Angle Modulation: Wideband FM

Lecture topics
I FM Modulation

I FM Demodulation

I Spectral pre-emphasis and de-emphasis to improve SNR

Based on lecture notes from John Gill

US Broadcast FM
I US FM bandwidth specifications:
I Frequency range: 88.0 − 108.0 MHz
I Channel width: 200 kHz (100 channels)
I Channel center frequencies: 88.1, 88.3, . . . , 107.9
I Frequency deviation: ±75 kHz
I Signal bandwidth: high-fidelity audio requires ±15 kHz, so bandwidth
is available for other applications:
I Stereo L − R channel
I Extra channels
I Radio data service (RDS)
NBFM Modulation
For narrowband signals, |kf a(t)|  1 and |kp m(t)|  1,

ϕ̂NBFM ≈ A(cos(2πfc t) − kf a(t) sin(2πfc t))

We can use a DSB-SC modulator with a phase shifter, followed by a limiter

and a bandpass filter.
Z ˆF M (t) F M (t)
m(t) a(t)
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+
A sin(2⇡fc t)
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A cos(2⇡fc t)

Narrowband FM Modulator Limiter Bandpass

Filter
Armstrong’s indirect method
Armstrong wanted to generate WBFM using NBFM and frequency
multipliers. Suppose we have a nonlinear device with the response
y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + · · · + an xn (t)
Rt
Let a(t) = −∞ m(u) du and
x(t) = A cos(2πfc t + kf a(t))
Then
y(t) = a0 + a1 cos(2πfc t + kf a(t)) + · · · + an (cos(2πfc t + kf a(t)))n
The last term has a component at nfc with a modulation of nkf a(t).
It is n times higher in frequency and wider in spectrum.
We can select this with a bandpass filter.
FM Demodulation
There are many ways to demodulation the WBFM signal. Most use
differentiation one way or another.
I Differentiator
I Slope detection
I Frequency-selective filter
I RC high-pass filter

j2πRCf
H(f ) = ≈ j2πRCf (2πRC  1)
1 + j2πRCf
√
I RLC circuit with carrier frequency ωc < ω0 = 1/ LC

I Zero-crossing detectors
I Phase-locked loop
Derivative Theorem for Fourier Transform
If G(f ) is the Fourier transform of g(t), then

dg(t)
j2πf G(f )
dt
and Z t
G(f ) 1
g(τ ) dτ + 2 G(0)δ(f )
−∞ j2πf
“Proof”:
Z
dg(t) d ∞
= G(f )ej2πf t dt
dt dt −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
d
= G(f )ej2πf t dt = j2πf G(f ) ej2πf t dt
−∞ dt −∞

By the Fourier inversion theorem, j2πf G(f ) is transform of g 0 (t).

FM Detection by Differentiation
The complex FM signal is

ϕ̂FM (t) = Aej(2πfc t+kf a(t))

= Aejkf a(t) ej2πfc t


The transmitted signal is just the real part, ϕFM (t) = Re ϕ̂FM (t) .
First we demodulate the signal to baseband, which eliminates the carrier

ϕ̂BB (t) = Aejkf a(t)

Then we differentiate
d  j(kf a(t)) 
ϕ̂˙ BB (t) = Ae
dt
= A(jkf m(t))ej(kf a(t))

Note that for this to work A must really be constant.

Extracting the Message with and SDR
We can then extract the FM signal by cancelling out the phase with the
original signal

ϕ̂˙ BB (t)ϕ̂∗BB (t) = A(jkf m(t))ej(kf a(t)) Ae−j(kf a(t))

= A2 (jkf m(t))

This is the message with a scale factor A2 jkf . This is what we will do in
the lab.
However, there is a simpler way if we don’t demodulate down to baseband.
I The message is in the envelope after differentiation, so we could use an
envelope detector just like we do in AM.
I However, if we demodulate to baseband we same issue as with DSC-AM,
with sign inversions, since m(t) is both positive and negative.
I The solution is to demodulate to an intermediate frequency, and then
envelope detect
WBFM Envelope Detection
After demodulation to an intermediate freqeuncy fi ,

ϕ̂IF (t) = Aejkf a(t) ej2πfi t

Then when we differentiate we get

d  j(kf a(t)) j2πfi t 
ϕ̂˙ IF (t) = Ae e
dt
= Aj(2πfi + kf m(t))ej(kf a(t)) ej2πfi t

As long as 2πfi > kf m(t)) the envelope will always be positive, and we can
just take the magnitude of the signal, just like we did with AM.
Then
ϕ̂˙ IF (t) = A(2πfi + kf m(t))

The DC term due to fi is then filtered out by a highpass filter.

