Channels, Power Spectrum, and AM Modulation

Today:
I Channel Equlization
I Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density
I Amplitude Modulation
I Quadrature Receivers

Next Time:
I Modulators
I Commercial AM
I Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)

Based on Notes from John Gill

Communication Channel Distortion
The linear description of a channel is its impulse response h(t) or
equivalently its transfer function H(f ).

y(t) = h(t) ∗ x(t) ⇔ Y (f ) = H(f )X(f )

Note that H(f ) both attenuates (|H(f )|) and phase shifts (∠H(f )) the
input signal.
Channels are subject to impairments:
I Nonlinear distortion (e.g., clipping)

I Random noise (independent or signal dependent)

I Interference from other transmitters

I Self interference (reflections or multipath)

Channel Equalization
Linear distortion can be compensated for by equalization.
1
Heq (f ) = ⇒ X̂(f ) = Heq (f )Y (f ) = X(f )
H(f )

The equalization filter accentuates frequencies that are attenuated by the

channel.
However, if y(t) includes noise or interference,

y(t) = x(t) + z(t)

then
Z(f )
Heq (f )Y (f ) = X(f ) +
H(f )
Equalization may accentuate noise!
Channel Equalization Example
h(t) = u(t)e−t , x(t) is square wave, y(t) = h(t) ∗ x(t).

Channel Impulse Response Channel Frequency Response

1 2

0.8
1

0.6
0
0.4

1
0.2

0 2
0 2 4 6 50 0 50

Input Signal Corrupted Signal

0.8
1 0.6

0.5 0.4

0.2
0
0
0.5 0.2

1 0.4

0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6
Channel Equalization Example (cont.)
Equalizing filter has transfer function 1 + j2πf , approximates differentiator.
|1 + j2⇡f | \(1 + j2⇡f )
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350 2

300
1
250

200
0
150

100
1
50

0 2
50 0 50 0 2 4 6

Impulse Response of
Equalized Signal
120
Equalization Filter 1.5

100 1

80 0.5

60 0

40 0.5

20 1

0 1.5
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
Signal Energy and Energy Spectral Density
Parseval’s theorem for an energy signal g(t) is
Z ∞ Z ∞
Eg = |g(t)|2 dt = |G(f )|2 df
−∞ −∞

The signal has the same total energy Eg in the time domain or frequency
domain.
The essential bandwidth as the range of frequencies with most of the
energy of the signal. The definition of ”most” depends on the application.
One choice might be 90%.
If G(f ) is a lowpass signal, and EB is the energy from −B to B, then
Z B
EB = |G(f )|2 df
−B

Then the essential bandwidth is the B such that

EB /Eg = 0.9
This is illustrated below:

90% of the energy

G(f )

B B f
10% of the energy

Other definitions of width

I 95% or 99% energy
I Half amplitude width
I Half power width
I 50% energy
Autocorrelation and Energy Spectral Density
The autocorrelation of a signal g(t) is
Z ∞
ψg (t) = g(τ )g ∗ (t + τ )dτ
−∞

You’ll show in your homework that

F {ψg (t)} = |G(f )|2 = Ψ(f )
This is the energy spectral density or ESD. It reflects where the energy of
the signal is located.

|G(f )|2 df |G(f )|2

Note that Z ∞ Z ∞
2
Eg = |G(f )| df = Ψ(f )df
−∞ −∞
Energy Spectral Density Example
Let g(t) = Π(2t)
g(t) = ⇧(2t)

2 1 0 1 2 t

The autocorrelation ψ(t) is

1
g (t) = (t)
2

2 1 0 1 2 t

The energy spectral density is then

1 ⇣⇡ ⌘
(f ) = sinc2 f
4 2

4 2 0 2 4 f
Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density
For power signals, we normalize the ESD by the duration, to produce the
power spectral density or PSD.
The autocorrelation for a power signal g(t) is defined as
Z T /2
1
Rg (t) = lim g(τ )g ∗ (t + τ )dτ
T →∞ T T /2

This has the Fourier transform

1
F {Rg (t)} = lim Ψg,T (f ) = Sg (f )
T →∞ T

Sg (f ) is the power spectral density, PSD.

Again, this shows where the frequency distribution of the power of the
signal.
Power Spectral Density Example
Let g(t) be a random binary sequence of rectangle pulses g1 (t) = Π(2t)
X g1 (t) = ⇧(2t)
g(t) = an g1 (t n)
n

2 1 0 1 2 t

The for small displacements, the autocorrelation looks like

2 1 0 1 2 t

After normalizing by the interval T , this will be the same a for a single
pulse.
The for large displacements, the overlaps are just as likely to be ±1, and
will cancel.

2 1 0 1 2 t

This will go to zero as T gets large.

The autocorrelation is then
1
Rg (t) = (t)
2
2 1 0 1 2 t

The power spectral density is then

1 ⇣⇡ ⌘
Sg (t) = sinc2 f
4 2

4 2 0 2 4 f
Baseband Communication
The baseband is the frequency band of the original signal.
I Telephones: 300–3700 Hz
I High-fidelity audio: 0–20 KHz
I Television (NTSC) video: 0–4.3 MHz
I Ethernet (10 Mbs): 0–20 MHz

Baseband communication usually requires wire (single, twisted pair, coax).

Multiple baseband signals cannot share a channel without time division
multiplexing (TDM).
Carrier Communication
Carrier communication uses modulation to shift spectrum of signal.
I Wireless communication requires frequencies higher than baseband
I Multiple signals can be sent at same time using different frequencies:
frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

In carrier communication, the signal modulates a sinusoidal carrier.

The signal modifies the amplitude, frequency, or phase of carrier.


s(t) = A(t) cos 2πfc (t)t + φ(t)

I amplitude modulation: A(t) is proportional to m(t)

I frequency modulation: fc (t) is proportional to m(t)
I phase modulation: φ(t) is proportional to m(t)
Frequency and phase modulation are called angle modulation.
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
I This is a complicated way of saying ”multiply by a cosine.”
I We have a message (baseband) signal, and cosine cos(2πfc t) at a
frequency fc .
I The modulated message signal and its Fourier transform are

1
m(t) cos(2πfc t) ⇔ [M (f + fc ) + M (f − fc )]
2
where m(t) ⇔ M (f ). The block diagram is
m(t)
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m(t) cos(2⇡fc t)
⇥
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cos(2⇡fc t)
I This signal and its spectrum are illustrated on the next page:
DSB-SC

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M (f )

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t f
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m(t) m(t) cos(2⇡fc t)

1 1
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M (f + fc ) M (f fc )
2 2

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fc fc f

m(t)
We can think of modulation as frequency domain convolution.
 
1 1
F [m(t) cos(2πfc t)] = M (f ) ∗ δ(f + fc ) + δ(f − fc )
2 2
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M (f )

f
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⇤
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1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="Bc7nm4tZzztvXWw5FFM4A+PleY4=">AAACAXicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/ol4EL8EiVISSFFGPBS8eK9gPaELYbDbt0s0m7G6EEurFv+LFgyJe/Rfe/Ddu2xy09cHA470ZZuYFKaNS2fa3UVpZXVvfKG9WtrZ3dvfM/YOOTDKBSRsnLBG9AEnCKCdtRRUjvVQQFAeMdIPRzdTvPhAhacLv1TglXowGnEYUI6Ul3zxyI4Fw7kzyxsQNCVOoFp1HPj7zzapdt2ewlolTkCoUaPnmlxsmOIsJV5ghKfuOnSovR0JRzMik4maSpAiP0ID0NeUoJtLLZx9MrFOthFaUCF1cWTP190SOYinHcaA7Y6SGctGbiv95/UxF115OeZopwvF8UZQxSyXWNA4rpIJgxcaaICyovtXCQ6QjUTq0ig7BWXx5mXQadeey7txdVJt2EUcZjuEEauDAFTThFlrQBgyP8Ayv8GY8GS/Gu/Exby0Zxcwh/IHx+QOecpZK</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="V5y9twji8yRnyogj4Zd9C/m/b0s=">AAACAXicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/ol4EL8Ei1IMlKaIeC148VrAf0ISw2WzapZtN2N0IJdSLf8WLB0W8+i+8+W/ctjlo64OBx3szzMwLUkalsu1vo7Syura+Ud6sbG3v7O6Z+wcdmWQCkzZOWCJ6AZKEUU7aiipGeqkgKA4Y6Qajm6nffSBC0oTfq3FKvBgNOI0oRkpLvnnkRgLh3JnkjYkbEqZQLTqPfHzmm1W7bs9gLROnIFUo0PLNLzdMcBYTrjBDUvYdO1VejoSimJFJxc0kSREeoQHpa8pRTKSXzz6YWKdaCa0oEbq4smbq74kcxVKO40B3xkgN5aI3Ff/z+pmKrr2c8jRThOP5oihjlkqsaRxWSAXBio01QVhQfauFh0hHonRoFR2Cs/jyMuk06s5l3bm7qDbtIo4yHMMJ1MCBK2jCLbSgDRge4Rle4c14Ml6Md+Nj3loyiplD+APj8wehgpZM</latexit>

