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SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation

Release: 2.0.23 CURRENT RELEASE | Release Date: November 2, 2023

SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation

Asynchronous I/O (asyncio)
CURRENT RELEASE
Support for Python asyncio. Support for Core and ORM usage is included, using asyncio-compatible dialects.
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Search terms: search... New in version 1.4.

Warning
SQLAlchemy ORM
Please read Asyncio Platform Installation Notes (Including Apple M1) for important platform installation notes for
ORM Quick Start many platforms, including Apple M1 Architecture.
ORM Mapped Class ConSguration

Relationship ConSguration

ORM Querying Guide

See also
Using the Session
Asynchronous IO Support for Core and ORM - initial feature announcement
Events and Internals
Asyncio Integration - example scripts illustrating working examples of Core and ORM use within the asyncio extension.
ORM Extensions

Asynchronous I/O (asyncio)

Asyncio Platform Installation Notes

Asyncio Platform Installation Notes (Including Apple M1)
(Including Apple M1)
The asyncio extension requires Python 3 only. It also depends upon the greenlet library. This dependency is installed by default on
Synopsis - Core
common machine platforms including:
Synopsis - ORM

Using AsyncSession with Concurrent x86_64 aarch64 ppc64le amd64 win32

Tasks
For the above platforms, greenlet is known to supply pre-built wheel Sles. For other platforms, greenlet does not install by default;
the current Sle listing for greenlet can be seen at Greenlet - Download Files. Note that there are many architectures omitted,
including Apple M1.

To install SQLAlchemy while ensuring the greenlet dependency is present regardless of what platform is in use, the [asyncio]
setuptools extra may be installed as follows, which will include also instruct pip to install greenlet :

pip install sqlalchemy[asyncio]

Note that installation of greenlet on platforms that do not have a pre-built wheel Sle means that greenlet will be built from source,
which requires that Python’s development libraries also be present.

Synopsis - Core
For Core use, the create_async_engine() function creates an instance of AsyncEngine which then offers an async version of the
traditional Engine API. The AsyncEngine delivers an AsyncConnection via its AsyncEngine.connect() and AsyncEngine.begin()
methods which both deliver asynchronous context managers. The AsyncConnection can then invoke statements using either the
AsyncConnection.execute() method to deliver a buffered Result , or the AsyncConnection.stream() method to deliver a
streaming server-side AsyncResult :

import asyncio

from sqlalchemy import Column

from sqlalchemy import MetaData
from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy import String
from sqlalchemy import Table
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

meta = MetaData()
t1 = Table("t1", meta, Column("name", String(50), primary_key=True))

async def async_main() -> None:

engine = create_async_engine(
"postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
echo=True,
)

async with engine.begin() as conn:

await conn.run_sync(meta.create_all)

await conn.execute(
t1.insert(), [{"name": "some name 1"}, {"name": "some name 2"}]
)

async with engine.connect() as conn:

# select a Result, which will be delivered with buffered
# results
result = await conn.execute(select(t1).where(t1.c.name == "some name 1"))

print(result.fetchall())

# for AsyncEngine created in function scope, close and

# clean-up pooled connections
await engine.dispose()

asyncio.run(async_main())

Above, the AsyncConnection.run_sync() method may be used to invoke special DDL functions such as MetaData.create_all()
that don’t include an awaitable hook.

Tip

It’s advisable to invoke the AsyncEngine.dispose() method using await when using the AsyncEngine object in a scope that will go out of
context and be garbage collected, as illustrated in the async_main function in the above example. This ensures that any connections held
open by the connection pool will be properly disposed within an awaitable context. Unlike when using blocking IO, SQLAlchemy cannot
properly dispose of these connections within methods like __del__ or weakref Snalizers as there is no opportunity to invoke await .
Failing to explicitly dispose of the engine when it falls out of scope may result in warnings emitted to standard out resembling the form
RuntimeError: Event loop is closed within garbage collection.

The AsyncConnection also features a “streaming” API via the AsyncConnection.stream() method that returns an AsyncResult
object. This result object uses a server-side cursor and provides an async/await API, such as an async iterator:

async with engine.connect() as conn:

async_result = await conn.stream(select(t1))

async for row in async_result:

print("row: %s" % (row,))

Synopsis - ORM
Using 2.0 style querying, the AsyncSession class provides full ORM functionality.

Within the default mode of use, special care must be taken to avoid lazy loading or other expired-attribute access involving ORM
relationships and column attributes; the next section Preventing Implicit IO when Using AsyncSession details this.

Warning

A single instance of AsyncSession is not safe for use in multiple, concurrent tasks. See the sections Using
AsyncSession with Concurrent Tasks and Is the Session thread-safe? Is AsyncSession safe to share in concurrent
tasks? for background.

The example below illustrates a complete example including mapper and session conSguration:

from __future__ import annotations

import asyncio
import datetime
from typing import List

from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey

from sqlalchemy import func
from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncAttrs
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload

class Base(AsyncAttrs, DeclarativeBase):

pass

class A(Base):
__tablename__ = "a"

id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)

data: Mapped[str]
create_date: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(server_default=func.now())
bs: Mapped[List[B]] = relationship()

class B(Base):
__tablename__ = "b"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
a_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("a.id"))
data: Mapped[str]

async def insert_objects(async_session: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]) -> None:

async with async_session() as session:
async with session.begin():
session.add_all(
[
A(bs=[B(), B()], data="a1"),
A(bs=[], data="a2"),
A(bs=[B(), B()], data="a3"),
]
)

async def select_and_update_objects(

async_session: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
) -> None:
async with async_session() as session:
stmt = select(A).options(selectinload(A.bs))

result = await session.execute(stmt)

for a1 in result.scalars():
print(a1)
print(f"created at: {a1.create_date}")
for b1 in a1.bs:
print(b1)

result = await session.execute(select(A).order_by(A.id).limit(1))

a1 = result.scalars().one()

a1.data = "new data"

await session.commit()

# access attribute subsequent to commit; this is what

# expire_on_commit=False allows
print(a1.data)

# alternatively, AsyncAttrs may be used to access any attribute

# as an awaitable (new in 2.0.13)
for b1 in await a1.awaitable_attrs.bs:
print(b1)

async def async_main() -> None:

engine = create_async_engine(
"postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
echo=True,
)

# async_sessionmaker: a factory for new AsyncSession objects.

# expire_on_commit - don't expire objects after transaction commit
async_session = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)

async with engine.begin() as conn:

await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)

await insert_objects(async_session)
await select_and_update_objects(async_session)

# for AsyncEngine created in function scope, close and

# clean-up pooled connections
await engine.dispose()

asyncio.run(async_main())

In the example above, the AsyncSession is instantiated using the optional async_sessionmaker helper, which provides a factory for
new AsyncSession objects with a Sxed set of parameters, which here includes associating it with an AsyncEngine against particular
database URL. It is then passed to other methods where it may be used in a Python asynchronous context manager (i.e. async with:
statement) so that it is automatically closed at the end of the block; this is equivalent to calling the AsyncSession.close() method.

Using AsyncSession with Concurrent Tasks

The AsyncSession object is a mutable, stateful object which represents a single, stateful database transaction in progress. Using
concurrent tasks with asyncio, with APIs such as asyncio.gather() for example, should use a separate AsyncSession per individual
task.

See the section Is the Session thread-safe? Is AsyncSession safe to share in concurrent tasks? for a general description of the
Session and AsyncSession with regards to how they should be used with concurrent workloads.

Preventing Implicit IO when Using AsyncSession

Using traditional asyncio, the application needs to avoid any points at which IO-on-attribute access may occur. Techniques that can be
used to help this are below, many of which are illustrated in the preceding example.

Attributes that are lazy-loading relationships, deferred columns or expressions, or are being accessed in expiration scenarios can
take advantage of the AsyncAttrs mixin. This mixin, when added to a speciSc class or more generally to the Declarative Base
superclass, provides an accessor AsyncAttrs.awaitable_attrs which delivers any attribute as an awaitable:

from __future__ import annotations

from typing import List

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncAttrs

from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

class Base(AsyncAttrs, DeclarativeBase):

pass

class A(Base):
__tablename__ = "a"

# ... rest of mapping ...

bs: Mapped[List[B]] = relationship()

class B(Base):
__tablename__ = "b"

# ... rest of mapping ...

Accessing the A.bs collection on newly loaded instances of A when eager loading is not in use will normally use lazy loading,
which in order to succeed will usually emit IO to the database, which will fail under asyncio as no implicit IO is allowed. To access
this attribute directly under asyncio without any prior loading operations, the attribute can be accessed as an awaitable by
indicating the AsyncAttrs.awaitable_attrs preSx:

a1 = (await session.scalars(select(A))).one()
for b1 in await a1.awaitable_attrs.bs:
print(b1)

The AsyncAttrs mixin provides a succinct facade over the internal approach that’s also used by the AsyncSession.run_sync()
method.

New in version 2.0.13.

See also

AsyncAttrs

Collections can be replaced with write only collections that will never emit IO implicitly, by using the Write Only Relationships
feature in SQLAlchemy 2.0. Using this feature, collections are never read from, only queried using explicit SQL calls. See the
example async_orm_writeonly.py in the Asyncio Integration section for an example of write-only collections used with asyncio.

When using write only collections, the program’s behavior is simple and easy to predict regarding collections. However, the
downside is that there is not any built-in system for loading many of these collections all at once, which instead would need to be
performed manually. Therefore, many of the bullets below address speciSc techniques when using traditional lazy-loaded
relationships with asyncio, which requires more care.

If not using AsyncAttrs , relationships can be declared with lazy="raise" so that by default they will not attempt to emit SQL. In
order to load collections, eager loading would be used instead.

The most useful eager loading strategy is the selectinload() eager loader, which is employed in the previous example in order
to eagerly load the A.bs collection within the scope of the await session.execute() call:

stmt = select(A).options(selectinload(A.bs))

When constructing new objects, collections are always assigned a default, empty collection, such as a list in the above example:

A(bs=[], data="a2")

This allows the .bs collection on the above A object to be present and readable when the A object is `ushed; otherwise, when the
A is `ushed, .bs would be unloaded and would raise an error on access.

The AsyncSession is conSgured using Session.expire_on_commit set to False, so that we may access attributes on an object
subsequent to a call to AsyncSession.commit() , as in the line at the end where we access an attribute:

# create AsyncSession with expire_on_commit=False

async_session = AsyncSession(engine, expire_on_commit=False)

# sessionmaker version
async_session = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)

async with async_session() as session:

result = await session.execute(select(A).order_by(A.id))

a1 = result.scalars().first()

# commit would normally expire all attributes

await session.commit()

# access attribute subsequent to commit; this is what

# expire_on_commit=False allows
print(a1.data)

Other guidelines include:

Methods like AsyncSession.expire() should be avoided in favor of AsyncSession.refresh() ; if expiration is absolutely

needed. Expiration should generally not be needed as Session.expire_on_commit should normally be set to False when using
asyncio.

A lazy-loaded relationship can be loaded explicitly under asyncio using AsyncSession.refresh() , if the desired attribute name
is passed explicitly to Session.refresh.attribute_names , e.g.:

# assume a_obj is an A that has lazy loaded A.bs collection

a_obj = await async_session.get(A, [1])

# force the collection to load by naming it in attribute_names

await async_session.refresh(a_obj, ["bs"])

# collection is present
print(f"bs collection: {a_obj.bs}")

It’s of course preferable to use eager loading up front in order to have collections already set up without the need to lazy-load.

New in version 2.0.4: Added support for AsyncSession.refresh() and the underlying Session.refresh() method to
force lazy-loaded relationships to load, if they are named explicitly in the Session.refresh.attribute_names parameter.
In previous versions, the relationship would be silently skipped even if named in the parameter.

Avoid using the all cascade option documented at Cascades in favor of listing out the desired cascade features explicitly. The
all cascade option implies among others the refresh-expire setting, which means that the AsyncSession.refresh() method
will expire the attributes on related objects, but not necessarily refresh those related objects assuming eager loading is not
conSgured within the relationship() , leaving them in an expired state.

