5G (NR) Static Simulations

Algorithms and Outputs

Relating to the Simulator

Version 2023 Q4
NR Static Simulations

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VERSION HISTORY
Version Date Author Comments
1.0 20/11/2018 A. Lawrow Version 10.0.2
1.1 03/12/2018 A. Lawrow Correct resource overlap factor between differing carriers.
1.2 18/12/2018 A. Lawrow Updated to include effect of SSB index on interference.
1.3 16/01/2019 A. Lawrow Revised formulas and notation for resource element overlap
factors.
1.4 11/04/2019 A. Lawrow Revised definition of resource element overlap factors to
include SSB load factor, so interference formulas can be
simplified.
1.5 04/06/2019 A. Lawrow Correct formula for CSI-RSRP.
1.6 23/09/2021 A. Lawrow Added section 8.4 on Fade Margin Calculations.
1.7 07/10/2021 A. Lawrow Corrected descriptions for UL Achievable Throughput
plots.

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CONTENTS
1 What Is A Snapshot?................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Randomness in a Cellular Network .................................................................................. 6
1.2 Averaging in Coverage and Capacity Evaluations ......................................................... 9
1.3 Why Produce Snapshots? .................................................................................................... 9
2 Formulae ..................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 List of Principal Symbols .................................................................................................. 10
2.1 Mean Numbers of Cell Resource Elements per Frame ................................................. 12
2.2 Bearer Rates and Resource Consumption ....................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Carrier Aggregation .......................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Interference Between DL RE Types ................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Victim and aggressor on different carriers ........................................................................ 14
2.3.2 Victim and aggressor on the same carrier ......................................................................... 15
2.4 Calculation of Frequency-Overlap Factors ..................................................................... 17
2.5 Load Factors ........................................................................................................................ 19
2.6 Beam Interference Reduction (ICIC) Factors .................................................................. 19
2.6.1 Choice of Most Significant Beams ................................................................................... 19
2.6.2 Calculation of 𝚽𝑫𝑳 and 𝚽𝑼𝑳 .......................................................................................... 19
2.7 Downlink Formulae ........................................................................................................... 22
2.7.1 Downlink Losses .............................................................................................................. 22
2.7.2 Downlink Received Quantities ......................................................................................... 24
2.8 Uplink Formulae ................................................................................................................ 28
2.8.1 Uplink Bandwidth Allocation Method.............................................................................. 29
3 Snapshot Overview................................................................................................................... 32
3.1 Random Terminal Distribution ........................................................................................ 32
3.2 Random Speed Distribution ............................................................................................. 33
3.3 Power Iterations ................................................................................................................. 33
Convergence Test............................................................................................................................. 34
3.4 Gathering Of Results ......................................................................................................... 34
4 Connection Evaluation in a Snapshot ................................................................................... 35
4.1 Connection Scenario Prioritisation .................................................................................. 35
4.1.1 Bearer Selection Method .................................................................................................. 35
4.2 Failure Reasons ................................................................................................................... 36
5 Output Arrays and Reports ..................................................................................................... 37
5.1 Array dependencies ........................................................................................................... 37
5.2 Linkloss Arrays................................................................................................................... 40
5.3 Downlink Reference Signal Coverage Arrays ................................................................ 41
5.4 Downlink Noise Arrays .................................................................................................... 43
5.5 UL Coverage Arrays .......................................................................................................... 44
5.6 DL Coverage Arrays .......................................................................................................... 46
5.7 Downlink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays ............................................................... 47
5.8 Uplink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays ..................................................................... 48
5.9 Miscellaneous Arrays ........................................................................................................ 50
5.10 Carrier Aggregation/Dual Connectivity Arrays ........................................................... 51
5.11 Composite Tech Arrays ..................................................................................................... 54
5.12 Terminal Info Arrays ......................................................................................................... 55
5.13 Simulator Reports .............................................................................................................. 58
5.13.1 Throughput Reports ...................................................................................................... 59
6 Scheduling and Radio Resource Management .................................................................... 60
6.1 Round Robin ....................................................................................................................... 62
6.2 Proportional Fair ................................................................................................................ 63

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6.2.1 Multi User Gain ................................................................................................................ 63

6.3 Proportional Rate ............................................................................................................... 64
6.4 Proportional Demand ........................................................................................................ 65
6.5 Max SINR ............................................................................................................................ 66
7 Advanced Antenna Systems ................................................................................................... 66
7.1 SU-MIMO ............................................................................................................................ 66
7.1.1 Spatial Multiplexing (SM) ................................................................................................ 66
7.1.2 Spatial Diversity (SD)....................................................................................................... 67
7.1.3 Adaptive Switching .......................................................................................................... 68
7.2 MU-MIMO .......................................................................................................................... 68
7.3 AAS Mode Selection .......................................................................................................... 70
8 Coverage Probability Calculations ........................................................................................ 71
8.1 Fades in the Simulation Snapshots .................................................................................. 71
8.2 Fades in Arrays for Mean Values ..................................................................................... 72
8.3 Fades in Coverage Array Calculations ............................................................................ 72
8.4 Fade Margin Calculations For Plots ................................................................................ 72
9 Inter-Technology Interference ................................................................................................ 74
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 74
9.2 Inter-Technology Interference Formulae ........................................................................ 75
9.2.1 Uplink Received Interference ........................................................................................... 75
9.2.2 Downlink Received Interference ...................................................................................... 76

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1 WHAT IS A SNAPSHOT?
1.1 RANDOMNESS IN A CELLULAR NETWORK
In a simulation of a cellular network there are two main types of randomness that one needs to
consider.

 Spatial randomness in the location of terminals.

 Temporal randomness in the activity of terminals.

We shall consider the spatial domain to be discrete and consisting of a large number of pixels (bins)
some of which will contain terminals. Each possible pattern of terminal locations has an associated
probability of occurrence. We can label these spatial patterns 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , etc and represent the
corresponding probabilities of occurrence by 𝑃(𝑋1 ), 𝑃(𝑋2 ), etc. An example of two spatial patterns
𝑋1 and 𝑋2 are shown below.

𝑋1 𝑋2

X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X

Each spatial pattern has many possible configurations of transmitting and non-transmitting terminals.
Two such configurations for the spatial patterns 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 are shown below, with 1 representing a
transmitting terminal, and 0 a non-transmitting terminal.

(𝑋1, 𝑇1 ) (𝑋2, 𝑇1 )

1
1
1 0
0
1
0
1
0 0
1 0
1

(𝑋1, 𝑇2 ) (𝑋2, 𝑇2 )

0
0
1 1
0
0
1
0
0 0
0 1
1

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We call each of these patterns a spatio-temporal pattern to highlight the fact that we have specified
spatial locations of terminals and also their temporal state (transmitting/non-transmitting). We can
label the spatio-temporal patterns for spatial pattern 𝑋1 as follows (𝑋1, 𝑇1 ), (𝑋1, 𝑇2 ) and etc and their
probabilites of occurrence 𝑃(𝑋1, 𝑇1 ), 𝑃(𝑋1, 𝑇2 ) and etc. Note that the probability of occurrence of a
spatio-temporal pattern (𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗 ), is proportional to the probability of occurrence of the spatial pattern
𝑋𝑖 :

𝑃(𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗 ) = 𝑃(𝑋𝑖 )𝑃(𝑇𝑗 | 𝑋𝑖 ). (1)

One can think of a spatio-temporal pattern as being a picture of a real network at a random instant in
time. This is what most people have in mind when one mentions a simulation ‘snapshot’, but a
snapshot in our Simulator represents something slightly different, as explained below.

The ideal static simulation would calculate an average quantity (e.g. the average noise rise on a cell) by
performing a weighted sum over the set of all possible spatio-temporal patterns (𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗 ), with the weight
for a pattern being its probability of occurrence. So the average of some quantity 𝐹 would be given by

𝐹 = ∑ 𝐹(𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗 )𝑃(𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗 ). (2)

𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗

We can split this into separate spatial and temporal sums:

𝐹 = ∑ 𝑃(𝑋𝑖, ) ∑ 𝐹(𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗 )𝑃(𝑇𝑗 |𝑋𝑖 ). (3)

𝑋𝑖 𝑇𝑗

The summations in (2) and (3) are over every conceivable pattern of terminal locations and activities,
including the unlikely ones, so clearly some simplifications are necessary in any practical static
simulator.

Simplification 1: Model spatial randomness explicitly by sampling.

This simplification is the most common one made in static simulations, and it is used universally.
Instead of considering all spatial patterns, we consider a set of 𝑁 sample spatial patterns drawn from
the distribution of all spatial patterns. The first weighted sum in (3) can then be approximated by a
simple average over the set of 𝑁 sample spatial patterns:

1
𝐹≈ ∑ ∑ 𝐹(𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗 )𝑃(𝑇𝑗 |𝑋𝑖 ). (4)
𝑁
𝑋𝑖 𝑇𝑗

Spatial randomness is therefore handled explicitly by considering a set of sample spatial patterns that
have been selected in a random and unbiased way. There is still the issue of how to handle the
different temporal states for each sample spatial pattern. There are two main approaches we can use:

 Model temporal randomness explicitly by sampling. (Simplification 2).

 Model temporal randomness implicitly with time-averages. (Simplification 3).

Simplification 2: Model temporal randomness explicitly by sampling.

This simplification is fairly common but has some drawbacks as explained below. Firstly, as in the
previous simplification, one selects a sample spatial pattern from the set of all possible spatial patterns,
making sure that the selection is made in a random and unbiased way. One then assigns a random
‘activity flag’ (1 or 0) to each terminal in the pattern, to indicate if the terminal is transmitting or not.
The probability of assigning a ‘1’ to a terminal is just the service activity factor (% resource element
[RE] usage) for that terminal. This ensures that activity flags are assigned in a random and unbiased

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way. The weighted sum over the set of all spatio-temporal patterns in (2) can be approximated by a
simple average over the set of 𝑁 sample spatio-temporal patterns:

1
𝐹≈ ∑ 𝐹(𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗 ). (5)
𝑁
𝑋𝑖, 𝑇𝑗

If we called a spatio-temporal pattern a ‘snapshot’ then the above formula simply says that we can
approximate 𝐹 by performing a simple average over the snapshots. This simple average works because
the sample spatio-temporal patterns are selected in a random and unbiased way. Also note that this
averaging explicitly accounts for spatial randomness and explicitly accounts for temporal randomness.

There are problems with assigning ‘activity flags’ to terminals however.

 For low activity services, the user can do 100s of snapshots and never set an activity flag, and
therefore certain outputs may not have any results. For example, a simulation report may say
that many users are served on a cell but that there is no throughput on the cell. Forcing the
user to run 1000s of snapshots is unacceptable in a commercial tool, so we either have to
remove the problem outputs or calculate them some other way.

For the above reasons, we do not use Simplification 2 and use the following simplification instead.

Simplification 3: Model temporal randomness implicitly with time-averages.

As before, one selects a sample spatial pattern from the set of all possible spatial patterns, but now we
completely remove the activity flags from the randomly scattered terminals. Each terminal is therefore
neither instantaneously active nor instantaneously inactive, but rather represents a sort of ‘time-
averaged’ entity. Essentially, this means that when we examine the interference that the terminal
produces, or the resources it consumes, we use the time-averages for these quantities, and we calculate
these time-averages implicitly by using activity factors (% RE usage) to scale values.

So in our Simulator, a ‘snapshot’ does not represent a random instant in time for a random distribution
of terminals, but rather ‘the average instant in time for a random distribution of terminals’. The
snapshot represents the average instant because all the measures of system load (i.e. UL interference,
DL interference, resource usage, and throughput) are time-averages.

It is still valid to perform simple averages of quantities over our snapshots. However, averaging over
the snapshots now explicitly accounts for spatial randomness only. The temporal randomness is now
handled implicitly within each snapshot through the use of time-averages in our calculations. Time-
averages feature in the evaluation of both coverage and capacity as described below.

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NR Static Simulations

1.2 AVERAGING IN COVERAGE AND CAPACITY EVALUATIONS

All our link budgets (in SI units, not dB) are essentially of the form of

𝑃 (6)
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 = ,
𝐿(𝑁 + 𝐼)

where

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 = Signal to interference ratio for the link in a period of activity,

𝑃 = TX power in a period of activity,
𝐿 = Linkloss,
𝐼 = Average RX interference on the link.
𝑁 = Thermal Noise

To check for coverage, we set 𝑃 to the maximum allowed link power and check that SINR meets
requirements. In other words we examine the link assuming it is active. NR frames are two
dimensional (time and frequency) entities and the averaging is considered for both dimensions.

 Coverage Evaluation is affected by averaging, only because we use the average interference 𝐼
in the link-budget.

 Capacity Evaluation is also done with average quantities. The capacity constraint is that the
average resource (RBs) usage on each cell-carrier must not exceed the maximum limit.

Averages are calculated by scaling quantities (i.e. powers transmitted and resources consumed) by the
RE usage (%) factors. One should remember that our snapshot contains no information about which
REs are in use by a link. Only two things are known about each link:

 The power and resources required to service the link in a period of activity.
 The average interference and average resource consumption that the link produces.

1.3 WHY PRODUCE SNAPSHOTS?

The main purpose of a snapshot is to provide us with measures of system load. In particular, each
snapshot provides:

 The total consumed DL transmission power of each traffic beam on cell.

 The total UL mean noise rise level (out-cell noise) on each traffic beam on each cell.
 The total UL and DL throughput on each cell.
 The total resource usage on each traffic beam on each cell.

By running many snapshots, values for these quantities are obtained for different spatial distributions of
terminals which are further used to analyse the UL and DL coverage for the system.

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2 FORMULAE
2.1 LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS
𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 Number of SSB beams on cell 𝐶.

𝑛𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶 Number of traffic beams on cell 𝐶.

𝑇𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 SSB repetition period on cell 𝐶.

𝑇 𝐹𝑅𝐴𝑀𝐸 Frame duration.

𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑖𝐶,𝑘 , (where 0 ≤ 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 < 𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 ) Best SSB index for cell 𝐶 at terminal 𝑘.

̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑛 𝑆𝑆𝐵
= 𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑇 𝐹𝑅𝐴𝑀𝐸 / 𝑇𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 Mean number of SSBs per frame on cell 𝐶.
𝐶

𝑛𝐶𝐷𝐿 𝑅𝐵 , 𝑛𝐶𝑈𝐿 𝑅𝐵 Number of resource blocks on cell 𝐶.

𝑛𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑅𝐵 , 𝑛𝐶𝑃𝑈𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑅𝐵 Number of PDCCH/PUCCH resource blocks on cell 𝐶.

𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠/𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠/𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡
𝑛𝐶 , 𝑛𝐶 Number symbols per slot on cell 𝐶.

𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒
𝑛𝐶 , 𝑛𝐶 Number slots per subframe on cell 𝐶.

𝑛𝑝𝐷𝐿 𝑆𝐶 , 𝑛𝑝𝑈𝐿 𝑆𝐶 Number of common subcarriers over all RBs of carrier p.

𝑊𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 𝑛𝑝𝐷𝐿 𝑆𝐶 Δ𝑓𝑝𝐷𝐿 DL bandwidth over all RBs of carrier 𝑝.

𝑊𝑝𝑈𝐿 = 𝑛𝑞𝑈𝐿 𝑆𝐶 Δ𝑓𝑝𝑈𝐿 UL bandwidth over all RBs of carrier 𝑝.

Δ𝑓𝑝𝑆𝑆𝐵 SSB subcarrier spacing for carrier 𝑝.

Δ𝑓𝑝𝐷𝐿 , Δ𝑓𝑝𝑈𝐿 Common DL and UL subcarrier spacing for carrier 𝑝.

𝐿𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝐶,𝑘 DL linkloss for the best SSB beam on cell C to terminal 𝑘.

𝑈𝐿
𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚,𝑘 , 𝐿𝐶𝑚,𝑘 DL/UL linkloss for traffic beam 𝑚 on cell 𝐶 to terminal 𝑘.

𝑂𝐻𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 , 𝑂𝐻𝐶𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐶𝐻 PDSCH and PUSCH overhead (%) on cell 𝐶.

𝛼𝐶𝐷𝐿 , 𝛼𝐶𝑈𝐿 DL and UL percentage (TDD) on cell 𝐶.

𝑃𝑆𝑆
𝛿𝐶,𝑝 PSS EPRE offset on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻
𝛿𝐶,𝑝 PDCCH TX EPRE offset on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝛿𝐶,𝑝 PDSCH TX EPRE offset on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝐶𝑆𝐼−𝑅𝑆
𝛿𝐶,𝑝 CSI-RS TX EPRE offset on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝜀𝐶,𝑝 SSS TX EPRE on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑃𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑆𝑆

𝜀𝐶,𝑝 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 𝛿𝐶,𝑝 PSS TX EPRE on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝜀𝐶,𝑝 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 PBCH TX EPRE on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

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𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻

𝜀𝐶,𝑝 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 𝛿𝐶,𝑝 PDCCH TX EPRE on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝜀𝐶,𝑝 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 𝛿𝐶,𝑝 PDSCH TX EPRE on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝐶𝑆𝐼−𝑅𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝑆𝐼−𝑅𝑆

𝜀𝐶,𝑝 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 𝛿𝐶,𝑝 CSI-RS TX EPRE on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒0−𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝜀𝐶,𝑝 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 Type0-PDCCH TX EPRE on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑝.

The tool allows the user to define a switched-beam antenna with multiple control-beam patterns, and
the SSB indices assigned to these patterns may not be unique. In this situation, the available power for
a given SSB index is taken to be shared equally between the control-beams with that SSB index.
Therefore DL calculations involving control-beams use the following scaled EPRE values to account
for this power sharing.