This is a more common way to demodulate WBFM.
FM Demodulator and Differentiator
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A(2⇡fi + kf m(t))

t
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Aj(2⇡fi + kf m(t))ej(2⇡fi t+kf a(t))

The envelope is increases with frequency, and is always positive.

The same envelope detector that we used for AM will work here.
WBFM Envelope Detection
I The block diagram now looks like

Antenna
Envelope
Limiter Bandpass Differentiator Detector Lowpass
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m(t)

⇥ d
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|·|
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dt
Preamp
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cos(2⇡(fc fi ))

Intermediate Frequency, IF Audio

I By demodulating to an IF, we can use an envelope detector

Advantages of FM
FM is less susceptible to amplifier nonlinearities. If input is
x(t) = A cos(ωc t + ψ(t))
and the output is
y(t) = a0 + a1 x(t) + a2 x2 (t) + · · ·
= c0 + c1 cos(ωc t + ψ(t)) + c2 cos(2ωc t + 2ψ(t)) + · · ·
The extra terms have spectrum outside the carrier signal band. They will
be blocked by bandpass filter.
Nonlinearities in AM cause signal distortion. For y(t) = ax(t) + bx3 (t),
y(t) = am(t) cos ωc t + bm3 (t) cos3 ωc t
= (am(t) + 34 bm3 (t)) cos ωc t + 14 b cos 3ωc t
FM is preferred for high power applications, such as microwave relay towers.
Advantages of FM (cont.)
FM can adjust to rapid fading (change of amplitude) using AGC (automatic
gain control)
FM is less vulnerable to signal interference from adjacent channels.
Suppose interference is I cos(ωc + ω)t. Then received signal is
r(t) = A cos ωc t + I cos(ωc t + ω)t
= (A + I cos ωt) cos ωc t − I sin ωt sin ωc t
= Er (t) cos(ωc t + ψ(t))
where  
−1 I sin ωt I
ψ(t) = tan ≈ sin ωt (I  A)
A + I cos ωt A
The output of an ideal frequency modulator is ψ̇(t) for FM is
Iω
yd (t) =
cos ωt ,
A
which is inversely proportional to amplitude A.
Noise and FM
I The FM modulator and demodulator looks like

FM Modulation

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m(t) Z
Phase
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Modulator
Transmission

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Phase
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d m(t)
Detector dt

I The integration and differentiation operations are inverses

I The issue is what happens when noise is added during transmission.
Differentiation Accentuates Noise
I Noise has a flat spectrum, and is added during the transmission

FM Modulation with Noise

Z Transmission
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m(t)
Phase
<latexit sha1_base64="2I8x8lEbWyigB5/VcmYAfWy/fJ8=">AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBg5RERD0WvHisYD+gDWWz3bRLdzdhdyKU0L/gxYMiXv1D3vw3Jm0O2vpg4PHeDDPzglgKi6777ZTW1jc2t8rblZ3dvf2D6uFR20aJYbzFIhmZbkAtl0LzFgqUvBsbTlUgeSeY3OV+54kbKyL9iNOY+4qOtAgFo5hLfaFxUK25dXcOskq8gtSgQHNQ/eoPI5YorpFJam3Pc2P0U2pQMMlnlX5ieUzZhI54L6OaKm79dH7rjJxlypCEkclKI5mrvydSqqydqiDrVBTHdtnLxf+8XoLhrZ8KHSfINVssChNJMCL542QoDGcopxmhzIjsVsLG1FCGWTyVLARv+eVV0r6se9d17+Gq1rgo4ijDCZzCOXhwAw24hya0gMEYnuEV3hzlvDjvzseiteQUM8fwB87nDx4Cjjk=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oRH/OmjQ0a73Mo4YtOMRnR1yBqo=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpTdIuqx4MWTVLAf0C4lm2bb0CS7JFmhLP0LXjwo4tU/5M1/Y7bdg7Y+GHi8N8PMvCDmTBvX/XYKa+sbm1vF7dLO7t7+QfnwqK2jRBHaIhGPVDfAmnImacsww2k3VhSLgNNOMLnN/M4TVZpF8tFMY+oLPJIsZASbTLqvhueDcsWtuXOgVeLlpAI5moPyV38YkURQaQjHWvc8NzZ+ipVhhNNZqZ9oGmMywSPas1RiQbWfzm+doTOrDFEYKVvSoLn6eyLFQuupCGynwGasl71M/M/rJSa88VMm48RQSRaLwoQjE6HscTRkihLDp5Zgopi9FZExVpgYG0/JhuAtv7xK2vWad1XzHi4rjYs8jiKcwClUwYNraMAdNKEFBMbwDK/w5gjnxXl3PhatBSefOYY/cD5/ACe3jZc=</latexit>