Appropriate loader options should be employed for deferred() columns, if used at all, in addition to that of relationship()
constructs as noted above. See Limiting which Columns Load with Column Deferral for background on deferred column loading.

The “dynamic” relationship loader strategy described at Dynamic Relationship Loaders is not compatible by default with the
asyncio approach. It can be used directly only if invoked within the AsyncSession.run_sync() method described at Running
Synchronous Methods and Functions under asyncio, or by using its .statement attribute to obtain a normal select:

user = await session.get(User, 42)

addresses = (await session.scalars(user.addresses.statement)).all()
stmt = user.addresses.statement.where(Address.email_address.startswith("patrick"))
addresses_filter = (await session.scalars(stmt)).all()

The write only technique, introduced in version 2.0 of SQLAlchemy, is fully compatible with asyncio and should be preferred.

See also

“Dynamic” relationship loaders superseded by “Write Only” - notes on migration to 2.0 style

If using asyncio with a database that does not support RETURNING, such as MySQL 8, server default values such as generated
timestamps will not be available on newly `ushed objects unless the Mapper.eager_defaults option is used. In SQLAlchemy 2.0,
this behavior is applied automatically to backends like PostgreSQL, SQLite and MariaDB which use RETURNING to fetch new
values when rows are INSERTed.

Running Synchronous Methods and Functions under asyncio

Deep Alchemy

This approach is essentially exposing publicly the mechanism by which SQLAlchemy is able to provide the asyncio
interface in the Srst place. While there is no technical issue with doing so, overall the approach can probably be
considered “controversial” as it works against some of the central philosophies of the asyncio programming model,
which is essentially that any programming statement that can potentially result in IO being invoked must have an
await call, lest the program does not make it explicitly clear every line at which IO may occur. This approach does not

change that general idea, except that it allows a series of synchronous IO instructions to be exempted from this rule
within the scope of a function call, essentially bundled up into a single awaitable.

As an alternative means of integrating traditional SQLAlchemy “lazy loading” within an asyncio event loop, an optional method known
as AsyncSession.run_sync() is provided which will run any Python function inside of a greenlet, where traditional synchronous
programming concepts will be translated to use await when they reach the database driver. A hypothetical approach here is an
asyncio-oriented application can package up database-related methods into functions that are invoked using
AsyncSession.run_sync() .

Altering the above example, if we didn’t use selectinload() for the A.bs collection, we could accomplish our treatment of these
attribute accesses within a separate function:

import asyncio

from sqlalchemy import select

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, create_async_engine

def fetch_and_update_objects(session):
"""run traditional sync-style ORM code in a function that will be
invoked within an awaitable.

"""

# the session object here is a traditional ORM Session.

# all features are available here including legacy Query use.

stmt = select(A)

result = session.execute(stmt)
for a1 in result.scalars():
print(a1)

# lazy loads
for b1 in a1.bs:
print(b1)

# legacy Query use

a1 = session.query(A).order_by(A.id).first()

a1.data = "new data"

async def async_main():

engine = create_async_engine(
"postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
echo=True,
)
async with engine.begin() as conn:
await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)
await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)

async with AsyncSession(engine) as session:

async with session.begin():
session.add_all(
[
A(bs=[B(), B()], data="a1"),
A(bs=[B()], data="a2"),
A(bs=[B(), B()], data="a3"),
]
)

await session.run_sync(fetch_and_update_objects)

await session.commit()

# for AsyncEngine created in function scope, close and

# clean-up pooled connections
await engine.dispose()

asyncio.run(async_main())

The above approach of running certain functions within a “sync” runner has some parallels to an application that runs a SQLAlchemy
application on top of an event-based programming library such as gevent . The differences are as follows:

1. unlike when using gevent , we can continue to use the standard Python asyncio event loop, or any custom event loop, without the
need to integrate into the gevent event loop.

2. There is no “monkeypatching” whatsoever. The above example makes use of a real asyncio driver and the underlying SQLAlchemy
connection pool is also using the Python built-in asyncio.Queue for pooling connections.

3. The program can freely switch between async/await code and contained functions that use sync code with virtually no
performance penalty. There is no “thread executor” or any additional waiters or synchronization in use.

4. The underlying network drivers are also using pure Python asyncio concepts, no third party networking libraries as gevent and
eventlet provides are in use.

Using events with the asyncio extension

The SQLAlchemy event system is not directly exposed by the asyncio extension, meaning there is not yet an “async” version of a
SQLAlchemy event handler.

However, as the asyncio extension surrounds the usual synchronous SQLAlchemy API, regular “synchronous” style event handlers are
freely available as they would be if asyncio were not used.

As detailed below, there are two current strategies to register events given asyncio-facing APIs:

Events can be registered at the instance level (e.g. a speciSc AsyncEngine instance) by associating the event with the sync
attribute that refers to the proxied object. For example to register the PoolEvents.connect() event against an AsyncEngine
instance, use its AsyncEngine.sync_engine attribute as target. Targets include:

AsyncEngine.sync_engine

AsyncConnection.sync_connection

AsyncConnection.sync_engine

AsyncSession.sync_session

To register an event at the class level, targeting all instances of the same type (e.g. all AsyncSession instances), use the
corresponding sync-style class. For example to register the SessionEvents.before_commit() event against the AsyncSession
class, use the Session class as the target.

To register at the sessionmaker level, combine an explicit sessionmaker with an async_sessionmaker using
async_sessionmaker.sync_session_class , and associate events with the sessionmaker .

When working within an event handler that is within an asyncio context, objects like the Connection continue to work in their usual
“synchronous” way without requiring await or async usage; when messages are ultimately received by the asyncio database adapter,
the calling style is transparently adapted back into the asyncio calling style. For events that are passed a DBAPI level connection, such
as PoolEvents.connect() , the object is a pep-249 compliant “connection” object which will adapt sync-style calls into the asyncio
driver.

Examples of Event Listeners with Async Engines / Sessions / Sessionmakers

Some examples of sync style event handlers associated with async-facing API constructs are illustrated below:

Core Events on AsyncEngine

In this example, we access the AsyncEngine.sync_engine attribute of AsyncEngine as the target for ConnectionEvents and
PoolEvents :

import asyncio

from sqlalchemy import event

from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost:5432/test")

# connect event on instance of Engine

@event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "connect")
def my_on_connect(dbapi_con, connection_record):
print("New DBAPI connection:", dbapi_con)
cursor = dbapi_con.cursor()

# sync style API use for adapted DBAPI connection / cursor

cursor.execute("select 'execute from event'")
print(cursor.fetchone()[0])

# before_execute event on all Engine instances

@event.listens_for(Engine, "before_execute")
def my_before_execute(
conn,
clauseelement,
multiparams,
params,
execution_options,
):
print("before execute!")

async def go():

async with engine.connect() as conn:
await conn.execute(text("select 1"))
await engine.dispose()

asyncio.run(go())

Output:

New DBAPI connection: <AdaptedConnection <asyncpg.connection.Connection object at 0x7f33f9b16960>

execute from event
before execute!

ORM Events on AsyncSession

In this example, we access AsyncSession.sync_session as the target for SessionEvents :

import asyncio

from sqlalchemy import event

from sqlalchemy import text
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost:5432/test")

session = AsyncSession(engine)

# before_commit event on instance of Session

@event.listens_for(session.sync_session, "before_commit")
def my_before_commit(session):
print("before commit!")

# sync style API use on Session

connection = session.connection()

# sync style API use on Connection

result = connection.execute(text("select 'execute from event'"))
print(result.first())

# after_commit event on all Session instances

@event.listens_for(Session, "after_commit")
def my_after_commit(session):
print("after commit!")

async def go():

await session.execute(text("select 1"))
await session.commit()

await session.close()
await engine.dispose()

asyncio.run(go())

Output:

before commit!
execute from event
after commit!

ORM Events on async_sessionmaker

For this use case, we make a sessionmaker as the event target, then assign it to the async_sessionmaker using the
async_sessionmaker.sync_session_class parameter:

import asyncio

from sqlalchemy import event

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

sync_maker = sessionmaker()
maker = async_sessionmaker(sync_session_class=sync_maker)

@event.listens_for(sync_maker, "before_commit")
def before_commit(session):
print("before commit")

async def main():

async_session = maker()

await async_session.commit()

asyncio.run(main())

Output:

before commit

asyncio and events, two opposites

SQLAlchemy events by their nature take place within the interior of a particular SQLAlchemy process; that is, an event always occurs
after some particular SQLAlchemy API has been invoked by end-user code, and before some other internal aspect of that API occurs.

Contrast this to the architecture of the asyncio extension, which takes place on the exterior of SQLAlchemy’s usual `ow from end-user
API to DBAPI function.

The `ow of messaging may be visualized as follows:

 SQLAlchemy SQLAlchemy SQLAlchemy SQLAlchemy plain
asyncio asyncio ORM/Core asyncio asyncio
(public (internal) (internal)
facing)
-------------|------------|------------------------|-----------|------------
asyncio API | | | |
call -> | | | |
| -> -> | | -> -> |
|~~~~~~~~~~~~| sync API call -> |~~~~~~~~~~~|
| asyncio | event hooks -> | sync |
| to | invoke action -> | to |
| sync | event hooks -> | asyncio |
| (greenlet) | dialect -> | (leave |
|~~~~~~~~~~~~| event hooks -> | greenlet) |
| -> -> | sync adapted |~~~~~~~~~~~|
| | DBAPI -> | -> -> | asyncio
| | | | driver -> database

Where above, an API call always starts as asyncio, `ows through the synchronous API, and ends as asyncio, before results are
propagated through this same chain in the opposite direction. In between, the message is adapted Srst into sync-style API use, and then
back out to async style. Event hooks then by their nature occur in the middle of the “sync-style API use”. From this it follows that the API
presented within event hooks occurs inside the process by which asyncio API requests have been adapted to sync, and outgoing
messages to the database API will be converted to asyncio transparently.

Using awaitable-only driver methods in connection pool and other events

As discussed in the above section, event handlers such as those oriented around the PoolEvents event handlers receive a sync-style
“DBAPI” connection, which is a wrapper object supplied by SQLAlchemy asyncio dialects to adapt the underlying asyncio “driver”
connection into one that can be used by SQLAlchemy’s internals. A special use case arises when the user-deSned implementation for
such an event handler needs to make use of the ultimate “driver” connection directly, using awaitable only methods on that driver
connection. One such example is the .set_type_codec() method supplied by the asyncpg driver.

To accommodate this use case, SQLAlchemy’s AdaptedConnection class provides a method AdaptedConnection.run_async() that
allows an awaitable function to be invoked within the “synchronous” context of an event handler or other SQLAlchemy internal. This
method is directly analogous to the AsyncConnection.run_sync() method that allows a sync-style method to run under async.

AdaptedConnection.run_async() should be passed a function that will accept the innermost “driver” connection as a single
argument, and return an awaitable that will be invoked by the AdaptedConnection.run_async() method. The given function itself
does not need to be declared as async ; it’s perfectly Sne for it to be a Python lambda: , as the return awaitable value will be invoked
after being returned:

from sqlalchemy import event

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

engine = create_async_engine(...)

@event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "connect")
def register_custom_types(dbapi_connection, *args):
dbapi_connection.run_async(
lambda connection: connection.set_type_codec(
"MyCustomType",
encoder,
decoder, # ...
)
)

Above, the object passed to the register_custom_types event handler is an instance of AdaptedConnection , which provides a
DBAPI-like interface to an underlying async-only driver-level connection object. The AdaptedConnection.run_async() method then
provides access to an awaitable environment where the underlying driver level connection may be acted upon.

New in version 1.4.30.

Using multiple asyncio event loops

An application that makes use of multiple event loops, for example in the uncommon case of combining asyncio with multithreading,
should not share the same AsyncEngine with different event loops when using the default pool implementation.

If an AsyncEngine is be passed from one event loop to another, the method AsyncEngine.dispose() should be called before it’s re-
used on a new event loop. Failing to do so may lead to a RuntimeError along the lines of Task <Task pending ...> got Future
attached to a different loop

If the same engine must be shared between different loop, it should be conSgured to disable pooling using NullPool , preventing the
Engine from using any connection more than once:

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool

engine = create_async_engine(
"postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/dbname",
poolclass=NullPool,
)

Using asyncio scoped session

The “scoped session” pattern used in threaded SQLAlchemy with the scoped_session object is also available in asyncio, using an
adapted version called async_scoped_session .