𝑃𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝜀𝐶,𝑝,𝑘 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 /𝐵(𝑖𝐶,𝑘 )

𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝜀𝐶,𝑝,𝑘 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 /𝐵(𝑖𝐶,𝑘 )

𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝜀𝐶,𝑝,𝑘 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 /𝐵(𝑖𝐶,𝑘 )

𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒0−𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒0−𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝜀𝐶,𝑝,𝑘 = 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 /𝐵(𝑖𝐶,𝑘 )

𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
The integer 𝐵(𝑖𝐶,𝑘 ) is the number of control beam patterns on cell 𝐶 using the SSB index 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 (which
is the best SSB index for cell 𝐶 at terminal 𝑘).

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2.1 MEAN NUMBERS OF CELL RESOURCE ELEMENTS PER FRAME

The following numbers of resource elements for a cell 𝐶 are time-averages over many frames (i.e. they
account for the SSB repetition period employed by the cell).

𝑁𝐶𝐷𝐿 Total DL REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑈𝐿 Total UL REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 960 ̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 Mean number of SSB REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑆𝑆 = (127/960) × 𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 Mean number of PSS REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑆 = (127/960) × 𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 Mean number of SSS REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 = (576/960) × 𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 Mean number of PBCH REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 Mean number of PDCCH REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 Mean number of PDSCH REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑈𝐶𝐶𝐻 Mean number of PUCCH REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐶𝐻 Mean number of PUSCH REs per frame for cell 𝐶.

Total Resource Elements per Frame in UL and DL

𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠/𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 (7)

𝑁𝐶𝐷𝐿 = 12 × 𝑛𝐶𝐷𝐿 𝑅𝐵 × 10 × 𝑛𝐶 × 𝑛𝐶 ∙

𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠/𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 (8)

𝑁𝐶𝑈𝐿 = 12 × 𝑛𝐶𝑈𝐿 𝑅𝐵 × 10 × 𝑛𝐶 × 𝑛𝐶 ∙

There are 12 REs per resource block and 10 subframes per frame. Note that (7) and (8) will give
identical values for TDD carriers, and so a further factor is required to account for the proportion of UL
and DL resource elements. See (11) and (12).

Total PDCCH and PUCCH Resource Elements per Frame

(9)
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 = 12 × 𝑛𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑅𝐵 .

(10)
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑈𝐶𝐶𝐻 = 12 × 𝑛𝐶𝑃𝑈𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑅𝐵 .

Number of PDSCH and PUSCH Resource Elements per Frame

(11)
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 = 𝑁𝐶𝐷𝐿 × (𝛼𝐶𝐷𝐿 /100) − 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 − 𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 .

(12)
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐶𝐻 = 𝑁𝐶𝑈𝐿 × (𝛼𝐶𝑈𝐿 /100) − 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑈𝐶𝐶𝐻 .

The percentages 𝛼𝐶𝐷𝐿 and 𝛼𝐶𝑈𝐿 only apply when the cell 𝐶 is using a carrier with a TDD frame structure.

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2.2 BEARER RATES AND RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

The measures of system load depend on the resource consumption/usage of the frame. Resource
consumption is defined as the ratio of the required service rate (Minimum-GBR and Maximum-MBR)
and the maximum available bearer rate calculated by using the employed modulation and channel
coding rate.

To model the average interference effects in the network without the exact knowledge of the time-
frequency PRBs assigned to a specific connection, a simplification can be by made by reducing the two
dimensional (time-frequency) frame into a single dimensional value of resource usage, either in the
frequency domain or the time domain. The simplified resource consumption (RE Usage) can then be
defined as

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 (13)

𝛼= .
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

The service rate requirements 𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 , are specified at application layer. The resource consumption is
occuring at the physical layer and is therefore calculated based on the service rate at physical layer that
is accounting for the applicable overheads:

𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 (14)
𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝐽,𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅 (1 + 𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 ),

𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
where 𝑅𝐽,𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 is the service rate at physical layer for cell 𝐽. 𝑂𝐻 is the service rate
overhead.

Bearer Rates

𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (15)
𝑅𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 = 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 × (1 − 𝑂𝐻𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 /100) × 𝑀 × 𝑅 /𝑇 𝐹𝑅𝐴𝑀𝐸 .

𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (16)
𝑅𝐶𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐶𝐻 = 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐶𝐻 × (1 − 𝑂𝐻𝐶𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐶𝐻 /100) × 𝑀 × 𝑅 /𝑇 𝐹𝑅𝐴𝑀𝐸 .

𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
where 𝑀 and 𝑅 are the bearer modulation index and channel coding rate respectively.

Resource Consumption for GBR and MBR

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 (1 + 𝑂𝐻𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 ) (17)
𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ,
𝑅𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 + 𝑂𝐻 𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 ) (18)
𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ,
𝑅𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
where 𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the minimum and maximum resource consumption for a bearer
𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
configured for cell 𝐶. 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 are Minimum-GBR and Maximum-MBR service
𝐷𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
rates. 𝑂𝐻 is the DL service rate overhead.

𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 (1 + 𝑂𝐻 𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 ) (19)
𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ,
𝑅𝐶𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 + 𝑂𝐻 𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 ) (20)
𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ,
𝑅𝐶𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐶𝐻

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𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
where 𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the minimum and maximum resource consumption for a bearer
𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
configured for carrier 𝑝 for cell 𝐽. 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the ‘Minimum-GBR’ and ‘Maximum-
𝑈𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
MBR’ service rates. 𝑂𝐻 is the UL service rate overhead.

2.2.1 Carrier Aggregation

During CA operation the terminal is served over mulitple different carriers over potentially different
bearers. The sets of DL and UL aggregated carriers for the terminal can be diffreent. This results in a
reduced effective resouce consumption for a bearer over the individual carriers that is given by:

−1 −1
𝐷𝐿 1 𝐷𝐿 1 (21)
𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (∑ 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
) , 𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (∑ 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
) ,
𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶 𝐶

−1 −1
𝑈𝐿 1 𝑈𝐿 1 (22)
𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (∑ 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
) , 𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (∑ 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
) ,
𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝐶,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶 𝐶

𝐷𝐿 𝐷𝐿
where 𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the minimum and maximum effective resource
𝑈𝐿
consumption for the selected DL bearers of the DL aggregated cells 𝐶, and 𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑚𝑖𝑛 and
𝑈𝐿
𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the minimum and maximum effective resource consumption for the selected UL
bearers of the UL aggregated cells 𝐶.

2.3 INTERFERENCE BETWEEN DL RE TYPES

When evaluating the DL for a terminal 𝑘, we must account for interference between different DL RE
𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻→𝑆𝑆𝑆
types, so we introduce resource element overlap factors (e.g. 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 ) that are defined as follows.

𝑎→𝑣
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 For a terminal 𝑘, this is the probability that RE type “𝑎” on aggressor cell 𝐶
interferes with RE type “𝑣” on victim cell 𝐽 when both cells are at full DL load.

The factors are calculated taking both cells to be at full DL load so that they are independent of the DL
loads. The way each factor is calculated depends on whether the aggressor and victim cell are on the
same carrier, and is described in the following sections.

2.3.1 Victim and aggressor on different carriers

If the aggressor and victim are on different carriers, then the element overlap factor for any victim RE
of type “𝑣” on cell 𝐽 and any aggressor RE of type “𝑎” on cell 𝐶 depends purely on the proportion of
aggressor elements on the aggressor cell 𝐶.

1 𝑁𝐶𝑎
× if 𝑎 ∈ {PSS, SSS, PBCH}
𝑎→𝑣 𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑁𝐶𝐷𝐿 (23)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = , ∀𝑣 .
𝑁𝐶𝑎
if 𝑎 ∈ {PDCCH, PDSCH}
{ 𝑁𝐶𝐷𝐿

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2.3.2 Victim and aggressor on the same carrier

When the aggressor cell 𝐶 and the victim cell 𝐽 are on the same carrier, the element overlap factor
𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
depends on the SSB indexes (𝑖𝐶,𝑘 and 𝑖𝐽,𝑘 ) of the two control beams affecting the terminal 𝑘.

For victim REs inside the SSB (i.e. PSS/SSS/PBCH) we first define the following SSB overlap factor
𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
1 if 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 = 𝑖𝐽,𝑘 ,
𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑆𝑆𝐵 0 if 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 ≠ 𝑖𝐽,𝑘 , (24)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 ≡
1 𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
if either 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 or 𝑖𝐽,𝑘 is unknown.
{max(𝑛𝐶 , 𝑛𝐽 )

If the victim and aggressor cells both have antennas where the SSB index has been specified, then the
SSB overlap factor is either 1 or 0, and varies with location of the terminal 𝑘. If either SSB index is
unknown at a location, then the SSB overlap factor is the probability that the victim SSB on cell 𝐽
receives interference from the aggressor SSB on cell 𝐶.

Similarly we define the following overlap factor between aggressor traffic resource elements and
victim SSB resource elements.

𝑆𝑆𝐵
1 if 𝑖𝐽,𝑘 ≥ 𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 ,
𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑆𝑆𝐵
0 if 𝑖𝐽,𝑘 < 𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 , (25)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 ≡
𝑛𝐽𝑆𝑆𝐵 − 𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
max (0, ) if either 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 or 𝑖𝐽,𝑘 is unknown.
{ 𝑛𝐽𝑆𝑆𝐵

We then get the following element overlap factors for victim PSS/SSS/PBCH REs.

𝑃𝑆𝑆→𝑆𝑆𝑆 (26)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 =0.

𝑃𝑆𝑆→𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 (27)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 0.

𝑆𝑆𝑆→𝑃𝑆𝑆 (28)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 =0.

𝑆𝑆𝑆→𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 (29)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 =0.

𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝑆𝑆 (30)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 0.

𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻→𝑆𝑆𝑆 (31)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 =0.

𝑃𝑆𝑆→𝑃𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑆𝑆𝐵 (32)

𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 .

𝑆𝑆𝑆→𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑆𝑆𝐵 (33)

𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 .

𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑆𝑆𝐵 (34)

𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 .

𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 (35)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × 𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 .
𝑁𝐶 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

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𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻→𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 (36)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 (37)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × 𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 .
𝑁𝐶 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 (38)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻→𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 (39)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 (40)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

For victim REs outside the SSB (i.e. PDCCH/PDSCH) we first define the following overlap factor to
account for different numbers of traffic resource elements on the two cells.

𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 (41)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽 ≡ min (1, ).
𝑁𝐽𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐽𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

This factor is just the probability that any chosen traffic RE on cell 𝐽 receives interference from a traffic
RE on aggressor cell 𝐶.

Similarly we define the following factor to give the overlap between aggressor SSB resource elements
and victim traffic resource elements.

𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
(1 − 𝑂𝐶→𝐽 ) 𝑆𝑆𝐵
if 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 ≥ 𝑛𝐽𝑆𝑆𝐵 ,
(𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵 − 𝑛𝐽𝑆𝑆𝐵 )
𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶 𝑆𝑆𝐵 (42)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 ≡ 0 if 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 < 𝑛𝐽𝑆𝑆𝐵 ,
𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
(1 − 𝑂𝐶→𝐽 ) 𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝐵
if either 𝑖𝐶,𝑘 or 𝑖𝐽,𝑘 is unknown.
{ 𝑛𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵

We then get the following element overlap factors for victim PDCCH/PDSCH REs:

𝑃𝑆𝑆→𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑆𝑆 (43)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝑃𝑆𝑆→𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑆𝑆 (44)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝑆𝑆𝑆→𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑆 (45)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝑆𝑆𝑆→𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑆 (46)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 (47)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 (48)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝐵

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𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 (49)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 (50)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 (51)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽 × .
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻→𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶→𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 (52)
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 = 𝑂𝐶→𝐽 × 𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 .
𝑁𝐶 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

2.4 CALCULATION OF FREQUENCY-OVERLAP FACTORS

Consider an interfering carrier 𝑞 and a victim carrier 𝑝.

𝐺𝑞 (𝑓)

𝑊𝑞⬚

𝑓𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑤 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ
𝑓𝑞

𝑊𝑝⬚

𝑓𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑤 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ
𝑓𝑝

Interferer transmission filter and victim carrier bandwidth

The transmission filter of the interfering carrier is defined as a set of attenuation values at normalised
frequency points. A normalised frequency of minus 1 corresponds to the frequency 𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑤 at the lowest
end of the transmission bandwidth. A normalised frequency of plus 1 corresponds to the frequency
𝑓ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ at the highest end of the transmission bandwidth A normalised frequency of 0 corresponds to the
centre frequency of the transmission bandwidth.

The filter attenuation values (from 200 dB to 0 dB) are mapped to corresponding gain factors in the
range from 0 to 1, giving a transmission gain curve 𝐺𝑞 (𝑓) for the interfering carrier 𝑞.

𝑈𝐿 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝐷𝐿 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
The UL and DL frequency-overlap factors (𝑂𝑞→𝑝 , 𝑂𝑞→𝑝 ) can be regarded as operators that map
power from the bandwidth of the aggressor carrier 𝑞 to the bandwidth of the victim carrier 𝑝. Each is
defined as the proportion of power in the aggressor carrier 𝑞 that affects the victim carrier 𝑝.

To calculate the frequency-overlap factor we calculate the area under 𝐺𝑞 (𝑓) across the victim carrier
bandwidth, and then normalise this with respect to the area under 𝐺𝑞 (𝑓) across the interfering carrier
bandwidth. This normalisation ensures that the self-overlap factor is 1.
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ
𝑓𝑝 𝑓𝑞
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 (53)
𝑂𝑞→𝑝 = (∫ 𝐺𝑞 (𝑓) 𝑑𝑓) / (∫ 𝐺𝑞 (𝑓) 𝑑𝑓 )
𝑓𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑤

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If we need to map an EPRE value (without CP) from an aggressor carrier to a victim carrier then we
need to use a slightly different frequency overlap factor. Consider the situation when we have a total
transmission power of 𝑃𝑞 across the aggressor bandwidth 𝑊𝑞 , with 𝑃𝑝 of this power affecting the victim
bandwidth 𝑊𝑝 . The frequency overlap factor in (53) relates these two powers as follows

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 (54)
𝑃𝑝 = 𝑂𝑞→𝑝 𝑃𝑞 .

We can express each power as a product of the carrier bandwidth and an EPRE (without CP) in that
bandwidth. This is because EPRE (without CP) is just another name for power spectral density.

(55)
𝑃𝑝 = 𝑊𝑝 𝜀𝑝 .

and

(56)
𝑃𝑞 = 𝑊𝑞 𝜀𝑞 .

Substituting these into (54) gives this relation between EPRE values

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑂𝑞→𝑝 𝑊𝑞 (57)
𝜀𝑝 = ( ) 𝜀𝑞 .
𝑊𝑝

Therefore the operator that maps a DL EPRE value from an aggressor carrier 𝑞 to a victim carrier 𝑝 is
given by

𝐷𝐿 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝐷𝐿 𝐸𝑃𝑅𝐸
𝑂𝑞→𝑝 𝑊𝑞𝐷𝐿 (58)
𝑂𝑞→𝑝 = ,
𝑊𝑝𝐷𝐿

𝐷𝐿 𝐸𝑃𝑅𝐸
where 𝑂𝑞→𝑝 is the DL frequency-overlap factor for EPRE.

Transmission filters for other technology types

Other technologies in the tool have their transmission filters defined by a single attenuation value in
dB. This corresponds to the transmission gain curve shown in the following figure.

𝐺(𝑓) = 1

−𝐴/10 −𝐴/10
𝐺(𝑓) = 10⬚ 𝐺(𝑓) = 10⬚
𝐺(𝑓) = 0 𝐺(𝑓) = 0

𝑊 𝑊 𝑊

Default transmission filter for carrier of bandwidth W and attenuation of A dB.

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2.5 LOAD FACTORS

The proportion of cell traffic resources consumed by a traffic beam are represented by the following
two load factors.

Λ𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚 DL load for traffic beam 𝑚 of cell 𝐶. Applies to PDCCH, PDSCH.

Λ𝑈𝐿
𝐶𝑚 UL load for traffic beam 𝑚 of cell 𝐶. Applies to PUCCH, PUSCH.

The load factors for a cell are defined as sums over all traffic beams on the cell.

Λ𝐷𝐿 𝐷𝐿
𝐶 ≡ ∑𝑚∈𝐶 Λ 𝐶𝑚 Total DL load for cell 𝐶. (0 ≤ Λ𝐷𝐿
𝐶 ≤ 1).

Λ𝑈𝐿 𝑈𝐿
𝐶 ≡ ∑𝑚∈𝐶 Λ 𝐶𝑚 Total UL load for cell 𝐶. (0 ≤ Λ𝑈𝐿
𝐶 ≤ 1).

The DL beam load factors Λ𝐷𝐿

𝐶𝑚 act as scale factors in the formula for DL interference produced to other
cells by the PDCCH/PDSCH.

2.6 BEAM INTERFERENCE REDUCTION (ICIC) FACTORS

These depend on the location of the served terminal 𝑘. They only apply to the case when two cells (𝐽
and 𝐶) have the same carrier (𝑝) and we are considering interference between traffic resource elements
on the two cells.
𝐷𝐿
Φ𝐶𝑚→𝐽𝑖,𝑘 This factor is between 0 and 1 and depends on the DL loads of the serving beam
(beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽) and the two most significant aggressor beams in the DL.
𝑈𝐿
Φ𝐽𝑖→𝐶𝑚,𝑘 This factor is between 0 and 1 and depends on the UL loads of the serving beam
(beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽) and the two most significant victim beams in UL.

2.6.1 Choice of Most Significant Beams

In the DL, the aggressor beams are ranked by mean received interfering PDSCH EPRE given by

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝐷𝐿
𝜀𝐶,𝑝 Λ𝐶𝑚 (59)
.
𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚,𝑘

𝐷𝐿
Once the two main aggressor beams for a terminal 𝑘 have been found, the factor Φ𝐶𝑚→𝐽𝑖,𝑘 is calculated
and used to reduce the DL interference from those two main aggressor beams. Note that the factor
𝐷𝐿
Φ𝐶𝑚→𝐽𝑖,𝑘 does not apply to REs within the SSB (i.e. PSS/SSS/PBCH).