N (f )
<latexit sha1_base64="J1n+tLxfioJPeUysTf1wfgFt0Sw=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpTdIuqx4MWLUMF+QLuUbJptQ5PskmSFsvQvePGgiFf/kDf/jdl2D9r6YODx3gwz84KYM21c99sprK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B+XDo7aOEkVoi0Q8Ut0Aa8qZpC3DDKfdWFEsAk47weQ28ztPVGkWyUczjakv8EiykBFsMum+Gp4PyhW35s6BVomXkwrkaA7KX/1hRBJBpSEca93z3Nj4KVaGEU5npX6iaYzJBI9oz1KJBdV+Or91hs6sMkRhpGxJg+bq74kUC62nIrCdApuxXvYy8T+vl5jwxk+ZjBNDJVksChOOTISyx9GQKUoMn1qCiWL2VkTGWGFibDwlG4K3/PIqaddr3lXNe7isNC7yOIpwAqdQBQ+uoQF30IQWEBjDM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0Fpx85hj+wPn8ASYwjZY=</latexit>

Modulator <latexit sha1_base64="J1n+tLxfioJPeUysTf1wfgFt0Sw=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpTdIuqx4MWLUMF+QLuUbJptQ5PskmSFsvQvePGgiFf/kDf/jdl2D9r6YODx3gwz84KYM21c99sprK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B+XDo7aOEkVoi0Q8Ut0Aa8qZpC3DDKfdWFEsAk47weQ28ztPVGkWyUczjakv8EiykBFsMum+Gp4PyhW35s6BVomXkwrkaA7KX/1hRBJBpSEca93z3Nj4KVaGEU5npX6iaYzJBI9oz1KJBdV+Or91hs6sMkRhpGxJg+bq74kUC62nIrCdApuxXvYy8T+vl5jwxk+ZjBNDJVksChOOTISyx9GQKUoMn1qCiWL2VkTGWGFibDwlG4K3/PIqaddr3lXNe7isNC7yOIpwAqdQBQ+uoQF30IQWEBjDM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0Fpx85hj+wPn8ASYwjZY=</latexit>

M (f )
M (f ) +
<latexit sha1_base64="JuQUIFi2Q2DEGUJBkpwDGy6RtVI=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSIISklE1GPBi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+Oyura+sbm4Wt4vbO7t5+6eCwqeNUMWywWMSqHVCNgktsGG4EthOFNAoEtoLR3dRvPaHSPJYPZpygH9GB5CFn1Fipft4rld2KOwNZJl5OypCj1it9dfsxSyOUhgmqdcdzE+NnVBnOBE6K3VRjQtmIDrBjqaQRaj+bHTohp1bpkzBWtqQhM/X3REYjrcdRYDsjaoZ60ZuK/3md1IS3fsZlkhqUbL4oTAUxMZl+TfpcITNibAllittbCRtSRZmx2RRtCN7iy8ukeVnxrite/apcvcjjKMAxnMAZeHADVbiHGjSAAcIzvMKb8+i8OO/Ox7x1xclnjuAPnM8fbN+Mnw==</latexit>

