PEDS 2007

Small-Signal Modeling of Series Resonant

Converter
Weiping Zhang, Peng Mao, and Yuanchao Liu
College of Information Engineering, North China Univ. of Tech., Beijing, P.R. China
Fax: 86-10-88802880 E-mail:zwp( ncut.edu.cn

Abstract-Based on the basic modeling approach, a new

small-signal modeling technique applied to the series
resonant converters is presented and the models are in good
agreement with the simulation and measurement results.

Index Terms --modeling, resonant converter model, series

resonant converter, small-signal model

I. INTRODUCTION
The main difficulties in the analysis and control of
switching regulators are due to the highly non-linear
nature of the dc-dc converters. To solve this problem, Fig. 3 Circuit block when the perturbation operates on the input
different linearizing modeling techniques were proposed Hence the input voltage can be expressed that
in the past. However, they were either complicated or A Av
obtained numerically.
vg (t) = Vg +vg (t) = Vg + Avg cosQt = Vg (1+ m cos Qt), m = Vg (1)
In this paper, a new modeling technique is presented Assume that Q << , Avg << V, and resonant tank has high
based on the steady-state model of series resonant Q-factor, hence the input voltage of the resonant tank
converter, which avoids the above mentioned problems. network v, (t) is
The series resonant converter circuit and steady-state
model are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig.2. 4
vj t) =
V, (I1+mcos Qt) sin co,t (2)
H(S)
2Avgm
V, sin tt + g sin(at) + Q)t +
2Avgm
sin(t), - Q)t
v (t) I(t I I I
ct) is the frequency of the switch. It can be assumed that
_________I ._______ l________ll_I_I I the voltage transfer functions of the resonant tank
network are as followings:
sitch Itwork r ttie tw k Iow-pI ss filtcr
I H(jos) = Ale
H2[j(s +Q)]= A2e-'2
net-ok net-1l
(3)
II
Fig. Series resonant convertercircuit.. UH3 [j(cos Q)] = A3e-j"3
-

H(S) So that the output voltage of the resonant tank is

VR (t) =
vs Al sin(t)st-l)+
2A\vg
2AgAA2 sin[(oi + Q)t - (o2 ]+ (4)

2A3Avg sin[(co- -Q)t-y3]

Fig. 2 Steady-state model of series resonant converter
Assume that
II. The SMALL-SIGNAL MODEL FROM INPUT TO OUTPUT
a Alv, ig-
=
2Al V
2 z
Suppose that there is small-signal perturbation vg (t) on the
b 2= AVg
22A (5)
input voltage vg and vg (t) iS equal to Avg cos Qt , illustrated in
the Fig. 3. 2A3AVg

vR (t) = {a sin(act - Q1) + b sin[(aco + Q)t - 2]}

Project supported by Natural Science foundation of China +{a sin(o)t - Ql) + p sin[(o, Q)t qj3]} = x +y
- -

(No.50477054)
Project supported by Beijing Natural Science foundation of China
(No.405201 1)

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 x = asin(cot - 91) +bsin[(c, + Q)t - 92] when (c - Q) and (c + Q) are close to co, q' is almost linear
±,1-2) ]sin(ca t - +
[a + b cos(Qt+ (91) along the changes of the w, hence (q4 - p2) = p3 - qo = Aqp
bsin(Qt + -92) ( ) cos(ca t - = (91) UX sin(cst - 1 + a) if
v, (t) = 4 [2a + (b + p) cos(Qt + AQ)] (1 1)
uX = Va2+ b2 + 2ab cos(Qt + - ip))
T
Because andv/i
a >>b j k 1+k, u a +bcos(Qt+91-92)
+ vo (t) = (b + p) cos(Qt + A9)
2 4 (12)
a arctan b sin(Qt + 91- 2) =