In the UL, the victim beams are ranked by mean received EPRE from the UE. This is equivalent to
ranking by the inverse of the UL linkloss

1 (60)
.
𝐿𝑈𝐿
𝐶𝑚,𝑘

𝑈𝐿
Once the two main victim beams for a terminal 𝑘 have been found, the factor Φ𝐽𝑖→𝐶𝑚,𝑘 is calculated
and used to reduce the UL received interference that the terminal produces to the two victim beams.

2.6.2 Calculation of 𝚽 𝑫𝑳 and 𝚽 𝑼𝑳

Each beam interference reduction factor is a function of up to 3 beam loads (i.e. the serving beam and
two most significant interfering/victim beams). Let Λ𝐴 be the load of the serving beam (A) and let Λ𝐵

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and Λ𝐶 be the loads of the two main interfering/victim beams (B and C). Note that the extra subscripts
has been dropped from the notation here for simplicity.

The overlap factor Λ𝐴𝐵 gives the proportion of REs on beams A and B that are clashing (i.e. allocated to
both beams) when there is perfect coordination between the three beams. The other two overlap factors
Λ𝐵𝐶 and Λ𝐶𝐴 are defined in the same way.

The formulas for the 3 overlap factors depend on the value of the combined load defined as

(61)
Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≡ (Λ𝐴 + Λ𝐵 + Λ𝐶 ),

and the maximum individual load defined as

(62)
Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≡ max(Λ𝐴 , Λ𝐵 , Λ𝐶 ).

There are three cases to consider:

Case 1: 𝚲𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 ≤ 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝚲𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 ≥ 𝟐.

In this case the optimal overlap factors can be calculated exactly using the following expressions

(63)
Λ𝐴𝐵 = max(0, 𝛬𝐴 + 𝛬𝐵 − 1),

(64)
Λ𝐵𝐶 = max(0, Λ𝐵 + Λ𝐶 − 1),

(65)
Λ𝐶𝐴 = max(0, Λ𝐶 + Λ𝐴 − 1),

For the remaining two cases, we assume that non-clashing resources are distributed in proportion to the
three loads.

Case 2: 𝟏 < 𝚲𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 < 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝚲𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≤ 𝚲𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 /𝟐.

This gives the following expressions for the 3 overlap factors.

2(Λ𝐴 + ΛB ) (66)
Λ𝐴𝐵 = (Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 1) ( − 1),
Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

2(Λ𝐵 + ΛC ) (67)
Λ𝐵𝐶 = (Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 1) ( − 1),
Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

2(Λ𝐶 + ΛA ) (68)
Λ𝐶𝐴 = (Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 1) ( − 1).
Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Case 3: 𝟏 < 𝚲𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 < 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝚲𝒎𝒂𝒙 > 𝚲𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 /𝟐.

This gives the following expressions for the 3 overlap factors.

(Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 1)Λ𝐴 Λ𝐵
if Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≠ Λ𝐶 (69)
Λ𝐴𝐵 = {(Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 )Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,
0 if Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Λ𝐶

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(Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 1)Λ𝐵 Λ𝐶
if Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≠ Λ𝐴 (70)
Λ𝐵𝐶 = {(Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 )Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,
0 if Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Λ𝐴

(Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 1)Λ𝐶 Λ𝐴
if Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≠ Λ𝐵 (71)
Λ𝐶𝐴 = {(Λ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 )Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
0 if Λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Λ𝐵

For the DL, the resulting interference reduction factors for aggressor beams B and C are given by

𝐷𝐿
Λ𝐴𝐵 (72)
Φ𝐵→𝐴 = (1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼 ,
ΛA Λ𝐵

𝐷𝐿
Λ𝐶𝐴 (73)
Φ𝐶→𝐴 = (1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼 .
Λ𝐶 ΛA

For the UL, the resulting interference reduction factors for victim beams B and C are given by

𝑈𝐿
Λ𝐴𝐵 (74)
Φ𝐴→𝐵 = (1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼 ,
ΛA Λ𝐵

𝑈𝐿
Λ𝐴𝐶 (75)
Φ𝐴→𝐶 = (1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼 .
ΛA Λ𝐶

The user-specified beam co-ordination factor (𝛼) can be used to vary the interference reduction effect,
from perfect co-ordination between beams (𝛼 = 1) to no co-ordination between beams (𝛼 = 0).

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2.7 DOWNLINK FORMULAE

2.7.1 Downlink Losses

DL Loss (Ctrl)
The DL loss for the best SSB beam of cell 𝐽 to terminal 𝑘 is given by

𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚ℎ𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝐿𝐽,𝑘 𝐿𝐽,𝑘 𝐿𝐽 𝐿𝐽 𝐿𝑘 (76)
𝐿𝐽,𝑘 = 𝐹( 𝐽, 𝑘, 𝐵) ( × × ).
𝐺𝐽𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝐽𝐷𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟.
𝐺𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑘𝑅𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏

𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎

The quantity (𝐿𝐽,𝑘 𝐿𝐽,𝑘 ) is the masked pathloss for the best SSB beam and is read from
𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
the prediction file. 𝐺𝐽 is the corresponding antenna gain for the best SSB beam.

𝐹( 𝐽, 𝑘, 𝐵) is the selector function that depends on the directional antenna capabilities of the terminal 𝑘
and is given by (78).

DL Loss (Traffic)
The DL loss for traffic beam 𝑚 on cell 𝐽 and terminal 𝑘 is given by

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚ℎ𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝐿𝐽𝑚,𝑘 𝐿𝐽𝑚,𝑘 𝐿𝐽 𝐿𝐽 𝐿𝑘 (77)
𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐽𝑚,𝑘 = 𝐹( 𝐽, 𝑘, 𝐵) ( 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 × 𝐷𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟. × ).
𝐺𝐽𝑚 𝐺𝐽 𝐺𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑘𝑅𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
The quantity (𝐿𝐽𝑚,𝑘 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
𝐽𝑚,𝑘 ) is the masked pathloss for traffic beam 𝑚 and is read from the
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
prediction file. 𝐺𝐽𝑚 is the corresponding antenna gain for the traffic beam.
𝐹( 𝐽, 𝑘, 𝐵) is the selector function that depends on the directional antenna capabilities of the terminal 𝑘
and is given by (78).

Terminals with Directional Antennas

Terminals with directional antennas are handled using the selector function 𝐹(𝐽, 𝑘, 𝐵). This depends
on the directional antenna capabilities of the terminal 𝑘 and is given by:

∆𝑘
1, if |𝜃| ≤ (78)
𝐹( 𝐽, 𝑘, 𝐵) = { 2 ,
∞, otherwise

where ∆𝑘 is the beamwidth of the terminal antenna. The azimuth of terminal antenna is always
assumed to be pointing towards the serving/best server (sector 𝐵). The angle 𝜃 is the bearing of the
cell of interest (sector 𝐽) as depicted in the figure below.

22
NR Static Simulations

Modelling of directional antennas on Terminal

23
NR Static Simulations

2.7.2 Downlink Received Quantities

DL Thermal Noise EPRE

(79)
𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑘 𝑇 𝜂𝑘 ,

where 𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 is the DL thermal noise energy of a single resource element, and 𝜂𝑘 is the thermal noise
figure of terminal 𝑘.

SS-RSRP
𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑆
(𝑃𝑃𝑅𝐸)𝐽,𝑝 𝜀𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 Δ𝑓𝑝𝑆𝑆𝐵 (80)
(𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 ≡ 𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑆𝑆𝐵 ,
𝐿𝐽,𝑘 𝐿𝐽,𝑘

𝑆𝑆𝑆
where (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the SS-RSRP for cell 𝐽 employing carrier 𝑝 measured by terminal 𝑘.

CSI-RSRP
𝐶𝑆𝐼−𝑅𝑆
(𝑃𝑃𝑅𝐸)𝐶𝑆𝐼−𝑅𝑆
𝐽,𝑝 𝜀𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 Δ𝑓𝑝𝐷𝐿 (81)
(𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝐶𝑆𝐼
𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 ≡ = ,
𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑘 𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑘

where (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝐶𝑆𝐼
𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 is the CSI-RSRP for traffic beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 employing carrier 𝑝 measured by
terminal 𝑘.

PDSCH Received PPRE

(𝑃𝑃𝑅𝐸)𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝐽,𝑝
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝜀𝐽,𝑝 Δ𝑓𝑝𝐷𝐿 (82)
(𝑅𝑋 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝐸)𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 ≡ = ,
𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑘
𝐷𝐿
𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘

where (𝑅𝑋 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝐸)𝐶𝑆𝐼 𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 is the received PPRE of the PDSCH for traffic beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 employing
carrier 𝑝 measured by terminal 𝑘.

RSSI

The RSSI used for the SS-RSRQ calculation is only measured in certain symbols and over certain RBs.

Assumptions:
 The measurement bandwidth 𝑊𝑝𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 covers only the 20 SSB RBs of the serving beam on
carrier 𝑝.
 The measurement is over the first 2 symbols of the slot containing the SSB for the serving
beam. This corresponds to the first row of Table 5.1.3-1 in 3GPP 38.215. These first 2
symbols contain the Type0-PDCCH for the serving beam which is taken to be at the same
EPRE as the SSS and independent of cell load.

The serving beam therefore contributes the following RX power to the RSSI measurement

𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒0−𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻
𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼
𝜀 𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 (83)
𝑃𝐽,𝑝 = 𝑊𝑝𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 × [ 𝑆𝑆𝐵 ],
𝐿𝐽,𝑘

where

24
NR Static Simulations

(84)
𝑊𝑝𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 = 240 × Δ𝑓𝑝𝑆𝑆𝐵 .
For aggressor beams we have different expressions for the contributing TX power depending on
whether or not the aggressor beam is on the same carrier as the server.

If an aggressor beam 𝑚 on cell 𝐶 uses the same carrier (𝑝) as the serving cell 𝐽, then we must use the
SSB overlap factor to account for differing numbers of SSB beams on the two cells. We get the
following RX power contribution to the RSSI measurement

𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒0−𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 1 𝑆𝑆𝐵→𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻+𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

Λ𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚 (85)
𝑃𝐶,𝑝 = 𝑊𝑝𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 × [𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 𝜀 𝐶,𝑝,𝑘 + (1 − 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 ) 𝜀𝐶,𝑝 ∑ ],
𝐿𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝐶,𝑘 𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚,𝑘
𝑚∈𝐶

where

𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝜀𝐶,𝑝
𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻
+ 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝜀 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝐶,𝑝 (86)
𝜀 𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻+𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝐶,𝑝 = .
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 + 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻

is the average EPRE across PDCCH and PDSCH resource elements on cell 𝐶. Note that the terms in
square brackets in (85) represent the average TX EPRE for REs contributing to the RSSI measurement.

If an aggressor beam 𝑚 on cell 𝐶 uses a different carrier (𝑞) to the serving cell 𝐽, then we work in
terms of the average EPRE values of the aggressor beam over a full frame, and use the frequency
𝐷𝐿 𝐸𝑃𝑅𝐸
overlap factor for EPRE (𝑂𝑞→𝑝 ) to map these to equivalent EPRE values in the bandwidth of the
victim carrier 𝑝. The average RX power contribution to the RSSI measurement is then given by

1 Λ𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚 (87)
𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼
𝑃𝐶,𝑞→𝑝 = 𝑊𝑝𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 × 𝑂𝑞→𝑝
𝐷𝐿 𝐸𝑃𝑅𝐸
× [𝜀 𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝐶,𝑞,𝑘 × + 𝜀 𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝐶,𝑞 ∑ ].
𝐿𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝐶,𝑘 𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚,𝑘
𝑚∈𝐶

where

𝑆𝑆𝐵
1 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝑆𝑆 𝜀𝐶,𝑞
𝑃𝑆𝑆
+ 𝑁𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜀𝐶,𝑞
𝑆𝑆𝑆
+ 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻 𝜀𝐶,𝑞
𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻
(88)
𝜀𝐶,𝑞 = 𝑆𝑆𝐵 × ,
𝑛𝐶 𝑁𝐶𝐷𝐿
and

𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝜀𝐶,𝑞
𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻
+ 𝑁𝐶𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝜀𝐶,𝑞
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
(89)
𝜀𝐶,𝑞 = .
𝑁𝐶𝐷𝐿

Note that the factors weighting the EPRE values in (88) and (89) are precisely those given in (23). The
resulting expression for RSSI at terminal 𝑘 is then given by adding received power contributions from
all beams and cells to the thermal noise

𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼

(𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑇 𝜂𝑘 𝑊𝑝𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 + 𝑃𝐽,𝑝 + ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝐶,𝑝 + ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝐶,𝑞→𝑝 , (90)
𝑞=𝑝 𝐶≠𝐽 𝑞≠𝑝 𝐶≠𝐽

where

𝑘𝑇 Boltzmann constant × Temperature.

𝜂𝑘 DL noise factor for terminal 𝑘.

𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼
𝑃𝐽,𝑝 RSSI TX power contribution from serving cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼
𝑃𝐶,𝑝 RSSI TX power contribution from non-serving cell 𝐶 using the same carrier 𝑝.

25
NR Static Simulations

𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼
𝑃𝐶,𝑞→𝑝 RSSI TX power contribution from non-serving cell 𝐶 using a different carrier 𝑞.

Although not mentioned in (90) for simplicity, the RSSI also includes power contributions from non-
NR cells. The received power contribution to the RSSI from a non-NR cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑞 is given
by
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
(𝑃𝐶,𝑞 / 𝑊𝑞𝐷𝐿 ) (91)
𝑊𝑝𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 × 𝐷𝐿 𝐸𝑃𝑅𝐸
𝑂𝑞→𝑝 ×[ ],
𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐶,𝑘

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
where 𝑃𝐶,𝑞 is the average TX power of non-NR aggressor cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑞. Comparing (91)
with the right hand side of (87) one can see that the TX power spectral density of the aggressor cell
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
(𝑃𝐶,𝑞 / 𝑊𝑞𝐷𝐿 ) plays an equivalent role to average TX EPRE.

SS-RSRQ
𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 𝑅𝐵 (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃) 𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑛𝐽,𝑝 𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 (92)
(𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑄)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 = ,
(𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘

where

(𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑄)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the SS-RSRQ for cell 𝐽 employing carrier 𝑝 and at the terminal 𝑘,

𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼 𝑅𝐵
𝑛𝐽,𝑝 = 20 is the number of RBs (at SSB numerology) used for the RSSI measurement.

𝑆𝑆𝑆
(𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the SS-RSRP given by (80),

(𝑅𝑆𝑆𝐼)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the RSSI given by (90).

SS-SNR
𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝜀𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 (93)
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑆𝐵
,
𝜀𝑘 × 𝐿𝐽,𝑘

where
𝑆𝑆𝑆
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the SS-SNR for cell 𝐽 employing carrier 𝑝 and at the terminal 𝑘,

𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝜀𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 /𝐿𝐽,𝑘 is the received SSS EPRE from serving cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝,

𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 is the thermal noise EPRE given by (79).

26
NR Static Simulations

General Expression for Total DL Received Interfering EPRE for DL SINR Formulas

For the DL, the total received interfering EPRE for an RE of type 𝑣 served by beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 using
carrier 𝑝 is a sum over all the other carriers (𝑞), cells (𝐶), beams on the cells (𝑚), and aggressor RE
types (𝑎).

𝑣 𝐷𝐿 𝐸𝑃𝑅𝐸 𝑃𝑆𝑆→𝑣 𝑃𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆→𝑣 𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻→𝑣 𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐻

1
𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 = ∑ 𝑂𝑞→𝑝 ∑ [(𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 𝜀𝐶,𝑞,𝑘 + 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 𝜀𝐶,𝑞,𝑘 + 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 𝜀𝐶,𝑞,𝑘 )
𝐿𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝐶,𝑘 (94)
𝑞 𝐶≠𝐽
𝐷𝐿
𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻→𝑣 𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻→𝑣 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
Λ𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚 Φ𝐶𝑚→𝐽𝑖
+ (𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 𝜀𝐶,𝑞 + 𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 𝜀𝐶,𝑞 ) ∑ ].
𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚,𝑘
𝑚∈𝐶
where
𝑣
𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 is the interfering RX EPRE for victim RE type 𝑣 on terminal 𝑘 served by beam 𝑖 on
cell 𝐽 with carrier 𝑝.
𝐷𝐿 𝐸𝑃𝑅𝐸
𝑂𝑞→𝑝 is the frequency overlap factor to map DL EPRE from aggressor carrier 𝑞 to victim
carrier 𝑝.
𝑎→𝑣
𝑂𝐶→𝐽,𝑘 is the resource element overlap factor to account for interference from element type
‘𝑎’ on the aggressor cell 𝐶 to the victim element type ‘𝑣’ on serving cell 𝐽 .

Λ𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑚 is the DL load factor for traffic beam 𝑚 of cell 𝐶.
𝐷𝐿
Φ𝐶𝑚→𝐽𝑖 is the beam interference reduction factor described in section 2.6. It only applies to
the two most significant interferers. It is taken to be 1 for other interferers.

SS-SINR

𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑆𝑆𝑆
(𝜀𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 /𝐿𝐽,𝑘 ) (95)
(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 =
𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 + 𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘
𝑆𝑆𝑆

where
𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝜀𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 /𝐿𝐽,𝑘 is the received SSS EPRE from serving cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝,

𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 is the thermal noise EPRE given by (79),

𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the total received interfering EPRE for the SSS, and is given by the general
expression in (94) with the victim RE type 𝑣 set to 𝑆𝑆𝑆

PDCCH SINR

𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝐷𝐿
(𝜀𝐽,𝑝 /𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘 ) (96)
(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻
𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 = ,
𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 + 𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘
𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻

where
𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝐷𝐿
𝜀𝐽,𝑝 /𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘 is the received PDCCH EPRE from serving beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝,

𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 is the thermal noise EPRE given by (79),

𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻
𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the total received interfering EPRE for the PDCCH, and is given by the general
expression in (94) with the victim RE type 𝑣 set to 𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻

27
NR Static Simulations

PDSCH SINR

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝐷𝐿
(𝜀𝐽,𝑝 /𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘 ) (97)
(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 = ,
𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 + 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘

where
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻 𝐷𝐿
𝜀𝐽,𝑝 /𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘 is the received PDSCH EPRE from serving beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝,

𝜀𝑘𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 is the thermal noise EPRE given by (79),

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻
𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the total received interfering EPRE for the PDSCH, and is given by the general
expression in (94) with the victim RE type 𝑣 set to 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐻.

