The Fibonacci Sequence

Who is Fibonacci?
Leonardo Pisano Bogollo (Leonardo of Pisa),
better known as Fibonacci was an Italian
mathematician who is most famous for his
Fibonacci sequence and for popularizing the
Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe. He
advocated the use of the digits 0 to 9 and of the
place values.
 Who is Fibonacci?
He is popularly known as Fibonacci, a shortened
word for the Latin term "fillius Bonacci," which
means "son of Bonacci" because his father was
Guglielmo Bonaccio. He discovered one of the
famous formulas in mathematics, the
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE. Fibonacci was able to
find this number sequence while looking at how
generations of rabbits breed.
 The Fibonacci Sequence
The breeding of
rabbits led to
his discovery of
the numbers in
the Fibonacci
sequence.
 The Fibonacci Sequence
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers in which each number is
the sum of the two preceding ones, typically starting with 0 and 1, or 1
and 1. The sequence commonly begins: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,
89, ...
The Fibonacci Numbers
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) n F(n) n F(n)
1 1 11 89 21 10946
Every third
2 1 12 144 22 17711
element of the
3 2 13 233 23 28657 Fibonacci
4 3 14 377 24 46368 Sequence is
divisible by 2.
5 5 15 610 25 75025
6 8 16 987 26 121393
2, 8, 34, 144,
7 13 17 1597 27 196418 610, …
8 21 18 2584 28 317811
9 34 19 4181 29 514229
10 55 20 6765 30 832040
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) n F(n) n F(n)
1 1 11 89 21 10946
Every fourth
2 1 12 144 22 17711
element of the
3 2 13 233 23 28657 Fibonacci
4 3 14 377 24 46368 Sequence is
divisible by 3.
5 5 15 610 25 75025
6 8 16 987 26 121393 3, 21, 144, 987,
6765, …
7 13 17 1597 27 196418
8 21 18 2584 28 317811
9 34 19 4181 29 514229
10 55 20 6765 30 832040
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) n F(n) n F(n)
1 1 11 89 21 10946
Every fifth
2 1 12 144 22 17711
element of the
3 2 13 233 23 28657 Fibonacci
4 3 14 377 24 46368 Sequence is
divisible by 5.
5 5 15 610 25 75025
6 8 16 987 26 121393
5, 55, 610,
7 13 17 1597 27 196418 6765, …
8 21 18 2584 28 317811
9 34 19 4181 29 514229
10 55 20 6765 30 832040
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) n F(n) n F(n)
1 1 11 89 21 10946
Every sixth
2 1 12 144 22 17711
element of the
3 2 13 233 23 28657 Fibonacci
4 3 14 377 24 46368 Sequence is
divisible by 8.
5 5 15 610 25 75025
6 8 16 987 26 121393
8, 144, 2584,
7 13 17 1597 27 196418 46368, …
8 21 18 2584 28 317811
9 34 19 4181 29 514229
10 55 20 6765 30 832040
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) n F(n) n F(n)
1 1 11 89 21 10946
2 1 12 144 22 17711
3 2 13 233 23 28657 1. Every nth
Fibonacci
4 3 14 377 24 46368 number is
5 5 15 610 25 75025 divisible by F(n).
6 8 16 987 26 121393
7 13 17 1597 27 196418
8 21 18 2584 28 317811
9 34 19 4181 29 514229
10 55 20 6765 30 832040
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) (F(n))2
1 1 1
Let us look at the 2 1 1
squares of 3 2 4
Fibonacci
4 3 9
numbers.
5 5 25
6 8 64
7 13 169
8 21 441
9 34 1156
10 55 3025
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) (F(n))2 Sequence 1
1 1 1 1
Let’s make 2 1 1 2
another 3 2 4 5
sequence from
4 3 9 13
the squares of
5 5 25 34
the Fibonacci
6 8 64 89
sequence using
7 13 169 233
the same
8 21 441 610
method.
9 34 1156 1597
10 55 3025 4181
Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) (F(n))2 Sequence 1
1 1 1 1
2. The sum of
2 1 1 2
squares of two
3 2 4 5 consecutive
4 3 9 13 Fibonacci
numbers is also a
5 5 25 34 Fibonacci number.
6 8 64 89
7 13 169 233
8 21 441 610
9 34 1156 1597
10 55 3025 4181
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) (F(n))2 Sequence 2
What if we 1 1 1 1
add 2 1 1 1+1=2
consecutive 3 2 4 1+1+4=6
Fibonacci 4 3 9 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 = 15
numbers? 5 5 25 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 25 = 40
6 8 64 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 64 = 104
7 13 169 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 64 + 169 = 273
8 21 441 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 64 + 169 + 441 = 714
9 34 1156 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 64 + 169 + 441 + 1156 = 1870
10 55 3025 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 64 + 169 + 441 + 1156 + 3025 = 4895
Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) (F(n))2 Sequence 2 Factors
1 1 1 1 1x1
2 1 1 2 1x2
3 2 4 6 2x3
4 3 9 15 3x5
5 5 25 40 5x8
6 8 64 104 8 x 13
7 13 169 273 13 x 21
8 21 441 714 21 x 34
9 34 1156 1870 34 x 55
10 55 3025 4895 55 x 89
 Sequences in the Fibonacci Numbers
n F(n) (F(n))2 Sequence 2 Factors
1 1 1 1 1x1
2 1 1 2 1x2 3. The sum of the
squares of
3 2 4 6 2x3
consecutive
4 3 9 15 3x5 Fibonacci numbers is
5 5 25 40 5x8 a product of two
consecutive
6 8 64 104 8 x 13 Fibonacci numbers.
7 13 169 273 13 x 21
8 21 441 714 21 x 34
9 34 1156 1870 34 x 55
10 55 3025 4895 55 x 89
The Fibonacci Sequence in Nature
 The Fibonacci Sequence in Nature