Noise f
f <latexit sha1_base64="151ZWGKDNkgO+uyp6aG3VH3FnE4=">AAAB83icbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBg5RERD0WvHisYD+gCWWz2bRLNx/sToQS8je8eFDEq3/Gm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8w8P5VCo21/W5W19Y3Nrep2bWd3b/+gfnjU1UmmGO+wRCaq71PNpYh5BwVK3k8Vp5Evec+f3M383hNXWiTxI05T7kV0FItQMIpGct1QUZYHRR5gMaw37KY9B1klTkkaUKI9rH+5QcKyiMfIJNV64NgpejlVKJjkRc3NNE8pm9ARHxga04hrL5/fXJAzowQkTJSpGMlc/T2R00jraeSbzojiWC97M/E/b5BheOvlIk4z5DFbLAozSTAhswBIIBRnKKeGUKaEuZWwMTUxoImpZkJwll9eJd3LpnPddB6uGq2LMo4qnMApnIMDN9CCe2hDBxik8Ayv8GZl1ov1bn0sWitWOXMMf2B9/gCoKpIG</latexit>
f
Phase d
<latexit sha1_base64="odoFMzQt9A1zTtCt02ekqCL/b78=">AAAB83icbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpTdIuqx4MWTVLAf0F1KNs22sdlsSLJCWfo3vHhQxKt/xpv/xrTdg1YfDDzem2FmXig508Z1v5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/aOskVYS2SMIT1Q2xppwJ2jLMcNqViuI45LQTjq9nfueRKs0ScW8mkgYxHgoWMYKNlfyHui8ZitBtNTrtlytuzZ0D/SVeTiqQo9kvf/qDhKQxFYZwrHXPc6UJMqwMI5xOS36qqcRkjIe0Z6nAMdVBNr95ik6sMkBRomwJg+bqz4kMx1pP4tB2xtiM9LI3E//zeqmJroKMCZkaKshiUZRyZBI0CwANmKLE8IklmChmb0VkhBUmxsZUsiF4yy//Je16zbuoeXfnlcZZHkcRjuAYquDBJTTgBprQAgISnuAFXp3UeXbenPdFa8HJZw7hF5yPbx9BkF4=</latexit>

j2⇡f N (f )
Detector dt <latexit sha1_base64="E/ufOFEJlK7X3CgN9TEfGD1Qwng=">AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSLUS0lE1GPBi8cK9gPaUDbbTbt0dxN2J0IJ/QtePCji1T/kzX9j0uagrQ8GHu/NMDMviKWw6Lrfztr6xubWdmmnvLu3f3BYOTpu2ygxjLdYJCPTDajlUmjeQoGSd2PDqQok7wSTu9zvPHFjRaQfcRpzX9GRFqFgFHNJ1fBiUKm6dXcOskq8glShQHNQ+eoPI5YorpFJam3Pc2P0U2pQMMln5X5ieUzZhI54L6OaKm79dH7rjJxnypCEkclKI5mrvydSqqydqiDrVBTHdtnLxf+8XoLhrZ8KHSfINVssChNJMCL542QoDGcopxmhzIjsVsLG1FCGWTzlLARv+eVV0r6se9d17+Gq2nCLOEpwCmdQAw9uoAH30IQWMBjDM7zCm6OcF+fd+Vi0rjnFzAn8gfP5A22Kjcg=</latexit>

m(t)

I After the differentiator, noise has a highpass characteristic, while the

message is flat spectrally
I We would like the signal to noise ratio (SNR) to be flat
Preemphasis
I Solution is to add an preemphasis filter Hp (f ) to amplify the high
frequency signal

FM Modulation with Preemphasis

Z Transmission
<latexit sha1_base64="E/ufOFEJlK7X3CgN9TEfGD1Qwng=">AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSLUS0lE1GPBi8cK9gPaUDbbTbt0dxN2J0IJ/QtePCji1T/kzX9j0uagrQ8GHu/NMDMviKWw6Lrfztr6xubWdmmnvLu3f3BYOTpu2ygxjLdYJCPTDajlUmjeQoGSd2PDqQok7wSTu9zvPHFjRaQfcRpzX9GRFqFgFHNJ1fBiUKm6dXcOskq8glShQHNQ+eoPI5YorpFJam3Pc2P0U2pQMMln5X5ieUzZhI54L6OaKm79dH7rjJxnypCEkclKI5mrvydSqqydqiDrVBTHdtnLxf+8XoLhrZ8KHSfINVssChNJMCL542QoDGcopxmhzIjsVsLG1FCGWTzlLARv+eVV0r6se9d17+Gq2nCLOEpwCmdQAw9uoAH30IQWMBjDM7zCm6OcF+fd+Vi0rjnFzAn8gfP5A22Kjcg=</latexit>