2
g
{~H[j(wq, +Q)~+ ~H[j(wq, Q)]}cos(Qt +A(p)
a+bcos(Qt+ 92)
Assume that the low pass filter (LPF) current transfer
y uysin(ost- 1 +O) function is
uy a+ p cos(Qt+ 93- 1)
HF(jW) = IHF(jwo)IejF (13)
,i arctan aP sin(Qt + f' - f1) The small-signal transfer function from input to output is
a + p cos(Qt + f3' - 91 )
VR(t) = [a + b cos(Qt + - (2)]
92 sin(o t - 1 + a) Gvg A (jQ)
v,
+[a + p cos(Qt + p3 - q )]sin(os t - qp + / vg (jQ) (14)
Because a >> b and a >> p, a ,-6 = O H[j(o +Q)] + H[j(o- Q)] HF(jQ) ej(A,+
VR(t) = x+y = [2a+bcos(Qt+1 -92)+ (6) 2
It also can be approximated as following:
(p )] sin(os t - 91 )
p cos(Qt + 931- A

The output voltage of rectifier network is vo(jQ)

Gv= Vg(A
vg(jQ)
v, (t) = 4 [2a + b cos(Qt + 91 - (92) + p cos(Qt + 93- (1 )] (7)
dco I=
2 H[j(coG)] +d dco
[J()] Q_d H[j(o)]K Q
Through the above analysis, the small-signal model
=

"
2 HF(
from input to output is obtained, illustrated in Fig.4.
Gvg Hj(0)| HF(jQ) ej(A+ (15)
Because
VR(t) = [2a + (b + p) cos(Q t + A()]sin(o) t - (1 ) (16)
the current of resonant tank is (t) is

is (t) [2a + (b + p) cos(Qt + A ()] sin(co t - 9o )

Fig. 4. Small-signal model from resonant tank input to output is (t) = (is + is (t)) sin(qIt
- ) +I( (17)
[v,, (t) =v, sin co, t (ig (t)), = (is + ,is (t)) cos 10 = I, + Z g (t) (18)
|v2 (t) =2Av sin(ao + Q)t (8) Based on the above analysis, the small-signal model of

V, (t) 2Av,
sin(oA - Q)t
Vg - AL
[vR I (t) = v, Al sin(co, t - 1o)
VR2 (t) = 2Avg A2 sin[(c + Q)t - 921 (9)
if

VR3(t) = 2Avg
if
A3 sin[(o - Q)t - 931 Fig. 6. Small-signal model of input port
the input port is obtained, illustrated in Fig.6.
VV =
41 vAl III. The SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT RESULTS WHEN
Avg A2 PERTURBATION OPERATE ON INPUT
qVo2 (t) 2~2COS(Qt + p1 -102)(0
2 Pspice has been employed to simulate, illustrated in
vO3 (t) = 2 cos(Qt +93 - 9 ) Fig. 7.
2
Because of the amplitude and phase frequency
characteristic of series resonant tank shown in Fig.5,

Fig. 5. Frequency characteristic of series resonant tank Fig. 7. Schematic circuit of simulation

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 The parameters are as the followings: Compared three results:
Vs (t) = (39.3 + 3.14x sin(2dz00)) sin(2;z50.4264k), experimental result: A V, 0.5434
Cs=7.4n, L=1.45m, C=2.24n, R,oad=27.36, RL= 4.3721(the AVg
equivalent resistance of inductance). simulatiion result: AVO 0.56703
The output waveforms in time domain and frequency AVg
domain are shown in Fig 8 and Fig 9 respectively. the error is 4.350/
I9[ ..

Hj(w )|
1..

theoretical result: AVz HF (Q) 1= 0.5087

A Vg
the error is -6.39%.
IV. the SMALL-SIGNAL MODEL from CONTROL to OUTPUT
As is shown in Fig 12, VFO is controlled by DC
source E and perturbation E (t)
(t) I1IL(t)

Fig. 8. The waveform of output voltage V(1,2) in time domain

Il,9V-1

8,0V-
, ~~~~~~~~

Fig. 12. Circuit block when the perturbation operate on the control
Fig. 9. FFT of the output voltage V(1,2) Process of frequency regulation was illustrated in Fig. 13
The waveform in time domain and spectral analysis of
output voltage V(1,2) in the experiment using
oscilloscope TDS 5000 are shown in Fig.10 and Fig 11 VR
respectively. E
Ev~ oQ

Fig. 13. Process of frequency regulation..