2.8 UPLINK FORMULAE

UL Loss (Traffic)

The UL loss for traffic beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 and terminal 𝑘 is given by

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘 𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘 𝐿𝐽 𝐿𝑘 (98)
𝐿𝑈𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑘 = 𝐹( 𝐽, 𝑘, 𝐵) ( × × ).
𝐺𝐽𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝐽𝑈𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐺𝐽𝑚ℎ𝑎 𝐺𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
The quantity (𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
𝐽𝑖,𝑘 ) is the masked pathloss for the traffic beam and is read from the
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
prediction file. 𝐺𝐽𝑖 is the corresponding antenna gain for the traffic beam.
𝐹( 𝐽, 𝑘, 𝐵) is the selector function that depends on the directional antenna capabilities of the terminal 𝑘
and is given by (78).

UL Thermal Noise Power

𝑈𝐿 (99)
𝑁𝐽,𝑝 = 𝑘 𝑇 𝑊𝑝𝑈𝐿 𝜂𝐽 ,

where
𝑈𝐿
𝑁𝐽,𝑝 is the UL thermal noise power over the whole UL bandwidth of cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑘𝑇 is the Boltzmann constant × Temperature.

𝑊𝑝𝑈𝐿 is the the UL bandwidth of carrier 𝑝.

𝜂𝐽 is the thermal noise figure of cell 𝐽.

UL Received Interference

|The UL received interference only comes from out-of-cell terminals. The received UL interference
power on beam 𝑖 of cell 𝐽 is given by summing the power received from terminals served by other cells
𝐶 as follows
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑈𝐿 𝑈𝐿 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑈𝐿
𝑃𝑘∈𝐶𝑚,𝑞 (100)
𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝 = ∑∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑂𝑞→𝑝 Φ𝐶𝑚→𝐽𝑖 ,
𝐿𝑈𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑘
𝑞 𝐶≠𝐽 𝑚∈𝐶 𝑘∈𝑚

28
NR Static Simulations

where

𝑈𝐿
𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝 is the UL received (inter-cell) interference power captured across the whole UL
carrier bandwidth for victim beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝.
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑃𝑘∈𝐶𝑚,𝑞 is the mean UL TX power for terminal 𝑘 served by beam 𝑚 on cell 𝐶 using carrier 𝑞.

𝐿𝑈𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑘 is the UL linkloss between victim beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 and the aggressor terminal 𝑘.

𝑈𝐿 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑂𝑞→𝑝 is the frequency overlap factor mapping UL power from aggressor carrier 𝑞 to victim
carrier 𝑝.
𝑈𝐿
Φ𝐶𝑚→𝐽𝑖 accounts for reduction in interference due to co-ordination between the victim and
aggressor beams. The factor only applies to the two most significant victims.

UL Interference Level (Noise Rise) per Traffic Beam

𝑈𝐿 𝑈𝐿
𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝 + 𝑁𝐽,𝑝 (101)
(𝑁𝑅)𝐽𝑖,𝑝 = 𝑈𝐿 ,
𝑁𝐽,𝑝

where

(𝑁𝑅)𝐽𝑖,𝑝 is the UL noise rise for beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝.

𝑈𝐿
𝑁𝐽,𝑝 is the UL thermal noise over the whole UL bandwidth as given by (99).

𝑈𝐿
𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝 is the UL received interference as given by (100).

2.8.1 Uplink Bandwidth Allocation Method

The following describes the UL calculation for a terminal 𝑘 served by beam 𝑖 on cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝.
The calculation depends on the selected UL bandwidth allocation method, which determines the
number of resource blocks over which a terminal is instantaneously attempting to transmit. For a fixed
TX power, increasing the number of allocated resource blocks will lower the TX power spectral density
and therefore lower the achieved SINR. We first define the two quantities 𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 and
𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 on carrier 𝑝.

(102)
𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 = ⌈𝑛𝑝𝑅𝐵 𝛼𝑝𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 ⌉.

𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 is the minimum number of resource blocks over which the terminal can spread its
transmission power while still meeting the required bearer resource consumption (𝛼𝑝𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 ). See (17)
to (20).

(𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝐿𝑈𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑘 ) (103)
𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 = min (𝑛𝑝𝑅𝐵 , ⌊ 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 (𝐼 𝑈𝐿 + 𝑁 𝑈𝐿 )
⌋ ).
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝐽𝑖,𝑝 𝐽,𝑝

𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 is the maximum number of resource blocks over which the terminal can spread its
transmission power (𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) while still satisfying the SINR requirement of the bearer (𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
).
This SINR requirement is modified depending on whether the connection makes use of an Advanced
Antenna System (AAS) as explained in section 7.

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NR Static Simulations

 Use Minimum Resource Blocks

This method allocates the minimum number of resource blocks, so

(104)
𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 .

 Use All Resource Blocks

This method allocates all resource blocks, so

(105)
𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑛𝑝𝑅𝐵 .
 Maintain Connection
This method allocates as many resource blocks as possible while still maintaining coverage, so

(106)
𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝐵 = min[𝑛𝑝𝑅𝐵 , max(𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 , 𝑛𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚_𝑅𝐵 )].

UL Required TX Power

The UL required TX power of terminal 𝑘 served by beam 𝑖 of cell 𝐽 using carrier 𝑝 is given by

𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑈𝐿
𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝐵 (107)
𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑝,𝑘 = 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝 𝑈𝐿
+ 𝑁𝐽,𝑝 ) 𝐿𝑈𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑘 × ,
𝑛𝑝𝑅𝐵

where the terminal spreads its power over 𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝐵 resource blocks according to the relevant
𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
bandwidth allocation method as given by (104) to (106). 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 is the SINR requirement of the
UL bearer. This SINR requirement is modified depending on whether the connection makes use of an
Advanced Antenna System (AAS) as explained in section 7.

𝑃𝐶
The actual transmit power of the terminal (𝑃𝑝,𝑘 ) is restricted to the dynamic range of the terminal, so
the peak UL TX power is given by

𝑃𝐶 𝑟𝑒𝑞 (108)
𝑃𝑝,𝑘 = max(𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑃𝑝,𝑘 ) ,

where 𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑖𝑛 are the maximum and minimum power of terminal 𝑘 with

𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 (109)
𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ,
𝐷𝑘

where 𝐷𝑘 is the dynamic range of the terminal transmit power.

The time average UL TX power is given by

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝐶
𝑛𝑝𝑅𝐵 (110)
𝑃𝑝,𝑘 = 𝑃𝑝,𝑘 𝛼𝑝𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 × 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝐵
.
𝑛𝑝

30
NR Static Simulations

UL SINR (Power-Controlled)

𝑃𝐶 𝑈𝐿
(𝑃𝑝,𝑘 /𝐿𝐽𝑖,𝑘 ) 𝑛𝑝𝑅𝐵 (111)
(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿
𝐽𝑖𝑝,𝑘 = × ,
𝑈𝐿
(𝐼𝐽𝑖,𝑝 𝑈𝐿
+ 𝑁𝐽,𝑝 ) 𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝐵

Where (𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿 𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 is the UL PUSCH/PUCCH power-controlled 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅. This is calculated by using
𝑃𝐶
the power-controlled TX power (𝑃𝑝,𝑘 ) of terminal 𝑘 which is enough to meet the UL SINR
𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
requirement 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 of the achievable UL bearer at a given location. See (107) to (110).
(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿
𝐽𝑖,𝑝,𝑘 is compared against 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
during bearer connections scenarios.

UL SINR Margin

The UL SINR margin in dB is defined as

𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 (112)

𝑃𝑝,𝑘 = 10log10 ( 𝑟𝑒𝑞 ).
𝑃𝑝,𝑘

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NR Static Simulations

3 SNAPSHOT OVERVIEW
The key purpose of a snapshot is to provide us with measures of system load for a particular
distribution of terminals. To obtain these measures of system load, we must calculate uplink and
downlink transmission powers for all the links in the system. A snapshot involves the following stages:

 Creating a random terminal distribution.

 Setting random terminal parameters (speeds, shadow fades and etc.)

 Calculating link powers using Power Iterations

 Gathering results

3.1 RANDOM TERMINAL DISTRIBUTION

The first stage of a snapshot involves creating a random distribution of terminals representing the
offered traffic in the network. The spatial distribution of terminals must be random, but more
importantly it must be unbiased. In other words, it must be reasonable compared to the terminal
density array provided by the user. To see how this can be achieved, we need to consider a single pixel
(bin) in the simulation.

Consider a pixel that has a terminal density of 𝐷 terminal/km2 and an area of 𝐴 km2, so that the average
number of terminals in the pixel is 𝐷𝐴. We note that:

 Terminal occurrences within the pixel are independent of each other, and are spatially uniform
within the pixel. In other words, a terminal is just as likely to be located at one point within
the pixel as any other point within the pixel.

 The probability that two or more terminals are located at exactly the same point within a pixel
is zero. This is simply because there are an infinite number of locations within the pixel.

These imply that terminal occurrence is a spatial Poisson process within the pixel. Therefore the total
number of terminals in the pixel satisfies the Poisson distribution:

(113)
𝑃(𝑘 terminals) = (𝐷𝐴)𝑘 𝑒 −𝐷𝐴 / 𝑘!

We choose the number of terminals to assign to the pixel by drawing a number from this Poisson
distribution. Doing this at each pixel ensures our terminal distribution is unbiased. Since the sum of
many Poisson distributions is also a Poisson distribution, the total number of terminals in the snapshot
will also be Poisson distributed.

One may note that if the average number of terminals at a pixel is small (𝐷𝐴 ≪ 1), then working to
first order in 𝐷𝐴 ,

𝑃(0 terminal) ≈ (1 − 𝐷𝐴), (114)

𝑃(1 terminal) ≈ 𝐷𝐴.

So one is effectively making a binary decision about whether a terminal should be placed at the pixel.
After creating the random terminal distribution, the terminals are randomly sequenced. This determines
the order in which they will be considered during the power iterations.

32
NR Static Simulations

3.2 RANDOM SPEED DISTRIBUTION

Each randomly scattered terminal in a simulation is given a random speed according to its terminal type
and the clutter type in which it resides. For each combination of terminal type and clutter type, the user
specifies the following parameters that determine the speed distribution. These are:

𝜇speed Mean speed

𝜎speed Standard deviation of the speed distribution
𝑠min Minimum speed
𝑠max Maximum speed

A random speed is then given by

(115)
𝑠 = min(𝑠max , max( 𝑠min , 𝜇speed + 𝜎speed 𝑋)

where 𝑋 is a random number drawn from a normal distribution of zero mean and unit variance.

Terminals are randomly assigned as being indoor or outdoor, according to their terminal type and the
clutter type in which they reside. Indoor terminals are all given a speed of zero.

When defining a bearer, the user specifies how speed affects the SINR requirement for that bearer. The
user enters values at speeds of (in SI units) 3 km/h, 50 km/h, 120 km/h. Values at other speeds are
obtained by linear interpolation. Values are not extrapolated to speeds higher than 120 km/h or lower
than 3 km/h, which explains the labels (0-3 km/h & >= 120km/h). Therefore stationary terminals will
always use the values corresponding to 0-3km/h, and there is no difference between a stationary
terminal and one travelling at 3 km/h. The output arrays for the simulation are available at 3 different
speeds (0-3 km/h, 50 km/h, 120 km/h) so the user can more clearly see how coverage changes with
speed.

3.3 POWER ITERATIONS

The main task in a snapshot is to assign a set of link powers satisfying the SINR requirements of the
randomly spread terminals. Before commencing the power iterations, the system is placed in the state
of an unloaded network by setting all link powers to zero, and making all resources available at the
cells. The link powers in the system are then calculated iteratively by repeatedly cycling through the
list of randomly spread terminals and applying the following logic to each terminal.

 If the terminal is already ‘connected’, then ‘disconnect’ it as follows:

o Zero the UL & DL powers for the terminal.
o Zero the cell resources used by the terminal.
o Recalculate the UL interference on all cells (because the UL power for the terminal
has been zeroed).
o Recalculate the total DL power on all cells (because the DL powers for the terminal
have been zeroed).
o Recalculate resources available on all cells (because the terminal has released
resources).

 Try and ‘connect’ the terminal to the network in the most favourable way possible. Note that
this may be different to the way it was previously ‘connected’. For example, it may be
preferable to use a different carrier if interference has increased since the last time the terminal
was evaluated. The procedure for finding the most favourable method of connection is
described in the section on Connection Evaluation.

 If a connection is possible, then ‘connect’ the terminal as follows:

o Set the UL and DL powers for the terminal.
o Set the cell resources used by the terminal.
o Recalculate the UL interference on all cells (because the UL power for the terminal
has been set).

33
NR Static Simulations

o Recalculate the total DL power on all cells (because the DL powers for the terminal
have been set).
o Recalculate resources available on all cells (because the terminal has consumed
resources).

Several cycles through the list of terminals must be performed before a stable set of link powers
emerge. The following diagram illustrates how a snapshot converges with successive cycles through
the terminal list. The histograms show how ‘connected’ terminals underachieve their SINR
requirements.

After the first cycle through the terminal list, the majority of ‘connected’ terminals underachieve their
SINR requirements. This is because terminals in the first cycle see no interference and so have their
link powers set to low values. Successive cycles through the terminal list produce increasingly
accurate pictures of network interference. After a few cycles, practically all the ‘connected’ terminals
have link powers that achieve the SINR requirements, and the system interference no longer changes
significantly. The power iterations have converged to produce a plausible picture of served and failed
terminals in the network.

End of 1 End of 3
cycle cycles

Error (dB) Error (dB)

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2

End of 5 End of 7
cycles cycles

Error (dB) Error (dB)

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2

CONVERGENCE TEST
A good practical measure of convergence is to examine how the interference changes between cycles.
This is considerably faster than measuring the distribution of achieved 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 values described above.

ASSET now uses a much stronger convergence criterion for simulation snapshots, since both the UL
and DL are checked. The user only needs to enter a single parameter ‘Max Power Change (%)’ on the
Simulator wizard, which in fact refers to the acceptable power and interference changes between
successive iterations. After each cycle through the terminal list, the percentage changes in total UL RX
power and total DL TX power are noted. If these both fall within the user specified limit for several
consecutive iterations, then the snapshot is considered to be converged. So the percentage changes in
UL and DL noise must not only become small but must remain small also.

3.4 GATHERING OF RESULTS

The final stage of a snapshot involves gathering results. The information gathered includes cell
information (e.g. resource usage, throughput, data rates, DL Power consumption, UL Interference
levels and etc.) and the states of ‘connected’ terminals, and the reasons for failure of terminals which
failed to be served.

34
NR Static Simulations

4 CONNECTION EVALUATION IN A SNAPSHOT

4.1 CONNECTION SCENARIO PRIORITISATION
A connection scenario describes how a terminal ‘connects’ to the network and consists of the following
set of parameters:

 The carrier used for connection

 The cell and beam used for connection

 The DL bearer used for connection

 The DL transmission mode used for connection

 The DL data rate of the connection (this is given by the DL bearer and DL transmission mode)

 The UL bearer used for connection

 The UL transmission mode used for connection

 The UL data rate of the connection (this is given by the UL bearer and UL transmission mode)

Typically, several connection scenarios are available to each terminal. Our snapshot attempts to
connect the randomly spread terminals to the network in the most favourable way possible, so some
logic is required for ranking the different scenarios that each terminal may use.

The rules for ranking scenarios during connection evaluation are (in order of decreasing importance):

 Prefer carriers with higher priorities to carriers with lower priorities

 Prefer cells with higher SS-RSRP levels to cells with lower SS-RSRP levels

 Prefer DL scenarios as described in 4.1.1 Bearer Selection Method

 Prefer UL scenarios as described in 4.1.1 Bearer Selection Method

The connection scenarios for each terminal are evaluated in turn (from most to least favoured) until one
that permits a network connection is found. The scenario employed by a terminal may change each
time it is evaluated in the power iterations, and this flexibility provides us with link adaptation.

4.1.1 Bearer Selection Method

The available Bearer Selection Methods are:

 Peak Data Rate:

o Prefer scenarios (bearer and transmission mode combinations) achieving higher
Peak Data Rates
o If Peak Data Rates are the same, then the prefer scenarios with higher priority
transmission modes
 Effective Data Rate:
o Prefer scenarios (bearer and transmission mode combinations) achieving higher
Effective Data Rates
o This method accounts for the SINR to Error Rate mapping of the bearer:
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × (1 − 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)
o If Effective Data Rates are the same, then the prefer scenarios with higher priority
transmission modes

35
NR Static Simulations

 Bearer Index: Prefer bearers with higher index (sorted on top) in the Service definition.
o For the preferred bearer, prefer scenarios with higher priority transmission modes.

The transmission modes in order of decreasing priority are:

 SU-MIMO Multiplexing
 MU-MIMO
 SU-MIMO Diversity
 Single antenna

4.2 FAILURE REASONS

A connection scenario can fail for one or more of the following reasons:

 SS RSRP
This means that SS-RSRP requirement specified on the terminal type is not satisfied.

 SS RSRQ
This means that SS-RSRQ requirement specified on the terminal type is not satisfied.

 SS SINR
This means that SS-SINR requirement specified on the terminal type is not satisfied.

 PUSCH SINR
This means the terminal cannot meet the SINR requirement of the UL bearer, even if the
terminal transmits at maximum power.

 PDSCH SINR
This means the cell cannot meet the SINR requirement of the DL bearer.

 UL Capacity
This means the cell has insufficient UL available resources (RBs) to serve the UL bearer.

 DL Capacity
This means the cell has insufficient DL available resources (RBs) to serve the DL bearer.

 User Limit
This means the number of served users on the cell has reached the limit specified by the
# Scheduled Users cell parameter.

 No valid scenarios
This failure reason deals with wrong/conflicting network setup which can result in terminals
not being served, e.g. modulation scheme on the cells not supported by the terminal, carriers
used by cells are not supported by the service, etc.