m(t)
Phase
<latexit sha1_base64="2I8x8lEbWyigB5/VcmYAfWy/fJ8=">AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBg5RERD0WvHisYD+gDWWz3bRLdzdhdyKU0L/gxYMiXv1D3vw3Jm0O2vpg4PHeDDPzglgKi6777ZTW1jc2t8rblZ3dvf2D6uFR20aJYbzFIhmZbkAtl0LzFgqUvBsbTlUgeSeY3OV+54kbKyL9iNOY+4qOtAgFo5hLfaFxUK25dXcOskq8gtSgQHNQ/eoPI5YorpFJam3Pc2P0U2pQMMlnlX5ieUzZhI54L6OaKm79dH7rjJxlypCEkclKI5mrvydSqqydqiDrVBTHdtnLxf+8XoLhrZ8KHSfINVssChNJMCL542QoDGcopxmhzIjsVsLG1FCGWTyVLARv+eVV0r6se9d17+Gq1rgo4ijDCZzCOXhwAw24hya0gMEYnuEV3hzlvDjvzseiteQUM8fwB87nDx4Cjjk=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oRH/OmjQ0a73Mo4YtOMRnR1yBqo=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpTdIuqx4MWTVLAf0C4lm2bb0CS7JFmhLP0LXjwo4tU/5M1/Y7bdg7Y+GHi8N8PMvCDmTBvX/XYKa+sbm1vF7dLO7t7+QfnwqK2jRBHaIhGPVDfAmnImacsww2k3VhSLgNNOMLnN/M4TVZpF8tFMY+oLPJIsZASbTLqvhueDcsWtuXOgVeLlpAI5moPyV38YkURQaQjHWvc8NzZ+ipVhhNNZqZ9oGmMywSPas1RiQbWfzm+doTOrDFEYKVvSoLn6eyLFQuupCGynwGasl71M/M/rJSa88VMm48RQSRaLwoQjE6HscTRkihLDp5Zgopi9FZExVpgYG0/JhuAtv7xK2vWad1XzHi4rjYs8jiKcwClUwYNraMAdNKEFBMbwDK/w5gjnxXl3PhatBSefOYY/cD5/ACe3jZc=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="PTA8UUPOzLNtMtvRopsI/agA0wc=">AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpRdEfVY8NJjBfsB7VKyabaNzSZLkhXK0v/gxYMiXv0/3vw3Zts9aOuDgcd7M8zMC2LOtHHdb6ewtr6xuVXcLu3s7u0flA+P2lomitAWkVyqboA15UzQlmGG026sKI4CTjvB5C7zO09UaSbFg5nG1I/wSLCQEWys1G4M4mp4PihX3Jo7B1olXk4qkKM5KH/1h5IkERWGcKx1z3Nj46dYGUY4nZX6iaYxJhM8oj1LBY6o9tP5tTN0ZpUhCqWyJQyaq78nUhxpPY0C2xlhM9bLXib+5/USE976KRNxYqggi0VhwpGRKHsdDZmixPCpJZgoZm9FZIwVJsYGVLIheMsvr5L2Zc27rnn3V5X6RR5HEU7gFKrgwQ3UoQFNaAGBR3iGV3hzpPPivDsfi9aCk88cwx84nz+lio50</latexit>