(f + fc ) (f fc )
2 2

fc fc f
<latexit sha1_base64="EmuVeAjh3VodhuQrLGYJVwHX27Y=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgxbIroh4LXjxWsB/QLiWbZtvQJLskWaEs/QtePCji1T/kzX9jtt2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RqW19Y3NrfJ2ZWd3b/+genjUNnGqKWvRWMS6GxLDBFesZbkVrJtoRmQoWCec3OV+54lpw2P1aKcJCyQZKR5xSmwuXUQDOqjWvLo3B14lfkFqUKA5qH71hzFNJVOWCmJMz/cSG2REW04Fm1X6qWEJoRMyYj1HFZHMBNn81hk+c8oQR7F2pSyeq78nMiKNmcrQdUpix2bZy8X/vF5qo9sg4ypJLVN0sShKBbYxzh/HQ64ZtWLqCKGau1sxHRNNqHXxVFwI/vLLq6R9Wfev6/7DVa3hFXGU4QRO4Rx8uIEG3EMTWkBhDM/wCm9Iohf0jj4WrSVUzBzDH6DPH6I9jes=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="4KVh7Kpy5owE+lPOsBX8zR54XgU=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9xm+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSATXxnW/ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39QPTxq6zhVDFssFrHqBlSj4BJbhhuB3UQhjQKBnWByO/c7T6g0j+WjmSboR3QkecgZNVZ6CAdsUK25dTcHWSVeQWpQoDmofvWHMUsjlIYJqnXPcxPjZ1QZzgTOKv1UY0LZhI6wZ6mkEWo/y0+dkTOrDEkYK1vSkFz9PZHRSOtpFNjOiJqxXvbm4n9eLzXhjZ9xmaQGJVssClNBTEzmf5MhV8iMmFpCmeL2VsLGVFFmbDoVG4K3/PIqaV/Uvau6d39Za7hFHGU4gVM4Bw+uoQF30IQWMBjBM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8ATiajbQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="lAGurzIscpFL3Dxa/o7SlqUvH90=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1FipGQ7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8Ax3+M3g==</latexit>

=
<latexit sha1_base64="s1h1KcnoTfeWDnysQjH+rh6L3pk=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSJ4KomI9iIUvHhswX5AG8pmO2nXbjZhdyOU0F/gxYMiXv1J3vw3btsctPXBwOO9GWbmBYng2rjut7O2vrG5tV3YKe7u7R8clo6OWzpOFcMmi0WsOgHVKLjEpuFGYCdRSKNAYDsY38389hMqzWP5YCYJ+hEdSh5yRo2VGrf9UtmtuHOQVeLlpAw56v3SV28QszRCaZigWnc9NzF+RpXhTOC02Es1JpSN6RC7lkoaofaz+aFTcm6VAQljZUsaMld/T2Q00noSBbYzomakl72Z+J/XTU1Y9TMuk9SgZItFYSqIicnsazLgCpkRE0soU9zeStiIKsqMzaZoQ/CWX14lrcuKd13xGlflWjWPowCncAYX4MEN1OAe6tAEBgjP8ApvzqPz4rw7H4vWNSefOYE/cD5/AIvDjL0=</latexit>

1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="2nGT/OgX0AoVkPhgMWBjBpumP50=">AAAB/HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oj16CRahIpSkiHosePEiVLAf0Iaw2W7apZtN2N0IIcS/4sWDIl79Id78N27bHLT1wcDjvRlm5vkxo1LZ9rdRWlvf2Nwqb1d2dvf2D8zDo66MEoFJB0csEn0fScIoJx1FFSP9WBAU+oz0/OnNzO89EiFpxB9UGhM3RGNOA4qR0pJnVoeBQDhz8qyZ39WD88DDZ55Zsxv2HNYqcQpSgwJtz/wajiKchIQrzJCUA8eOlZshoShmJK8ME0lihKdoTAaachQS6Wbz43PrVCsjK4iELq6sufp7IkOhlGno684QqYlc9mbif94gUcG1m1EeJ4pwvFgUJMxSkTVLwhpRQbBiqSYIC6pvtfAE6TSUzquiQ3CWX14l3WbDuWw49xe1ll3EUYZjOIE6OHAFLbiFNnQAQwrP8ApvxpPxYrwbH4vWklHMVOEPjM8fjH6T/w==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="7iE15vSDq9yE7mt1BHF94zLiJ+s=">AAAB/HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oj16CRahHixJEfVY8OJFqGA/oA1hs920SzebsLsRQoh/xYsHRbz6Q7z5b9y2OWjrg4HHezPMzPNjRqWy7W+jtLa+sblV3q7s7O7tH5iHR10ZJQKTDo5YJPo+koRRTjqKKkb6sSAo9Bnp+dObmd97JELSiD+oNCZuiMacBhQjpSXPrA4DgXDm5Fkzv6sH54GHzzyzZjfsOaxV4hSkBgXanvk1HEU4CQlXmCEpB44dKzdDQlHMSF4ZJpLECE/RmAw05Sgk0s3mx+fWqVZGVhAJXVxZc/X3RIZCKdPQ150hUhO57M3E/7xBooJrN6M8ThTheLEoSJilImuWhDWigmDFUk0QFlTfauEJ0mkonVdFh+Asv7xKus2Gc9lw7i9qLbuIowzHcAJ1cOAKWnALbegAhhSe4RXejCfjxXg3PhatJaOYqcIfGJ8/j46UAQ==</latexit>

M (f + fc ) M (f fc )
2 2

f
<latexit sha1_base64="lAGurzIscpFL3Dxa/o7SlqUvH90=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1FipGQ7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8Ax3+M3g==</latexit>

fc
<latexit sha1_base64="4KVh7Kpy5owE+lPOsBX8zR54XgU=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9xm+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSATXxnW/ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39QPTxq6zhVDFssFrHqBlSj4BJbhhuB3UQhjQKBnWByO/c7T6g0j+WjmSboR3QkecgZNVZ6CAdsUK25dTcHWSVeQWpQoDmofvWHMUsjlIYJqnXPcxPjZ1QZzgTOKv1UY0LZhI6wZ6mkEWo/y0+dkTOrDEkYK1vSkFz9PZHRSOtpFNjOiJqxXvbm4n9eLzXhjZ9xmaQGJVssClNBTEzmf5MhV8iMmFpCmeL2VsLGVFFmbDoVG4K3/PIqaV/Uvau6d39Za7hFHGU4gVM4Bw+uoQF30IQWMBjBM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8ATiajbQ=</latexit>

fc
<latexit sha1_base64="EmuVeAjh3VodhuQrLGYJVwHX27Y=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgxbIroh4LXjxWsB/QLiWbZtvQJLskWaEs/QtePCji1T/kzX9jtt2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RqW19Y3NrfJ2ZWd3b/+genjUNnGqKWvRWMS6GxLDBFesZbkVrJtoRmQoWCec3OV+54lpw2P1aKcJCyQZKR5xSmwuXUQDOqjWvLo3B14lfkFqUKA5qH71hzFNJVOWCmJMz/cSG2REW04Fm1X6qWEJoRMyYj1HFZHMBNn81hk+c8oQR7F2pSyeq78nMiKNmcrQdUpix2bZy8X/vF5qo9sg4ypJLVN0sShKBbYxzh/HQ64ZtWLqCKGau1sxHRNNqHXxVFwI/vLLq6R9Wfev6/7DVa3hFXGU4QRO4Rx8uIEG3EMTWkBhDM/wCm9Iohf0jj4WrSVUzBzDH6DPH6I9jes=</latexit>
To demodulate this signal, consider what happens if we multiply again by
cos(2πfc t). Again, we can think of this as a convolution in the frequency
domain:

1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="2nGT/OgX0AoVkPhgMWBjBpumP50=">AAAB/HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oj16CRahIpSkiHosePEiVLAf0Iaw2W7apZtN2N0IIcS/4sWDIl79Id78N27bHLT1wcDjvRlm5vkxo1LZ9rdRWlvf2Nwqb1d2dvf2D8zDo66MEoFJB0csEn0fScIoJx1FFSP9WBAU+oz0/OnNzO89EiFpxB9UGhM3RGNOA4qR0pJnVoeBQDhz8qyZ39WD88DDZ55Zsxv2HNYqcQpSgwJtz/wajiKchIQrzJCUA8eOlZshoShmJK8ME0lihKdoTAaachQS6Wbz43PrVCsjK4iELq6sufp7IkOhlGno684QqYlc9mbif94gUcG1m1EeJ4pwvFgUJMxSkTVLwhpRQbBiqSYIC6pvtfAE6TSUzquiQ3CWX14l3WbDuWw49xe1ll3EUYZjOIE6OHAFLbiFNnQAQwrP8ApvxpPxYrwbH4vWklHMVOEPjM8fjH6T/w==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="7iE15vSDq9yE7mt1BHF94zLiJ+s=">AAAB/HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oj16CRahHixJEfVY8OJFqGA/oA1hs920SzebsLsRQoh/xYsHRbz6Q7z5b9y2OWjrg4HHezPMzPNjRqWy7W+jtLa+sblV3q7s7O7tH5iHR10ZJQKTDo5YJPo+koRRTjqKKkb6sSAo9Bnp+dObmd97JELSiD+oNCZuiMacBhQjpSXPrA4DgXDm5Fkzv6sH54GHzzyzZjfsOaxV4hSkBgXanvk1HEU4CQlXmCEpB44dKzdDQlHMSF4ZJpLECE/RmAw05Sgk0s3mx+fWqVZGVhAJXVxZc/X3RIZCKdPQ150hUhO57M3E/7xBooJrN6M8ThTheLEoSJilImuWhDWigmDFUk0QFlTfauEJ0mkonVdFh+Asv7xKus2Gc9lw7i9qLbuIowzHcAJ1cOAKWnALbegAhhSe4RXejCfjxXg3PhatJaOYqcIfGJ8/j46UAQ==</latexit>

M (f + fc ) M (f fc )
2 2

fc fc f
<latexit sha1_base64="EmuVeAjh3VodhuQrLGYJVwHX27Y=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgxbIroh4LXjxWsB/QLiWbZtvQJLskWaEs/QtePCji1T/kzX9jtt2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RqW19Y3NrfJ2ZWd3b/+genjUNnGqKWvRWMS6GxLDBFesZbkVrJtoRmQoWCec3OV+54lpw2P1aKcJCyQZKR5xSmwuXUQDOqjWvLo3B14lfkFqUKA5qH71hzFNJVOWCmJMz/cSG2REW04Fm1X6qWEJoRMyYj1HFZHMBNn81hk+c8oQR7F2pSyeq78nMiKNmcrQdUpix2bZy8X/vF5qo9sg4ypJLVN0sShKBbYxzh/HQ64ZtWLqCKGau1sxHRNNqHXxVFwI/vLLq6R9Wfev6/7DVa3hFXGU4QRO4Rx8uIEG3EMTWkBhDM/wCm9Iohf0jj4WrSVUzBzDH6DPH6I9jes=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="4KVh7Kpy5owE+lPOsBX8zR54XgU=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9xm+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSATXxnW/ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39QPTxq6zhVDFssFrHqBlSj4BJbhhuB3UQhjQKBnWByO/c7T6g0j+WjmSboR3QkecgZNVZ6CAdsUK25dTcHWSVeQWpQoDmofvWHMUsjlIYJqnXPcxPjZ1QZzgTOKv1UY0LZhI6wZ6mkEWo/y0+dkTOrDEkYK1vSkFz9PZHRSOtpFNjOiJqxXvbm4n9eLzXhjZ9xmaQGJVssClNBTEzmf5MhV8iMmFpCmeL2VsLGVFFmbDoVG4K3/PIqaV/Uvau6d39Za7hFHGU4gVM4Bw+uoQF30IQWMBjBM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8ATiajbQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="lAGurzIscpFL3Dxa/o7SlqUvH90=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1FipGQ7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8Ax3+M3g==</latexit>

0
⇤
<latexit sha1_base64="Yt+bze9GQhor+trpKFfjJRdz0OQ=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSKIh5KIaI8FLx5bsB/QhrLZTtq1m03Y3Qgl9Bd48aCIV3+SN/+N2zYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5QSK4Nq777aytb2xubRd2irt7+weHpaPjlo5TxbDJYhGrTkA1Ci6xabgR2EkU0igQ2A7GdzO//YRK81g+mEmCfkSHkoecUWOlxmW/VHYr7hxklXg5KUOOer/01RvELI1QGiao1l3PTYyfUWU4Ezgt9lKNCWVjOsSupZJGqP1sfuiUnFtlQMJY2ZKGzNXfExmNtJ5Ege2MqBnpZW8m/ud1UxNW/YzLJDUo2WJRmApiYjL7mgy4QmbExBLKFLe3EjaiijJjsynaELzll1dJ66ri3VS8xnW5Vs3jKMApnMEFeHALNbiHOjSBAcIzvMKb8+i8OO/Ox6J1zclnTuAPnM8fbveMqg==</latexit>

1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="Bc7nm4tZzztvXWw5FFM4A+PleY4=">AAACAXicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/ol4EL8EiVISSFFGPBS8eK9gPaELYbDbt0s0m7G6EEurFv+LFgyJe/Rfe/Ddu2xy09cHA470ZZuYFKaNS2fa3UVpZXVvfKG9WtrZ3dvfM/YOOTDKBSRsnLBG9AEnCKCdtRRUjvVQQFAeMdIPRzdTvPhAhacLv1TglXowGnEYUI6Ul3zxyI4Fw7kzyxsQNCVOoFp1HPj7zzapdt2ewlolTkCoUaPnmlxsmOIsJV5ghKfuOnSovR0JRzMik4maSpAiP0ID0NeUoJtLLZx9MrFOthFaUCF1cWTP190SOYinHcaA7Y6SGctGbiv95/UxF115OeZopwvF8UZQxSyXWNA4rpIJgxcaaICyovtXCQ6QjUTq0ig7BWXx5mXQadeey7txdVJt2EUcZjuEEauDAFTThFlrQBgyP8Ayv8GY8GS/Gu/Exby0Zxcwh/IHx+QOecpZK</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="V5y9twji8yRnyogj4Zd9C/m/b0s=">AAACAXicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/ol4EL8Ei1IMlKaIeC148VrAf0ISw2WzapZtN2N0IJdSLf8WLB0W8+i+8+W/ctjlo64OBx3szzMwLUkalsu1vo7Syura+Ud6sbG3v7O6Z+wcdmWQCkzZOWCJ6AZKEUU7aiipGeqkgKA4Y6Qajm6nffSBC0oTfq3FKvBgNOI0oRkpLvnnkRgLh3JnkjYkbEqZQLTqPfHzmm1W7bs9gLROnIFUo0PLNLzdMcBYTrjBDUvYdO1VejoSimJFJxc0kSREeoQHpa8pRTKSXzz6YWKdaCa0oEbq4smbq74kcxVKO40B3xkgN5aI3Ff/z+pmKrr2c8jRThOP5oihjlkqsaRxWSAXBio01QVhQfauFh0hHonRoFR2Cs/jyMuk06s5l3bm7qDbtIo4yHMMJ1MCBK2jCLbSgDRge4Rle4c14Ml6Md+Nj3loyiplD+APj8wehgpZM</latexit>

(f + fc ) (f fc )
2 2

fc fc f
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0
=
Lowpass Filter
1 1 1
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M (f + 2fc ) M (f ) M (f 2fc )
4 2 4

2fc fc fc 2fc f
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0
After the convolution there is a replica of the spectrum centered at f = 0,
which we can extract with a lowpass filter.
The modulated signal spectrum is
1 1
F [m(t) cos(2πfc t)] = M (f + fc ) + M (f − fc )
2 2
Multiplying this by cos(2πfc t) corresponds to convolving in frequency,
 