 No pathloss data
This means that no pathloss data is available for the terminal’s location.

If all of the connection scenarios available to a terminal fail to produce a connection, then the terminal
is classified as a failure. Note that each possible scenario can fail for multiple reasons. Also, different
scenarios can fail for different sets of reasons. ASSET only records the failure reasons of the top
scenario, as in most cases this provides the most useful information as to why a terminal fails. The
breakdown of all failure reasons except for ‘No valid scenarios’ and ‘No pathloss data’ are logged in
respective failure reports.

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5 OUTPUT ARRAYS AND REPORTS

5.1 ARRAY DEPENDENCIES
Practically all arrays are produced on a per carrier basis. Most arrays have a dependency on terminal-
type because body loss and terminal antenna gain are always included in the linkloss. Many arrays
depend on whether the terminal is taken to be indoor or outdoor. Indoor arrays use the in-building
parameters for the clutter type at each location (i.e. indoor loss and indoor shadow-fading standard
deviation). Indoor terminals are always taken to be slow moving.

Coverage arrays can be drawn even if no snapshots have been run, but the user should note that the
arrays then refer to coverage in an unloaded system. To obtain coverage arrays for a loaded system the
user must run some snapshots or define the loads manually. Remember that the key purpose of running
snapshots is to provide measures of system load. Arrays for coverage tend to have a weak dependence
on the number of snapshots run, and the arrays change little after a relatively small number of
snapshots have been performed (10s of snapshots in most cases). This is because only a small number
of snapshots are needed to get an idea of the ‘Mean UL Interference Level (dB)’ and ‘Downlink Load
(%)’ on each cell.

The following table lists the types of array that are available in the Simulator, and shows some of their
dependencies. The following array dependencies: ‘Carrier’, ‘Terminal’, ‘Service’, ‘Velocity’ and
‘Indoor’ indicate that there are per Carrier, per Terminal, per Service, per Velocity and per Indoor
instances of the array.

 ‘Fading’ means the array depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter
type.

 ‘Reliability level’ means the array depends on the coverage reliability threshold in the array
settings dialog. The user can change this parameter and then redraw the array without running
any more snapshots.

 ‘Load Levels’ means the results of the array are dependent on the load levels defined in the
Site Database.

 ‘Snapshots’: ‘P’ means that the presence of the array depends on whether snapshots have
been run or not. The results and accuracy of the array are dependent on the
number of snapshots done.
‘X’ means that the results and accuracy of the array are dependent on the
number of snapshots done.
 ‘Other Tech’ means that the presence of the array is dependent on the inclusion of other
technology types in the Simulation. Other technology types can be GSM, UMTS and Wi-Fi.

Cell Load Levels (Wizard Step 2)

 If you chose to use cell load levels specified in the database, the arrays are now available for
analysis using the Map View.

 If you chose to calculate the cell load levels by running snapshots, you now have a simulation
in memory that represents an "unloaded" network, although some arrays are already available
for analysis at this stage. At this stage the network is "unloaded" with respect to its own
technology type, but still considers any inter-technology DL/UL Noise Rise values that have
been set in the Site Database. You can eliminate the effect of inter-technology DL/UL Noise
Rise by deselecting the 'Allow Inter-technology Interference' option on the second step of the
Simulator wizard. The Simulation Control Panel dialog box appears, and you are now ready to
run snapshots to create a simulation of a "loaded" network.

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C=Carrier T=Terminal S=Service V=Speed/Velocity I=Indoor

F=Fading R=Reliability level L=Load levels n=Snapshots O=Other Tech
C T S V I F R L n O
Linkloss Arrays
DL Loss (Ctrl) X X X
DL Loss (Traffic) X X X
Nth DL Loss (Ctrl) X X X
Nth DL Loss (Traffic) X X X
Line of Sight X X X
Downlink Reference Signal Coverage Arrays
Best Server by SS-RSRP X X X
Nth Best Server by SS-RSRP X X X
Best SS-RSRP X X X
Nth Best SS-RSRP X X X
Nth Best SS-RSRP adjusted by CRE X X X
CRE Delta X X X
SS-RSRP Coverage Probability X X X X
SS-RSRP OK X X X X X
Number of SS-RSRP OK X X X X X
Cell Interferers X X X
Best RSRQ X X X X X
Nth Best RSRQ X X X X X
SS-RSRQ Coverage Probability X X X X X X
SS-RSRQ OK X X X X X X X
Number of SS-RSRQ OK X X X X X X X
SS-SNR X X X
SS-SINR X X X X X
CSI-RSRP X X X
DL Beam Index (Ctrl) X X X
DL Beam Index (Traffic) X X X
Nth PDSCH Received PPRE X X X
Downlink Noise Array
RSSI X X X X X
Uplink Coverage Arrays
Cell for Achievable UL Bearer X X X X X X X X X
Achievable UL Bearer X X X X X X X X X
PUSCH SINR (Power Controlled) X X X X X X X X X
PUSCH SINR Margin X X X X X X X X X
UL Req TX Power X X X X X X X X X
UL Transmission Mode X X X X X X X X X
UL MIMO Order X X X X X X X X X
UL RBs Required for Coverage X X X X X X X X X
Downlink Coverage Arrays
Cell for Achievable DL Bearer X X X X X X X X X
Achievable DL Bearer X X X X X X X X X
PDSCH SINR X X X X X
PDCCH SINR X X X X X
DL Transmission Mode X X X X X X X X X
DL MIMO Order X X X X X X X X X
Downlink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays
DL Achievable Throughput (Application) (kbps) X X X X X X X X X
DL Achievable Throughput (Effective) (kbps) X X X X X X X X X
DL Achievable Throughput (Peak) (kbps) X X X X X X X X X
DL Multi-User Rate Gain X X X X X X X P
Uplink Throughput and Data Rate Arrays
UL Achievable Throughput (Application) (kbps) X X X X X X X X X
UL Achievable Throughput (Effective) (kbps) X X X X X X X X X
UL Achievable Throughput (Peak) (kbps) X X X X X X X X X
UL Multi-User Rate Gain X X X X X X X P
UL RBs Used (Time-Average) X X X X X X X X X
Miscellaneous Arrays
Coverage Balance X X X X X X X X X
All Servers X X X
C T S V I F R L n O

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C T S V I F R L n O
Carrier Aggregation / Dual Connectivity Arrays
CA/DC: DC Type X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Best Cell (MCG) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Best Cell (SCG) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Number of DL Carriers (MCG) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Number of DL Carriers (SCG) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Number of UL Carriers (MCG) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Number of UL Carriers (SCG) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Total DL Throughput (Application) (kbps) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Total DL Throughput (Effective) (kbps) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Total DL Throughput (Peak) (kbps) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Total UL Throughput (Application) (kbps) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Total UL Throughput (Effective) (kbps) X X X X X X X X
CA/DC: Total UL Throughput (Peak) (kbps) X X X X X X X X
Composite Tech Arrays
Composite: Best Server X X X X X X X
Composite: Tech Type X X X X X X X X
Composite: All Tech Types X X X X X X X X
Composite: Best Carrier / Cell-Layer X X X X X X X
Terminal Info Arrays
Terminal Info: Failure Rate X P
Terminal Info: Failure Reason X P
Terminal Info: Speed (km/h) X P
Terminal Info: Tech Type (Failed) X P X
Terminal Info: Tech Type (Served) X P X
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (GSM) X P X
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (UMTS) X P X
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (LTE) X P X
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (Wi-Fi) X P X
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (5G) X P X
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (No Tech) X P X
C T S V I F R L n O

5.2 LINKLOSS ARRAYS

DL Loss (Ctrl) & Nth DL Loss (Ctrl)
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

These are the downlink losses as calculated by (76) for the best control beam of the Best Server and the
Nth Best Server by SS-RSRP They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of
0 dB.

DL Loss (Traffic) & Nth DL Loss (Traffic)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

These are the downlink losses as calculated by (77) for the best traffic beam of the Best Server and the
Nth Best Server by SS-RSRP. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of
0 dB.

Line of Sight
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This is a two-valued array (LOS, non-LOS) for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. The indoor instance is
non-LOS everywhere. The array is available with Enhanced Macrocell, MYRIAD and Volcano
propagation model predictions.

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5.3 DOWNLINK REFERENCE SIGNAL COVERAGE ARRAYS

These arrays provide information on SSS levels and coverage probabilities. There are two types of
quantity relating to the SSS, i.e. SS-RSRP and SS-RSRQ. Following arrays are provided for these.

Best Server & Nth Best Server by SS-RSRP

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This array reports the cell that provides the highest (and Nth highest) SS-RSRP for the terminal, based
on the Best SS-RSRP & Nth Best SS-RSRP arrays.
If Cell Range Extension cell-specific SS-RSRP offsets have been set in the Site DB, then the
determination of the server is based on the Nth Best SS-RSRP adjusted by CRE arrays.

Best SS-RSRP & Nth Best SS-RSRP

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

These are the highest (and Nth highest) SS-RSRP levels as calculated by (80). They represent average
values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.

Nth Best SS-RSRP adjusted by CRE

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

These are Nth highest SS-RSRP levels as calculated by (80) after accounting for the Cell Range
Extension cell-specific SS-RSRP offset. They represent average values and are therefore calculated
with fades of 0 dB.

CRE Delta
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This is the difference in area coverage due to the Cell Range Extension cell-specific SS-RSRP offset.
This difference is the result of the comparison of the Best Server by SS-RSRP with and without the
effect of the Cell Range Extension cell-specific SS-RSRP offset.

SS-RSRP Coverage Probability

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading

This is the probability that the Best Server by SS-RSRP satisfies the SS-RSRP requirement specified on
the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter
type at the location. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three possible
coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied
exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.

SS-RSRP Coverage OK
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Reliability

This is a thresholded version of the SS-RSRP Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the SS-RSRP Coverage Probability
array. A value of ‘Yes’ means that the SS-RSRP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
level specified in Array Settings Sim Display Settings.

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Number of SS-RSRP OK
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Reliability

This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory SS-RSRP. A cell is counted as having a
satisfactory SS-RSRP if its SS-RSRP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified
in Array Settings  Sim Display Settings.

Cell Interferers
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This is the number of Cell Interferers. That is the number of cells, excluding the serving cell, providing
an SS-RSRP value within x dB of the SS-RSRP value of the serving cell or higher than the SS-RSRP
value of the serving cell. The x dB threshold is relative and specified at the Simulator Wizard.

SS-RSRQ
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the SS-RSRQ value as calculated by (92) for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. It represents an
average value and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.

Nth Best SS-RSRQ

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the SS-RSRQ value as calculated by (92) for the Nth Best Server by SS-RSRP. It represents an
average value and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.

SS-RSRQ Coverage Probability

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the probability that the Best Server by SS-RSRP satisfies the SS-RSRQ requirement specified on
the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter
type at the location. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three possible
coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied
exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded.

SS-RSRQ Coverage OK
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is a thresholded version of the SS-RSRQ Coverage Probability array and has just two values
(Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the SS-RSRQ Coverage Probability
array. A value of ‘Yes’ means that the SS-RSRQ coverage probability meets the coverage reliability
level specified in Array Settings  Sim Display Settings.

Number of SS-RSRQ OK
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory SS-RSRQ. A cell is counted as having a
satisfactory SS-RSRQ if its SS-RSRQ coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level
specified in Array Settings  Sim Display Settings.

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SS-SNR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the SS-SNR level as calculated by (93) for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. This does not include
the interference (i.e. Best SS-RSRP levels divided by the thermal noise); represents an average value
and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.

SS-SINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the SS-SINR level as calculated by (95) for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. This includes the
Inter-cell interference (i.e. Best SS-RSRP levels divided by the thermal noise plus Inter-cell
Interference); represents an average value and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.

CSI-RSRP
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This is the CSI-RSRP level as calculated by (81) for the Best Server by SS-RSRP. It represents an
average value and is therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.

Nth PDSCH Received PPRE

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This is the received signal strength of the PDSCH as calculated by (82) for the Nth Best Server by SS-
RSRP.

DL Beam Index (Ctrl)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This is the beam index of the best SSB beam of the Best Server by SS-RSRP.

DL Beam Index (Traffic)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This is the beam index of the best traffic beam of the Best Server by SS-RSRP.

5.4 DOWNLINK NOISE ARRAYS

RSSI (Downlink Received Power)
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the RSSI as calculated by (90). This represents average values and is therefore calculated with
fades of 0 dB.

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5.5 UL COVERAGE ARRAYS

Cell for Achievable UL Bearer
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is required for the Achievable UL Bearer array. It is similar to Best Server by SS-RSRP array but
includes all bearers’ dependencies and shows the server which provides the connection for the UL
bearer at a given location.

Achievable UL Bearer
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

The purpose of this array is to provide a combined coverage plot for the UL bearers of the service. The
array shows the best bearer with acceptable UL coverage, i.e. with UL coverage probability meeting
the reliability level specified in Array Settings  Sim Display Settings. Bearers are ranked based on
the Bearer Selection Method as described in section 4.1.

PUSCH SINR (Power Controlled)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the achieved UL SINR level assuming that the terminal transmits at the power controlled power
level, i.e. when the terminal is using the Achievable UL Bearer. Uplink is powered controlled and the
terminal transmits just at the level required to meet the SINR of the bearer. The achieved SINR is equal
to the bearer SINR requirement after all MIMO adjustments.

PUSCH SINR Margin

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is given by (112) and shows by how much the maximum UL TX power of the terminal exceeds
the UL Req TX power at a given location.

UL Req TX power
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the required UL TX power of the terminal to serve the achievable UL bearer at a given location
as calculated via (107).

UL Transmission Mode
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This shows the achievable UL Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) mode at a given location. The
supported UL transmission modes are ‘Single Antenna’, ‘SU-MIMO Diversity’, ‘SU-MIMO
Multiplexing’ and ‘MU-MIMO’. This array can be used in conjunction with the Achievable UL Bearer
array to determine the achievable UL bearer and transmission mode at a given location.

UL MIMO Order
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This shows the number of TX and RX antennas for the UL Transmission Mode with the category
“MxN” indicating there are M transmit elements and N receive elements. Only the most common
values of M and N are reported (i.e. 1,2,4,8). All other cases are grouped together in the category
“Other”.

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UL RBs Required for Coverage

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This shows the maximum required number of UL Resource Blocks, for the highest achievable UL
bearer, over which the terminal can transmit (spread its power) without losing coverage of the bearer.
The required number of RBs is restricted by the employed carrier bandwidth and the ICIC settings.

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5.6 DL COVERAGE ARRAYS

Cell for Achievable DL Bearer
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is required for the Achievable DL Bearer array. It is similar to Best Server by SS-RSRP array and
shows the server which provides the connection for the DL bearer at a given location.

Achievable DL Bearer
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

The purpose of this array is to provide a combined coverage plot for the DL bearers of the service. The
array shows the best bearer with acceptable DL coverage, i.e. with DL coverage probability meeting
the reliability level specified in Array Settings  Sim Display Settings. Bearers are ranked based on
the Bearer Selection Method as described in section 4.1.

PDSCH SINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the highest PDSCH SINR levels as calculated by (97). This represents an average value and is
therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.

PDCCH SINR
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the highest PDCCH SINR levels as calculated by (96). This represents an average value and is
therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.

DL Transmission Mode
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This shows the achievable DL Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) mode at a given location. The
supported DL transmission modes are ‘Single Antenna’, ‘SU-MIMO Diversity’, ‘SU-MIMO
Multiplexing’ and ‘MU-MIMO’. This array can be used in conjunction with the Achievable DL Bearer
array to determine the achievable DL bearer and transmission mode at a given location.

DL MIMO Order
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This shows the number of TX and RX antennas for the DL Transmission Mode with the category
“MxN” indicating there are M transmit elements and N receive elements. Only the most common
values of M and N are reported (i.e. 1,2,4,8). All other cases are grouped together in the category
“Other”.

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5.7 DOWNLINK THROUGHPUT AND DATA RATE ARRAYS

This category of arrays is tiered at Peak, Effective and Application level, and the generic relation
between the levels is given by:

PeakR = BearerRate
EffectiveR = PeakR · (1- ErrorRate)
ApplicationR = EffectiveR / (1+ ServiceOverheads) ·

DL Achievable Throughput (Application) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the application throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the highest achievable DL
bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. This also takes into account the SINR to
Error Rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and service overheads. The reported value is not limited
by the service MBR.

DL Achievable Throughput (Effective) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the effective throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the highest achievable DL
bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. This also takes into account the SINR to
Error Rate mapping defined on the DL bearers but not the service overheads. The reported value is not
limited by the service MBR.

DL Achievable Throughput (Peak) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the peak throughput, at physical layer, that a user can achieve at a location using the highest
achievable DL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO and ICIC settings. The peak throughput is
reported without taking into account the SINR to Error Rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and
service overheads. The reported value is not limited by the service MBR.

DL Multi-User Rate Gain

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots

This is DL Multi User Gain for cells with Proportional Fair scheduler, as calculated by (119).

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5.8 UPLINK THROUGHPUT AND DATA RATE ARRAYS

This category of arrays is tiered at Peak, Effective and Application level, and the generic relation
between the levels is given by:

PeakR = BearerRate
EffectiveR = PeakR · (1- ErrorRate)
ApplicationR = EffectiveR / (1+ ServiceOverheads) ·

UL Achievable Throughput (Application) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the application throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the highest achievable UL
bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the SINR to Error Rate
mapping defined on the UL bearers and service overheads. The reported value is not limited by the
service MBR.
The UL Achievable Throughput (Application) is limited by the maximum number of RBs over which
the UE can spread its available power before failing to satisfy the UL bearer SINR requirement. In the
case of a service using the “Min RBs” UL bandwidth allocation method, this means the UL achievable
throughput will be larger than the actual UL achieved throughput. For example, close to a cell, a UE
may be able to spread its available power over many RBs (say 10 RBs) and still satisfy the UL bearer
SINR requirement, but the “Min RBs” allocation method would cause the UE to use as few RBs as
possible while still satisfying the service UL GBR requirement (say 2 RBs). The achievable
throughput plot in this case would be based on 10 RBs rather than 2 RBs.