Apple, Banana and Star Fruit

 The Fibonacci Sequence in Nature

Pineapples and Pinecone

The Fibonacci Spiral

4. When arranged in a
certain way, the Fibonacci
sequence creates a
special spiral pattern
known as the Fibonacci
spiral.
 The Fibonacci Spiral in Nature
Nautilus shell, Weather forecast, Sunflower
 The Fibonacci Spiral in Nature
Human Body
The Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio

5. As the sequence progress,

the ratio of consecutive
Fibonacci numbers
approximates to 1.618, which is
approximately the value of the
golden ratio.
 Summary (Part 3)

The Fibonacci Sequence is a number series in which each number is obtained by

adding its two preceding numbers and was named after Leonardo Pisano.

Interesting Patterns about the Fibonacci Sequence

1. Every nth Fibonacci number is divisible by F(n).
2. The sum of squares of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers is also a Fibonacci
number.
3. The sum of the squares of consecutive Fibonacci numbers is a product of two
consecutive Fibonacci numbers.
4. When arranged in a certain way, the Fibonacci sequence creates a special spiral
pattern known as the Fibonacci spiral.
5. As the sequence progresses, the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers
approximates to 1.618 (golden ratio).
The Golden Ratio
 What is the Golden Ratio?
The Golden ratio is also known as the
golden section, golden mean or divine
proportion.

It is an irrational number approximately

equal to 1.618 and is named after the
Greek sculptor Phidias.

The symbol of the golden ratio is the

Greek letter "phi" – Ф (uppercase letter) or
φ (lowercase letter).
 What is the Golden Ratio?
The ratio itself has earned names like Divine and Golden because
it has very unique properties in mathematics and geometry and
appears surprising numbers of places in nature.

The golden ratio is called "golden" due to its historical and

aesthetic significance, dating back to ancient times when it was
associated with beauty, harmony, and perfection. Many artists
and architects apply the Golden Ratio in their artworks and
creative designs, believing that their works would be more
pleasing and beautiful.
 What are the values of Golden Ratio?

1.61803398874989484820... is an
approximation of the actual golden ratio,
which is an irrational number with an
infinite number of digits that is equal to
(√5+1)/2.

The Golden Ratio is also equal to

2sin(54°).
 What are the values of Golden Ratio?

It can be expanded into this

fraction that goes on
forever (called a "continued
fraction") which makes it
“the most irrational
number”.
 What are the values of Golden Ratio?

From this, it can be defined in terms of itself.

Where did the Golden Ratio come from?
The Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Sequence
 The Golden Spiral
The Fibonacci spiral, as mentioned in the previous lesson, is
constructed using the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence. The
Fibonacci spiral is also known as the Golden Spiral.
 Application of the Golden Ratio
The Fibonacci Spiral
projected over the
paintings of the Mona
Lisa by Leonardo da
Vinci (public domain,
Creative Commons) and
the Girl With a Pearl
Earring by Johannes
Vermeer (public domain,
Creative Commons).
 Application of the Golden Ratio
The Golden Rectangle is a
rectangle whose sides are in the
proportion of the Golden Ratio. This
may be observed in notable
architectural structures dating back
to ancient times as well as art.

Temples like the Parthenon in

Greece are believed to have the
Golden Ratio in them.
 Application of the Golden Ratio
Proportions of the human
body, such as the face, follows
the Divine Proportion. The
closer the body parts'
proportion is to the Golden
Ratio, the more aesthetic and
beautiful the body is.
 Application of the Golden Ratio
Proportions of the human body,
such as the face, follows the Divine
Proportion. The closer the body
parts' proportion is to the Golden
Ratio, the more aesthetic and
beautiful the body is.
 Summary (Part 4)

The Golden Ratio (φ) is an irrational number approximately equal to 1.618.

Values of the Golden Ratio

● 1.61803398874989484820… or approximately 1.618

● 2sin(54°)