 2
 1 1
F m(t) cos (2πfc t) = M (f + fc )) + M (f − fc )
2 2
 
1 1
∗ δ(f + fc ) + δ(f − fc )
2 2
1
= [M (f + fc ) + M (f − fc ))]
4
∗ [δ(f + fc ) + δ(f − fc )]
1 1 1
= M (f + 2fc ) + M (f ) + M (f − 2fc )
4 2 4
Lowpass filtering extracts the M (f term, recovering the original message.
The block diagram of the entire system is now:

m(t) m(t)
2 H(f )
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Propagation
⇥ <latexit sha1_base64="RT+pKzzMzktpDpANdV8A5SzCKbs=">AAAB/XicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62v+Ni5GSxCuylJEXVZcOOygn1AE8JkOmmHziRh5kaopfgrblwo4tb/cOffOG2z0NYDFw7n3Mu994Sp4Boc59sqrK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B/bhUVsnmaKsRRORqG5INBM8Zi3gIFg3VYzIULBOOLqZ+Z0HpjRP4nsYp8yXZBDziFMCRgrsE1mBqkcTXal7KcdRQDFUA7vs1Jw58Cpxc1JGOZqB/eX1E5pJFgMVROue66TgT4gCTgWblrxMs5TQERmwnqExkUz7k/n1U3xulD6OEmUqBjxXf09MiNR6LEPTKQkM9bI3E//zehlE1/6Ex2kGLKaLRVEmMCR4FgXuc8UoiLEhhCpubsV0SBShYAIrmRDc5ZdXSbtecy9r7t1FueHkcRTRKTpDFeSiK9RAt6iJWoiiR/SMXtGb9WS9WO/Wx6K1YOUzx+gPrM8fVraTzg==</latexit>
⇥ f
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m(t) cos(2⇡fc t)

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cos(2⇡fc t) cos(2⇡fc t)

Transmitter Receiver

I This is a synchronous receiver, meaning the transmitter and receiver

must be in phase. Synchronising the receiver requires a more complex
system.
I In practice the propagation delay is unknown and time varying, and the
transmitter and receiver phase can drift with respect to each other.
DSB-SC Synchronization and Quadrature Receivers
Often we won’t know the phase of the signal we are receiving, and this can
cause problems with a synchronous receiver.
Consider the case where the transmitter has a phase of −π/2, so that the
modulated signal is

m(t) cos(2πfc t − π/2) = m(t) sin(2πfc t).

The spectrum of the transmitted signal is now

j j
F [m(t) sin(2πfc t)] = M (f + fc ) − M (f − fc )).
2 2
If we demodulate with a cosine, the result is shown in the next plot:
 j
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M (f + fc )
2

fc fc f
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0
<latexit sha1_base64="XidlyTw9qJLgRee8iCiVmju82j4=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1Fip6Q7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8AdaeMqA==</latexit>

j
<latexit sha1_base64="VXwnRQFekZ+J+5RZTnYSu/1RSNs=">AAAB/XicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pf8bFzM1iEumhJiqjLghs3QgX7gDaEyXTSjp08mJkINQR/xY0LRdz6H+78G6dtFlo9cOFwzr3ce48XcyaVZX0ZhaXlldW14nppY3Nre8fc3WvLKBGEtkjEI9H1sKSchbSlmOK0GwuKA4/Tjje+nPqdeyoki8JbNYmpE+BhyHxGsNKSax5U+77AJL3L0np2XfGrvktOXLNs1awZ0F9i56QMOZqu+dkfRCQJaKgIx1L2bCtWToqFYoTTrNRPJI0xGeMh7Wka4oBKJ51dn6FjrQyQHwldoUIz9edEigMpJ4GnOwOsRnLRm4r/eb1E+RdOysI4UTQk80V+wpGK0DQKNGCCEsUnmmAimL4VkRHWaSgdWEmHYC++/Je06zX7rGbfnJYbVh5HEQ7hCCpgwzk04Aqa0AICD/AEL/BqPBrPxpvxPm8tGPnMPvyC8fENVV+UcQ==</latexit>

M (f fc )
2

⇤
<latexit sha1_base64="Yt+bze9GQhor+trpKFfjJRdz0OQ=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSKIh5KIaI8FLx5bsB/QhrLZTtq1m03Y3Qgl9Bd48aCIV3+SN/+N2zYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5QSK4Nq777aytb2xubRd2irt7+weHpaPjlo5TxbDJYhGrTkA1Ci6xabgR2EkU0igQ2A7GdzO//YRK81g+mEmCfkSHkoecUWOlxmW/VHYr7hxklXg5KUOOer/01RvELI1QGiao1l3PTYyfUWU4Ezgt9lKNCWVjOsSupZJGqP1sfuiUnFtlQMJY2ZKGzNXfExmNtJ5Ege2MqBnpZW8m/ud1UxNW/YzLJDUo2WJRmApiYjL7mgy4QmbExBLKFLe3EjaiijJjsynaELzll1dJ66ri3VS8xnW5Vs3jKMApnMEFeHALNbiHOjSBAcIzvMKb8+i8OO/Ox6J1zclnTuAPnM8fbveMqg==</latexit>

1 1
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(f + fc ) (f fc )
2 2

fc fc f
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0
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=
j
<latexit sha1_base64="y8aZSiFzIJzCtdsUxRezWwiZnQw=">AAAB/XicbVDLSsNAFL3xWesrPnZuBotQEUpSirosuHEjVLAPaEOYTCft2MmDmYlQQ/BX3LhQxK3/4c6/cdpmoa0HLhzOuZd77/FizqSyrG9jaXlldW29sFHc3Nre2TX39lsySgShTRLxSHQ8LClnIW0qpjjtxILiwOO07Y2uJn77gQrJovBOjWPqBHgQMp8RrLTkmoc9X2CS3mdpLbsp+2dV3yWnrlmyKtYUaJHYOSlBjoZrfvX6EUkCGirCsZRd24qVk2KhGOE0K/YSSWNMRnhAu5qGOKDSSafXZ+hEK33kR0JXqNBU/T2R4kDKceDpzgCroZz3JuJ/XjdR/qWTsjBOFA3JbJGfcKQiNIkC9ZmgRPGxJpgIpm9FZIh1HEoHVtQh2PMvL5JWtWKfV+zbWqlu5XEU4AiOoQw2XEAdrqEBTSDwCM/wCm/Gk/FivBsfs9YlI585gD8wPn8AX/qUdg==</latexit>

j
<latexit sha1_base64="K1RHUIqfCcNTCuDJFq4Nbng7DHg=">AAAB/nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/ouLJS7AI9dCSlKIeC168CBXsB7QhbLabdu1mE3Y3QgkB/4oXD4p49Xd489+4bXPQ6oOBx3szzMzzY0alsu0vo7Cyura+UdwsbW3v7O6Z+wcdGSUCkzaOWCR6PpKEUU7aiipGerEgKPQZ6fqTq5nffSBC0ojfqWlM3BCNOA0oRkpLnnlUHQQC4fQ+SxvZTSWo1gMPn3lm2a7Zc1h/iZOTMuRoeebnYBjhJCRcYYak7Dt2rNwUCUUxI1lpkEgSIzxBI9LXlKOQSDedn59Zp1oZWkEkdHFlzdWfEykKpZyGvu4MkRrLZW8m/uf1ExVcuinlcaIIx4tFQcIsFVmzLKwhFQQrNtUEYUH1rRYeIx2H0omVdAjO8st/Sadec85rzm2j3LTzOIpwDCdQAQcuoAnX0II2YEjhCV7g1Xg0no03433RWjDymUP4BePjG8/tlK8=</latexit>

M (f + 2fc )
4 M (f 2fc )
4

2fc fc fc 2fc f
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0
<latexit sha1_base64="XidlyTw9qJLgRee8iCiVmju82j4=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1Fip6Q7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8AdaeMqA==</latexit>

The baseband signal we want cancels!