UL Achievable Throughput (Effective) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the effective throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the highest achievable UL
bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the SINR to Error Rate
mapping defined on the UL bearers but not the service overheads. The reported value is not limited by
the service MBR.
The UL Achievable Throughput (Effective) is limited by the maximum number of RBs over which the
UE can spread its available power before failing to satisfy the UL bearer SINR requirement. In the
case of a service using the “Min RBs” UL bandwidth allocation method, this means the UL achievable
throughput will be larger than the actual UL achieved throughput. For example, close to a cell, a UE
may be able to spread its available power over many RBs (say 10 RBs) and still satisfy the UL bearer
SINR requirement, but the “Min RBs” allocation method would cause the UE to use as few RBs as
possible while still satisfying the service UL GBR requirement (say 2 RBs). The achievable
throughput plot in this case would be based on 10 RBs rather than 2 RBs.

UL Achievable Throughput (Peak) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the peak throughput, at physical layer, that a user can achieve at a location using the highest
achievable UL bearer and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. The peak throughput is reported
without taking into account the SINR to Error Rate mapping defined on the UL bearers and service
overheads. The reported value is not limited by the service MBR.
The UL Achievable Throughput (Peak) is limited by the maximum number of RBs over which the UE
can spread its available power before failing to satisfy the UL bearer SINR requirement. In the case of
a service using the “Min RBs” UL bandwidth allocation method, this means the UL achievable
throughput will be larger than the actual UL achieved throughput. For example, close to a cell, a UE
may be able to spread its available power over many RBs (say 10 RBs) and still satisfy the UL bearer
SINR requirement, but the “Min RBs” allocation method would cause the UE to use as few RBs as
possible while still satisfying the service UL GBR requirement (say 2 RBs). The achievable
throughput plot in this case would be based on 10 RBs rather than 2 RBs.

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UL Multi-User Rate Gain

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots

This is UL Multi User Gain for cells with Proportional Fair scheduler, as calculated by (119).

UL RBs Used (Time-Average)

Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This shows the time-average number of UL Resource Blocks required by the highest achievable UL
bearer in order to achieve the service GBR. In case of SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing the value is
reduced by the UL SM Rate Gain. The UL RBs Used (Time-Average) at a location is always less than
or equal to the UL RBs Required for Coverage.

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5.9 MISCELLANEOUS ARRAYS

Coverage Balance
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

The purpose of this array is to provide a composite uplink/downlink coverage plot for a service. The
uplink is deemed to have coverage if any of the uplink bearers on the service have UL Coverage
Probability meeting the coverage reliability level specified in Array Settings  Sim Display Settings.
Similarly, the downlink is deemed to have coverage if any of the downlink bearers on the service have
DL Coverage Probability meeting the coverage reliability level specified in Array Settings  Sim
Display Settings.

All Servers
Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor

This is not a true array, since it is sensitive to the location of mouse cursor. It displays information
about which cells are ‘covering’ each pixel based on the ‘All Servers’ display properties (either RSRP
or RSRQ). A set of lines is drawn between all possible serving cells to the simulation pixel where the
mouse cursor is located. For pixels with more than one covering cell, the line thickness increases
proportionally.

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5.10 CARRIER AGGREGATION/DUAL CONNECTIVITY ARRAYS

When a terminal is using Dual Connectivity (DC) it has connections to cells belonging to two groups,
the Master Cell Group (MCG) and the Secondary Cell Group (SCG). The cells within each group
belong to the same MU-Node. Carrier Aggregation (CA) occurs when more than one carrier is used
within a cell group. The following set of arrays handle both multi-carrier (i.e. DC and CA) and single-
carrier connections.

CA/DC: DC Type
Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

There are 6 categories with the following meaning.

LTE-DC Dual-connectivity. MCG is LTE. SCG is LTE.

EN-DC Dual-connectivity. MCG is LTE. SCG is NR.
NE-DC Dual-connectivity. MCG is NR. SCG is LTE.
NR-DC Dual-connectivity. MCG is NR. SCG is NR
LTE (No DC) No dual-connectivity. MCG is LTE. No SCG.
NR (No DC) No dual-connectivity. MCG is NR. No SCG.

CA/DC: Best Cell (MCG)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the best cell in the MCG with the cells ranked by the carrier priorities specified on the service
type and by SS-RSRP. If CA is used in the MCG then the reported cell will be the primary cell and
have a carrier in the set of allowed P-Cell carriers specified on the terminal type.
Note that this plot reports a value even if there is no dual-connectivity (i.e. when all connections are of
the same technology and on the same node), or even for single-carrier situations in which case the plot
simply reports the cell used for connection.

CA/DC: Best Cell (SCG)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the best cell in the SCG with the cells ranked by the carrier priorities specified on the service
type and by SS-RSRP. If CA is used in the SCG then the reported cell will be the primary cell and have
a carrier in the set of allowed P-Cell carriers specified on the terminal type.
Note that this plot will not report a value if there is no dual-connectivity.

CA/DC: Number of DL Carriers (MCG)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the number of carriers/cells used for the downlink in the MCG. Each carrier must be supported
by the terminal and the service, and there must be an achievable DL bearer for the carrier.
If the reported value is greater than one then this indicates that DL CA is being used in the MCG.
When CA is being used, the carrier of the primary cell will be in the set of allowed P-Cell carriers
specified on the terminal type, and the remaining (secondary) cells in the MCG will have carriers in the
set of allowed S-Cell carriers specified on the terminal type.

CA/DC: Number of DL Carriers (SCG)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the number of carriers/cells used for the downlink in the SCG. Each carrier must be supported
by the terminal and the service, and there must be an achievable DL bearer for the carrier.
If the reported value is greater than one then this indicates that DL CA is being used in the SCG. When
CA is being used, the carrier of the primary cell will be in the set of allowed P-Cell carriers specified

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on the terminal type, and the remaining (secondary) cells in the SCG will have carriers in the set of
allowed S-Cell carriers specified on the terminal type.
Note that this plot will report a value of zero if there is no dual-connectivity.

CA/DC: Number of UL Carriers (MCG)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the number of carriers/cells used for the uplink in the MCG. Each carrier must be supported by
the terminal and the service, and there must be an achievable UL bearer for the carrier.
If the reported value is greater than one then this indicates that UL CA is being used in the MCG.
When CA is being used, the carrier of the primary cell will be in the set of allowed P-Cell carriers
specified on the terminal type, and the remaining (secondary) cells in the MCG will have carriers in the
set of allowed S-Cell carriers specified on the terminal type.
The total power transmitted over all carriers in the UL must not exceed the power limits specified on
the terminal.

CA/DC: Number of UL Carriers (SCG)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the number of carriers/cells used for the uplink in the SCG. Each carrier must be supported by
the terminal and the service, and there must be an achievable UL bearer for the carrier.
If the reported value is greater than one then this indicates that UL CA is being used in the SCG. When
CA is being used, the carrier of the primary cell will be in the set of allowed P-Cell carriers specified
on the terminal type, and the remaining (secondary) cells in the SCG will have carriers in the set of
allowed S-Cell carriers specified on the terminal type.
The total power transmitted over all carriers in the UL must not exceed the power limits specified on
the terminal.
Note that this plot will report a value of zero if there is no dual-connectivity.

CA/DC Throughput Arrays

The following throughput arrays are tiered at Peak, Effective and Application level, and the generic
relation between the levels is given by:

PeakR = BearerRate
EffectiveR = PeakR · (1- ErrorRate)
ApplicationR = EffectiveR / [ (1+ ServiceOverheads) · (1+ TTIbundlingOverheads) ]

CA/DC: Total DL Throughput (Application) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the application throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the best achievable set of
DL bearers and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the SINR to Error
Rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and service overheads. The reported value is not limited by
the service MBR.

CA/DC: Total DL Throughput (Effective) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the effective throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the best achievable set of DL
bearers and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the SINR to Error Rate
mapping defined on the DL bearers but not the service overheads. The reported value is not limited by
the service MBR.

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CA/DC: Total DL Throughput (Peak) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the peak throughput, at physical layer, that a user can achieve at a location using the best
achievable set of DL bearers and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. The peak throughput is
reported without taking into account the SINR to Error Rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and
service overheads. The reported value is not limited by the service MBR.

CA/DC: Total UL Throughput (Application) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the application throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the best achievable set of
UL bearers and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the SINR to Error
Rate mapping defined on the UL bearers and service overheads. The reported value is not limited by
the service MBR.

CA/DC: Total UL Throughput (Effective) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the effective throughput that a user can achieve at a location using the best achievable set of UL
bearers and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. This also takes into account the SINR to Error Rate
mapping defined on the UL bearers but not the service overheads. The reported value is not limited by
the service MBR.

CA/DC: Total UL Throughput (Peak) (kbps)

Dependencies: Terminal, Service, Indoor, Speed, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the peak throughput, at physical layer, that a user can achieve at a location using the best
achievable set of DL bearers and the employed SU/MU-MIMO settings. The peak throughput is
reported without taking into account the SINR to Error Rate mapping defined on the DL bearers and
service overheads. The reported value is not limited by the service MBR.

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5.11 COMPOSITE TECH ARRAYS

Composite Tech Arrays can account for GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G and Wi-Fi cells collectively.

Composite: Best Server

Dependencies: Terminal, Indoor, Service, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the serving cell identity. Cell ranking is primarily based on the carrier/cell layer priorities which
are specified off the Service. Secondarily, cells of a specific technology type are ordered by Signal
Strength (GSM: RSS, UMTS: RSCP, LTE: RSRP, 5G: SS-RSRP, Wi-Fi: DL RSS). The terminal’s
requirements must be met for the respective technology (GSM: Receiver RSS Sensitivity, UMTS:
Required RSCP, Ec/Io and Pilot SIR, LTE: Required RSRP, RSRQ and BCH/SCH SINR, 5G:
Required SS-RSRP, SS-RSRQ and RS-SINR, Wi-Fi: Required Signal Strength). The array has a
dependency on Cell Load Levels, due to the interference-related terminal requirements. The display
thresholds are set for each technology type individually in Array Settings Sim Display Settings.

Composite: Tech Type

Dependencies: Terminal, Indoor, Service, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels, Other Tech

This is the technology type of the serving cell as determined in the Composite: Best Server array.

Composite: All Tech Types

Dependencies: Terminal, Indoor, Service, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels, Other Tech

This is the combination (not ordered list) of achieved technology types. It is a superset of the
Composite: Tech Type array.

Composite: Best Carrier / Cell-Layer

Dependencies: Terminal, Indoor, Service, Fading, Reliability, Snapshots/Load levels

This is the Carrier in case of UMTS, LTE, 5G and Wi-Fi, or Cell-Layer in case of GSM of the serving
cell as determined in Composite: Best Server array.

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5.12 TERMINAL INFO ARRAYS

Terminal Info: Failure Rate
Dependencies: Terminal, Snapshots

The failure rate is the proportion of attempted terminals at a pixel that failed to make a connection. It is
calculated as a percentage as follows:

Failure Rate (%) = 100 * (Failed Terminals) / (Attempted Terminals)

The accuracy of the result at a pixel is clearly limited by the number of attempts made at the pixel. For
example, if only one attempt has been made, the result will either be 0% or 100%. So the Failure Rate
array gives a rough visualisation of the problem areas of the network.

Terminal Info: Failure Reason

Dependencies: Terminal, Snapshots

This plot shows failures and successes in a single plot. The value shown at a pixel is determined by the
last terminal that was attempted there, regardless of the snapshot in which it was attempted. So if the
last terminal that was attempted at a pixel succeeded, then the pixel will be labelled a success,
regardless of how many terminals may have failed there in other snapshots. Likewise, if the last
terminal at a pixel failed, then the pixel will be labelled as a failure, regardless of how many terminals
succeeded there in other snapshots. Therefore locations that are more likely to serve terminals in a
snapshot rather than fail them are more likely to be labelled as successes than failures.

A terminal can fail for multiple reasons. When this occurs, only a single reason is reported when
writing a value at the pixel. This is achieved by sensibly ranking the failure reasons for the terminal
and using the most dominant one. For example, there is no point in indicating a capacity failure for a
terminal if it does not have coverage. In other words, coverage failures rank more highly than capacity
failures.

The failure reason categories are ranked as follows (most dominant failure reasons first). For clarity,
the categories in the legend are shown in the same order.

o Success
o No pathloss data
o No valid scenarios
o SS RSRP
o SS RSRQ
o SS SINR
o PUSCH SINR
o PDSCH SINR
o UL Capacity
o DL Capacity
o User Limit

Terminal Info: Speed (km/h)

Dependencies: Terminal, Snapshots

This plot shows the speed of the terminal in the corresponding Failure Reason plot. The value shown
at a pixel is determined by last terminal that was attempted there, regardless of the snapshot in which it
was attempted.

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Terminal Info: Tech Type

This category comprises two arrays, the Terminal Info: Tech Type (Served) and the Terminal Info: Tech
Type (Failed). After a terminal has been evaluated in a snapshot, it will be marked in precisely one of
the following ways:
1) As failure due to “No Valid Scenarios / No Covering Cells” in the Tech Type (Failed) array.
It will also appear as a “No Valid Scenarios / No Covering Cells” failure in the Failure
Reason array of every individual technology.
2) As a success in Tech Type (Served) array, showing the tech type used for connection.
The Failure Reason array for that technology will show “Success”.
3) As a failure in the Tech Type (Failed) array, showing the tech of the most relevant failure
reason.
The Failure Reason array for that technology will show the according failure reason.

Terminal Info: Tech Type (Served)

Dependencies: Terminal, Snapshots, Other Tech

This array shows the serving technology type (GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G or Wi-Fi) where
the Terminal Info (GSM): Failure Reason array is reporting Success or
the Terminal Info (UMTS): Failure Reason array is reporting Success or
the Terminal Info (LTE): Failure Reason array is reporting Success or
the Terminal Info (5G): Failure Reason array is reporting Success or
the Terminal Info (Wi-Fi): Failure Reason array is reporting Success.
There is a separate category to show locations with No Valid Scenarios / No Covering Cells.

Terminal Info: Tech Type (Failed)

Dependencies: Terminal, Snapshots, Other Tech

This array shows the failed technology type (GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G or Wi-Fi) where
the Terminal Info (GSM): Failure Reason array is not reporting Success or
the Terminal Info (UMTS): Failure Reason array not reporting Success or
the Terminal Info (LTE): Failure Reason array not reporting Success or
the Terminal Info (5G): Failure Reason array not reporting Success or
the Terminal Info (Wi-Fi): Failure Reason array not reporting Success.
There is a separate category to show locations with No Valid Scenarios / No Covering Cells.

Terminal Info: Percentage Served

Dependencies: Terminal, Snapshots, Other Tech

This category comprises five arrays. The presence of the individual array instances depends on the
technology types that are included in the simulation.
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (GSM)
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (UMTS)
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (LTE)
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (5G)
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (Wi-Fi)
Terminal Info: Percentage Served (No Tech)

After a terminal has been evaluated in a snapshot, it will be marked by precisely one technology type or
as ‘No Tech’. The value shown at a pixel is determined by the all terminals that were attempted there,
regardless of the snapshot in which they were attempted.

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ𝐽

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 (𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ𝐽 ) = ,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑠

where

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𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ𝐽 = {𝐺𝑆𝑀, 𝑈𝑀𝑇𝑆, 𝐿𝑇𝐸, 5𝐺, 𝑊𝑖-𝐹𝑖, 𝑁𝑜𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ} and ∑𝐽 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 (𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ𝐽 ) = 1.

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5.13 SIMULATOR REPORTS

Reports depicting the network performance are available after running the Monte Carlo Simulator in
the snapshot mode. This section presents the available network performance reports and their
description.

Figure 12: Available Network analysis reports

5G - Composite Report
Dependencies: Service

This report provides the summary of each service in terms of ‘Mean Attempted’, ‘Mean Served’ and
‘Mean Failed’, terminals. The ‘Contributions to Failure’ section lists the possible reasons, as explained
in section 4.2, and their percentages that contribute to terminals not being served. Terminals can fail to
connect for multiple reasons so the failure reason percentages can sum to more than 100%.

5G - Cell Failure Report

Dependencies: Service

This provides a breakdown of the ‘Composite Report’ and lists the per cell failure reasons for ‘Mean
Failed’ terminals. Failure reasons and their respective percentages that contribute to terminals not
being served are logged against each cell and per service.

5G - Cell Uplink Performance Report

This report provides the UL noise rise level and UL load information for each traffic beam on each cell.
The UL load summed over all beams on a cell will not exceed 100%. For each cell, the highest per-
beam noise rise can be applied to the Site Database (since there is only a single noise rise value stored
for each cell in the database).

5G - Cell Downlink Performance Report

This report provides the DL load level and DL traffic (PDCCH and PDSCH) power for each traffic
beam on each cell. The DL load summed over all beams on a cell will not exceed 100%. For each cell,
the total DL load (summed over all traffic beams) can be applied to the Site Database.

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5.13.1 Throughput Reports

The available throughput reports are tiered at Peak, Effective and Application level, and the generic
relation between the levels is given by:

ApplicationR = ServiceRate
EffectiveR = ApplicationR · (1+ ServiceOverheads).
PeakR = EffectiveR / (1- ErrorRate)

5G - UL / DL User Throughput Report (kbps)

Dependencies: Service

These reports provide the per cell average user throughputs for each service. The peak, effective and
application user throughputs are reported.