Tip

SQLAlchemy generally does not recommend the “scoped” pattern for new development as it relies upon mutable global state that must
also be explicitly torn down when work within the thread or task is complete. Particularly when using asyncio, it’s likely a better idea to
pass the AsyncSession directly to the awaitable functions that need it.

When using async_scoped_session , as there’s no “thread-local” concept in the asyncio context, the “scopefunc” parameter must be
provided to the constructor. The example below illustrates using the asyncio.current_task() function for this purpose:

from asyncio import current_task

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import (

async_scoped_session,
async_sessionmaker,
)

async_session_factory = async_sessionmaker(
some_async_engine,
expire_on_commit=False,
)
AsyncScopedSession = async_scoped_session(
async_session_factory,
scopefunc=current_task,
)
some_async_session = AsyncScopedSession()

Warning

The “scopefunc” used by async_scoped_session is invoked an arbitrary number of times within a task, once for each
time the underlying AsyncSession is accessed. The function should therefore be idempotent and lightweight, and
should not attempt to create or mutate any state, such as establishing callbacks, etc.

Warning

Using current_task() for the “key” in the scope requires that the async_scoped_session.remove() method is called
from within the outermost awaitable, to ensure the key is removed from the registry when the task is complete,
otherwise the task handle as well as the AsyncSession will remain in memory, essentially creating a memory leak.
See the following example which illustrates the correct use of async_scoped_session.remove() .

async_scoped_session includes proxy behavior similar to that of scoped_session , which means it can be treated as a AsyncSession
directly, keeping in mind that the usual await keywords are necessary, including for the async_scoped_session.remove() method:

async def some_function(some_async_session, some_object):

# use the AsyncSession directly
some_async_session.add(some_object)

# use the AsyncSession via the context-local proxy

await AsyncScopedSession.commit()

# "remove" the current proxied AsyncSession for the local context

await AsyncScopedSession.remove()

New in version 1.4.19.

Using the Inspector to inspect schema objects

SQLAlchemy does not yet offer an asyncio version of the Inspector (introduced at Fine Grained Re`ection with Inspector), however
the existing interface may be used in an asyncio context by leveraging the AsyncConnection.run_sync() method of
AsyncConnection :

import asyncio

from sqlalchemy import inspect

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

def use_inspector(conn):
inspector = inspect(conn)
# use the inspector
print(inspector.get_view_names())
# return any value to the caller
return inspector.get_table_names()

async def async_main():

async with engine.connect() as conn:
tables = await conn.run_sync(use_inspector)

asyncio.run(async_main())

See also

Re`ecting Database Objects

Runtime Inspection API

Engine API Documentation

Object Name Description

async_engine_from_config (conSguration[, preSx], Create a new AsyncEngine instance using a conSguration

**kwargs) dictionary.

AsyncConnection An asyncio proxy for a Connection .

AsyncEngine An asyncio proxy for a Engine .

AsyncTransaction An asyncio proxy for a Transaction .

create_async_engine (url, **kw) Create a new async engine instance.

create_async_pool_from_url (url, **kwargs) Create a new async engine instance.

function sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. create_async_engine (url: str | URL, **kw: Any) → AsyncEngine

Create a new async engine instance.

Arguments passed to create_async_engine() are mostly identical to those passed to the create_engine() function. The
speciSed dialect must be an asyncio-compatible dialect such as asyncpg.

New in version 1.4.

Parameters:

async_creator –

an async callable which returns a driver-level asyncio connection. If given, the function should take no arguments, and return a
new asyncio connection from the underlying asyncio database driver; the connection will be wrapped in the appropriate
structures to be used with the AsyncEngine . Note that the parameters speciSed in the URL are not applied here, and the
creator function should use its own connection parameters.

This parameter is the asyncio equivalent of the create_engine.creator parameter of the create_engine() function.

New in version 2.0.16.

function sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. async_engine_from_config (conSguration: Dict[str, Any], preSx: str = 'sqlalchemy.',

**kwargs: Any) → AsyncEngine

Create a new AsyncEngine instance using a conSguration dictionary.

This function is analogous to the engine_from_config() function in SQLAlchemy Core, except that the requested dialect must be
an asyncio-compatible dialect such as asyncpg. The argument signature of the function is identical to that of
engine_from_config() .

New in version 1.4.29.

function sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. create_async_pool_from_url (url: str | URL, **kwargs: Any) → Pool

Create a new async engine instance.

Arguments passed to create_async_pool_from_url() are mostly identical to those passed to the create_pool_from_url()
function. The speciSed dialect must be an asyncio-compatible dialect such as asyncpg.

New in version 2.0.10.

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncEngine

An asyncio proxy for a Engine .

AsyncEngine is acquired using the create_async_engine() function:

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/dbname")

New in version 1.4.

Members

begin() , clear_compiled_cache() , connect() , dialect , dispose() , driver , echo , engine ,

execution_options() , get_execution_options() , name , pool , raw_connection() , sync_engine ,
update_execution_options() , url

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine ( sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.base.ProxyComparable , sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnectable )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. begin () → AsyncIterator[AsyncConnection]

Return a context manager which when entered will deliver an AsyncConnection with an AsyncTransaction established.

E.g.:

async with async_engine.begin() as conn:

await conn.execute(
text("insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)")
)
await conn.execute(text("my_special_procedure(5)"))

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. clear_compiled_cache () → None

Clear the compiled cache associated with the dialect.

Proxied for the Engine class on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

This applies only to the built-in cache that is established via the create_engine.query_cache_size parameter. It will not impact
any dictionary caches that were passed via the Connection.execution_options.query_cache parameter.

New in version 1.4.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. connect () → AsyncConnection

Return an AsyncConnection object.

The AsyncConnection will procure a database connection from the underlying connection pool when it is entered as an async
context manager:

async with async_engine.connect() as conn:

result = await conn.execute(select(user_table))

The AsyncConnection may also be started outside of a context manager by invoking its AsyncConnection.start() method.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. dialect

Proxy for the Engine.dialect attribute on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. async dispose (close: bool = True) → None

Dispose of the connection pool used by this AsyncEngine .

Parameters:

close –

if left at its default of True , has the effect of fully closing all currently checked in database connections. Connections that
are still checked out will not be closed, however they will no longer be associated with this Engine , so when they are closed
individually, eventually the Pool which they are associated with will be garbage collected and they will be closed out fully, if
not already closed on checkin.

If set to False , the previous connection pool is de-referenced, and otherwise not touched in any way.

See also

Engine.dispose()

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. driver

Driver name of the Dialect in use by this Engine .

Proxied for the Engine class on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. echo

When True , enable log output for this element.

Proxied for the Engine class on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

This has the effect of setting the Python logging level for the namespace of this element’s class and object reference. A value of
boolean True indicates that the loglevel logging.INFO will be set for the logger, whereas the string value debug will set the loglevel
to logging.DEBUG .

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. engine

Returns this Engine .

Proxied for the Engine class on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

Used for legacy schemes that accept Connection / Engine objects within the same variable.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. execution_options (**opt: Any) → AsyncEngine

Return a new AsyncEngine that will provide AsyncConnection objects with the given execution options.

Proxied from Engine.execution_options() . See that method for details.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. get_execution_options () → _ExecuteOptions

Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.

Proxied for the Engine class on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

See also

Engine.execution_options()

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. name

String name of the Dialect in use by this Engine .

Proxied for the Engine class on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. pool

Proxy for the Engine.pool attribute on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. async raw_connection () → PoolProxiedConnection

Return a “raw” DBAPI connection from the connection pool.

See also

Working with Driver SQL and Raw DBAPI Connections

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. sync_engine : Engine

Reference to the sync-style Engine this AsyncEngine proxies requests towards.

This instance can be used as an event target.

See also

Using events with the asyncio extension

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. update_execution_options (**opt: Any) → None

Update the default execution_options dictionary of this Engine .

Proxied for the Engine class on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

The given keys/values in **opt are added to the default execution options that will be used for all connections. The initial contents of
this dictionary can be sent via the execution_options parameter to create_engine() .

See also

Connection.execution_options()

Engine.execution_options()

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine. url

Proxy for the Engine.url attribute on behalf of the AsyncEngine class.

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncConnection

An asyncio proxy for a Connection .

AsyncConnection is acquired using the AsyncEngine.connect() method of AsyncEngine :

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/dbname")

async with engine.connect() as conn:

result = await conn.execute(select(table))

New in version 1.4.

Members

aclose() , begin() , begin_nested() , close() , closed , commit() , connection ,

default_isolation_level , dialect , exec_driver_sql() , execute() , execution_options() ,
get_nested_transaction() , get_raw_connection() , get_transaction() ,
in_nested_transaction() , in_transaction() , info , invalidate() , invalidated , rollback() ,
run_sync() , scalar() , scalars() , start() , stream() , stream_scalars() , sync_connection ,
sync_engine

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection ( sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.base.ProxyComparable ,

sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.base.StartableContext , sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnectable )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async aclose () → None

A synonym for AsyncConnection.close() .

The AsyncConnection.aclose() name is speciScally to support the Python standard library @contextlib.aclosing context
manager function.

New in version 2.0.20.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. begin () → AsyncTransaction

Begin a transaction prior to autobegin occurring.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. begin_nested () → AsyncTransaction

Begin a nested transaction and return a transaction handle.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async close () → None

Close this AsyncConnection .

This has the effect of also rolling back the transaction if one is in place.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. closed

Return True if this connection is closed.

Proxied for the Connection class on behalf of the AsyncConnection class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async commit () → None

Commit the transaction that is currently in progress.

This method commits the current transaction if one has been started. If no transaction was started, the method has no effect,
assuming the connection is in a non-invalidated state.

A transaction is begun on a Connection automatically whenever a statement is Srst executed, or when the Connection.begin()
method is called.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. connection

Not implemented for async; call AsyncConnection.get_raw_connection() .

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. default_isolation_level

The initial-connection time isolation level associated with the Dialect in use.

Proxied for the Connection class on behalf of the AsyncConnection class.

This value is independent of the Connection.execution_options.isolation_level and

Engine.execution_options.isolation_level execution options, and is determined by the Dialect when the Srst connection is
created, by performing a SQL query against the database for the current isolation level before any additional commands have been
emitted.

Calling this accessor does not invoke any new SQL queries.

See also

Connection.get_isolation_level() - view current actual isolation level

create_engine.isolation_level - set per Engine isolation level

Connection.execution_options.isolation_level - set per Connection isolation level

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. dialect

Proxy for the Connection.dialect attribute on behalf of the AsyncConnection class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async exec_driver_sql (statement: str, parameters:

_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams | None = None, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter | None = None) →
CursorResult[Any]

Executes a driver-level SQL string and return buffered Result .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async execute (statement: Executable, parameters:

_CoreAnyExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter | None = None) →
CursorResult[Any]

Executes a SQL statement construct and return a buffered Result .

Parameters:

object –

The statement to be executed. This is always an object that is in both the ClauseElement and Executable hierarchies,
including:

Select

Insert , Update , Delete

TextClause and TextualSelect

DDL and objects which inherit from ExecutableDDLElement

parameters – parameters which will be bound into the statement. This may be either a dictionary of parameter names to
values, or a mutable sequence (e.g. a list) of dictionaries. When a list of dictionaries is passed, the underlying statement
execution will make use of the DBAPI cursor.executemany() method. When a single dictionary is passed, the DBAPI
cursor.execute() method will be used.

execution_options – optional dictionary of execution options, which will be associated with the statement execution. This
dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted by Connection.execution_options() .

Returns:

a Result object.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async execution_options (**opt: Any) → AsyncConnection

Set non-SQL options for the connection which take effect during execution.

This returns this AsyncConnection object with the new options added.

See Connection.execution_options() for full details on this method.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. get_nested_transaction () → AsyncTransaction | None

Return an AsyncTransaction representing the current nested (savepoint) transaction, if any.

