's vivid and realistic portrayal of Bakha's life and experiences
effectively paints the picture of a socially fragmented nation. In this essay, I will examine the
ways in which Anand portrays the social fragmentation in "Untouchable".

Firstly, Anand highlights the rigid caste system that existed in Indian society. The caste system
divided society into different hierarchies based on birth and created deep divisions between
communities. The novel depicts the untouchables as a marginalized and oppressed community,
who were excluded from mainstream society and forced to live in poverty and squalor. Anand
portrays the brutal consequences of the caste system, such as the practice of untouchability,
which forbids members of higher castes from having any physical contact with the
untouchables. The untouchables were also not allowed to enter temples or public spaces,
leading to further isolation and marginalization.

Secondly, Anand highlights the lack of social mobility and opportunities for marginalized
communities. Bakha's community is depicted as having no access to education, healthcare, or
decent employment. The novel portrays the untouchables as being trapped in a cycle of poverty
and oppression, with no way out. This lack of social mobility and opportunities further
reinforced the social fragmentation and inequality that existed in Indian society.
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Thirdly, Anand depicts the lack of empathy and understanding between different communities.
The novel portrays members of higher castes as being completely indifferent to the plight of
the untouchables. The practice of untouchability created deep-seated prejudices and
discrimination, which prevented members of different communities from understanding each
other's experiences and perspectives. The novel also depicts how the untouchables were often
subject to violence and abuse, and how the higher castes saw them as inferior and sub-human.

Finally, Anand highlights the role of colonialism in perpetuating social fragmentation and
inequality. The novel depicts the British as being complicit in maintaining the caste system and
reinforcing the oppression of marginalized communities. The British were seen as having no
interest in promoting social justice or equality in Indian society, and instead focused on
maintaining their own power and control.

In conclusion, Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" provides a powerful and realistic
portrayal of the social fragmentation that existed in India during the pre-independence era.
Anand effectively highlights the rigid caste system, lack of social mobility and opportunities,
lack of empathy and understanding between communities, and the role of colonialism in
perpetuating social inequality. By depicting the harsh realities of life for the untouchables,
Anand effectively portrays the fragmentation and inequality that existed in Indian society
during that time.
Q: Discuss the various wishes and plans of Bakha as narrated by Mulk Raj Anand in his
novel Untouchable.
Ans: Bakha, the protagonist of Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable", is a young boy from
the untouchable community who dreams of a better life for himself and his community.
Throughout the novel, Anand narrates Bakha's wishes and plans, which reflect his desires for
a more just and equitable society. In this essay, I will discuss the various wishes and plans of
Bakha as narrated by Mulk Raj Anand in "Untouchable".

Firstly, Bakha dreams of escaping the confines of his social status and leading a life of dignity
and respect. He longs to be treated as a human being and not as an outcast. Bakha's desire to
be accepted by mainstream society is evident in his attempts to change his name to Bhakha, a
name that he feels is more respectable. Bakha's wish to be recognized as a person worthy of
respect and dignity reflects the fundamental desire of the untouchable community to be free
from the oppression and marginalization that they have faced for centuries.

Secondly, Bakha dreams of getting an education and acquiring knowledge. He sees education
as a means of breaking free from the cycle of poverty and oppression that his community has
been trapped in. Bakha's desire for education is evident in his fascination with the school and
his eagerness to learn. However, Bakha's dreams of getting an education are thwarted by the
caste system, which denies him access to schools and educational opportunities.
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Thirdly, Bakha plans to join the army and serve his country. He sees the army as a means of
escaping the confines of his social status and proving his worth as a human being. Bakha's
desire to join the army reflects his patriotism and his belief in the idea of a united and free
India. However, Bakha's plans are once again thwarted by the caste system, which denies him
the opportunity to join the army.

Finally, Bakha plans to build a temple for his community. He sees the temple as a means of
providing a space for his community to worship and come together. Bakha's desire to build a
temple reflects his deep-seated faith and his belief in the power of religion to bring people
together. Bakha's plans to build a temple also reflect his desire to create a sense of community
and belonging for his people, who have been marginalized and excluded from mainstream
society.

