Prism

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Ananya T Aby

PRISM
DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON ANGLE O

BHAVYA VIPINDAS
ISA JOY
JANICA JIMMY
JILMOL JOY
LAKSHMI KRISHNAKUMAR
Aim/Objectives:
The aim of this
project is to
investigate
dependence of
angle
of deviation on
angle of incidence
using a hollow
prism filled
one by one with
different
transparent fluids
Aim/Objectives:
The aim of this
project is to
investigate
dependence of
angle
of deviation on
angle of incidence
using a hollow
prism filled
one by one with
different
transparent fluids.
Aim/Objectives:
The aim of this project is to investigate dependence of angle of deviation on
angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one with different
transparent fluids.

Hypothesis:
The hypothesis of this project is –
The angle of deviation increases with increase in angle
of incidence.
The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid
used in the hollow prism for deviation.

Apparatus Required:
1. Hollow glass prism
2. Liquids like-
Carbon Disulphide , Water , Benzaldehyde
3. Bell pins
4. Stiff drawing board

Theory:
A prism is a transparent optical object with flat, polished surfaces that refract
light. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent including glass
and even plastic.
A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors.
Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
The refractive index of the liquid is given by the formula:
U = a / d i r,
Where-
U=refractive index of the liquid.
a = angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction

Diagrams:
Refraction Through A Prism

Process:
Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help of pins.
Keep the prism on the paper and draw its outline as ∆ABC
Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and place 2
pins so that they appear to be in the straight line.
Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on the marked outline ABC.
Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins appear
to be in same line.
Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
Mark the diagram as shown in the figure below.
Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.

Result:
The refractive indices change when the liquid used in the prism changes. From
the above experiment we can also conclude that refractive index of a liquid
depends on its optical density.
Refractive indices of the used liquids obtained, when compared with the actual
values are as follows-
1. Benzaldehyde:
Actual =
Obtained =
Deviation/Error =
2. Water:
Actual =
Obtained =
Deviation/Error =
3. Dil. Sulphuric Acid
Actual =
Obtained =
Deviation/Error =

Analysis And Interpretation:


From the observations above, we can analyse that the angle of deviation is
depending on the liquid present in the prism as the angle of deviation is
different for Benzaldehyde, water and dilute sulphuric acid at 30 (45, 25 and
30 respectively). We can also see that the angle of deviation does depend on
the angle of incidence, as when the angle of incidence is changed the angle of
deviation also changes. The theoretical values of all the angle of deviations for
all liquids may vary due to different concentration and different prisms being
used for the experiment. The observations may also be affected by the physical
conditions like humidity and temperature of surroundings.

Conclusion:
Comparing the conclusions to our initial hypothesis, we can say that Our first
hypothesis, i.e. “The angle of deviation increases with increase in angle of
incidence” is wrong as the angle of deviation first decreases then increases
with increase in angle of incidence. We can further conclude that our second
hypothesis, i.e. ”The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid used in
the hollow prism for deviation” is also wrong.

Precautions:
Angle of incidence should be between 35 and 60 for better observations and
accurate readings.
Pins should be vertically fixed and should not be bent or damaged as reading
can change.
Same hollow prism should be used for all observations to minimize error due
to prism.
Error or deviation in obtained refractive indices must not be more than 0.1.
The distance between the pins should be more than 10mm.

Applications:
 Refractive index has the large number of applications. It is mostly applied
for identify a particular substance, confirm its purity, or measure its
concentration.
 Generally, it is used to measure the concentration of a solute in an
aqueous solution. For a solution of sugar, the refractive index can be
used to determine the sugar content.
 It can be used to determine the drug concentration in pharmaceutical
industry.
 It is used to calculate focus power of lenses and dispersing power of
prisms.

Bibliography:
 https://studylib.net/doc/25306864/dlscrib.com-hollow-prism-physics-
investigatory-project-cl
http://
www.refractomete
r.pl/refraction-
datasheet-
sulfuric-
acid
https://
pubs.acs.org/doi/
10.1021/
jp0310145#:~:tex
t=The
%20refractive
%20index%20of
%20water%20is
%20obtained
%20from%20the
%20displacement,
at%20633%20nm
%3B
%201.331%2058.
https://
www.scribd.com/
document/
442279835/
PROJECT-ON-
REFRACTIVE-
INDEX-OF-
DIFFERENT-
LIQUIDS
 http://www.refractometer.pl/refraction-datasheet-sulfuric-acid
 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp0310145#:~:text=The
%20refractive%20index%20of%20water%20is%20obtained%20from
%20the%20displacement,at%20633%20nm%3B%201.331%2058.
 https://www.scribd.com/document/442279835/PROJECT-ON-
REFRACTIVE-INDEX-OF-DIFFERENT-LIQUIDS

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