This makes use of the underlying synchronous connection’s Connection.get_nested_transaction() method to get the current
Transaction , which is then proxied in a new AsyncTransaction object.

New in version 1.4.0b2.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async get_raw_connection () → PoolProxiedConnection

Return the pooled DBAPI-level connection in use by this AsyncConnection .

This is a SQLAlchemy connection-pool proxied connection which then has the attribute _ConnectionFairy.driver_connection
that refers to the actual driver connection. Its _ConnectionFairy.dbapi_connection refers instead to an AdaptedConnection
instance that adapts the driver connection to the DBAPI protocol.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. get_transaction () → AsyncTransaction | None

Return an AsyncTransaction representing the current transaction, if any.

This makes use of the underlying synchronous connection’s Connection.get_transaction() method to get the current
Transaction , which is then proxied in a new AsyncTransaction object.

New in version 1.4.0b2.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. in_nested_transaction () → bool

Return True if a transaction is in progress.

New in version 1.4.0b2.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. in_transaction () → bool

Return True if a transaction is in progress.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. info

Return the Connection.info dictionary of the underlying Connection .

This dictionary is freely writable for user-deSned state to be associated with the database connection.

This attribute is only available if the AsyncConnection is currently connected. If the AsyncConnection.closed attribute is True ,
then accessing this attribute will raise ResourceClosedError .

New in version 1.4.0b2.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async invalidate (exception: BaseException | None = None) → None

Invalidate the underlying DBAPI connection associated with this Connection .

See the method Connection.invalidate() for full detail on this method.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. invalidated

Return True if this connection was invalidated.

Proxied for the Connection class on behalf of the AsyncConnection class.

 This does not indicate whether or not the connection was invalidated at the pool level, however

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async rollback () → None

Roll back the transaction that is currently in progress.

This method rolls back the current transaction if one has been started. If no transaction was started, the method has no effect. If a
transaction was started and the connection is in an invalidated state, the transaction is cleared using this method.

A transaction is begun on a Connection automatically whenever a statement is Srst executed, or when the Connection.begin()
method is called.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async run_sync (fn: Callable[[...], _T], *arg: Any, **kw: Any) → _T

Invoke the given synchronous (i.e. not async) callable, passing a synchronous-style Connection as the Srst argument.

This method allows traditional synchronous SQLAlchemy functions to run within the context of an asyncio application.

E.g.:

def do_something_with_core(conn: Connection, arg1: int, arg2: str) -> str:

'''A synchronous function that does not require awaiting

:param conn: a Core SQLAlchemy Connection, used synchronously

:return: an optional return value is supported

'''
conn.execute(
some_table.insert().values(int_col=arg1, str_col=arg2)
)
return "success"

async def do_something_async(async_engine: AsyncEngine) -> None:

'''an async function that uses awaiting'''

async with async_engine.begin() as async_conn:

# run do_something_with_core() with a sync-style
# Connection, proxied into an awaitable
return_code = await async_conn.run_sync(do_something_with_core, 5, "strval")
print(return_code)

This method maintains the asyncio event loop all the way through to the database connection by running the given callable in a
specially instrumented greenlet.

The most rudimentary use of AsyncConnection.run_sync() is to invoke methods such as MetaData.create_all() , given an
AsyncConnection that needs to be provided to MetaData.create_all() as a Connection object:

# run metadata.create_all(conn) with a sync-style Connection,

# proxied into an awaitable
with async_engine.begin() as conn:
await conn.run_sync(metadata.create_all)

Note

The provided callable is invoked inline within the asyncio event loop, and will block on traditional IO calls. IO within
this callable should only call into SQLAlchemy’s asyncio database APIs which will be properly adapted to the
greenlet context.

See also

AsyncSession.run_sync()

Running Synchronous Methods and Functions under asyncio

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async scalar (statement: Executable, parameters:

_CoreSingleExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter | None = None) → Any

Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar object.

This method is shorthand for invoking the Result.scalar() method after invoking the Connection.execute() method.
Parameters are equivalent.

Returns:

a scalar Python value representing the Srst column of the Srst row returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async scalars (statement: Executable, parameters:

_CoreAnyExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter | None = None) →
ScalarResult[Any]

Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar objects.

This method is shorthand for invoking the Result.scalars() method after invoking the Connection.execute() method.
Parameters are equivalent.

Returns:

a ScalarResult object.

New in version 1.4.24.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. async start (is_ctxmanager: bool = False) → AsyncConnection

Start this AsyncConnection object’s context outside of using a Python with: block.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. stream (statement: Executable, parameters: _CoreAnyExecuteParams |

None = None, *, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter | None = None) → AsyncIterator[AsyncResult[Any]]

Execute a statement and return an awaitable yielding a AsyncResult object.

E.g.:

result = await conn.stream(stmt):

async for row in result:
print(f"{row}")

The AsyncConnection.stream() method supports optional context manager use against the AsyncResult object, as in:

async with conn.stream(stmt) as result:

async for row in result:
print(f"{row}")

In the above pattern, the AsyncResult.close() method is invoked unconditionally, even if the iterator is interrupted by an
exception throw. Context manager use remains optional, however, and the function may be called in either an async with fn(): or
await fn() style.

New in version 2.0.0b3: added context manager support

Returns:

an awaitable object that will yield an AsyncResult object.

See also

AsyncConnection.stream_scalars()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. stream_scalars (statement: Executable, parameters:

_CoreSingleExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter | None = None) →
AsyncIterator[AsyncScalarResult[Any]]

Execute a statement and return an awaitable yielding a AsyncScalarResult object.

E.g.:

result = await conn.stream_scalars(stmt)

async for scalar in result:
print(f"{scalar}")

This method is shorthand for invoking the AsyncResult.scalars() method after invoking the Connection.stream() method.
Parameters are equivalent.

The AsyncConnection.stream_scalars() method supports optional context manager use against the AsyncScalarResult
object, as in:

async with conn.stream_scalars(stmt) as result:

async for scalar in result:
print(f"{scalar}")

In the above pattern, the AsyncScalarResult.close() method is invoked unconditionally, even if the iterator is interrupted by an
exception throw. Context manager use remains optional, however, and the function may be called in either an async with fn(): or
await fn() style.

New in version 2.0.0b3: added context manager support

Returns:

an awaitable object that will yield an AsyncScalarResult object.

New in version 1.4.24.

See also

AsyncConnection.stream()

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. sync_connection : Connection | None

Reference to the sync-style Connection this AsyncConnection proxies requests towards.

This instance can be used as an event target.

See also

Using events with the asyncio extension

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncConnection. sync_engine : Engine

Reference to the sync-style Engine this AsyncConnection is associated with via its underlying Connection .

This instance can be used as an event target.

See also

Using events with the asyncio extension

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncTransaction

An asyncio proxy for a Transaction .

Members

close() , commit() , rollback() , start()

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncTransaction ( sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.base.ProxyComparable ,

sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.base.StartableContext )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncTransaction. async close () → None

Close this AsyncTransaction .

If this transaction is the base transaction in a begin/commit nesting, the transaction will rollback(). Otherwise, the method returns.

This is used to cancel a Transaction without affecting the scope of an enclosing transaction.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncTransaction. async commit () → None

Commit this AsyncTransaction .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncTransaction. async rollback () → None

Roll back this AsyncTransaction .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncTransaction. async start (is_ctxmanager: bool = False) → AsyncTransaction

Start this AsyncTransaction object’s context outside of using a Python with: block.

Result Set API Documentation

The AsyncResult object is an async-adapted version of the Result object. It is only returned when using the
AsyncConnection.stream() or AsyncSession.stream() methods, which return a result object that is on top of an active database
cursor.

Object Name Description

AsyncMappingResult A wrapper for a AsyncResult that returns dictionary values rather than Row values.

AsyncResult An asyncio wrapper around a Result object.

AsyncScalarResult A wrapper for a AsyncResult that returns scalar values rather than Row values.

AsyncTupleResult A AsyncResult that’s typed as returning plain Python tuples instead of rows.

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncResult

An asyncio wrapper around a Result object.

The AsyncResult only applies to statement executions that use a server-side cursor. It is returned only from the
AsyncConnection.stream() and AsyncSession.stream() methods.

Note

As is the case with Result , this object is used for ORM results returned by AsyncSession.execute() , which can yield
instances of ORM mapped objects either individually or within tuple-like rows. Note that these result objects do
not deduplicate instances or rows automatically as is the case with the legacy Query object. For in-Python de-
duplication of instances or rows, use the AsyncResult.unique() modiSer method.

New in version 1.4.

Members

all() , close() , closed , columns() , fetchall() , fetchmany() , fetchone() , first() , freeze() ,

keys() , mappings() , one() , one_or_none() , partitions() , scalar() , scalar_one() ,
scalar_one_or_none() , scalars() , t , tuples() , unique() , yield_per()

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult ( sqlalchemy.engine._WithKeys , sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncCommon )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async all () → Sequence[Row[_TP]]

Return all rows in a list.

Closes the result set after invocation. Subsequent invocations will return an empty list.

Returns:

a list of Row objects.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async close () → None

inherited from the AsyncCommon.close() method of AsyncCommon

Close this result.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. closed

inherited from the AsyncCommon.closed attribute of AsyncCommon

proxies the .closed attribute of the underlying result object, if any, else raises AttributeError .

New in version 2.0.0b3.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. columns (*col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) → Self

Establish the columns that should be returned in each row.

Refer to Result.columns() in the synchronous SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async fetchall () → Sequence[Row[_TP]]

A synonym for the AsyncResult.all() method.

New in version 2.0.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async fetchmany (size: int | None = None) → Sequence[Row[_TP]]

Fetch many rows.

When all rows are exhausted, returns an empty list.

This method is provided for backwards compatibility with SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.

To fetch rows in groups, use the AsyncResult.partitions() method.

Returns:

a list of Row objects.

See also

AsyncResult.partitions()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async fetchone () → Row[_TP] | None

Fetch one row.

When all rows are exhausted, returns None.

This method is provided for backwards compatibility with SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.

To fetch the Srst row of a result only, use the AsyncResult.first() method. To iterate through all rows, iterate the AsyncResult
object directly.

Returns:

a Row object if no Slters are applied, or None if no rows remain.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async first () → Row[_TP] | None

Fetch the Srst row or None if no row is present.

Closes the result set and discards remaining rows.

Note

This method returns one row, e.g. tuple, by default. To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the Srst
column of the Srst row, use the AsyncResult.scalar() method, or combine AsyncResult.scalars() and
AsyncResult.first() .

Additionally, in contrast to the behavior of the legacy ORM Query.first() method, no limit is applied to the SQL
query which was invoked to produce this AsyncResult ; for a DBAPI driver that buffers results in memory before
yielding rows, all rows will be sent to the Python process and all but the Srst row will be discarded.

See also

ORM Query UniSed with Core Select

Returns:

a Row object, or None if no rows remain.

See also

AsyncResult.scalar()

AsyncResult.one()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async freeze () → FrozenResult[_TP]

Return a callable object that will produce copies of this AsyncResult when invoked.

The callable object returned is an instance of FrozenResult .

This is used for result set caching. The method must be called on the result when it has been unconsumed, and calling the method
will consume the result fully. When the FrozenResult is retrieved from a cache, it can be called any number of times where it will
produce a new Result object each time against its stored set of rows.

See also

Re-Executing Statements - example usage within the ORM to implement a result-set cache.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. keys () → RMKeyView

inherited from the sqlalchemy.engine._WithKeys.keys method of sqlalchemy.engine._WithKeys

Return an iterable view which yields the string keys that would be represented by each Row .

The keys can represent the labels of the columns returned by a core statement or the names of the orm classes returned by an orm
execution.

The view also can be tested for key containment using the Python in operator, which will test both for the string keys represented
in the view, as well as for alternate keys such as column objects.

Changed in version 1.4: a key view object is returned rather than a plain list.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. mappings () → AsyncMappingResult

Apply a mappings Slter to returned rows, returning an instance of AsyncMappingResult .

When this Slter is applied, fetching rows will return RowMapping objects instead of Row objects.