In conclusion, Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" narrates the various wishes and plans
of Bakha, which reflect his desires for a more just and equitable society. Bakha's dreams of
escaping the confines of his social status, acquiring an education, joining the army, and building
a temple for his community reflect his deep-seated desire for dignity, respect, and equality.
Bakha's wishes and plans also reflect the aspirations of the untouchable community, which has
been marginalized and oppressed for centuries.
Q: Discuss the Mulk Raj Anand's novel Untouchable as a modern novel.
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is widely regarded as a modern novel, both in
terms of its style and its themes. In this essay, I will discuss the various ways in which
"Untouchable" can be considered a modern novel.

Firstly, "Untouchable" is a novel that deals with contemporary issues and themes. The novel
explores the lives of the untouchable community in India and their struggles with poverty,
discrimination, and social exclusion. Anand's depiction of the untouchable community and
their struggles reflects the social and political realities of India during the early 20th century,
and the novel can be seen as a critique of the caste system and the injustices that it perpetuates.
This engagement with contemporary issues and themes is a hallmark of modern literature.

Secondly, "Untouchable" can be considered a modern novel in terms of its style and narrative
technique. Anand employs a realistic style of writing, and the novel is written in a simple, direct
prose that emphasizes the everyday struggles and experiences of the characters. The novel also
employs a stream-of-consciousness technique in certain sections, which allows the reader to
gain insight into the thoughts and feelings of the characters. This use of modern narrative
techniques is indicative of the novel's modernist sensibilities.

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Thirdly, "Untouchable" can be considered a modern novel in terms of its focus on the individual
and their experiences. The novel is centered around the character of Bakha, a young
untouchable boy, and his struggles to navigate the complexities of the social and political
systems that surround him. Anand's focus on the individual and their experiences reflects the
modernist preoccupation with subjectivity and the inner life of the individual.

Finally, "Untouchable" can be seen as a modern novel in its engagement with questions of
identity and belonging. Bakha's struggles with his social status and his desire to be recognized
as a human being reflect the modernist preoccupation with questions of identity and the search
for meaning in a rapidly changing world. Anand's depiction of the untouchable community and
their experiences also highlights the importance of community and belonging in the modern
world.

In conclusion, Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" can be considered a modern novel in its
engagement with contemporary issues and themes, its use of modern narrative techniques, its
focus on the individual and their experiences, and its engagement with questions of identity
and belonging. The novel is a powerful critique of the caste system and the injustices that it
perpetuates, and it remains a relevant and important work of modern literature today.
Q: Discuss Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" as a novel of social criticism.
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a powerful work of social criticism that shines
a light on the injustices of the caste system in India. The novel is a searing critique of the social
and political structures that perpetuate discrimination and marginalization, and it exposes the
human cost of these structures on the lives of the untouchable community.

One of the primary ways in which "Untouchable" functions as a novel of social criticism is
through its depiction of the untouchable community and their experiences. Anand portrays the
untouchables as a marginalized and oppressed group who are forced to live on the fringes of
society, enduring poverty, violence, and discrimination. Through the character of Bakha,
Anand shows how the caste system works to strip untouchables of their humanity, denying
them the most basic rights and privileges that are afforded to other members of society. The
novel is unflinching in its portrayal of the dehumanizing effects of the caste system, and it
challenges readers to confront the realities of social injustice and inequality.

Another way in which "Untouchable" functions as a novel of social criticism is through its use
of irony and satire. Anand employs these literary devices to expose the absurdity of the caste
system and the hypocrisies of those who uphold it. For example, Anand satirizes the Brahmins,
the highest caste in Hindu society, by depicting them as hypocritical and self-serving
individuals who are more concerned with maintaining their own social status than with helping
those who are less fortunate. Through these satirical elements, Anand encourages readers to
question the social and political structures that perpetuate inequality and to consider alternative
models of social organization.