Assume that the perturbation is Em cos Qt , Q << co,
Em <<E and as shown in Fig. 14, when close to the
quiescent operating point( E, co), the relation of V-c is
approximate linear, and the slop is Ko.

Fig. 10. The waveform ofthe output in time domain

Fig. 14. Control characteristic of VFO.

Wvhen the input voltage is ui= E + EminCos 2t, the output
frequency of VFO is
w(t) c + K E cosQt c +AwocosQt
= = (1 9)
Hence the total phase is
t}(t) = f4t)dt = o) t +k Em fcos Qtdt =o)t+A sinQtk (20) o

O(t) = Cost + mf sin Qt (21)

Fig. 11. Spectral analysis of output voltage The coefficient of frequency modulation is
m = (22)
Q

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 So that the frequency modulation signalvx(t) is if if
VI -(t)2 a1= 4-A1V,
4Vg
v, (t) = sin(co,t + mf sin Qt) = v, sin(co,t + mf sin Qt) (
23) tvo2(t)2 4 bl = 8A2Vsmf
8
Assume that mf <<1, if if
cos(mf sin Qt) 11 , sin(mf sin Qt) -
mf sin Qt
v3(t)=-A3Vmf
-1
48
Through the above analysis, the small-signal model
Vj(t) = v, sin wOt + 2[sin(wo, + Q)t sin(ao, - - Q)t] ( '24) from control to output is obtained, illustrated in Fig. 15.
V, (t) = v,1 + V,2 + V,3
vvl (t) v= si co, 2t
vv2(t) 2m sin(Wo, +Q)t 25)
kV,3 (t) = -M2 sin(co, - Q)t Fig. 15. Small-signal model from control to output.
When ( -Q) and (co + Q) are close to , q is almost
It can be assumed that the voltage transfer functions of linear along the changes of the c,hence A= q( 92 q= q-
the resonant tank network are as followings:
HI (ico ) = Ale-j v, (t) = v,2 + v,3
(31)
H2[j(as + Q)] = A2ej', = mf (A2 - A3) cos(Qt + A)
8v
H3[j(a -Q)] = A3e -j Assume that the low pass filter (LPF) current transfer
So that the output voltage of the resonant tank is function is
VR (t) = Alv, sin(a)ot - (1 ) +A2 2 /fsin[(co, + Q)t - 92 ]
2
HF (jw) = HF (j)|eF'
- 2 sin[(a)o Q)t 93] - - Gv, (jQ) (32)
A co
VR (t) = VRl(t) + VR2 (t) + VR3 (t)
V TIHjc,+Q]I-IHjc) ) )~H (c)~e(P Ap

[vR, (t) = A, v, sin(co, t - (9 ) It also can be approximated as following:

(26) G = i V d IH[j(wo)j (W e +AQ)
10 HF(j)|ej(v,
V,R2 (t) = 22 sin[(co + Q)t - 92 ] GVO dI (33)
Because co, >> Q, the frequency of v, (t) is changed
LVR3(t)= 3Avmf sin[(o -Q)t -Q] slowly. Therefore, during a little time, it is seemed that
Assume that the frequency of v, (t) is constant, but different time has
different frequency. Assume that the admittance of
uP1 2
ba A2V,, resonant tank is Y(jw) = IY(jw) e'jf .
tZI)
2 Hence, Is = Y(j)v , c co + AwocosQt (34)
A3v,mf The amplitude of is (t) iS is y(jwo) v -
pi- 2
Linearizing the above equation,
VR (t) = x + y = {a, sin(wcrt - (9) + bjsin[(ao + Q)t - y]} d Y(jWo)A
is Y(jaS )| Vs+ A |=s ocos(Qt)v= is + is (35)
+{al sin(ao, t - 91 ) -p1 sin[(co, - Q)t - qj} c

x u sin(a)ot ql + a,) - The phase of is (t) iS

u a + b1cos(Qt + Q21
(9 ) , a, = arctan
- ol (p)
b, sin(Qt + - fo(o) = (os + Aw)
(36)
a +b, cos(Qt+q -92)
y uy sin(cost- 9 + 1)
=y(bO)S) + dwc( )OCO |A, cos(Qt) Vs +
=