5G - UL / DL Composite Throughput Report (kbps)

Dependencies: Service

These composite reports provide the summary of per cell offered and served throughput for a given
service. Offered throughput of a cell is calculated as the MBR rate of the service increased by the
service overhead and multiplied by ‘Mean number of Attempts’. First the GBR demands of terminals
are attempted and if resources are still available to allocate, terminals are upgraded to serve potentially
up to their MBR demands. Summary of throughputs are presented for ‘Peak’ (at physical layer),
‘Effective’ and ‘Application’ levels.

5G - UL / DL CA (Intra) Throughput Report (kbps)

These CA reports provide the summary of served throughput for a given service processed at the
logical Intra-gNodeB CA-group level, for carrier-aggregated cells belonging to the same gNodeB.
These throughputs are reported separately for SC (Single Carrier) connections and CA (Carrier
Aggregation) connections.

5G - UL / DL CA (Inter) Throughput Report (kbps)

These CA reports provide the summary of served throughput for a given service processed at the
logical Inter-gNodeB CA-group level, for carrier-aggregated cells belonging to multiple gNodeBs.

5G - UL / DL Cell Throughput Type Report (kbps)

These CA reports provide the summary of served throughput per cell for a given service. The Total cell
throughputs are separated for SC (Single Carrier) connections, CA Intra (Intra-gNodeB Carrier
Aggregation) connections and CA Inter (Inter-gNodeB Carrier Aggregation) connections. Summary of
throughputs are presented for ‘Peak’ (at physical layer), ‘Effective’ and ‘Application’ levels.

5G - UL/DL Peak Throughput Report (kbps)

Dependencies: Service, Bearer

These reports provide the breakdown of per cell served peak, at physical layer, throughputs for each
service. The breakdown is given in terms of served peak throughput by each bearer.

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5G - UL/DL Effective Throughput Report (kbps)

Dependencies: Service, Bearer

These reports provide the breakdown of per cell served effective throughputs for each service. The
breakdown is given in terms of served effective throughput by each bearer.

5G - UL/DL Application Throughput Report (kbps)

Dependencies: Service, Bearer

These reports provide the breakdown of per cell served application throughputs for each service. The
breakdown is given in terms of served application throughput by each bearer.

6 SCHEDULING AND RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

5G support in ASSET follows a complex and state-of-the-art QoS architecture to replicate the
scheduling and Radio Resource Management (RRM) methodologies of real networks. This includes
service prioritisation based on the QoS Class Indicator (QCI) associated with each LTE service. It also
includes the management and distribution of resources among the terminals, depending on the traffic
type of the service. Different scheduling algorithms are available to determine the allocation of these
resources and to simulate network capacity for a mixture of services/traffic types and varying load
levels.
LTE services consist of two traffic types
 Real Time
 Non-Real Time
Real Time services and Non-Real Time service have an associated Maximum Bitrate (MBR) demand
in addition to the (minimum) Guaranteed Bitrate (GBR).
When running a simulation, ASSET first attempts to serve the GBR demands of the services, taking
into account the Priority values of the different services. Resources are first allocated to the service
with the highest priority, and then to the next highest priority service, and so on. Terminals are only
served if there are enough resources available to satisfy their GBR demand. In the event that there are
not enough resources to fulfil the GBR demand of all Real Time and Non-Real Time services, then
only the Priority values of the services determine the precedence of resource allocation.
If resources are still available after the GBR demands have been met, then different scheduling
algorithms can be employed to attempt to upgrade the service rate in order to serve the MBR demands.
This is where Scheduling and Radio Resource Management (RRM) are relevant. Here is an illustration:

Entire Frame RBs

Schedulers
Service 2
Service 1
Service 1


Service 1

Service 2

Round Robin
User 4
User 2
User 1

User 3

User 5

 Proportional Fair
 Proportional Rate
 Proportional Demand
 Max SINR

RBs consumed by GBR demands RBs available for MBR demands

Illustration of Scheduling and RRM methodology

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If MBR is set equal to GBR for a service, then as far as the GBR is served, no further upgrading of the
service is rate is attempted.
To satisfy the MBR of the services, there are five different scheduling algorithms available:
 Round Robin
 Proportional Fair
 Proportional Rate
 Proportional Demand
 Max SINR

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6.1 ROUND ROBIN

The aim of this scheduler is to share the remaining unused resources equally among the terminals in
order to satisfy their MBR demand. This is a recursive algorithm and continues to share resources
equally among terminals, until all MBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to
allocate. This can be explained as follows:
The scheduler progressively increases the resource usage factors 𝛼𝑘𝐷𝐿 and 𝛼𝑘𝑈𝐿 allocated to terminals.
At the start of the recursive procedure, terminals have resource usage factors corresponding to the
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
minimum values 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 given in (17) and (19) respectively. The recursion then
proceeds as follows:

STEP 1: Calculate the DL and UL unused resources, 𝑅𝐸 𝐷𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 and 𝑅𝐸 𝑈𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 .

STEP 2: If there are a total of 𝐾 upgradeable terminals, then the 𝑘th terminal is assigned extra
resources given by

𝑅𝐸 𝐷𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
min (𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 , ), in the DL
𝐾 (116)
𝑅𝐸 𝑈𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
min (𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 , ), in the UL
𝐾

where the additional resource demands 𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 and 𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 are given by

𝐷𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 (117)

𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 = 𝑅𝐸𝑝 [𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛼𝑘𝐷𝐿 ] ,

and

𝑈𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (118)
𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 = 𝑅𝐸𝑝 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
[min(𝛼𝐶𝑎𝑝 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) − 𝛼𝑘𝑈𝐿 ] ,

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
where 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the maximum resource usages given in (18) and (20)
respectively. Finally, 𝛼𝐶𝑎𝑝 which is only applicable in the UL is defined as the maximum resource
usage that can be assigned in the UL while maintaining coverage.

STEP 3: Go to STEP 1.

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6.2 PROPORTIONAL FAIR

The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the remaining unused resources as fairly as possible in such a
way that, on average, each terminal gets the highest possible throughput achievable under the channel
conditions.
This scheduler builds on the principles of the Round Robin scheduler and additionally exploits the fast
fading characteristics of the propagation channel by resourcefully choosing the most favourable (in
terms of radio conditions) users for transmission at each instant. The effect of transmitting at instants of
positive fade can result in reduced average resource consumption because higher data rates are
instantaneously achieved. As a result of this scheduling algorithm, a Multi User Gain is achieved.

6.2.1 Multi User Gain

The Multi User Gain for terminal 𝑘 is given by:

𝐷𝐿, 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 & 𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂

𝑀𝑈𝐺𝑘𝐷𝐿 = 1 + 𝑓𝐽,𝑘
𝑁𝑅𝐴
𝑔𝐽,𝑘 𝑔𝐽𝑁−𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑠
(119)
,
𝑈𝐿, 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 & 𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂
𝑀𝑈𝐺𝑘𝑈𝐿 = 1 + 𝑓𝐽,𝑘
𝑁𝑅𝐴
𝑔𝐽,𝑘 𝑔𝐽𝑁−𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑠

where
𝑁𝑅𝐴
𝑓𝐽,𝑘 is the 'MUG non-Rayleigh Adjustment' for cell 𝐽 at the location of terminal 𝑘. The
Multi User Gain for Proportional Fair scheduler relies on a low correlation between the signal paths to
the antenna elements (Rayleigh environment). Locations that are in Line of Sight or that have high
SINR are more likely to have highly correlated signal paths (non-Rayleigh environment). If the cell is
using the Proportional Fair scheduler, you can select options to adjust the Multi User Gain under non-
Rayleigh conditions in the MUG non-Rayleigh Adjustment for Proportional Fair cell parameters. If the
𝑁𝑅𝐴
options are not set or if the terminal is in Rayleigh conditions then 𝑓𝐽,𝑘 is 1.

𝐷𝐿/𝑈𝐿,𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 & 𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂

𝑔𝐽,𝑘 is the 'MUG SINR & MIMO Dependence' that is the Multi User Gain Dependence
on Traffic & Control SINR conditions and MIMO order for terminal 𝑘 served by cell 𝐽, in the downlink
and in the uplink respectively. This is an internal table of values for all applicable DL and UL MIMO
configurations and SINR ranges. This table can be overridden by one generic value by selecting the
'Override SINR and MIMO Dependence' option and setting a value in Configuration  Lookup Tables
and Curves  LTE PF Scheduler Multi User Gain.

𝑔𝐽𝑁−𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑠 is the 'MUG Number-of-Users Dependence' that is a function of the number of served
users by cell 𝐽. The values for 'MUG Number-of-Users Dependence' are specified in Configuration 
Lookup Tables and Curves  LTE PF Scheduler Multi User Gain.

The reduced average resource consumption due to the instantaneously higher data rates for terminal 𝑘
for a bearer configured for carrier 𝑝 is given by:

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈𝐺 𝛼𝑝𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥

𝛼𝑝,𝑘 =
𝑀𝑈𝐺𝑘𝐷𝐿
(120)
,
𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈𝐺 𝛼𝑝𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
𝛼𝑝,𝑘 =
𝑀𝑈𝐺𝑘𝑈𝐿

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6.3 PROPORTIONAL RATE

The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the remaining unused resources in proportion to the achievable
bearer data rate under the channel conditions.
This is a recursive algorithm. The remaining resources are shared between the terminals in proportion
to their bearer data rates. Terminals with higher data rates get a larger share of the available resources.
Each terminal gets either the resources it needs to satisfy its MBR demand, or its weighted portion of
the available/unused resources, whichever is smaller. This recursive allocation process continues until
all MBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate.

The scheduler progressively increases the resource usage factors 𝛼𝑘𝐷𝐿 and 𝛼𝑘𝑈𝐿 allocated to terminals.
At the start of the recursive procedure, terminals have resource usage factors corresponding to the
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
minimum values 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 given in (17) and (19) respectively. The recursion then
proceeds as follows:

STEP 1: Calculate the DL and UL unused resources, 𝑅𝐸 𝐷𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 and 𝑅𝐸 𝑈𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 .

STEP 2: Each upgradeable terminal 𝑘 is assigned extra resources given by

𝑅𝐷𝐿
𝑘
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
min (𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 , 𝑅𝐸 𝐷𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 ( )) , in the DL
∑𝑖 𝑅𝐷𝐿
𝑖
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
(121)
𝑅𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
min (𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 , 𝑅𝐸 𝑈𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 ( 𝑘 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 )) , in the UL
∑𝑖 𝑅 𝑖

where the additional resource demands 𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 and 𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 are given by

𝐷𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 (122)

𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 = 𝑅𝐸𝑝 [𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛼𝑘𝐷𝐿 ] ,

and

𝑈𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (123)
𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 = 𝑅𝐸𝑝 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
[min(𝛼𝐶𝑎𝑝 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) − 𝛼𝑘𝑈𝐿 ] ,

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
where 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the maximum resource usages given in (17) and (19)
respectively. Finally, 𝛼𝐶𝑎𝑝 which is only applicable in the UL is defined as the maximum resource
usage that can be assigned in the UL while maintaining coverage.

STEP 3: Go to STEP 1.

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6.4 PROPORTIONAL DEMAND

The aim of this scheduler is to allocate the remaining unused resources to terminals in proportion to
their additional resource demands. This is a non-recursive allocation process and results in either
satisfying the MBR demands of all terminals or the consumption of all of the resources. This resource
allocation is done in two steps:

STEP 1: Calculate the DL and UL unused resources, 𝑅𝐸 𝐷𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 and 𝑅𝐸 𝑈𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 .

STEP 2: Each of the upgradeable terminal is 𝑘 assigned extra resources given by

𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿
min (𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 , 𝑅𝐸 𝐷𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 ( )) , in the DL
∑𝑖 𝛺𝑖𝐷𝐿 (124)
,
𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿
min (𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 , 𝑅𝐸 𝑈𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 ( )) , in the UL
{ ∑𝑖 𝛺𝑖𝐷𝐿

where the additional resource demands 𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 and 𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 are given by

𝐷𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 (125)

{𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 = 𝑅𝐸𝑝 [𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛼𝑘𝐷𝐿 ],

and

𝑈𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (126)
𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 = 𝑅𝐸𝑝 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
[min(𝛼𝐶𝑎𝑝 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) − 𝛼𝑘𝑈𝐿 ] ,

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
where 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the maximum resource usages given in (17) and (19)
respectively. Finally, 𝛼𝐶𝑎𝑝 which is only applicable in the UL is defined as the maximum resource
usage that can be assigned in the UL while maintaining coverage.

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6.5 MAX SINR

The aim of this Scheduler is to maximise the average cell throughput. This is a non-recursive resource
allocation process where terminals with higher bearer rates (and consequently higher SINR) are
preferred over terminals with lower bearer rates (and consequently lower SINR). This means that
resources are allocated first to those terminals with better SINR/channel conditions, thereby
maximising the throughput. The extra resources allocated to the kth upgradeable terminal are given by

min(𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 , 𝑅𝐸 𝐷𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 ) , in the DL (127)

{ 𝑈𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
min(𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 , 𝑅𝐸 ), in the UL

where the additional resource demands 𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 and 𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 are given by

𝐷𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 (128)

𝛺𝑘𝐷𝐿 = 𝑅𝐸𝑝 [𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛼𝑘𝐷𝐿 ] ,

and

𝑈𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 (129)
𝛺𝑘𝑈𝐿 = 𝑅𝐸𝑝,𝑞 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
[min(𝛼𝐶𝑎𝑝 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) − 𝛼𝑘𝑈𝐿 ] ,

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
where 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the maximum resource usages given in (17) and (19)
respectively. Finally, 𝛼𝐶𝑎𝑝 which is only applicable in the UL is defined as the maximum resource
usage that can be assigned in the UL while maintaining coverage

7 ADVANCED ANTENNA SYSTEMS

Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) such as Single-User (SU) MIMO and Multi-User (MU) MIMO
architecture is the key for providing higher peak data rates and improved coverage in LTE systems.
SU-MIMO refers to all spatial diversity and multiplexing schemes where the MIMO channel is solely
assigned to a single user/terminal. In contrast, MU-MIMO employs the same time-frequency resources
to serve multiple users/terminals.
The following AAS modes are supported in ASSET for both link directions:
 SU-MIMO
o Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
o Spatial Diversity (SD) for transmit and/or receive.
o Adaptive Switching between (SD and SM)
 MU-MIMO
Certain modes can be combined as described in the section on mode selection. Note that beamforming
is covered in detail in a separate section of this document.

7.1 SU-MIMO
This includes spatial multiplexing (SM), spatial diversity (SD) and the adaptive switching between
these two MIMO modes. Release 9 of 3GPP standards supports spatial multiplexing only in DL,
however ASSET allows the users to model all modes of SU-MIMO in both link directions. This is due
to the fact that spatial multiplexing in the UL will be supported in future releases.

7.1.1 Spatial Multiplexing (SM)

This increases the per user data rate/throughput by transmitting multiple streams of data dedicated for a
single user from multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver sides. LTE DL transmission modes
support closed-loop and open-loop spatial multiplexing (SM). The former requires the availability of
both the Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) and Rank Indicator (RI) whereas the latter requires only the

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NR Static Simulations

RI. Assuming the path gains between individual antenna pairs are independent and identically
distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh distributed, a SM rate gain 𝐺 𝑆𝑀 can be realized in the high 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 regime,
where 𝐺 𝑆𝑀 = min(𝑁 𝑡𝑥 , 𝑁 𝑟𝑥 ) with 𝑁 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑁 𝑟𝑥 are the number of transmit and receive antennas
respectively.

In ASSET, the special multiplexing gain (enhanced data rate) 𝐺 𝑆𝑀 is modelled by modifying the
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
minimum and maximum resource consumptions/usage of DL and UL bearers i.e. 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ,
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 as calculated in (17) and (19) respectively. The modified
minimum and maximum resource consumptions in the DL and UL can be expressed as:

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑆𝑀
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 ,𝑆𝑀 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (130)
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑀,𝐷𝐿 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑆𝑀,𝐷𝐿 ,
𝐺 𝑆𝑀,𝐷𝐿 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐺 𝑆𝑀,𝐷𝐿 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟

and

𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑆𝑀
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 ,𝑆𝑀 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (131)
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑀,𝑈𝐿 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑆𝑀,𝑈𝐿 ,
𝐺 𝑆𝑀,𝑈𝐿 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐺 𝑆𝑀,𝑈𝐿 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 ,𝑆𝑀 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 ,𝑆𝑀 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝑀 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝑀

where 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the modified DL and UL
minimum and maximum resource consumptions/usage when employing SM. 𝐺 𝑆𝑀,𝐷𝐿 and 𝐺 𝑆𝑀,𝑈𝐿 are
SM gain values read from the respective UL and DL ‘SM Rate Gain’ tables. The provided default
values relate to the theoretical maximum possible throughput gain that can be achieved by employing
given numbers of transmit and receive antennas at the gNodeB and terminals (and vice versa). Finally,
𝑆𝑀,𝐷𝐿 𝑆𝑀,𝑈𝐿
𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 and 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 are the clutter specific DL and UL rate gain adjustments.

In addition to SM rate gain, ASSET also models the change in bearers’ SINR requirements when using
SM, i.e. a higher/lower SINR requirement of bearers as compared to single antenna transmission.
These modified DL and UL bearers requirements can be expressed as (in dBs)

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝑀 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝐿,𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 (132)

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑑𝐵) = 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑆𝑀 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑆𝑀 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑑𝐵) ,

and

𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝑀 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿,𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 (133)

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑑𝐵) = 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑆𝑀 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑆𝑀 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑑𝐵) ,

where

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
DL & UL bearers’ SINR requirements without SM
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝑀 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝑀
Modified DL & UL bearers SINR requirements with SM
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞

DL & UL SU-MIMO (SM) bearers SINR deltas

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑆𝑀 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑆𝑀 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎

𝐷𝐿,𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿,𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
DL & UL clutter specific SM SINR offsets
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑆𝑀 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑆𝑀 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡

7.1.2 Spatial Diversity (SD)

These techniques improve the SINR by transmitting the same stream of single user data from multiple
antennas at the transmitter, receiver or both sides. Assuming the path gains between individual antenna

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NR Static Simulations

pairs are i.i.d. Rayleigh distributed, a maximal diversity gain/order of 𝐺 𝑆𝐷 can be achieved which
𝑆𝐷
makes the average error probability to decay as 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 −𝐺 at high SINRs, in contrast to the 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 −1 for
a single-antenna fading channel, where 𝐺 = 𝑁 × 𝑁 , with 𝑁 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑁 𝑟𝑥 representing the number
𝑆𝐷 𝑡𝑥 𝑟𝑥

of transmit and receive antennas respectively.