Returns:

a new AsyncMappingResult Sltering object referring to the underlying Result object.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async one () → Row[_TP]

Return exactly one row or raise an exception.

Raises NoResultFound if the result returns no rows, or MultipleResultsFound if multiple rows would be returned.

Note

This method returns one row, e.g. tuple, by default. To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the Srst
column of the Srst row, use the AsyncResult.scalar_one() method, or combine AsyncResult.scalars() and
AsyncResult.one() .

New in version 1.4.

Returns:

The Srst Row .

Raises:

MultipleResultsFound , NoResultFound

See also

AsyncResult.first()

AsyncResult.one_or_none()

AsyncResult.scalar_one()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async one_or_none () → Row[_TP] | None

Return at most one result or raise an exception.

Returns None if the result has no rows. Raises MultipleResultsFound if multiple rows are returned.

New in version 1.4.

Returns:

The Srst Row or None if no row is available.

Raises:

MultipleResultsFound

See also

AsyncResult.first()

AsyncResult.one()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async partitions (size: int | None = None) →

AsyncIterator[Sequence[Row[_TP]]]

Iterate through sub-lists of rows of the size given.

An async iterator is returned:

async def scroll_results(connection):

result = await connection.stream(select(users_table))

async for partition in result.partitions(100):

print("list of rows: %s" % partition)

Refer to Result.partitions() in the synchronous SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async scalar () → Any

Fetch the Srst column of the Srst row, and close the result set.

Returns None if there are no rows to fetch.

No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.

After calling this method, the object is fully closed, e.g. the CursorResult.close() method will have been called.

Returns:

a Python scalar value, or None if no rows remain.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async scalar_one () → Any

Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.

This is equivalent to calling AsyncResult.scalars() and then AsyncResult.one() .

See also

AsyncResult.one()

AsyncResult.scalars()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. async scalar_one_or_none () → Any | None

Return exactly one scalar result or None .

This is equivalent to calling AsyncResult.scalars() and then AsyncResult.one_or_none() .

See also

AsyncResult.one_or_none()

AsyncResult.scalars()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. scalars (index: _KeyIndexType = 0) → AsyncScalarResult[Any]

Return an AsyncScalarResult Sltering object which will return single elements rather than Row objects.

Refer to Result.scalars() in the synchronous SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.

Parameters:

index – integer or row key indicating the column to be fetched from each row, defaults to 0 indicating the Srst column.

Returns:

a new AsyncScalarResult Sltering object referring to this AsyncResult object.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. t

Apply a “typed tuple” typing Slter to returned rows.

The AsyncResult.t attribute is a synonym for calling the AsyncResult.tuples() method.

New in version 2.0.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. tuples () → AsyncTupleResult[_TP]

Apply a “typed tuple” typing Slter to returned rows.

This method returns the same AsyncResult object at runtime, however annotates as returning a AsyncTupleResult object that
will indicate to PEP 484 typing tools that plain typed Tuple instances are returned rather than rows. This allows tuple unpacking
and __getitem__ access of Row objects to by typed, for those cases where the statement invoked itself included typing
information.

New in version 2.0.

Returns:

the AsyncTupleResult type at typing time.

See also

AsyncResult.t - shorter synonym

Row.t - Row version

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. unique (strategy: _UniqueFilterType | None = None) → Self

Apply unique Sltering to the objects returned by this AsyncResult .

Refer to Result.unique() in the synchronous SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncResult. yield_per (num: int) → Self

inherited from the FilterResult.yield_per() method of FilterResult

ConSgure the row-fetching strategy to fetch num rows at a time.

The FilterResult.yield_per() method is a pass through to the Result.yield_per() method. See that method’s
documentation for usage notes.

New in version 1.4.40: - added FilterResult.yield_per() so that the method is available on all result set implementations

See also

Using Server Side Cursors (a.k.a. stream results) - describes Core behavior for Result.yield_per()

Fetching Large Result Sets with Yield Per - in the ORM Querying Guide

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncScalarResult

A wrapper for a AsyncResult that returns scalar values rather than Row values.

The AsyncScalarResult object is acquired by calling the AsyncResult.scalars() method.

Refer to the ScalarResult object in the synchronous SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.

New in version 1.4.

Members

all() , close() , closed , fetchall() , fetchmany() , first() , one() , one_or_none() , partitions() ,

unique() , yield_per()

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult ( sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncCommon )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. async all () → Sequence[_R]

Return all scalar values in a list.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.all() except that scalar values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. async close () → None

inherited from the AsyncCommon.close() method of AsyncCommon

Close this result.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. closed

inherited from the AsyncCommon.closed attribute of AsyncCommon

proxies the .closed attribute of the underlying result object, if any, else raises AttributeError .

New in version 2.0.0b3.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. async fetchall () → Sequence[_R]

A synonym for the AsyncScalarResult.all() method.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. async fetchmany (size: int | None = None) → Sequence[_R]

Fetch many objects.

 Equivalent to AsyncResult.fetchmany() except that scalar values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. async first () → _R | None

Fetch the Srst object or None if no object is present.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.first() except that scalar values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. async one () → _R

Return exactly one object or raise an exception.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.one() except that scalar values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. async one_or_none () → _R | None

Return at most one object or raise an exception.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.one_or_none() except that scalar values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. async partitions (size: int | None = None) →

AsyncIterator[Sequence[_R]]

Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.partitions() except that scalar values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. unique (strategy: _UniqueFilterType | None = None) → Self

Apply unique Sltering to the objects returned by this AsyncScalarResult .

See AsyncResult.unique() for usage details.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncScalarResult. yield_per (num: int) → Self

inherited from the FilterResult.yield_per() method of FilterResult

ConSgure the row-fetching strategy to fetch num rows at a time.

The FilterResult.yield_per() method is a pass through to the Result.yield_per() method. See that method’s
documentation for usage notes.

New in version 1.4.40: - added FilterResult.yield_per() so that the method is available on all result set implementations

See also

Using Server Side Cursors (a.k.a. stream results) - describes Core behavior for Result.yield_per()

Fetching Large Result Sets with Yield Per - in the ORM Querying Guide

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncMappingResult

A wrapper for a AsyncResult that returns dictionary values rather than Row values.

The AsyncMappingResult object is acquired by calling the AsyncResult.mappings() method.

Refer to the MappingResult object in the synchronous SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.

New in version 1.4.

Members

all() , close() , closed , columns() , fetchall() , fetchmany() , fetchone() , first() , keys() , one() ,
one_or_none() , partitions() , unique() , yield_per()

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult ( sqlalchemy.engine._WithKeys , sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncCommon )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async all () → Sequence[RowMapping]

Return all rows in a list.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.all() except that RowMapping values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async close () → None

inherited from the AsyncCommon.close() method of AsyncCommon

Close this result.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. closed

inherited from the AsyncCommon.closed attribute of AsyncCommon

proxies the .closed attribute of the underlying result object, if any, else raises AttributeError .

New in version 2.0.0b3.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. columns (*col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) → Self

Establish the columns that should be returned in each row.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async fetchall () → Sequence[RowMapping]

A synonym for the AsyncMappingResult.all() method.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async fetchmany (size: int | None = None) →

Sequence[RowMapping]

Fetch many rows.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.fetchmany() except that RowMapping values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async fetchone () → RowMapping | None

Fetch one object.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.fetchone() except that RowMapping values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async first () → RowMapping | None

Fetch the Srst object or None if no object is present.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.first() except that RowMapping values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. keys () → RMKeyView

inherited from the sqlalchemy.engine._WithKeys.keys method of sqlalchemy.engine._WithKeys

Return an iterable view which yields the string keys that would be represented by each Row .

The keys can represent the labels of the columns returned by a core statement or the names of the orm classes returned by an orm
execution.

The view also can be tested for key containment using the Python in operator, which will test both for the string keys represented
in the view, as well as for alternate keys such as column objects.

Changed in version 1.4: a key view object is returned rather than a plain list.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async one () → RowMapping

Return exactly one object or raise an exception.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.one() except that RowMapping values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async one_or_none () → RowMapping | None

Return at most one object or raise an exception.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.one_or_none() except that RowMapping values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. async partitions (size: int | None = None) →

AsyncIterator[Sequence[RowMapping]]

Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.

Equivalent to AsyncResult.partitions() except that RowMapping values, rather than Row objects, are returned.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. unique (strategy: _UniqueFilterType | None = None) → Self

Apply unique Sltering to the objects returned by this AsyncMappingResult .

See AsyncResult.unique() for usage details.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncMappingResult. yield_per (num: int) → Self

inherited from the FilterResult.yield_per() method of FilterResult

ConSgure the row-fetching strategy to fetch num rows at a time.

The FilterResult.yield_per() method is a pass through to the Result.yield_per() method. See that method’s
documentation for usage notes.

New in version 1.4.40: - added FilterResult.yield_per() so that the method is available on all result set implementations

See also

Using Server Side Cursors (a.k.a. stream results) - describes Core behavior for Result.yield_per()

Fetching Large Result Sets with Yield Per - in the ORM Querying Guide

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncTupleResult

A AsyncResult that’s typed as returning plain Python tuples instead of rows.

Since Row acts like a tuple in every way already, this class is a typing only class, regular AsyncResult is still used at runtime.

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncTupleResult ( sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncCommon , sqlalchemy.util.langhelpers.TypingOnly )

ORM Session API Documentation

Object Name Description

async_object_session (instance) Return the AsyncSession to which the given instance belongs.

async_scoped_session Provides scoped management of AsyncSession objects.

async_session (session) Return the AsyncSession which is proxying the given Session object, if any.

async_sessionmaker A conSgurable AsyncSession factory.

AsyncAttrs Mixin class which provides an awaitable accessor for all attributes.

AsyncSession Asyncio version of Session .

AsyncSessionTransaction A wrapper for the ORM SessionTransaction object.

close_all_sessions () Close all AsyncSession sessions.

function sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. async_object_session (instance: object) → AsyncSession | None

Return the AsyncSession to which the given instance belongs.

This function makes use of the sync-API function object_session to retrieve the Session which refers to the given instance, and
from there links it to the original AsyncSession .

If the AsyncSession has been garbage collected, the return value is None .

This functionality is also available from the InstanceState.async_session accessor.

Parameters:

instance – an ORM mapped instance

Returns:

an AsyncSession object, or None .

New in version 1.4.18.

function sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. async_session (session: Session) → AsyncSession | None

Return the AsyncSession which is proxying the given Session object, if any.

Parameters:

session – a Session instance.

Returns:

a AsyncSession instance, or None .

New in version 1.4.18.

function async sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. close_all_sessions () → None

Close all AsyncSession sessions.

New in version 2.0.23.

See also

close_all_sessions()

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. async_sessionmaker

A conSgurable AsyncSession factory.

The async_sessionmaker factory works in the same way as the sessionmaker factory, to generate new AsyncSession objects
when called, creating them given the conSgurational arguments established here.

e.g.:

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker

async def run_some_sql(async_session: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]) -> None:

async with async_session() as session:
session.add(SomeObject(data="object"))
session.add(SomeOtherObject(name="other object"))
await session.commit()

async def main() -> None:

# an AsyncEngine, which the AsyncSession will use for connection
# resources
engine = create_async_engine('postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost/')

# create a reusable factory for new AsyncSession instances

async_session = async_sessionmaker(engine)

await run_some_sql(async_session)

await engine.dispose()

The async_sessionmaker is useful so that different parts of a program can create new AsyncSession objects with a Sxed
conSguration established up front. Note that AsyncSession objects may also be instantiated directly when not using
async_sessionmaker .

New in version 2.0: async_sessionmaker provides a sessionmaker class that’s dedicated to the AsyncSession object,
including pep-484 typing support.

See also

Synopsis - ORM - shows example use

sessionmaker - general overview of the

sessionmaker architecture

Opening and Closing a Session - introductory text on creating sessions using sessionmaker .

Members

__call__() , __init__() , begin() , configure()

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_sessionmaker ( typing.Generic )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_sessionmaker. __call__ (**local_kw: Any) → _AS

Produce a new AsyncSession object using the conSguration established in this async_sessionmaker .

