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Lecture 1

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37 views29 pages

Lecture 1

High skills

Uploaded by

losifernone510
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Calculus 1

Lecture 1
By:
Dr. Doaa Ezzat
Dr. Doaa Mahmoud

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1


Important Notes
 Text Book: Calculus (third edition).

 Grades: 60  final exam,


15  midterm,
20  Assignments,
5  quizzes

 Sections: exercises on lectures.


Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2
Introduction
 What is Calculus?

 Why Calculus?

 Calculus in Computer Science

 Calculus in Archaeology

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3


Introduction

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Introduction
R
Q Z
C N

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Introduction
 Mathematical Symbols:-
1. ⊂ : subset
2. ∈ : element of
3. ⋃ : Union
4. ⋂ : intersection
5. ∀ : for each
6. ∃ : there exist
7. Ʃ : Summation
8. S.T. : such that
Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 6
[

Introduction
 Mathematical Symbols:-
9. ∵ : since
10. ∴ : therefore
11. → : implies
12. ↔ : iff
13. ( ) : open interval
14. [ ] : closed interval
15. LHS : Left Hand Side
16. RHS : Right Hand Side
Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
Notes

1. X ∈ (a , b) : {x : a < x < b}
2. X ∈ [a , b] : {x : a ≤ x ≤ b}
3. X ∈ [a , ∞) : {x : x ≥ a}
4. X ∈ (-∞ , ∞) : {x : x ∈ R}
Inequalities ‫ عدم تساوي‬/‫تباين‬

• If a , b and c ∈ R, then:
1. If a > b and b > c → a > c
2. If a > b → a+c > b+c
3. If a > b → a-c > b-c
4. If a > b and c is +ve → ac > bc
5. If a > b and c is -ve → ac < bc
Inequalities ‫ عدم تساوي‬/‫تباين‬

6. If |a| = b → a = b or a = -b
7. If |a| < b → -b < a < b
8. If |a| > b → a > b or a < -b
Notes

1. If 𝑥 2 > b → | 𝑥 | > 𝑏
i.e. 𝑥 > 𝑏 or 𝑥 < - 𝑏

2
2. If 𝑥 < b → | 𝑥 | < 𝑏
i.e. - 𝑏 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
Example: Solve and represent on line of
numbers
4−3𝑥
Ex.1:- -5 ≤ <1
2
Solution:-
-10 ≤ 4-3x < 2 (By multiplying by 2)
-14 ≤ -3x < -2 (By subtracting 4)
14 ≥ 3x > 2 (By multiplying by -1)
14 2
≥x> (By dividing by 3)
3 3
2 14 2 14
<x≤ x∈ ( , ]
3 3 3 3

(
Example: Solve and represent on line of
numbers
Ex.2:- |2x-7| > 3
Solution:-
2x-7 > 3 or 2x-7 < -3
2x > 10 or 2x < 4
x>5 or x < 2
x ∈ (-∞ , 2) ⋃ (5 , ∞)
Or x ∈ R – [2 , 5]

) (
Example: Solve and represent on line of numbers
Ex.3:- 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 ≥ 0 (Quadratic Inequality)
Solution:-
1. Turn it to equation: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
2. Find the solution: (x+4) (x-2) = 0
x = -4 or x = 2
3. Draw the line of numbers:
] [
4. Try values in all intervals: (x+4) (x-2) ≥ 0
If x = 0 false, If x = -10 true
If x = 4 true, At x = -4 and 2 true
x ∈ (-∞ , -4] ⋃ [2 , ∞)
(1.1) Review of
Functions

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 15


Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 16
Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 17


Functions

 The independent variable is the variable


associated with the domain.
 The dependent variable belongs to the range.
 The graph of a function ƒ is the set of all points
(x, y) in the xy-plane that satisfy the equation
y = ƒ(x).
 The argument of a function is the expression
on which the function works. For example, x is
the argument when we write ƒ(x).

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 18


Figure 1.2

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 19


Functions

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 20


Figure 1.3 (a)

It is a function

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Figure 1.3 (b)

It is not a function

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Figure 1.3 (c)

It is a function

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 23


Figure 1.3 (d)

It is not a function

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 24


Example

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Figure 1.4
(a)

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Figure 1.5
(b)

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 27


Figure 1.6
(c)

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 28


Thank you

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

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