One solution is to demodulate with a complex exponential

ej2πfc t ⇔ δ(f − fc )

j
<latexit sha1_base64="x+ikSDE5B6rKe54+SypXr8Ouahk=">AAAB/HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oj16CRahIpSkiHosePEiVLAf0Iaw2W7atZtN2N0IIcS/4sWDIl79Id78N27bHLT6YODx3gwz8/yYUals+8sorayurW+UNytb2zu7e+b+QVdGicCkgyMWib6PJGGUk46iipF+LAgKfUZ6/vRq5vceiJA04ncqjYkbojGnAcVIackzq8NAIJzd51kzv6kHp4GHTzyzZjfsOay/xClIDQq0PfNzOIpwEhKuMENSDhw7Vm6GhKKYkbwyTCSJEZ6iMRloylFIpJvNj8+tY62MrCASuriy5urPiQyFUqahrztDpCZy2ZuJ/3mDRAWXbkZ5nCjC8WJRkDBLRdYsCWtEBcGKpZogLKi+1cITpNNQOq+KDsFZfvkv6TYbznnDuT2rtewijjIcwhHUwYELaME1tKEDGFJ4ghd4NR6NZ+PNeF+0loxipgq/YHx8A+WOlDg=</latexit>

M (f + fc )
2

fc fc f
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0
<latexit sha1_base64="XidlyTw9qJLgRee8iCiVmju82j4=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1Fip6Q7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8AdaeMqA==</latexit>

j
<latexit sha1_base64="VXwnRQFekZ+J+5RZTnYSu/1RSNs=">AAAB/XicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pf8bFzM1iEumhJiqjLghs3QgX7gDaEyXTSjp08mJkINQR/xY0LRdz6H+78G6dtFlo9cOFwzr3ce48XcyaVZX0ZhaXlldW14nppY3Nre8fc3WvLKBGEtkjEI9H1sKSchbSlmOK0GwuKA4/Tjje+nPqdeyoki8JbNYmpE+BhyHxGsNKSax5U+77AJL3L0np2XfGrvktOXLNs1awZ0F9i56QMOZqu+dkfRCQJaKgIx1L2bCtWToqFYoTTrNRPJI0xGeMh7Wka4oBKJ51dn6FjrQyQHwldoUIz9edEigMpJ4GnOwOsRnLRm4r/eb1E+RdOysI4UTQk80V+wpGK0DQKNGCCEsUnmmAimL4VkRHWaSgdWEmHYC++/Je06zX7rGbfnJYbVh5HEQ7hCCpgwzk04Aqa0AICD/AEL/BqPBrPxpvxPm8tGPnMPvyC8fENVV+UcQ==</latexit>

M (f fc )
2

⇤
<latexit sha1_base64="Yt+bze9GQhor+trpKFfjJRdz0OQ=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSKIh5KIaI8FLx5bsB/QhrLZTtq1m03Y3Qgl9Bd48aCIV3+SN/+N2zYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5QSK4Nq777aytb2xubRd2irt7+weHpaPjlo5TxbDJYhGrTkA1Ci6xabgR2EkU0igQ2A7GdzO//YRK81g+mEmCfkSHkoecUWOlxmW/VHYr7hxklXg5KUOOer/01RvELI1QGiao1l3PTYyfUWU4Ezgt9lKNCWVjOsSupZJGqP1sfuiUnFtlQMJY2ZKGzNXfExmNtJ5Ege2MqBnpZW8m/ud1UxNW/YzLJDUo2WJRmApiYjL7mgy4QmbExBLKFLe3EjaiijJjsynaELzll1dJ66ri3VS8xnW5Vs3jKMApnMEFeHALNbiHOjSBAcIzvMKb8+i8OO/Ox6J1zclnTuAPnM8fbveMqg==</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="uJ4wvKQYOsTzRhB7BlzlN1x7Zho=">AAAB9HicbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoMQD4ZdEfUY8OIxgnlAsoTZ2dlkyOzDmd5AWPIdXjwo4tWP8ebfOEn2oIkFDUVVN91dXiKFRtv+tgpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v5B+fCopeNUMd5ksYxVx6OaSxHxJgqUvJMoTkNP8rY3upv57TFXWsTRI04S7oZ0EIlAMIpGcns+l0irwUXQZ+f9csWu2XOQVeLkpAI5Gv3yV8+PWRryCJmkWncdO0E3owoFk3xa6qWaJ5SN6IB3DY1oyLWbzY+ekjOj+CSIlakIyVz9PZHRUOtJ6JnOkOJQL3sz8T+vm2Jw62YiSlLkEVssClJJMCazBIgvFGcoJ4ZQpoS5lbAhVZShyalkQnCWX14lrcuac11zHq4qdTuPowgncApVcOAG6nAPDWgCgyd4hld4s8bWi/VufSxaC1Y+cwx/YH3+AMHxkWI=</latexit>

(f fc )

fc fc f
<latexit sha1_base64="EmuVeAjh3VodhuQrLGYJVwHX27Y=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgxbIroh4LXjxWsB/QLiWbZtvQJLskWaEs/QtePCji1T/kzX9jtt2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RqW19Y3NrfJ2ZWd3b/+genjUNnGqKWvRWMS6GxLDBFesZbkVrJtoRmQoWCec3OV+54lpw2P1aKcJCyQZKR5xSmwuXUQDOqjWvLo3B14lfkFqUKA5qH71hzFNJVOWCmJMz/cSG2REW04Fm1X6qWEJoRMyYj1HFZHMBNn81hk+c8oQR7F2pSyeq78nMiKNmcrQdUpix2bZy8X/vF5qo9sg4ypJLVN0sShKBbYxzh/HQ64ZtWLqCKGau1sxHRNNqHXxVFwI/vLLq6R9Wfev6/7DVa3hFXGU4QRO4Rx8uIEG3EMTWkBhDM/wCm9Iohf0jj4WrSVUzBzDH6DPH6I9jes=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="4KVh7Kpy5owE+lPOsBX8zR54XgU=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9xm+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSATXxnW/ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39QPTxq6zhVDFssFrHqBlSj4BJbhhuB3UQhjQKBnWByO/c7T6g0j+WjmSboR3QkecgZNVZ6CAdsUK25dTcHWSVeQWpQoDmofvWHMUsjlIYJqnXPcxPjZ1QZzgTOKv1UY0LZhI6wZ6mkEWo/y0+dkTOrDEkYK1vSkFz9PZHRSOtpFNjOiJqxXvbm4n9eLzXhjZ9xmaQGJVssClNBTEzmf5MhV8iMmFpCmeL2VsLGVFFmbDoVG4K3/PIqaV/Uvau6d39Za7hFHGU4gVM4Bw+uoQF30IQWMBjBM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8ATiajbQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="lAGurzIscpFL3Dxa/o7SlqUvH90=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1FipGQ7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8Ax3+M3g==</latexit>

0
<latexit sha1_base64="XidlyTw9qJLgRee8iCiVmju82j4=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1Fip6Q7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8AdaeMqA==</latexit>

=
Lowpass Filter
j
<latexit sha1_base64="YRFTH5LVjcCjJkPc016tov2axNE=">AAAB+HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1o/GvXoZbEI9VKSIuqx4MWLUMF+QBvKZrtp1242YXcj1JBf4sWDIl79Kd78N27bHLT1wcDjvRlm5vkxZ0o7zrdVWFvf2Nwqbpd2dvf2y/bBYVtFiSS0RSIeya6PFeVM0JZmmtNuLCkOfU47/uR65nceqVQsEvd6GlMvxCPBAkawNtLALvcDiUn6kKX17LYanA3silNz5kCrxM1JBXI0B/ZXfxiRJKRCE46V6rlOrL0US80Ip1mpnygaYzLBI9ozVOCQKi+dH56hU6MMURBJU0Kjufp7IsWhUtPQN50h1mO17M3E/7xeooMrL2UiTjQVZLEoSDjSEZqlgIZMUqL51BBMJDO3IjLGJgltsiqZENzll1dJu15zL2ru3Xml4eRxFOEYTqAKLlxCA26gCS0gkMAzvMKb9WS9WO/Wx6K1YOUzR/AH1ucPNqGSvQ==</latexit>