In Python, the __call__ method is invoked on an object when it is “called” in the same way as a function:

AsyncSession = async_sessionmaker(async_engine, expire_on_commit=False)

session = AsyncSession() # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_sessionmaker. __init__ (bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = None, *, class_:

Type[_AS] = <class 'sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.session.AsyncSession'>, auto`ush: bool = True, expire_on_commit: bool = True, info:
Optional[_InfoType] = None, **kw: Any)

Construct a new async_sessionmaker .

All arguments here except for class_ correspond to arguments accepted by Session directly. See the AsyncSession.__init__()
docstring for more details on parameters.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_sessionmaker. begin () → _AsyncSessionContextManager[_AS]

Produce a context manager that both provides a new AsyncSession as well as a transaction that commits.

e.g.:

async def main():

Session = async_sessionmaker(some_engine)

async with Session.begin() as session:

session.add(some_object)

# commits transaction, closes session

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_sessionmaker. configure (**new_kw: Any) → None

(Re)conSgure the arguments for this async_sessionmaker.

e.g.:

AsyncSession = async_sessionmaker(some_engine)

AsyncSession.configure(bind=create_async_engine('sqlite+aiosqlite://'))

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. async_scoped_session

Provides scoped management of AsyncSession objects.

See the section Using asyncio scoped session for usage details.

New in version 1.4.19.

Members

__call__() , __init__() , aclose() , add() , add_all() , autoflush , begin() , begin_nested() , bind ,

close() , close_all() , commit() , configure() , connection() , delete() , deleted , dirty , execute() ,
expire() , expire_all() , expunge() , expunge_all() , flush() , get() , get_bind() , get_one() ,
identity_key() , identity_map , info , invalidate() , is_active , is_modified() , merge() , new ,
no_autoflush , object_session() , refresh() , remove() , reset() , rollback() , scalar() , scalars() ,
session_factory , stream() , stream_scalars()

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session ( typing.Generic )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. __call__ (**kw: Any) → _AS

Return the current AsyncSession , creating it using the scoped_session.session_factory if not present.

Parameters:

**kw – Keyword arguments will be passed to the scoped_session.session_factory callable, if an existing AsyncSession
is not present. If the AsyncSession is present and keyword arguments have been passed, InvalidRequestError is raised.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. __init__ (session_factory: async_sessionmaker[_AS],

scopefunc: Callable[[], Any])

Construct a new async_scoped_session .

Parameters:

session_factory – a factory to create new AsyncSession instances. This is usually, but not necessarily, an instance of
async_sessionmaker .

scopefunc – function which deSnes the current scope. A function such as asyncio.current_task may be useful here.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async aclose () → None

A synonym for AsyncSession.close() .

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

The AsyncSession.aclose() name is speciScally to support the Python standard library @contextlib.aclosing context manager
function.

New in version 2.0.20.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. add (instance: object, _warn: bool = True) → None

Place an object into this Session .

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

Objects that are in the transient state when passed to the Session.add() method will move to the pending state, until the next
`ush, at which point they will move to the persistent state.

Objects that are in the detached state when passed to the Session.add() method will move to the persistent state directly.

If the transaction used by the Session is rolled back, objects which were transient when they were passed to Session.add() will
be moved back to the transient state, and will no longer be present within this Session .

See also

Session.add_all()

Adding New or Existing Items - at Basics of Using a Session

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. add_all (instances: Iterable[object]) → None

Add the given collection of instances to this Session .

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

See the documentation for Session.add() for a general behavioral description.

See also

Session.add()

Adding New or Existing Items - at Basics of Using a Session

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. autoflush

Proxy for the Session.autoflush attribute on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. begin () → AsyncSessionTransaction

Return an AsyncSessionTransaction object.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

The underlying Session will perform the “begin” action when the AsyncSessionTransaction object is entered:

async with async_session.begin():

# .. ORM transaction is begun

Note that database IO will not normally occur when the session-level transaction is begun, as database transactions begin on an on-
demand basis. However, the begin block is async to accommodate for a SessionEvents.after_transaction_create() event
hook that may perform IO.

For a general description of ORM begin, see Session.begin() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. begin_nested () → AsyncSessionTransaction

Return an AsyncSessionTransaction object which will begin a “nested” transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Behavior is the same as that of AsyncSession.begin() .

For a general description of ORM begin nested, see Session.begin_nested() .

See also

Serializable isolation / Savepoints / Transactional DDL (asyncio version) - special workarounds required with the SQLite asyncio driver
in order for SAVEPOINT to work correctly.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. bind

Proxy for the AsyncSession.bind attribute on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async close () → None

Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this AsyncSession .

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

See also

Session.close() - main documentation for “close”

Closing - detail on the semantics of AsyncSession.close() and AsyncSession.reset() .

async classmethod sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. close_all () → None

Close all AsyncSession sessions.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Deprecated since version 2.0: The AsyncSession.close_all() method is deprecated and will be removed in a future
release. Please refer to close_all_sessions() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async commit () → None

Commit the current transaction in progress.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

See also

Session.commit() - main documentation for “commit”

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. configure (**kwargs: Any) → None

reconSgure the sessionmaker used by this scoped_session .

See sessionmaker.configure() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async connection (bind_arguments: _BindArguments | None =

None, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter | None = None, **kw: Any) → AsyncConnection

Return a AsyncConnection object corresponding to this Session object’s transactional state.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

This method may also be used to establish execution options for the database connection used by the current transaction.

New in version 1.4.24: Added **kw arguments which are passed through to the underlying Session.connection() method.

See also

Session.connection() - main documentation for “connection”

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async delete (instance: object) → None

Mark an instance as deleted.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

The database delete operation occurs upon flush() .

As this operation may need to cascade along unloaded relationships, it is awaitable to allow for those queries to take place.

See also

Session.delete() - main documentation for delete

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. deleted

The set of all instances marked as ‘deleted’ within this Session

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. dirty

The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

E.g.:

some_mapped_object in session.dirty

Instances are considered dirty when they were modiSed but not deleted.

Note that this ‘dirty’ calculation is ‘optimistic’; most attribute-setting or collection modiScation operations will mark an instance as
‘dirty’ and place it in this set, even if there is no net change to the attribute’s value. At `ush time, the value of each attribute is
compared to its previously saved value, and if there’s no net change, no SQL operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation
so it’s only done at `ush time).

To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its attributes, use the Session.is_modified() method.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async execute (statement: Executable, params:

_CoreAnyExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments:
_BindArguments | None = None, **kw: Any) → Result[Any]

Execute a statement and return a buffered Result object.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

See also

Session.execute() - main documentation for execute

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. expire (instance: object, attribute_names: Iterable[str] | None =

None) → None
 Expire the attributes on an instance.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the Session
object’s current transactional context in order to load all expired attributes for the given instance. Note that a highly isolated
transaction will return the same values as were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes in database state
outside of that transaction.

To expire all objects in the Session simultaneously, use Session.expire_all() .

The Session object’s default behavior is to expire all state whenever the Session.rollback() or Session.commit() methods are
called, so that new state can be loaded for the new transaction. For this reason, calling Session.expire() only makes sense for the
speciSc case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current transaction.

Parameters:

instance – The instance to be refreshed.

attribute_names – optional list of string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.

See also

Refreshing / Expiring - introductory material

Session.expire()

Session.refresh()

Query.populate_existing()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. expire_all () → None

Expires all persistent instances within this Session.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed, a query will be issued using the Session object’s current
transactional context in order to load all expired attributes for the given instance. Note that a highly isolated transaction will return
the same values as were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes in database state outside of that
transaction.

To expire individual objects and individual attributes on those objects, use Session.expire() .

The Session object’s default behavior is to expire all state whenever the Session.rollback() or Session.commit() methods are
called, so that new state can be loaded for the new transaction. For this reason, calling Session.expire_all() is not usually
needed, assuming the transaction is isolated.

See also

Refreshing / Expiring - introductory material

Session.expire()

Session.refresh()

Query.populate_existing()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. expunge (instance: object) → None

Remove the instance from this Session .

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This will free all internal references to the instance. Cascading will be applied according to the expunge cascade rule.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. expunge_all () → None

Remove all object instances from this Session .

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This is equivalent to calling expunge(obj) on all objects in this Session .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async flush (objects: Sequence[Any] | None = None) → None

Flush all the object changes to the database.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

See also

Session.flush() - main documentation for `ush

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async get (entity: _EntityBindKey[_O], ident: _PKIdentityArgument,

*, options: Sequence[ORMOption] | None = None, populate_existing: bool = False, with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
identity_token: Any | None = None, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}) → _O | None

Return an instance based on the given primary key identiSer, or None if not found.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

See also

Session.get() - main documentation for get

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. get_bind (mapper: _EntityBindKey[_O] | None = None, clause:

ClauseElement | None = None, bind: _SessionBind | None = None, **kw: Any) → Engine | Connection

Return a “bind” to which the synchronous proxied Session is bound.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Unlike the Session.get_bind() method, this method is currently not used by this AsyncSession in any way in order to resolve
engines for requests.

Note

This method proxies directly to the Session.get_bind() method, however is currently not useful as an override
target, in contrast to that of the Session.get_bind() method. The example below illustrates how to implement
custom Session.get_bind() schemes that work with AsyncSession and AsyncEngine .

The pattern introduced at Custom Vertical Partitioning illustrates how to apply a custom bind-lookup scheme to a Session given a
set of Engine objects. To apply a corresponding Session.get_bind() implementation for use with a AsyncSession and
AsyncEngine objects, continue to subclass Session and apply it to AsyncSession using AsyncSession.sync_session_class . The
inner method must continue to return Engine instances, which can be acquired from a AsyncEngine using the
AsyncEngine.sync_engine attribute:

# using example from "Custom Vertical Partitioning"

import random

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

# construct async engines w/ async drivers

engines = {
'leader':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///leader.db"),
'other':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///other.db"),
'follower1':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower1.db"),
'follower2':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower2.db"),
}

class RoutingSession(Session):
def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None, **kw):
# within get_bind(), return sync engines
if mapper and issubclass(mapper.class_, MyOtherClass):
return engines['other'].sync_engine
elif self._flushing or isinstance(clause, (Update, Delete)):
return engines['leader'].sync_engine
else:
return engines[
random.choice(['follower1','follower2'])
].sync_engine

# apply to AsyncSession using sync_session_class

AsyncSessionMaker = async_sessionmaker(
sync_session_class=RoutingSession
)

The Session.get_bind() method is called in a non-asyncio, implicitly non-blocking context in the same manner as ORM event
hooks and functions that are invoked via AsyncSession.run_sync() , so routines that wish to run SQL commands inside of
Session.get_bind() can continue to do so using blocking-style code, which will be translated to implicitly async calls at the point
of invoking IO on the database drivers.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async get_one (entity: _EntityBindKey[_O], ident:

_PKIdentityArgument, *, options: Sequence[ORMOption] | None = None, populate_existing: bool = False, with_for_update:
ForUpdateParameter = None, identity_token: Any | None = None, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}) → _O

Return an instance based on the given primary key identiSer, or raise an exception if not found.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Raises sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound if the query selects no rows.

..versionadded: 2.0.22

See also

Session.get_one() - main documentation for get_one

classmethod sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. identity_key (class_: Type[Any] | None = None, ident:

Any | Tuple[Any, ...] = None, *, instance: Any | None = None, row: Row[Any] | RowMapping | None = None, identity_token: Any | None
= None) → _IdentityKeyType[Any]

Return an identity key.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This is an alias of identity_key() .

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. identity_map

Proxy for the Session.identity_map attribute on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. info

A user-modiSable dictionary.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the info argument to the Session constructor or sessionmaker
constructor or factory methods. The dictionary here is always local to this Session and can be modiSed independently of all other
Session objects.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async invalidate () → None

Close this Session, using connection invalidation.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

For a complete description, see Session.invalidate() .

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. is_active

True if this Session not in “partial rollback” state.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

Changed in version 1.4: The Session no longer begins a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False when the
Session is Srst instantiated.

“partial rollback” state typically indicates that the `ush process of the Session has failed, and that the Session.rollback()
method must be emitted in order to fully roll back the transaction.