Therefore,
uy a, - PI cos(Qt + Q1,)01
- arctan psin(Qt+Q
a - p, cos(Qt + (
o)
- l1)
A

ig (t) = (iSS + is ) C°S((Ps + ()

A

[2a, + bj cos(Qt + 9l2)

VR (t) z
- -
(28) A

ig(t) isscCos + is cos's -iss sin os sinq

A

(37)
p, cos(Qt +93 ol )] sin(st ql ) - -

(38)
A A

The output voltage of rectifier network is ig (t) =g +Igl_ Ig2

v, (t) 4 [2a, + b1 cos(Qt + 92l2) p1 cos(Qt +93 -1)] - - (29) When

v0 (t) vol (t) + V,2 (t) + V,3 (t)
d Y(jw)
d co
=Y(jcws)| dd |=
co~(0(taq~
tanos (39)
Igl = Ig2,ig (t) _ Ig .
Under this condition, there will be no influence on the
average ofthe input current while w is perturbed.

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 Based on the above analysis, the small-signal model of
the input port was obtained, illustrated in Fig. 16.

Fig. 16. Small-signal model ofthe input port.

Fig. 20. The waveform ofthe ( in time domain
V. The SIMULATION and EXPERIMENT RESULTS WHEN
PERTURBATION OPERATE ON CONTRL
Pspice has been employed to simulate, illustrated in
Fig. 17.
The parameters are as the followings:
Vs(t)= 35.1sin(2;T50.4264kt + mf cos(2fTxlkt)), mF- . 1,
Af =100HZ, C,=7.4n,L=1.45m,C=2.24n,RToad=27.36,
RL= 4.3721 (the equivalent resistance of inductance),
Rn= 0.5, Lin= 1.6u. (Rn and Lin constitute the internal
impedance of V#(t))
in RL CS LI I

/1> ~~~~~~M-UR1520XA< 1 lod Fig. 21. Spectral analysis of output voltage.

/\,V~(t) X
simulation result: AV 4.20499m
Af
the error is 5.12°0.
theoretical result:
df IIli=)|HF
Af = 4¾VI H[J/(f
Fig. 17. Schematic circuit of PSPICE
AV d
)] (jf )|=4.5 43 l m
H(f .41
The output waveforms in time domain and frequency the error is 13.58°0.
domain are shown in Fig 18 and Fig 19 respectively. (If the dynamic resistance of rectification bridge is
considered, the error would be reduced to 6.975°0 )
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a novel approach to obtain the
small-signal model of resonant converter. The
experimental results are also agreed with the theoretic
results, simulation results and it is also shown that the
new model has many merits such as simpleness,
Fig. 18. The waveform ofthe output voltage V(1,2) in time practicality and so on.
domain.
REFERENCES
[1] Weiping Zhang, The model and control of switch
converter. Beijing: Electric Power Publishing
House,2005.pp.285-300
[2] Weiping Zhang, "The model of DC-DC resonant
/ converter" unpublished.
[3] Middlebrook R D and Cuk S, "A general unified approach
to modelling switching converter power stages [A]."
Proceeding of EEE PESC [C] Los Angeles: EEE PE
Fig. 19. FFT of the output voltage V(1,2) Society, 1976.
The waveform in time domain and spectral analysis of [4] Divan D M, "The resonant DC link converters a new
output voltage V(1,2) in the experiment using concept in static power conversion. EEE Trans Ind
oscilloscope TDS 5000 are shown in Fig.20 and Fig 21 Applicat,1989,25(2):3 17-325
respectively.
Compared three results:
experimental result: V = 4m
Af

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