M (f ) j
<latexit sha1_base64="VMPl+CaIzOAuJTKFgcVkEqe9TQs=">AAAB/nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/ouLJS7AI9dCSFFGPBS9ehAr2A9oQNttNu3azCbsboYSAf8WLB0W8+ju8+W/ctjlo64OBx3szzMzzY0alsu1vo7Cyura+UdwsbW3v7O6Z+wdtGSUCkxaOWCS6PpKEUU5aiipGurEgKPQZ6fjj66nfeSRC0ojfq0lM3BANOQ0oRkpLnnlU7QcC4fQhS+vZbSWo1gMPn3lm2a7ZM1jLxMlJGXI0PfOrP4hwEhKuMENS9hw7Vm6KhKKYkazUTySJER6jIelpylFIpJvOzs+sU60MrCASuriyZurviRSFUk5CX3eGSI3kojcV//N6iQqu3JTyOFGE4/miIGGWiqxpFtaACoIVm2iCsKD6VguPkI5D6cRKOgRn8eVl0q7XnIuac3debth5HEU4hhOogAOX0IAbaEILMKTwDK/wZjwZL8a78TFvLRj5zCH8gfH5A8zRlK0=</latexit>

2 M (f 2fc )
2
fc fc f
<latexit sha1_base64="EmuVeAjh3VodhuQrLGYJVwHX27Y=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgxbIroh4LXjxWsB/QLiWbZtvQJLskWaEs/QtePCji1T/kzX9jtt2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RqW19Y3NrfJ2ZWd3b/+genjUNnGqKWvRWMS6GxLDBFesZbkVrJtoRmQoWCec3OV+54lpw2P1aKcJCyQZKR5xSmwuXUQDOqjWvLo3B14lfkFqUKA5qH71hzFNJVOWCmJMz/cSG2REW04Fm1X6qWEJoRMyYj1HFZHMBNn81hk+c8oQR7F2pSyeq78nMiKNmcrQdUpix2bZy8X/vF5qo9sg4ypJLVN0sShKBbYxzh/HQ64ZtWLqCKGau1sxHRNNqHXxVFwI/vLLq6R9Wfev6/7DVa3hFXGU4QRO4Rx8uIEG3EMTWkBhDM/wCm9Iohf0jj4WrSVUzBzDH6DPH6I9jes=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="4KVh7Kpy5owE+lPOsBX8zR54XgU=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9xm+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSATXxnW/ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39QPTxq6zhVDFssFrHqBlSj4BJbhhuB3UQhjQKBnWByO/c7T6g0j+WjmSboR3QkecgZNVZ6CAdsUK25dTcHWSVeQWpQoDmofvWHMUsjlIYJqnXPcxPjZ1QZzgTOKv1UY0LZhI6wZ6mkEWo/y0+dkTOrDEkYK1vSkFz9PZHRSOtpFNjOiJqxXvbm4n9eLzXhjZ9xmaQGJVssClNBTEzmf5MhV8iMmFpCmeL2VsLGVFFmbDoVG4K3/PIqaV/Uvau6d39Za7hFHGU4gVM4Bw+uoQF30IQWMBjBM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8ATiajbQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="lAGurzIscpFL3Dxa/o7SlqUvH90=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1FipGQ7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8Ax3+M3g==</latexit>

2fc
<latexit sha1_base64="4qXTaP+RSzX5GLrigukRvaWYhVw=">AAAB63icbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoPgKewGUY8BLx4jmAckS5idzCZD5rHMzAphyS948aCIV3/Im3/jbLIHTSxoKKq66e6KEs6M9f1vr7SxubW9U96t7O0fHB5Vj086RqWa0DZRXOlehA3lTNK2ZZbTXqIpFhGn3Wh6l/vdJ6oNU/LRzhIaCjyWLGYE21xqxEMyrNb8ur8AWidBQWpQoDWsfg1GiqSCSks4NqYf+IkNM6wtI5zOK4PU0ASTKR7TvqMSC2rCbHHrHF04ZYRipV1Jixbq74kMC2NmInKdAtuJWfVy8T+vn9r4NsyYTFJLJVkuilOOrEL542jENCWWzxzBRDN3KyITrDGxLp6KCyFYfXmddBr14LoePFzVmn4RRxnO4BwuIYAbaMI9tKANBCbwDK/w5gnvxXv3PpatJa+YOYU/8D5/AKngjfA=</latexit>

0
<latexit sha1_base64="XidlyTw9qJLgRee8iCiVmju82j4=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1Fip6Q7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8AdaeMqA==</latexit>

This also works for an arbitrary phase shift.

If the input has a phase shift of −θ, the spectrum of the carrier is

F [cos(2πfc t − θ)] = F [cos(2πfc t) cos θ + sin(2πfc t) sin θ]

1
= cos θ [δ(f + fc ) + δ(f − fc )]
2
1
+ sin θ [jδ(f + fc ) − jδ(f − fc )]
2
1 h jθ i
= e δ(f + fc ) + e−jθ δ(f − fc )
2
and the spectrum of the modulated signal is

ejθ e−jθ
F [m(t) cos(2πfc t − θ)] = M (f + fc ) + M (f − fc )
2 2
Demodulating with a complex exponential can be plotted as:
 <latexit sha1_base64="WeHdXYOY00TnGPFtkQB23z7RcTY=">AAACBnicbVDLSgNBEJyNrxhfqx5FWAxCRAi7QdRjwIsXIYJ5QBLD7KQ3GTP7YKZXCMuevPgrXjwo4tVv8ObfOIl70MSChqKqm+4uNxJcoW1/GbmFxaXllfxqYW19Y3PL3N5pqDCWDOosFKFsuVSB4AHUkaOAViSB+q6Apju6mPjNe5CKh8ENjiPo+nQQcI8zilrqmfsdT1KWwG1y18EhIE3TpJJelbxjr8eOembRLttTWPPEyUiRZKj1zM9OP2SxDwEyQZVqO3aE3YRK5ExAWujECiLKRnQAbU0D6oPqJtM3UutQK33LC6WuAK2p+nsiob5SY9/VnT7FoZr1JuJ/XjtG77yb8CCKEQL2s8iLhYWhNcnE6nMJDMVYE8ok17dabEh1LqiTK+gQnNmX50mjUnZOy871SbFqZ3HkyR45ICXikDNSJZekRuqEkQfyRF7Iq/FoPBtvxvtPa87IZnbJHxgf3w9FmMk=</latexit>

ej✓
M (f + fc )
2
<latexit sha1_base64="ejr6ON6NbeWlj42qML1iYgnoT2U=">AAACB3icbVDJSgNBEO2JW4zbqEdBBoMQDwkzQdRjwIsXIYJZIImhp1OTtOlZ6K4RwjA3L/6KFw+KePUXvPk3dpaDJj4oeLxXRVU9NxJcoW1/G5ml5ZXVtex6bmNza3vH3N2rqzCWDGosFKFsulSB4AHUkKOAZiSB+q6Ahju8HPuNB5CKh8EtjiLo+LQfcI8zilrqmodtT1KWwF1SvG/jAJCmaVJOrwte0euyk66Zt0v2BNYicWYkT2aods2vdi9ksQ8BMkGVajl2hJ2ESuRMQJprxwoiyoa0Dy1NA+qD6iSTP1LrWCs9ywulrgCtifp7IqG+UiPf1Z0+xYGa98bif14rRu+ik/AgihECNl3kxcLC0BqHYvW4BIZipAllkutbLTagOhjU0eV0CM78y4ukXi45ZyXn5jRfsWdxZMkBOSIF4pBzUiFXpEpqhJFH8kxeyZvxZLwY78bHtDVjzGb2yR8Ynz+C+ZkC</latexit>

fc fc e j✓ f
<latexit sha1_base64="EmuVeAjh3VodhuQrLGYJVwHX27Y=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgxbIroh4LXjxWsB/QLiWbZtvQJLskWaEs/QtePCji1T/kzX9jtt2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RqW19Y3NrfJ2ZWd3b/+genjUNnGqKWvRWMS6GxLDBFesZbkVrJtoRmQoWCec3OV+54lpw2P1aKcJCyQZKR5xSmwuXUQDOqjWvLo3B14lfkFqUKA5qH71hzFNJVOWCmJMz/cSG2REW04Fm1X6qWEJoRMyYj1HFZHMBNn81hk+c8oQR7F2pSyeq78nMiKNmcrQdUpix2bZy8X/vF5qo9sg4ypJLVN0sShKBbYxzh/HQ64ZtWLqCKGau1sxHRNNqHXxVFwI/vLLq6R9Wfev6/7DVa3hFXGU4QRO4Rx8uIEG3EMTWkBhDM/wCm9Iohf0jj4WrSVUzBzDH6DPH6I9jes=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="4KVh7Kpy5owE+lPOsBX8zR54XgU=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9xm+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSATXxnW/ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39QPTxq6zhVDFssFrHqBlSj4BJbhhuB3UQhjQKBnWByO/c7T6g0j+WjmSboR3QkecgZNVZ6CAdsUK25dTcHWSVeQWpQoDmofvWHMUsjlIYJqnXPcxPjZ1QZzgTOKv1UY0LZhI6wZ6mkEWo/y0+dkTOrDEkYK1vSkFz9PZHRSOtpFNjOiJqxXvbm4n9eLzXhjZ9xmaQGJVssClNBTEzmf5MhV8iMmFpCmeL2VsLGVFFmbDoVG4K3/PIqaV/Uvau6d39Za7hFHGU4gVM4Bw+uoQF30IQWMBjBM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8ATiajbQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="lAGurzIscpFL3Dxa/o7SlqUvH90=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1FipGQ7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8Ax3+M3g==</latexit>