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Finally, "Untouchable" can be seen as a novel of social criticism in its exploration of the
intersections between identity, power, and oppression. Anand shows how the caste system
works to reinforce and reproduce power imbalances between different groups in society, and
he highlights the ways in which identity is constructed and manipulated in order to maintain
these power structures. By foregrounding these issues, Anand encourages readers to think
critically about the ways in which identity and power intersect in their own lives and in broader
society.

In conclusion, Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a powerful work of social criticism
that exposes the injustices of the caste system in India. Through its portrayal of the untouchable
community and their experiences, its use of irony and satire, and its exploration of the
intersections between identity, power, and oppression, the novel challenges readers to confront
the realities of social inequality and to consider alternative models of social organization. The
novel remains a relevant and important work of social criticism today, and its legacy continues
to inspire new generations of activists and social justice advocates.
Q: Discuss Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable as a social novel.
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" can be considered a social novel due to its
powerful critique of the caste system and the ways in which it perpetuates social inequality and
marginalization in India. The novel explores the experiences of Bakha, a young untouchable
who is forced to endure the daily humiliations and discrimination of his caste.

One of the key ways in which "Untouchable" functions as a social novel is through its portrayal
of the untouchable community and their experiences. Anand depicts the untouchables as a
marginalized and oppressed group who are subjected to extreme poverty, violence, and
discrimination. Through Bakha's experiences, Anand shows how the caste system works to
strip untouchables of their humanity, denying them the most basic rights and privileges that are
afforded to other members of society. By portraying the social realities of untouchability, the
novel brings attention to the social issues that have been marginalized and ignored for too long.

Another way in which "Untouchable" functions as a social novel is through its exploration of
the role of religion and tradition in perpetuating social inequality. Anand critiques the ways in
which Hinduism, the dominant religion in India, has been used to justify and legitimize the
caste system. He also shows how tradition can be used to perpetuate social norms that are
oppressive and unjust. Through this critique, Anand challenges readers to question the values
and beliefs that shape their own lives and to consider alternative ways of organizing society.

Furthermore, "Untouchable" can be seen as a social novel in its depiction of the power
dynamics that operate within society. The novel explores how different social groups wield
power and how this power is used to maintain the status quo. Anand portrays the Brahmins,
the highest caste in Hindu society, as self-serving and hypocritical, highlighting their role in
16
perpetuating the caste system. Through Bakha's encounters with members of other castes, the
novel also shows how power operates at the individual level, and how even the smallest acts
of discrimination can have profound consequences.

In conclusion, Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a powerful social novel that critiques
the caste system and the ways in which it perpetuates social inequality and marginalization in
India. Through its portrayal of the untouchable community, its exploration of the role of
religion and tradition in perpetuating social norms, and its depiction of power dynamics, the
novel challenges readers to consider the social issues that continue to plague India and to
imagine new ways of organizing society. The novel's enduring legacy as a social critique has
inspired generations of activists and social justice advocates, and it continues to be a relevant
and important work of literature today.
Q: Does Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable provide a viable solution to the eradication of
untouchability? Discuss.
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" provides a powerful critique of the caste system
and the ways in which it perpetuates social inequality and discrimination in India. However,
the novel does not provide a clear or specific solution to the eradication of untouchability.

Throughout the novel, Anand portrays untouchability as a deeply entrenched and complex
social problem. He shows how the caste system is deeply ingrained in Indian society and how
it affects all aspects of life for untouchables. Bakha's experiences, in particular, illustrate the
many ways in which untouchables are excluded from society, denied basic rights, and subjected
to extreme poverty and violence.

While Anand does not offer a specific solution to the eradication of untouchability, his novel
does provide a powerful critique of the caste system and its underlying ideologies. He
challenges readers to question their own values and beliefs and to consider alternative ways of
organizing society. He suggests that change will require a fundamental shift in the way that
people think about caste and social hierarchy, and that this change must be driven by the efforts
of ordinary people.

One possible solution that can be inferred from the novel is the importance of education and
awareness-raising. Anand portrays Bakha as an intelligent and curious young man who is eager
to learn and to understand his place in society. Through Bakha's experiences, Anand suggests
that education can be a powerful tool for empowerment and for challenging the status quo.