N (f )
Hp (f )
Modulator
+
<latexit sha1_base64="JuQUIFi2Q2DEGUJBkpwDGy6RtVI=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSIISklE1GPBi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+Oyura+sbm4Wt4vbO7t5+6eCwqeNUMWywWMSqHVCNgktsGG4EthOFNAoEtoLR3dRvPaHSPJYPZpygH9GB5CFn1Fipft4rld2KOwNZJl5OypCj1it9dfsxSyOUhgmqdcdzE+NnVBnOBE6K3VRjQtmIDrBjqaQRaj+bHTohp1bpkzBWtqQhM/X3REYjrcdRYDsjaoZ60ZuK/3md1IS3fsZlkhqUbL4oTAUxMZl+TfpcITNibAllittbCRtSRZmx2RRtCN7iy8ukeVnxrite/apcvcjjKMAxnMAZeHADVbiHGjSAAcIzvMKb8+i8OO/Ox7x1xclnjuAPnM8fbN+Mnw==</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="J1n+tLxfioJPeUysTf1wfgFt0Sw=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpTdIuqx4MWLUMF+QLuUbJptQ5PskmSFsvQvePGgiFf/kDf/jdl2D9r6YODx3gwz84KYM21c99sprK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B+XDo7aOEkVoi0Q8Ut0Aa8qZpC3DDKfdWFEsAk47weQ28ztPVGkWyUczjakv8EiykBFsMum+Gp4PyhW35s6BVomXkwrkaA7KX/1hRBJBpSEca93z3Nj4KVaGEU5npX6iaYzJBI9oz1KJBdV+Or91hs6sMkRhpGxJg+bq74kUC62nIrCdApuxXvYy8T+vl5jwxk+ZjBNDJVksChOOTISyx9GQKUoMn1qCiWL2VkTGWGFibDwlG4K3/PIqaddr3lXNe7isNC7yOIpwAqdQBQ+uoQF30IQWEBjDM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0Fpx85hj+wPn8ASYwjZY=</latexit>

M (f )
Noise f

f
f Phase
<latexit sha1_base64="151ZWGKDNkgO+uyp6aG3VH3FnE4=">AAAB83icbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBg5RERD0WvHisYD+gCWWz2bRLNx/sToQS8je8eFDEq3/Gm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8w8P5VCo21/W5W19Y3Nrep2bWd3b/+gfnjU1UmmGO+wRCaq71PNpYh5BwVK3k8Vp5Evec+f3M383hNXWiTxI05T7kV0FItQMIpGct1QUZYHRR5gMaw37KY9B1klTkkaUKI9rH+5QcKyiMfIJNV64NgpejlVKJjkRc3NNE8pm9ARHxga04hrL5/fXJAzowQkTJSpGMlc/T2R00jraeSbzojiWC97M/E/b5BheOvlIk4z5DFbLAozSTAhswBIIBRnKKeGUKaEuZWwMTUxoImpZkJwll9eJd3LpnPddB6uGq2LMo4qnMApnIMDN9CCe2hDBxik8Ayv8GZl1ov1bn0sWitWOXMMf2B9/gCoKpIG</latexit>

f d <latexit sha1_base64="5Gm5s2wkmNR+MPMx0JGi//N5HNU=">AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpRdEfVY8NJjBfsB7VKy2Wwbm02WJCuUpf/BiwdFvPp/vPlvTNs9aOuDgcd7M8zMCxLOtHHdb6ewtr6xuVXcLu3s7u0flA+P2lqmitAWkVyqboA15UzQlmGG026iKI4DTjvB+G7md56o0kyKBzNJqB/joWARI9hYqd0YhNXofFCuuDV3DrRKvJxUIEdzUP7qh5KkMRWGcKx1z3MT42dYGUY4nZb6qaYJJmM8pD1LBY6p9rP5tVN0ZpUQRVLZEgbN1d8TGY61nsSB7YyxGellbyb+5/VSE936GRNJaqggi0VRypGRaPY6CpmixPCJJZgoZm9FZIQVJsYGVLIheMsvr5L2Zc27rnn3V5X6RR5HEU7gFKrgwQ3UoQFNaAGBR3iGV3hzpPPivDsfi9aCk88cwx84nz+TNo5o</latexit>