0
<latexit sha1_base64="XidlyTw9qJLgRee8iCiVmju82j4=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1Fip6Q7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8AdaeMqA==</latexit>

M (f fc )
2

⇤
<latexit sha1_base64="Yt+bze9GQhor+trpKFfjJRdz0OQ=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSKIh5KIaI8FLx5bsB/QhrLZTtq1m03Y3Qgl9Bd48aCIV3+SN/+N2zYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5QSK4Nq777aytb2xubRd2irt7+weHpaPjlo5TxbDJYhGrTkA1Ci6xabgR2EkU0igQ2A7GdzO//YRK81g+mEmCfkSHkoecUWOlxmW/VHYr7hxklXg5KUOOer/01RvELI1QGiao1l3PTYyfUWU4Ezgt9lKNCWVjOsSupZJGqP1sfuiUnFtlQMJY2ZKGzNXfExmNtJ5Ege2MqBnpZW8m/ud1UxNW/YzLJDUo2WJRmApiYjL7mgy4QmbExBLKFLe3EjaiijJjsynaELzll1dJ66ri3VS8xnW5Vs3jKMApnMEFeHALNbiHOjSBAcIzvMKb8+i8OO/Ox6J1zclnTuAPnM8fbveMqg==</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="uJ4wvKQYOsTzRhB7BlzlN1x7Zho=">AAAB9HicbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoMQD4ZdEfUY8OIxgnlAsoTZ2dlkyOzDmd5AWPIdXjwo4tWP8ebfOEn2oIkFDUVVN91dXiKFRtv+tgpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v5B+fCopeNUMd5ksYxVx6OaSxHxJgqUvJMoTkNP8rY3upv57TFXWsTRI04S7oZ0EIlAMIpGcns+l0irwUXQZ+f9csWu2XOQVeLkpAI5Gv3yV8+PWRryCJmkWncdO0E3owoFk3xa6qWaJ5SN6IB3DY1oyLWbzY+ekjOj+CSIlakIyVz9PZHRUOtJ6JnOkOJQL3sz8T+vm2Jw62YiSlLkEVssClJJMCazBIgvFGcoJ4ZQpoS5lbAhVZShyalkQnCWX14lrcuac11zHq4qdTuPowgncApVcOAG6nAPDWgCgyd4hld4s8bWi/VufSxaC1Y+cwx/YH3+AMHxkWI=</latexit>

(f fc )

fc fc f
<latexit sha1_base64="EmuVeAjh3VodhuQrLGYJVwHX27Y=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgxbIroh4LXjxWsB/QLiWbZtvQJLskWaEs/QtePCji1T/kzX9jtt2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RqW19Y3NrfJ2ZWd3b/+genjUNnGqKWvRWMS6GxLDBFesZbkVrJtoRmQoWCec3OV+54lpw2P1aKcJCyQZKR5xSmwuXUQDOqjWvLo3B14lfkFqUKA5qH71hzFNJVOWCmJMz/cSG2REW04Fm1X6qWEJoRMyYj1HFZHMBNn81hk+c8oQR7F2pSyeq78nMiKNmcrQdUpix2bZy8X/vF5qo9sg4ypJLVN0sShKBbYxzh/HQ64ZtWLqCKGau1sxHRNNqHXxVFwI/vLLq6R9Wfev6/7DVa3hFXGU4QRO4Rx8uIEG3EMTWkBhDM/wCm9Iohf0jj4WrSVUzBzDH6DPH6I9jes=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="4KVh7Kpy5owE+lPOsBX8zR54XgU=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9xm+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSATXxnW/ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39QPTxq6zhVDFssFrHqBlSj4BJbhhuB3UQhjQKBnWByO/c7T6g0j+WjmSboR3QkecgZNVZ6CAdsUK25dTcHWSVeQWpQoDmofvWHMUsjlIYJqnXPcxPjZ1QZzgTOKv1UY0LZhI6wZ6mkEWo/y0+dkTOrDEkYK1vSkFz9PZHRSOtpFNjOiJqxXvbm4n9eLzXhjZ9xmaQGJVssClNBTEzmf5MhV8iMmFpCmeL2VsLGVFFmbDoVG4K3/PIqaV/Uvau6d39Za7hFHGU4gVM4Bw+uoQF30IQWMBjBM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8ATiajbQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="lAGurzIscpFL3Dxa/o7SlqUvH90=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1FipGQ7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8Ax3+M3g==</latexit>

0
<latexit sha1_base64="XidlyTw9qJLgRee8iCiVmju82j4=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1Fip6Q7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8AdaeMqA==</latexit>

=
<latexit sha1_base64="Yh1JWTpuJhCV6dpNvbzTK8skzYA=">AAACAnicbVDJSgNBEO2JW4zbqCfxMhiEeAkzQdRjwIsXIYJZIBlDT6cmadOz0F0jhGHw4q948aCIV7/Cm39jZzlo4oOCx3tVVNXzYsEV2va3kVtaXlldy68XNja3tnfM3b2GihLJoM4iEcmWRxUIHkIdOQpoxRJo4AloesPLsd98AKl4FN7iKAY3oP2Q+5xR1FLXPOj4krIU7tL7Dg4AaZalley65J90zaJdtiewFokzI0UyQ61rfnV6EUsCCJEJqlTbsWN0UyqRMwFZoZMoiCkb0j60NQ1pAMpNJy9k1rFWepYfSV0hWhP190RKA6VGgac7A4oDNe+Nxf+8doL+hZvyME4QQjZd5CfCwsga52H1uASGYqQJZZLrWy02oDoT1KkVdAjO/MuLpFEpO2dl5+a0WLVnceTJITkiJeKQc1IlV6RG6oSRR/JMXsmb8WS8GO/Gx7Q1Z8xm9skfGJ8/T0WXTg==</latexit>

Lowpass Filter
ej✓ <latexit sha1_base64="weYf5GfKYi38/RHJ3xT3X63a0Ao=">AAACCHicbVDJSgNBEO2JW4zbqEcPDgYhHhJmgqjHgBcvQgSzQBJDT6cmadOz0F0jhGGOXvwVLx4U8eonePNv7CwHTXxQ8Hiviqp6biS4Qtv+NjJLyyura9n13Mbm1vaOubtXV2EsGdRYKELZdKkCwQOoIUcBzUgC9V0BDXd4OfYbDyAVD4NbHEXQ8Wk/4B5nFLXUNQ/bnqQsgbukeN/GASBN06ScXhe8YtnrspOumbdL9gTWInFmJE9mqHbNr3YvZLEPATJBlWo5doSdhErkTECaa8cKIsqGtA8tTQPqg+okk0dS61grPcsLpa4ArYn6eyKhvlIj39WdPsWBmvfG4n9eK0bvopPwIIoRAjZd5MXCwtAap2L1uASGYqQJZZLrWy02oDoZ1NnldAjO/MuLpF4uOWcl5+Y0X7FncWTJATkiBeKQc1IhV6RKaoSRR/JMXsmb8WS8GO/Gx7Q1Y8xm9skfGJ8//qyZPg==</latexit>