Another possible solution is the importance of solidarity and collective action. Anand portrays
the untouchables as a marginalized and oppressed group who are often isolated and alone. By
bringing together people from different castes and backgrounds, Anand suggests that it is
possible to build solidarity and to create a powerful movement for change.

17
In conclusion, Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" does not provide a specific or concrete
solution to the eradication of untouchability. However, the novel does provide a powerful
critique of the caste system and the ways in which it perpetuates social inequality and
discrimination. It challenges readers to question their own values and beliefs, and to consider
alternative ways of organizing society. Ultimately, the novel suggests that change will require
a fundamental shift in the way that people think about caste and social hierarchy, and that this
change must be driven by the efforts of ordinary people.
Q: Discuss the narrative technique of Mulk Raj Anand's novel Untouchable.
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" employs a number of narrative techniques that
help to convey the experiences and perspectives of the novel's protagonist, Bakha, as well as
to provide a broader commentary on Indian society and the caste system.

One of the most striking aspects of Anand's narrative technique is his use of a stream-of-
consciousness style of narration. This technique allows the reader to enter into Bakha's thoughts
and feelings in a very immediate and visceral way, experiencing his emotions and perceptions
as they occur in real time. This technique is particularly effective in conveying Bakha's sense
of isolation and alienation from the society around him, as well as his struggles to make sense
of his own identity and place in the world.

Anand also employs a number of flashback and dream sequences throughout the novel. These
sequences help to flesh out Bakha's backstory and provide context for his experiences, as well
as to highlight the broader social and historical forces that are shaping his life. For example,
the opening chapter of the novel includes a dream sequence in which Bakha imagines himself
as a free and powerful bird, soaring above the oppressive realities of his daily life. This
sequence sets the tone for the novel as a whole, emphasizing the contrast between Bakha's inner
world and the harsh realities of his external environment.

Another key aspect of Anand's narrative technique is his use of symbolism and metaphor to
convey deeper meaning and commentary on the novel's themes. For example, the recurring
image of water throughout the novel serves as a powerful symbol of purity and cleansing, as
well as of the boundary between different castes and social groups. Similarly, the imagery of
light and darkness is used to highlight the contrast between enlightenment and ignorance, and
to emphasize the ways in which the caste system is upheld by the ignorance and prejudice of
those in power.

Overall, Mulk Raj Anand's narrative technique in "Untouchable" is marked by its vividness
and immediacy, its use of symbolism and metaphor to convey deeper meaning, and its ability
to capture the complex emotions and experiences of its protagonist. Through these techniques,
Anand is able to provide a powerful critique of Indian society and the caste system, while also
highlighting the resilience and humanity of those who are oppressed by it.
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Q: Discuss Mulk Raj Anand’s novel Untouchable as a Gandhian novel.
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" can be read as a Gandhian novel in the sense that
it embodies many of the key principles and values that were central to Gandhi's philosophy and
political agenda. In particular, the novel can be seen as an exploration of the problem of
untouchability in India, and a call to action for social reform and justice.

One of the central themes of the novel is the dehumanizing effects of the caste system, and the
ways in which it perpetuates a cycle of oppression and inequality. Bakha, the novel's
protagonist, is an untouchable who is forced to perform menial and degrading tasks for the
higher castes, and who is subjected to constant abuse and humiliation. Through Bakha's
experiences, Anand highlights the ways in which the caste system destroys the dignity and
worth of individuals, and perpetuates a system of injustice that is both immoral and
unsustainable.

At the same time, however, the novel is also a testament to the resilience and humanity of those
who are oppressed by the caste system. Bakha is depicted as a complex and multidimensional
character, who possesses a rich inner life and a capacity for empathy and understanding.
Anand's depiction of Bakha thus embodies the Gandhian ideal of nonviolence, which holds
that even those who are oppressed must strive to transcend the limitations of their
circumstances, and to cultivate a spirit of love and compassion for all beings.

Furthermore, the novel can also be seen as a call to action for social reform and justice. Gandhi
himself was a passionate advocate for the abolition of the caste system, and he believed that it
was a central obstacle to the realization of a just and equitable society. Anand's novel can be
read as a continuation of this struggle, and a plea for all people of conscience to work towards
the eradication of untouchability and the establishment of a more just and humane society.