Hd (f )
Detector
<latexit sha1_base64="J1n+tLxfioJPeUysTf1wfgFt0Sw=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahgpTdIuqx4MWLUMF+QLuUbJptQ5PskmSFsvQvePGgiFf/kDf/jdl2D9r6YODx3gwz84KYM21c99sprK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B+XDo7aOEkVoi0Q8Ut0Aa8qZpC3DDKfdWFEsAk47weQ28ztPVGkWyUczjakv8EiykBFsMum+Gp4PyhW35s6BVomXkwrkaA7KX/1hRBJBpSEca93z3Nj4KVaGEU5npX6iaYzJBI9oz1KJBdV+Or91hs6sMkRhpGxJg+bq74kUC62nIrCdApuxXvYy8T+vl5jwxk+ZjBNDJVksChOOTISyx9GQKUoMn1qCiWL2VkTGWGFibDwlG4K3/PIqaddr3lXNe7isNC7yOIpwAqdQBQ+uoQF30IQWEBjDM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0Fpx85hj+wPn8ASYwjZY=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="1azRk98a0Gj42opQD7rF73SeoJ0=">AAAB8XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBAiSNgVUY8BL7kIEcwDkyXMTmaTIbOzy0yvEEL+wosHRbz6N978GyfJHjSxoKGo6qa7K0ikMOi6387K6tr6xmZuK7+9s7u3Xzg4bJg41YzXWSxj3Qqo4VIoXkeBkrcSzWkUSN4MhrdTv/nEtRGxesBRwv2I9pUIBaNopcdqNymFZ3e2uoWiW3ZnIMvEy0gRMtS6ha9OL2ZpxBUySY1pe26C/phqFEzySb6TGp5QNqR93rZU0Ygbfzy7eEJOrdIjYaxtKSQz9ffEmEbGjKLAdkYUB2bRm4r/ee0Uwxt/LFSSIldsvihMJcGYTN8nPaE5QzmyhDIt7K2EDaimDG1IeRuCt/jyMmlclL2rsnd/WaycZ3Hk4BhOoAQeXEMFqlCDOjBQ8Ayv8OYY58V5dz7mrStONnMEf+B8/gDMUY+g</latexit>

M (f ) Hp (f )M (f ) dt <latexit sha1_base64="E/ufOFEJlK7X3CgN9TEfGD1Qwng=">AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSLUS0lE1GPBi8cK9gPaUDbbTbt0dxN2J0IJ/QtePCji1T/kzX9j0uagrQ8GHu/NMDMviKWw6Lrfztr6xubWdmmnvLu3f3BYOTpu2ygxjLdYJCPTDajlUmjeQoGSd2PDqQok7wSTu9zvPHFjRaQfcRpzX9GRFqFgFHNJ1fBiUKm6dXcOskq8glShQHNQ+eoPI5YorpFJam3Pc2P0U2pQMMln5X5ieUzZhI54L6OaKm79dH7rjJxnypCEkclKI5mrvydSqqydqiDrVBTHdtnLxf+8XoLhrZ8KHSfINVssChNJMCL542QoDGcopxmhzIjsVsLG1FCGWTzlLARv+eVV0r6se9d17+Gq2nCLOEpwCmdQAw9uoAH30IQWMBjDM7zCm6OcF+fd+Vi0rjnFzAn8gfP5A22Kjcg=</latexit>

m(t)

I A deemphasis filter Hd (f ) compensates the spectrum so that

Hp (f )Hd (f ) = 1.
I The noise and signal spectra are now flat at the output.
I The preemphasis is approximately a differentiator! Broadcast FM is
effectively a PM system!
FM Preemphasis and Deemphasis
Pre-emphasis: RLC high pass filter. De-emphasis: RC low pass filter.
Preemphasis

<latexit sha1_base64="dRkYrTTAUXdXJByE4h1YMtyZqjg=">AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahXsquiHoseOmxgq2FdinZNNvGZpOQZIWy9D948aCIV/+PN/+NabsHbX0w8Hhvhpl5keLMWN//9gpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v5B+fCobWSqCW0RyaXuRNhQzgRtWWY57ShNcRJx+hCNb2f+wxPVhklxbyeKhgkeChYzgq2T2o2+qsbn/XLFr/lzoFUS5KQCOZr98ldvIEmaUGEJx8Z0A1/ZMMPaMsLptNRLDVWYjPGQdh0VOKEmzObXTtGZUwYoltqVsGiu/p7IcGLMJIlcZ4LtyCx7M/E/r5va+CbMmFCppYIsFsUpR1ai2etowDQllk8cwUQzdysiI6wxsS6gkgshWH55lbQvasFVLbi7rNT9PI4inMApVCGAa6hDA5rQAgKP8Ayv8OZJ78V79z4WrQUvnzmGP/A+fwCmvo54</latexit>