If this Session is not in a transaction at all, the Session will autobegin when it is Srst used, so in this case Session.is_active will
return True.

Otherwise, if this Session is within a transaction, and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the Session.is_active
will also return True.

See also

“This Session’s transaction has been rolled back due to a previous exception during `ush.” (or similar)

Session.in_transaction()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. is_modified (instance: object, include_collections: bool = True)

→ bool

Return True if the given instance has locally modiSed attributes.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This method retrieves the history for each instrumented attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current value
to its previously committed value, if any.

It is in effect a more expensive and accurate version of checking for the given instance in the Session.dirty collection; a full test
for each attribute’s net “dirty” status is performed.

E.g.:

return session.is_modified(someobject)

A few caveats to this method apply:

Instances present in the Session.dirty collection may report False when tested with this method. This is because the object
may have received change events via attribute mutation, thus placing it in Session.dirty , but ultimately the state is the same
as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net change here.

Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there
is ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in most cases does not need the “old” value when a set
event occurs, so it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn’t present, based on the assumption that an UPDATE of
the scalar value is usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn’t, is less expensive on average than issuing a defensive
SELECT.

The “old” value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the attribute container has the active_history `ag set to True .
This `ag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar object references that are not a simple many-to-one. To set this
`ag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the active_history argument with column_property() .

Parameters:

instance – mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.

include_collections – Indicates if multivalued collections should be included in the operation. Setting this to False is a way
to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an
UPDATE for this instance upon `ush.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async merge (instance: _O, *, load: bool = True, options:
Sequence[ORMOption] | None = None) → _O

Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance within this AsyncSession .

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

See also

Session.merge() - main documentation for merge

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. new

The set of all instances marked as ‘new’ within this Session .

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. no_autoflush

Return a context manager that disables auto`ush.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

e.g.:

with session.no_autoflush:

some_object = SomeClass()
session.add(some_object)
# won't autoflush
some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()

Operations that proceed within the with: block will not be subject to `ushes occurring upon query access. This is useful when
initializing a series of objects which involve existing database queries, where the uncompleted object should not yet be `ushed.

classmethod sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. object_session (instance: object) → Session | None

Return the Session to which an object belongs.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This is an alias of object_session() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async refresh (instance: object, attribute_names: Iterable[str] |

None = None, with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None) → None

Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be refreshed with their current database value.

This is the async version of the Session.refresh() method. See that method for a complete description of all options.

See also

Session.refresh() - main documentation for refresh

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async remove () → None

Dispose of the current AsyncSession , if present.

Different from scoped_session’s remove method, this method would use await to wait for the close method of AsyncSession.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async reset () → None

Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this Session , resetting the session to its initial state.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

New in version 2.0.22.

See also

Session.reset() - main documentation for “reset”

Closing - detail on the semantics of AsyncSession.close() and AsyncSession.reset() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async rollback () → None

Rollback the current transaction in progress.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

See also

Session.rollback() - main documentation for “rollback”

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async scalar (statement: Executable, params:

_CoreAnyExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments:
_BindArguments | None = None, **kw: Any) → Any

Execute a statement and return a scalar result.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

See also

Session.scalar() - main documentation for scalar

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async scalars (statement: Executable, params:

_CoreAnyExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments:
_BindArguments | None = None, **kw: Any) → ScalarResult[Any]

Execute a statement and return scalar results.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Returns:

a ScalarResult object

New in version 1.4.24: Added AsyncSession.scalars()

New in version 1.4.26: Added async_scoped_session.scalars()

See also

Session.scalars() - main documentation for scalars

AsyncSession.stream_scalars() - streaming version

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. session_factory : async_sessionmaker[_AS]

The session_factory provided to __init__ is stored in this attribute and may be accessed at a later time. This can be useful when a
new non-scoped AsyncSession is needed.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async stream (statement: Executable, params:

_CoreAnyExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments:
_BindArguments | None = None, **kw: Any) → AsyncResult[Any]

Execute a statement and return a streaming AsyncResult object.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_scoped_session. async stream_scalars (statement: Executable, params:

_CoreAnyExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments:
_BindArguments | None = None, **kw: Any) → AsyncScalarResult[Any]

Execute a statement and return a stream of scalar results.

Proxied for the AsyncSession class on behalf of the async_scoped_session class.

Returns:

an AsyncScalarResult object

New in version 1.4.24.

See also

Session.scalars() - main documentation for scalars

AsyncSession.scalars() - non streaming version

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncAttrs

Mixin class which provides an awaitable accessor for all attributes.

E.g.:

from __future__ import annotations

from typing import List

from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey

from sqlalchemy import func
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncAttrs
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

class Base(AsyncAttrs, DeclarativeBase):

pass

class A(Base):
__tablename__ = "a"

id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)

data: Mapped[str]
bs: Mapped[List[B]] = relationship()

class B(Base):
__tablename__ = "b"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
a_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("a.id"))
data: Mapped[str]

In the above example, the AsyncAttrs mixin is applied to the declarative Base class where it takes effect for all subclasses. This
mixin adds a single new attribute AsyncAttrs.awaitable_attrs to all classes, which will yield the value of any attribute as an
awaitable. This allows attributes which may be subject to lazy loading or deferred / unexpiry loading to be accessed such that IO can
still be emitted:

a1 = (await async_session.scalars(select(A).where(A.id == 5))).one()

# use the lazy loader on ``a1.bs`` via the ``.awaitable_attrs``

# interface, so that it may be awaited
for b1 in await a1.awaitable_attrs.bs:
print(b1)

The AsyncAttrs.awaitable_attrs performs a call against the attribute that is approximately equivalent to using the
AsyncSession.run_sync() method, e.g.:

for b1 in await async_session.run_sync(lambda sess: a1.bs):

print(b1)

New in version 2.0.13.

Members

awaitable_attrs

See also

Preventing Implicit IO when Using AsyncSession

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncAttrs. awaitable_attrs

provide a namespace of all attributes on this object wrapped as awaitables.

e.g.:

a1 = (await async_session.scalars(select(A).where(A.id == 5))).one()

some_attribute = await a1.awaitable_attrs.some_deferred_attribute

some_collection = await a1.awaitable_attrs.some_collection

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncSession

Asyncio version of Session .

The AsyncSession is a proxy for a traditional Session instance.

The AsyncSession is not safe for use in concurrent tasks.. See Is the Session thread-safe? Is AsyncSession safe to share in
concurrent tasks? for background.

New in version 1.4.

To use an AsyncSession with custom Session implementations, see the AsyncSession.sync_session_class parameter.

Members

sync_session_class , __init__() , aclose() , add() , add_all() , autoflush , begin() , begin_nested() ,

close() , close_all() , commit() , connection() , delete() , deleted , dirty , execute() , expire() ,
expire_all() , expunge() , expunge_all() , flush() , get() , get_bind() , get_nested_transaction() ,
get_one() , get_transaction() , identity_key() , identity_map , in_nested_transaction() ,
in_transaction() , info , invalidate() , is_active , is_modified() , merge() , new , no_autoflush ,
object_session() , refresh() , reset() , rollback() , run_sync() , scalar() , scalars() , stream() ,
stream_scalars() , sync_session

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession ( sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.base.ReversibleProxy )

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. sync_session_class : Type[Session] = <class

'sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session'>

The class or callable that provides the underlying Session instance for a particular AsyncSession .

At the class level, this attribute is the default value for the AsyncSession.sync_session_class parameter. Custom subclasses of
AsyncSession can override this.

At the instance level, this attribute indicates the current class or callable that was used to provide the Session instance for this
AsyncSession instance.

New in version 1.4.24.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. __init__ (bind: _AsyncSessionBind | None = None, *, binds:

Dict[_SessionBindKey, _AsyncSessionBind] | None = None, sync_session_class: Type[Session] | None = None, **kw: Any)

Construct a new AsyncSession .

All parameters other than sync_session_class are passed to the sync_session_class callable directly to instantiate a new
Session . Refer to Session.__init__() for parameter documentation.

Parameters:

sync_session_class –

A Session subclass or other callable which will be used to construct the Session which will be proxied. This parameter may
 be used to provide custom Session subclasses. Defaults to the AsyncSession.sync_session_class class-level attribute.

New in version 1.4.24.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async aclose () → None

A synonym for AsyncSession.close() .

The AsyncSession.aclose() name is speciScally to support the Python standard library @contextlib.aclosing context manager
function.

New in version 2.0.20.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. add (instance: object, _warn: bool = True) → None

Place an object into this Session .

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

Objects that are in the transient state when passed to the Session.add() method will move to the pending state, until the next
`ush, at which point they will move to the persistent state.

Objects that are in the detached state when passed to the Session.add() method will move to the persistent state directly.

If the transaction used by the Session is rolled back, objects which were transient when they were passed to Session.add() will
be moved back to the transient state, and will no longer be present within this Session .

See also

Session.add_all()

Adding New or Existing Items - at Basics of Using a Session

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. add_all (instances: Iterable[object]) → None

Add the given collection of instances to this Session .

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

See the documentation for Session.add() for a general behavioral description.

See also

Session.add()

Adding New or Existing Items - at Basics of Using a Session

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. autoflush

Proxy for the Session.autoflush attribute on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. begin () → AsyncSessionTransaction

Return an AsyncSessionTransaction object.

The underlying Session will perform the “begin” action when the AsyncSessionTransaction object is entered:

async with async_session.begin():

# .. ORM transaction is begun

Note that database IO will not normally occur when the session-level transaction is begun, as database transactions begin on an on-
demand basis. However, the begin block is async to accommodate for a SessionEvents.after_transaction_create() event
hook that may perform IO.

For a general description of ORM begin, see Session.begin() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. begin_nested () → AsyncSessionTransaction

Return an AsyncSessionTransaction object which will begin a “nested” transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.

Behavior is the same as that of AsyncSession.begin() .

For a general description of ORM begin nested, see Session.begin_nested() .

See also

Serializable isolation / Savepoints / Transactional DDL (asyncio version) - special workarounds required with the SQLite asyncio driver
in order for SAVEPOINT to work correctly.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async close () → None

Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this AsyncSession .

See also

Session.close() - main documentation for “close”

Closing - detail on the semantics of AsyncSession.close() and AsyncSession.reset() .

async classmethod sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. close_all () → None

Close all AsyncSession sessions.

Deprecated since version 2.0: The AsyncSession.close_all() method is deprecated and will be removed in a future
release. Please refer to close_all_sessions() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async commit () → None

Commit the current transaction in progress.

See also

Session.commit() - main documentation for “commit”

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async connection (bind_arguments: _BindArguments | None = None,

execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter | None = None, **kw: Any) → AsyncConnection

Return a AsyncConnection object corresponding to this Session object’s transactional state.

This method may also be used to establish execution options for the database connection used by the current transaction.

New in version 1.4.24: Added **kw arguments which are passed through to the underlying Session.connection() method.

See also

Session.connection() - main documentation for “connection”

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async delete (instance: object) → None

Mark an instance as deleted.

The database delete operation occurs upon flush() .

As this operation may need to cascade along unloaded relationships, it is awaitable to allow for those queries to take place.

See also

Session.delete() - main documentation for delete

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. deleted

The set of all instances marked as ‘deleted’ within this Session

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. dirty

The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

E.g.:

some_mapped_object in session.dirty

Instances are considered dirty when they were modiSed but not deleted.

Note that this ‘dirty’ calculation is ‘optimistic’; most attribute-setting or collection modiScation operations will mark an instance as
‘dirty’ and place it in this set, even if there is no net change to the attribute’s value. At `ush time, the value of each attribute is
compared to its previously saved value, and if there’s no net change, no SQL operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation
so it’s only done at `ush time).

To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its attributes, use the Session.is_modified() method.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async execute (statement: Executable, params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams |

None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments: _BindArguments | None = None, **kw:
Any) → Result[Any]

Execute a statement and return a buffered Result object.

See also

Session.execute() - main documentation for execute

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. expire (instance: object, attribute_names: Iterable[str] | None = None) →

None

Expire the attributes on an instance.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the Session
object’s current transactional context in order to load all expired attributes for the given instance. Note that a highly isolated
transaction will return the same values as were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes in database state
outside of that transaction.