j✓
M (f ) e
2 M (f 2fc )
2
fc fc f
<latexit sha1_base64="EmuVeAjh3VodhuQrLGYJVwHX27Y=">AAAB63icbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgxbIroh4LXjxWsB/QLiWbZtvQJLskWaEs/QtePCji1T/kzX9jtt2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RqW19Y3NrfJ2ZWd3b/+genjUNnGqKWvRWMS6GxLDBFesZbkVrJtoRmQoWCec3OV+54lpw2P1aKcJCyQZKR5xSmwuXUQDOqjWvLo3B14lfkFqUKA5qH71hzFNJVOWCmJMz/cSG2REW04Fm1X6qWEJoRMyYj1HFZHMBNn81hk+c8oQR7F2pSyeq78nMiKNmcrQdUpix2bZy8X/vF5qo9sg4ypJLVN0sShKBbYxzh/HQ64ZtWLqCKGau1sxHRNNqHXxVFwI/vLLq6R9Wfev6/7DVa3hFXGU4QRO4Rx8uIEG3EMTWkBhDM/wCm9Iohf0jj4WrSVUzBzDH6DPH6I9jes=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="4KVh7Kpy5owE+lPOsBX8zR54XgU=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9xm+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvSATXxnW/ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t39QPTxq6zhVDFssFrHqBlSj4BJbhhuB3UQhjQKBnWByO/c7T6g0j+WjmSboR3QkecgZNVZ6CAdsUK25dTcHWSVeQWpQoDmofvWHMUsjlIYJqnXPcxPjZ1QZzgTOKv1UY0LZhI6wZ6mkEWo/y0+dkTOrDEkYK1vSkFz9PZHRSOtpFNjOiJqxXvbm4n9eLzXhjZ9xmaQGJVssClNBTEzmf5MhV8iMmFpCmeL2VsLGVFFmbDoVG4K3/PIqaV/Uvau6d39Za7hFHGU4gVM4Bw+uoQF30IQWMBjBM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8ATiajbQ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="lAGurzIscpFL3Dxa/o7SlqUvH90=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1FipGQ7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8Ax3+M3g==</latexit>

2fc
<latexit sha1_base64="4qXTaP+RSzX5GLrigukRvaWYhVw=">AAAB63icbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoPgKewGUY8BLx4jmAckS5idzCZD5rHMzAphyS948aCIV3/Im3/jbLIHTSxoKKq66e6KEs6M9f1vr7SxubW9U96t7O0fHB5Vj086RqWa0DZRXOlehA3lTNK2ZZbTXqIpFhGn3Wh6l/vdJ6oNU/LRzhIaCjyWLGYE21xqxEMyrNb8ur8AWidBQWpQoDWsfg1GiqSCSks4NqYf+IkNM6wtI5zOK4PU0ASTKR7TvqMSC2rCbHHrHF04ZYRipV1Jixbq74kMC2NmInKdAtuJWfVy8T+vn9r4NsyYTFJLJVkuilOOrEL542jENCWWzxzBRDN3KyITrDGxLp6KCyFYfXmddBr14LoePFzVmn4RRxnO4BwuIYAbaMI9tKANBCbwDK/w5gnvxXv3PpatJa+YOYU/8D5/AKngjfA=</latexit>

0
<latexit sha1_base64="XidlyTw9qJLgRee8iCiVmju82j4=">AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqseCF48t2A9oQ9lsJ+3azSbsboQS+gu8eFDEqz/Jm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgobm1vbO8Xd0t7+weFR+fikreNUMWyxWMSqG1CNgktsGW4EdhOFNAoEdoLJ3dzvPKHSPJYPZpqgH9GR5CFn1Fip6Q7KFbfqLkDWiZeTCuRoDMpf/WHM0gilYYJq3fPcxPgZVYYzgbNSP9WYUDahI+xZKmmE2s8Wh87IhVWGJIyVLWnIQv09kdFI62kU2M6ImrFe9ebif14vNeGtn3GZpAYlWy4KU0FMTOZfkyFXyIyYWkKZ4vZWwsZUUWZsNiUbgrf68jppX1W9WtVrXlfqbh5HEc7gHC7Bgxuowz00oAUMEJ7hFd6cR+fFeXc+lq0FJ585hT9wPn8AdaeMqA==</latexit>

ejθ
The lowpass filter extracts 2 M (jω) corresponding to the complex signal
ejθ
2 m(t).
The system now looks like

m(t) ej✓ m(t)

<latexit sha1_base64="QQ89BPWcKEUOJgyUoeWpGkZi58Y=">AAAB+HicbVBNS8NAEN34WetHox69BItQLyURUY8FLx4r2A9oY9lsJ+3a3STsToQa+ku8eFDEqz/Fm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFco+t+Wyura+sbm4Wt4vbO7l7J3j9o6jhVDBosFrFqB1SD4BE0kKOAdqKAykBAKxhdT/3WIyjN4+gOxwn4kg4iHnJG0Ug9uwT32UMXh4B0Iit42rPLbtWdwVkmXk7KJEe9Z391+zFLJUTIBNW647kJ+hlVyJmASbGbakgoG9EBdAyNqATtZ7PDJ86JUfpOGCtTEToz9fdERqXWYxmYTklxqBe9qfif10kxvPIzHiUpQsTmi8JUOBg70xScPlfAUIwNoUxxc6vDhlRRhiarognBW3x5mTTPqt5F1bs9L9fcPI4COSLHpEI8cklq5IbUSYMwkpJn8krerCfrxXq3PuatK1Y+c0j+wPr8AZn8kv4=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="55X/rUIi9+Y9KPwJBiP5vIUO05E=">AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oh69LBahXkoioh4LXnqsYD+gDWWz3bRLdzdhdyOU0L/gxYMiXv1D3vw3btoctPXBwOO9GWbmhQln2njet1Pa2Nza3invVvb2Dw6P3OOTjo5TRWibxDxWvRBrypmkbcMMp71EUSxCTrvh9D73u09UaRbLRzNLaCDwWLKIEWxyqVmLLodu1at7C6B14hekCgVaQ/drMIpJKqg0hGOt+76XmCDDyjDC6bwySDVNMJniMe1bKrGgOsgWt87RhVVGKIqVLWnQQv09kWGh9UyEtlNgM9GrXi7+5/VTE90FGZNJaqgky0VRypGJUf44GjFFieEzSzBRzN6KyAQrTIyNp2JD8FdfXiedq7p/U/cfrqsNr4ijDGdwDjXw4RYa0IQWtIHABJ7hFd4c4bw4787HsrXkFDOn8AfO5w8fwY2V</latexit>

Propagation 2 H(f )
⇥ <latexit sha1_base64="tcVVsOzduMt9q1QgZVNsWmxXhY4=">AAACBnicbVBNS8NAEN34WetX1KMIi0VoD5akiHosePFYwX5AE8Jmu2mXbrJhdyKU0pMX/4oXD4p49Td489+4bXPQ1gcDj/dmmJkXpoJrcJxva2V1bX1js7BV3N7Z3du3Dw5bWmaKsiaVQqpOSDQTPGFN4CBYJ1WMxKFg7XB4M/XbD0xpLpN7GKXMj0k/4RGnBIwU2CdxGSoelbpc81KOo4BiwOfYgwEDUgnsklN1ZsDLxM1JCeVoBPaX15M0i1kCVBCtu66Tgj8mCjgVbFL0Ms1SQoekz7qGJiRm2h/P3pjgM6P0cCSVqQTwTP09MSax1qM4NJ0xgYFe9Kbif143g+jaH/MkzYAldL4oygQGiaeZ4B5XjIIYGUKo4uZWTAdEEQomuaIJwV18eZm0alX3sureXZTqTh5HAR2jU1RGLrpCdXSLGqiJKHpEz+gVvVlP1ov1bn3MW1esfOYI/YH1+QND35cH</latexit>
⇥ f
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m(t) cos(2⇡fc t ✓)

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cos(2⇡fc t ✓)
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ej2⇡fc t
Transmitter Receiver

I This is a quadrature receiver, common in radar, sonar, ultrasound, and

MRI systems. Often m(t) is a simple pulse, and the interesting
information is in θ, such as doppler shift for weather radar.
I This also common in communications systems. You can buy a digital
chip that implements a quadrature receiver for your cell phone.
I The cost is that the receiver has to be implemented for complex signals.
This is done the way you do it, by keeping track of two real signals, the
real part and the imaginary part (the I and Q channels).
New Time
I Modulators, and how to make them
I Commercial AM
I Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)