Hp (f )

20 log10 Hp (f )
<latexit sha1_base64="t3ttFm7/Ca0KCVrJRriDMJ54INM=">AAAB+nicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vqS7dBItQNyVTRF0W3HRZwT6gHYZMmmlDM8mQZJQy9lPcuFDErV/izr8xbWehrQcuHM65l3vvCRPOtEHo2ylsbG5t7xR3S3v7B4dHbvm4o2WqCG0TyaXqhVhTzgRtG2Y47SWK4jjktBtObud+94EqzaS4N9OE+jEeCRYxgo2VArdcRwMuR0HmoVkzSKrRReBWUA0tANeJl5MKyNEK3K/BUJI0psIQjrXueygxfoaVYYTTWWmQappgMsEj2rdU4JhqP1ucPoPnVhnCSCpbwsCF+nsiw7HW0zi0nTE2Y73qzcX/vH5qohs/YyJJDRVkuShKOTQSznOAQ6YoMXxqCSaK2VshGWOFibFplWwI3urL66RTr3lXNe/ustJAeRxFcArOQBV44Bo0QBO0QBsQ8AiewSt4c56cF+fd+Vi2Fpx85gT8gfP5A4CVks8=</latexit>
f1 f2 f
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Deemphasis

20 log10 Hd (f ) <latexit sha1_base64="eHTcU9lV8reekhtvE3+DoRNBM9g=">AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRahXsquFPVY8NJjBfsB7VKy2Wwbm02WJCuUpf/BiwdFvPp/vPlvTNs9aOuDgcd7M8zMCxLOtHHdb6ewsbm1vVPcLe3tHxwelY9POlqmitA2kVyqXoA15UzQtmGG016iKI4DTrvB5G7ud5+o0kyKBzNNqB/jkWARI9hYqdMchtXocliuuDV3AbROvJxUIEdrWP4ahJKkMRWGcKx133MT42dYGUY4nZUGqaYJJhM8on1LBY6p9rPFtTN0YZUQRVLZEgYt1N8TGY61nsaB7YyxGetVby7+5/VTE936GRNJaqggy0VRypGRaP46CpmixPCpJZgoZm9FZIwVJsYGVLIheKsvr5POVc27rnn39UrDzeMowhmcQxU8uIEGNKEFbSDwCM/wCm+OdF6cd+dj2Vpw8plT+APn8weUao5s</latexit>

Hd (f )
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f1 f2 f
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FM Preemphasis and Deemphasis (cont.)
The linear preemphasis range is f1 = 2.1 kHz to f2 = 30 kHz. The
preemphasis filter has transfer function
f2 f1 + j2πf
Hp (f ) =
f1 f2 + j2πf
If f  f1 then Hp (f ) ≈ 1.
If f1  f  f2 then
j2πf
Hp (f ) ≈
f1
which is a differentiator!
The corresponding deemphasis filter has transfer function.
f1 1
Hd (f ) = ≈
j2πf + f1 Hp (f )
FM Preemphasis and Deemphasis Filters
5
4
3
2
1
0
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
4
x 10
2

1.5

0.5

0
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
4
x 10
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
4
x 10
Broadcast FM Signal
I So far we’ve just been talking about WBFM. The broadcast signal has a
lot more in it than the single channel we have so far described.
I Broadcast FM signal is stereo, and has many components
I Left+Right in the middle of the spectrum
I Left-Right offset by 38 kHz
I 19 kHz pilot tone
I Radio Data System (RDS) digital signal at 57 kHz
I Two Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA) signals at 67 and
92 kHz
I It may also have up to four High Definition (HD) bands

L+R
L-R
RDS SCA SCA

0 19 38 57 67 92 f, kHz
Broadcast FM Signal Spectrogram
This is 2 MHz of the broadcast FM band centered at 104.5 MHz.
Broadcast FM Signal Demodulated
After decimating and demodulating the previous signal, we get the
demodulated FM signal.

+/- 100 kHz Centered on 104.5 MHz