To expire all objects in the Session simultaneously, use Session.expire_all() .

The Session object’s default behavior is to expire all state whenever the Session.rollback() or Session.commit() methods are
called, so that new state can be loaded for the new transaction. For this reason, calling Session.expire() only makes sense for the
speciSc case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current transaction.

Parameters:

instance – The instance to be refreshed.

attribute_names – optional list of string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.

See also

Refreshing / Expiring - introductory material

Session.expire()

Session.refresh()

Query.populate_existing()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. expire_all () → None

Expires all persistent instances within this Session.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed, a query will be issued using the Session object’s current
transactional context in order to load all expired attributes for the given instance. Note that a highly isolated transaction will return
the same values as were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes in database state outside of that
transaction.

To expire individual objects and individual attributes on those objects, use Session.expire() .

The Session object’s default behavior is to expire all state whenever the Session.rollback() or Session.commit() methods are
called, so that new state can be loaded for the new transaction. For this reason, calling Session.expire_all() is not usually
needed, assuming the transaction is isolated.

See also

Refreshing / Expiring - introductory material

Session.expire()

Session.refresh()

Query.populate_existing()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. expunge (instance: object) → None

Remove the instance from this Session .

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This will free all internal references to the instance. Cascading will be applied according to the expunge cascade rule.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. expunge_all () → None

Remove all object instances from this Session .

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This is equivalent to calling expunge(obj) on all objects in this Session .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async flush (objects: Sequence[Any] | None = None) → None

Flush all the object changes to the database.

See also

Session.flush() - main documentation for `ush

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async get (entity: _EntityBindKey[_O], ident: _PKIdentityArgument, *,

options: Sequence[ORMOption] | None = None, populate_existing: bool = False, with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
identity_token: Any | None = None, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}) → _O | None

Return an instance based on the given primary key identiSer, or None if not found.

See also

Session.get() - main documentation for get

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. get_bind (mapper: _EntityBindKey[_O] | None = None, clause:

ClauseElement | None = None, bind: _SessionBind | None = None, **kw: Any) → Engine | Connection

Return a “bind” to which the synchronous proxied Session is bound.

Unlike the Session.get_bind() method, this method is currently not used by this AsyncSession in any way in order to resolve
engines for requests.

Note

This method proxies directly to the Session.get_bind() method, however is currently not useful as an override
target, in contrast to that of the Session.get_bind() method. The example below illustrates how to implement
custom Session.get_bind() schemes that work with AsyncSession and AsyncEngine .

The pattern introduced at Custom Vertical Partitioning illustrates how to apply a custom bind-lookup scheme to a Session given a
set of Engine objects. To apply a corresponding Session.get_bind() implementation for use with a AsyncSession and
AsyncEngine objects, continue to subclass Session and apply it to AsyncSession using AsyncSession.sync_session_class . The
inner method must continue to return Engine instances, which can be acquired from a AsyncEngine using the
AsyncEngine.sync_engine attribute:

# using example from "Custom Vertical Partitioning"

import random

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

# construct async engines w/ async drivers

engines = {
'leader':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///leader.db"),
'other':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///other.db"),
'follower1':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower1.db"),
'follower2':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower2.db"),
}

class RoutingSession(Session):
def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None, **kw):
# within get_bind(), return sync engines
if mapper and issubclass(mapper.class_, MyOtherClass):
return engines['other'].sync_engine
elif self._flushing or isinstance(clause, (Update, Delete)):
return engines['leader'].sync_engine
else:
return engines[
random.choice(['follower1','follower2'])
].sync_engine

# apply to AsyncSession using sync_session_class

AsyncSessionMaker = async_sessionmaker(
sync_session_class=RoutingSession
)

The Session.get_bind() method is called in a non-asyncio, implicitly non-blocking context in the same manner as ORM event
hooks and functions that are invoked via AsyncSession.run_sync() , so routines that wish to run SQL commands inside of
Session.get_bind() can continue to do so using blocking-style code, which will be translated to implicitly async calls at the point
of invoking IO on the database drivers.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. get_nested_transaction () → AsyncSessionTransaction | None

Return the current nested transaction in progress, if any.

Returns:

an AsyncSessionTransaction object, or None .

New in version 1.4.18.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async get_one (entity: _EntityBindKey[_O], ident: _PKIdentityArgument, *,

options: Sequence[ORMOption] | None = None, populate_existing: bool = False, with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
identity_token: Any | None = None, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}) → _O

Return an instance based on the given primary key identiSer, or raise an exception if not found.

Raises sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound if the query selects no rows.

..versionadded: 2.0.22

See also

Session.get_one() - main documentation for get_one

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. get_transaction () → AsyncSessionTransaction | None

Return the current root transaction in progress, if any.

Returns:

an AsyncSessionTransaction object, or None .

New in version 1.4.18.

classmethod sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. identity_key (class_: Type[Any] | None = None, ident: Any |

Tuple[Any, ...] = None, *, instance: Any | None = None, row: Row[Any] | RowMapping | None = None, identity_token: Any | None =
None) → _IdentityKeyType[Any]

Return an identity key.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This is an alias of identity_key() .

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. identity_map

Proxy for the Session.identity_map attribute on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. in_nested_transaction () → bool

Return True if this Session has begun a nested transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

New in version 1.4.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. in_transaction () → bool

Return True if this Session has begun a transaction.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

New in version 1.4.

See also

Session.is_active

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. info

A user-modiSable dictionary.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the info argument to the Session constructor or sessionmaker
constructor or factory methods. The dictionary here is always local to this Session and can be modiSed independently of all other
Session objects.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async invalidate () → None

Close this Session, using connection invalidation.

For a complete description, see Session.invalidate() .

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. is_active

True if this Session not in “partial rollback” state.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

Changed in version 1.4: The Session no longer begins a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False when the
Session is Srst instantiated.

“partial rollback” state typically indicates that the `ush process of the Session has failed, and that the Session.rollback()
method must be emitted in order to fully roll back the transaction.

If this Session is not in a transaction at all, the Session will autobegin when it is Srst used, so in this case Session.is_active will
return True.

Otherwise, if this Session is within a transaction, and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the Session.is_active
will also return True.

See also

“This Session’s transaction has been rolled back due to a previous exception during `ush.” (or similar)

Session.in_transaction()

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. is_modified (instance: object, include_collections: bool = True) → bool

Return True if the given instance has locally modiSed attributes.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This method retrieves the history for each instrumented attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current value
to its previously committed value, if any.

It is in effect a more expensive and accurate version of checking for the given instance in the Session.dirty collection; a full test
for each attribute’s net “dirty” status is performed.

E.g.:

return session.is_modified(someobject)

A few caveats to this method apply:

Instances present in the Session.dirty collection may report False when tested with this method. This is because the object
may have received change events via attribute mutation, thus placing it in Session.dirty , but ultimately the state is the same
as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net change here.

Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there
is ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in most cases does not need the “old” value when a set
event occurs, so it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn’t present, based on the assumption that an UPDATE of
the scalar value is usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn’t, is less expensive on average than issuing a defensive
SELECT.

The “old” value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the attribute container has the active_history `ag set to True .
This `ag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar object references that are not a simple many-to-one. To set this
`ag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the active_history argument with column_property() .

Parameters:

instance – mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.

include_collections – Indicates if multivalued collections should be included in the operation. Setting this to False is a way
to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an
UPDATE for this instance upon `ush.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async merge (instance: _O, *, load: bool = True, options:
Sequence[ORMOption] | None = None) → _O

Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance within this AsyncSession .

See also

Session.merge() - main documentation for merge

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. new

The set of all instances marked as ‘new’ within this Session .

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. no_autoflush

Return a context manager that disables auto`ush.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

e.g.:

with session.no_autoflush:

some_object = SomeClass()
session.add(some_object)
# won't autoflush
some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()

Operations that proceed within the with: block will not be subject to `ushes occurring upon query access. This is useful when
initializing a series of objects which involve existing database queries, where the uncompleted object should not yet be `ushed.

classmethod sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. object_session (instance: object) → Session | None

Return the Session to which an object belongs.

Proxied for the Session class on behalf of the AsyncSession class.

This is an alias of object_session() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async refresh (instance: object, attribute_names: Iterable[str] | None =

None, with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None) → None

Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.

A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be refreshed with their current database value.

This is the async version of the Session.refresh() method. See that method for a complete description of all options.

See also

Session.refresh() - main documentation for refresh

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async reset () → None

Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this Session , resetting the session to its initial state.

New in version 2.0.22.

See also

Session.reset() - main documentation for “reset”

Closing - detail on the semantics of AsyncSession.close() and AsyncSession.reset() .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async rollback () → None

Rollback the current transaction in progress.

See also

Session.rollback() - main documentation for “rollback”

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async run_sync (fn: Callable[[...], _T], *arg: Any, **kw: Any) → _T

Invoke the given synchronous (i.e. not async) callable, passing a synchronous-style Session as the Srst argument.

This method allows traditional synchronous SQLAlchemy functions to run within the context of an asyncio application.

E.g.:

def some_business_method(session: Session, param: str) -> str:

'''A synchronous function that does not require awaiting

:param session: a SQLAlchemy Session, used synchronously

:return: an optional return value is supported

'''
session.add(MyObject(param=param))
session.flush()
return "success"

async def do_something_async(async_engine: AsyncEngine) -> None:

'''an async function that uses awaiting'''

with AsyncSession(async_engine) as async_session:

# run some_business_method() with a sync-style
# Session, proxied into an awaitable
return_code = await async_session.run_sync(some_business_method, param="param1"
print(return_code)

This method maintains the asyncio event loop all the way through to the database connection by running the given callable in a
specially instrumented greenlet.

Tip

The provided callable is invoked inline within the asyncio event loop, and will block on traditional IO calls. IO within this callable should
only call into SQLAlchemy’s asyncio database APIs which will be properly adapted to the greenlet context.

See also

AsyncAttrs - a mixin for ORM mapped classes that provides a similar feature more succinctly on a per-attribute basis

AsyncConnection.run_sync()

Running Synchronous Methods and Functions under asyncio

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async scalar (statement: Executable, params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams |

None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments: _BindArguments | None = None, **kw:
Any) → Any

Execute a statement and return a scalar result.

See also

Session.scalar() - main documentation for scalar

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async scalars (statement: Executable, params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams |

None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments: _BindArguments | None = None, **kw:
Any) → ScalarResult[Any]

Execute a statement and return scalar results.

 Returns:

a ScalarResult object

New in version 1.4.24: Added AsyncSession.scalars()

New in version 1.4.26: Added async_scoped_session.scalars()

See also

Session.scalars() - main documentation for scalars

AsyncSession.stream_scalars() - streaming version

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async stream (statement: Executable, params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams |

None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments: _BindArguments | None = None, **kw:
Any) → AsyncResult[Any]

Execute a statement and return a streaming AsyncResult object.

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. async stream_scalars (statement: Executable, params:

_CoreAnyExecuteParams | None = None, *, execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = {}, bind_arguments:
_BindArguments | None = None, **kw: Any) → AsyncScalarResult[Any]

Execute a statement and return a stream of scalar results.

Returns:

an AsyncScalarResult object

New in version 1.4.24.

See also

Session.scalars() - main documentation for scalars

AsyncSession.scalars() - non streaming version

attribute sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSession. sync_session : Session

Reference to the underlying Session this AsyncSession proxies requests towards.

This instance can be used as an event target.

See also

Using events with the asyncio extension

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio. AsyncSessionTransaction

A wrapper for the ORM SessionTransaction object.

This object is provided so that a transaction-holding object for the AsyncSession.begin() may be returned.

The object supports both explicit calls to AsyncSessionTransaction.commit() and AsyncSessionTransaction.rollback() , as

well as use as an async context manager.

New in version 1.4.

Members

commit() , rollback()

Class signature

class sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction ( sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.base.ReversibleProxy ,

sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.base.StartableContext )

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction. async commit () → None

Commit this AsyncTransaction .

method sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction. async rollback () → None

Roll back this AsyncTransaction .

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