Overall, Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" can be seen as a powerful expression of the
Gandhian philosophy of nonviolence, social justice, and human dignity. Through its vivid
depiction of the dehumanizing effects of the caste system, its portrayal of the resilience and
humanity of those who are oppressed by it, and its call to action for social reform and justice,
the novel stands as a testament to the enduring relevance and power of Gandhi's vision of a
better world.
Q: Discuss the plot and structure of Mulk Raj Anand‟s novel “Untouchable.”
Ans: Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Untouchable" is a powerful exploration of the effects of caste
discrimination and oppression in India. The novel tells the story of Bakha, a young boy who is
born into the untouchable caste and who is forced to perform menial and degrading tasks for
the higher castes.

19
The novel is structured around a series of interconnected episodes, each of which focuses on a
different aspect of Bakha's life and experiences. Through these episodes, Anand builds a
powerful portrait of the caste system and its dehumanizing effects on those who are forced to
live within its confines.

The novel opens with Bakha cleaning the latrines of a local temple, a task that is seen as the
most degrading and humiliating work that can be assigned to an untouchable. Bakha struggles
with the shame and disgust that he feels at performing this work, but he is also aware of the
fact that he has no other options or opportunities in life.

Throughout the novel, Bakha is shown grappling with a range of complex social and personal
issues. He is constantly reminded of his lowly status by the insults and abuse that he receives
from those in higher castes, but he also longs for a better life and dreams of breaking free from
the constraints of his caste. He forms tentative relationships with individuals from other castes,
including a Brahmin boy and an Englishman, but he is also deeply conflicted about the
possibility of crossing these social boundaries.

As the novel progresses, Bakha is increasingly drawn into the larger social and political
struggles of his time. He becomes involved in a protest against the proposed Simon
Commission, which is seen as a symbol of British imperialism and oppression, and he begins
to develop a greater awareness of the larger social and political issues that are affecting India
as a whole.

Overall, the plot and structure of "Untouchable" serve to highlight the ways in which the caste
system dominates and controls the lives of those who are born into it. Through the vivid and
powerful portrayal of Bakha's experiences, Anand creates a searing critique of the caste system
and its dehumanizing effects. At the same time, however, he also highlights the humanity and
resilience of those who are oppressed by the system, and he suggests that there may be hope
for change and transformation, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable social and cultural
obstacles.
Q: Discuss the role of Bakha in Mulk Raj Anand’s novel ‘Untouchable’.
Ans: Bakha is the protagonist and central character of Mulk Raj Anand's novel 'Untouchable'.
He is a young boy who was born into the lowest rung of India's caste system, the untouchables.
The novel follows Bakha's experiences as he navigates the complex and often brutal social
realities of his caste.

Bakha is initially portrayed as a somewhat naive and innocent character, who is unaware of the
full extent of the discrimination and oppression that he faces. However, as the novel progresses,
Bakha becomes increasingly aware of the injustice of his situation, and he begins to question
the social and political structures that have consigned him to a life of poverty and degradation.

20
Throughout the novel, Bakha's experiences serve to highlight the deep and enduring effects of
the caste system on the lives of those who are born into it. He is constantly reminded of his
lowly status by the insults and abuse that he receives from those in higher castes, but he is also
shown to be a resilient and resourceful character, who is determined to overcome the obstacles
that he faces.

As the novel progresses, Bakha becomes more and more involved in the larger social and
political struggles of his time. He becomes a key figure in a protest against the proposed Simon
Commission, which is seen as a symbol of British imperialism and oppression. Through his
involvement in this protest, Bakha begins to develop a greater awareness of the larger social
and political issues that are affecting India as a whole.

Overall, Bakha plays a vital role in Anand's novel, serving as a powerful symbol of the
resilience and humanity of those who are oppressed by the caste system. His experiences serve
to highlight the urgent need for social and political change, and he serves as an inspiration to
those who are struggling to bring about a more just and equitable society.

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