In ASSET, spatial diversity gain/order 𝐺 𝑆𝐷 is modelled by modifying the raw SINR requirements of
DL and UL bearers. The modified requirements when employing SD can be expressed as
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝐷 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝐷 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (134)
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝐿,𝑆𝐷 and 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑈𝐿,𝑆𝐷 ,
𝐺 𝑆𝐷,𝐷𝐿 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐺 𝑆𝐷,𝑈𝐿 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝐷 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑆𝐷

where 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 and 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 are the raw and modified
𝑆𝐷,𝐷𝐿 𝑆𝐷,𝑈𝐿
DL and UL bearers’ SINR requirements. 𝐺 and 𝐺 are SD orders/gain values read from the
respective UL and DL ‘SD SINR Adjustment’ tables. The provided default values relate to the
theoretical maximum possible diversity order that can be achieved by employing given numbers of
𝑆𝐷,𝐷𝐿
transmit and receive antennas at the gNodeB and terminals (and vice versa). Finally, 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 and
𝑆𝐷,𝑈𝐿
𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 are the clutter specific DL and UL SD SINR adjustments.

7.1.3 Adaptive Switching

This enables the SM and SD to be implemented in an adaptive fashion which is vital to maximize
throughput of LTE networks. Adaptive switching has to be enabled on both LTE cells and terminals.
ASSET always attempts to utilise a bearer in SM mode before attempting SD for a given terminal. In
addition to this, the cell level ‘Adaptive SU-MIMO RS SNR’ threshold can be employed to control the
switching from SM to SD and when enabled, SM is employed above the threshold while SD below the
threshold.

7.2 MU-MIMO
This architecture serves multiple users (separated in the spatial domain in both link direction) sharing
the same time-frequency resource. It employs multiple narrow beams to separate users in the spatial
domain and can be considered as a hybrid of beamforming and spatial multiplexing. By scheduling
multiple terminals, MU-MIMO serves more terminals with the same resources, which in turns
increases the cell capacity/throughput. This is normally suitable for highly loaded cells and for
scenarios where number of served terminals is more important than peak user data rates.

In ASSET, the MU-MIMO gain (increased served terminals) 𝐺 𝑀𝑈 is modelled by modifying the
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
minimum and maximum resource consumptions/usage of DL and UL bearers. i.e. 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ,
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 as calculated in (17) and (19) respectively. The modified
minimum and maximum resource consumptions in the DL and UL can be expressed as:

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (135)
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ,
𝐺𝑀𝑈,𝐷𝐿 𝐺𝑀𝑈,𝐷𝐿

and

𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥
𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (136)
𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ,
𝐺𝑀𝑈,𝑈𝐿 𝐺𝑀𝑈,𝑈𝐿
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑀𝑈 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑡𝑥,𝑀𝑈
where 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝛼𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the modified DL and
UL minimum and maximum resource consumptions/usage when employing MU-MIMO. 𝐺𝑀𝑈,𝐷𝐿 and
𝐺𝑀𝑈,𝑈𝐿 are cell specific ‘Average Co-scheduled Terminals’.

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In addition to ‘Average Co-scheduled Terminals’, ASSET also models the change in bearers’ SINR
requirements when using MU-MIMO. i.e. a higher/lower SINR requirement of bearers as compared to
single antenna transmission. These modified DL and UL bearer requirements can be expressed as

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑀𝑈 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝐿,𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 (137)

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑑𝐵) = 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑈 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑈 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑑𝐵) ,

and

𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑀𝑈 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿,𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 (138)

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑑𝐵) = 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑈 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 (𝑑𝐵) + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑈 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑑𝐵) ,

where

𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 DL & UL bearers’ SINR requirements without MU-MIMO
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑀𝑈 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟,𝑀𝑈 Modified DL & UL bearers’ SINR requirements with MU-
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑞
MIMO
DL & UL MU-MIMO (SM) bearers SINR deltas
𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑈 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑈 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎

𝐷𝐿,𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝐿,𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
DL & UL clutter specific MU-MIMO SINR offsets
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑈 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 , 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑈 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡

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7.3 AAS MODE SELECTION

The Simulator will attempt to use the enabled AAS modes in sequence with a broad underlying aim of
maximising throughput.
For any given bearer, the possible (composite) transmission modes are listed below and ranked from
the most desirable to the least desirable. Generally speaking, SU-MIMO SM modes are preferred since
they increase the data rate of the connection. If SM is not possible, then MU-MIMO modes are the next
most preferred because although the data rate of the user is not improved, the overall cell capacity is
used more effectively. If neither SM nor MU-MIMO, are possible then the aim is to improve the
reliability of the link using through either a SINR improvement due to beamforming or through the use
of SD or both.

Transmission Mode Ranking for a Specific Bearer

SU-MIMO SM
MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO SD
Single Antenna (i.e. No MIMO or Beamforming)

There exist cell-specific MIMO thresholds that can be enabled to control the range of MIMO modes.
These thresholds will affect simulation results and should only be enabled by experienced/advanced
users because they can cause suboptimal network performance.

Cell-Specific Threshold Effect of Cell-Specific Threshold

Adaptive SU-MIMO Any mode involving SM is not allowed below the specified threshold.
MU-MIMO Any mode involving MU-MIMO is not allowed below the specified threshold.

The threshold controlling parameter can be one of the following:

 DL Traffic SINR (PDSCH SINR) as given (97).

 UL Traffic SINR (PUSCH SINR) as described in (111).

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8 COVERAGE PROBABILITY CALCULATIONS

The coverage probability describes the probability of receiving a signal being of sufficient
strength/quality given that it has been transmitted through a wireless channel where the signal is subject
to large and small scale fading, e.g. shadow fading, fast fading and etc.

Coverage probabilities are calculated analytically.

The Simulator can run in two different modes

 Using Cell Load levels as specified in the Site Database
 Calculating Cell Load Levels by running snapshots

In the second mode coverage plots can be obtained after running a very small number of snapshots
(typically 10s) and plots converge very quickly. If no snapshots have been run, then coverage plots are
still available but they give the coverage probabilities in an unloaded system. The network is unloaded
with respect to own technology type but is still considering any Inter-technology DL/UL Noise Rise
Cell Loads from the Site Database

We introduce the following notation to represent the probability density function for a normally
distributed random variable with mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎.

1 −(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 (139)

𝑁(𝑥; 𝜇, 𝜎) = exp ( ),
√2𝜋𝜎 2 2𝜎 2

8.1 FADES IN THE SIMULATION SNAPSHOTS

Shadow fading is modelled in a snapshot by randomising the pathlosses experienced by the randomly
scattered terminals. Shadow fades are log-normally distributed, and the user specifies the shadow
fading standard deviation for indoor and outdoor terminals in each clutter type. In reality, the fades
between a terminal and the cells that cover it will exhibit a degree of correlation. In particular, a
terminal is likely to have similar fades to cells that are located on the same site. To account for this, the
user specifies two parameters in the Monte Carlo Wizard:
 The normalised inter-site correlation coefficient 𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 which is the correlation between
fades to cells on different sites.
i. The normalised intra-site correlation coefficient 𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 which is the correlation between
fades to cells on the same site.
These two parameters must satisfy the constraints 0 ≤ 𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 ≤ 𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 ≤ 1. For each randomly
scattered terminal in a snapshot, a set of correlated fades to the covering cells is generated using the
following procedure. All the random numbers mentioned below are independent and normally
distributed with zero mean and unit variance, and 𝜎 is the standard deviation of the shadow fading at
the pixel in dB.
 Generate a random number 𝑋.
 For each site 𝐼, generate a random number 𝑌𝐼 .
 For each cell 𝐽, generate a random number 𝑍𝐽 .

The fade (in dB) to cell J on site I is then set to

(140)
𝜎 (√𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑋 + √𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑌𝐼 + √1 − 𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑍𝐽 )

The above procedure is performed for each of the randomly scattered terminals at the beginning of a
snapshot. Fades for different terminals are uncorrelated even if they are located in the same pixel.

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8.2 FADES IN ARRAYS FOR MEAN VALUES

Arrays showing the mean level of a quantity (e.g. DL linkloss, SS-RSRP, SS-RSRQ, etc) are calculated
with all fades set to 0 dB.

8.3 FADES IN COVERAGE ARRAY CALCULATIONS

SS-RSRP Coverage Probability

In the absence of fading, let the SS-RSRP (in Watts) for cell 𝐽 be represented by 𝑅𝐽𝑆𝑆𝑆 . If cell 𝐽 has a
fade of 𝐹𝐽 dB, then the SS-RSRP is given by 𝑅𝐽𝑆𝑆𝑆 (10− 𝐹𝐽 /10 ).

We can calculate a coverage probability for the SS-RSRP as follows:

 Find the fade 𝐹𝐽 that causes the SS-RSRP to exactly satisfy the requirement specified on the
terminal type. Call this fade 𝐹 ∗ . Note that 𝐹 ∗ may be positive or negative. Any fade bigger
than 𝐹 ∗ will give an inadequate RSRP.

Since 𝐹𝐽 is normally-distributed with a mean of 0 dB and standard deviation of 𝜎 dB, the probability
that 𝐹𝐽 > 𝐹 ∗ is given by
∞
(141)
𝑃(𝐹𝐽 > 𝐹 ∗ ) = ∫ 𝑁(𝑥; 0, 𝜎) 𝜕𝐹𝐽
𝐹∗

This is the probability that the SS-RSRP does not meet the requirement.

RSRQ Coverage Probability

This is calculated by following the same approach as described above for the SS-RSRP coverage
probability.

8.4 FADE MARGIN CALCULATIONS FOR PLOTS

All simulation plots give quantities (e.g. RSRP, PDSCH SINR, etc) that are calculated without random
fades applied to the pathlosses. To determine if a quantity is acceptable at a location, it must be
compared against the requirement for that quantity, and include an appropriate margin based on the
reliability level specified in the Array Settings.
For example, working in dB we can say that the RSRP and SINR levels are acceptable if

(𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 ≥ (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 + (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 (142)

(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 ≥ (𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 + (𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 (143)

RSRP Margin

Lognormal fading produces a lognormal RSRP distribution, with a mean value of (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 and
a standard deviation equal to the standard deviation of fading for the clutter type. This makes
calculating (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 very straightforward. For example, if the standard deviation of fading is 10
dB, and the required reliability level is 95%, then this reliability level corresponds to 1.65 standard
deviations above the mean. So (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 16.5 𝑑𝐵. In other words, the RSRP level in the plot
must exceed the RSRP requirement of the terminal type by 16.5 dB in order in order be 95% sure that
the RSRP level in the plot is acceptable.

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SINR Margin

(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 cannot be calculated in a simple way because correlated lognormal fading produces a
SINR distribution that is not generally lognormal. The SINR distribution is only approximately log-
normal, but the mean of the distribution is not at (𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 and the standard deviation of the
distribution is often lower than the standard deviation of fading. There is no closed form solution that
can account for this, and the only way to properly determine (𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 is through sampling the
distribution (which is very slow).
Therefore, plots that depend on SINR (such as achievable bearer and throughput) make the
approximation that (𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅)𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = (𝑅𝑆𝑅𝑃)𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 . This means that the intra-site and inter-site
correlation factors for fading do not affect the SINR margin calculations used for the plots for
achievable bearer and throughput.

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9 INTER-TECHNOLOGY INTERFERENCE

9.1 INTRODUCTION
The Multiple Technology Simulator allows considering the effects of inter-carrier interference for
carriers of the same technology and carriers of different technologies. The considered technologies are
GSM, UMTS, LTE and Wi-Fi. The selection in Step 2 of the Simulator Wizard determines the
technology types that are considered for the subsequent calculations.

Carriers can be fully, partially or non-overlapping. Non-overlapping carriers can still be adjacent, hence
interfering with each other. The relative position of carriers is determined by their Low and High
frequencies that specify the operative range of the carrier.

𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
INTERFERER
𝑊𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑖
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑝1 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑝2

VICTIM
𝑊𝑣 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ
𝑓𝑣
𝑓𝑣𝑙𝑜𝑤
Illustration of overlapping carriers

The following figure is generic to all technology types.

Inter-tech Downlink
Interfering Power
Serving Interfering

Own-tech Other–tech
Site Site

Intra-tech Intra-tech
Uplink/Downlink Uplink/Downlink

Served Interfering

Own-tech Other–tech
Terminal Terminal

Inter-tech Uplink
Interfering Power

UL and DL Inter-technology Interference

Assuming 5G to be the reference technology in the context of the current document, the other
interfering technologies can be GSM, UMTS, LTE and Wi-Fi.

Note: The uplink is not modelled for GSM and Wi-Fi, which means that GSM and Wi-Fi terminals’
uplink transmission is not considered for interference.

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9.2 INTER-TECHNOLOGY INTERFERENCE FORMULAE

By selecting the appropriate option in the Simulator Wizard, carriers of the rest of the selected
technologies are considered and the resulting inter-technology interference component is added to any
intra-technology or own-technology interference.

∑tech≠𝑜𝑤𝑛 denotes the summation over the technologies that have been selected in the
Simulator Wizard, excluding 𝑜𝑤𝑛, where 𝑜𝑤𝑛 = {5𝐺} and 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = {𝐺𝑆𝑀, 𝑈𝑀𝑇𝑆, 𝐿𝑇𝐸, 𝑊𝑖-𝐹𝑖} in
the context of the current document.

9.2.1 Uplink Received Interference

This is the interference received in the uplink by 𝑜𝑤𝑛 cells and consists of two components

i. UL-UL: The uplink of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟-technology terminals interfering with the uplink of 𝑜𝑤𝑛 cells

ii. DL-UL: The downlink of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟-technology cells interfering with the uplink of 𝑜𝑤𝑛 cells

Tech
The combined effect of these two components is modelled via (𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿, 𝐽,𝑝 , the Inter-technology UL
Noise Rise due to cells and terminals of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies and it is specified in the Site DB.

𝑈𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝐼𝐽,𝑝 = ∑ (𝐶𝑃)𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑈𝐿 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝐽,𝑝 × [(𝑁𝑅)𝐽,𝑝
𝑈𝐿
− 1] × 𝑁𝐽,𝑝 , (144)
tech≠𝑜𝑤𝑛

where

𝑈𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝐼𝐽,𝑝 is the inter-technology UL received interference power of cell 𝐽 employing carrier
𝑝 due to cells and terminals of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies.

(𝐶𝑃)𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝐽,𝑝 is the Channel Protection factor for the 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies and it is input from Site
DB for cell 𝐽.

(𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿
𝐽,𝑝
𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
is the UL Noise Rise due to the 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies and it is input from Site DB for
cell 𝐽.
𝑈𝐿
𝑁𝐽,𝑝 is the UL thermal noise power.

On the 𝑜𝑤𝑛 cell, in Site DB, the combined inter-technology total UL Noise Rise, disregarding any
Channel Protection factors, is reported as:

(𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿
𝐽,𝑝
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 1+ ∑ [(𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿
𝐽,𝑝
𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
− 1]. (145)
tech≠𝑜𝑤𝑛

On the 𝑜𝑤𝑛 cell, in Site DB, the combined UL Noise Rise for all included technologies, disregarding
any Channel Protection factors, is reported as:

(𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿
𝐽,𝑝
𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑠
=1+ ∑ [(𝑁𝑅)𝑈𝐿
𝐽,𝑝
𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
− 1]. (146)
tech =𝑎𝑙𝑙

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NR Static Simulations

9.2.2 Downlink Received Interference

This is the interference received in the downlink by 𝑜𝑤𝑛 terminals and consists of two components:

i. UL-DL: The uplink of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟-technology terminals interfering with the downlink of 𝑜𝑤𝑛
terminals

The effect of these this component is modelled via (𝑁𝑅)𝐷𝐿 𝐽,𝑝

𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
, the inter-technology DL Noise
Rise due to terminals of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies and it is specified in the Site DB.

𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 = ∑ (𝐶𝑃)𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝐿 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐽,𝑝 × [(𝑁𝑅)𝐽,𝑝
𝐷𝐿
− 1] × 𝑁𝑝,𝑘 , (147)
Tech≠𝑜𝑤𝑛

where

𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the inter-technology DL received interference power for terminal 𝑘 served
by cell 𝐽 employing carrier 𝑝 due to terminals of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies.

(𝐶𝑃)𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝐽,𝑝 is the Channel Protection factor for the 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies and it is input
from Site DB for cell 𝐽.

(𝑁𝑅)𝐷𝐿
𝐽,𝑝
𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
is the DL Noise Rise due to terminals of the 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies and it is
input from Site DB for cell 𝐽.
𝐷𝐿
𝑁𝑝,𝑘 is the DL thermal noise power.

On the 𝑜𝑤𝑛 cell, in Site DB, the combined inter-technology total DL Noise due to 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟-technology
terminals, disregarding any Channel Protection factors, is reported as:

(𝑁𝑅)𝐷𝐿
𝐽,𝑝
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
=1+ ∑ [(𝑁𝑅)𝐷𝐿
𝐽,𝑝
𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
− 1] . (148)
tech≠𝑜𝑤𝑛

ii. DL-DL: The downlink of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟-technology cells interfering with the downlink of the 𝑜𝑤𝑛
terminals

The effect of this component is calculated as

𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑃𝐶

𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 = ∑ ∑(𝐶𝑃)𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝐽,𝑝 𝑂𝑞→𝑝 ∑ , (149)
𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑘
tech≠𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑞 𝐶≠𝐽

where

𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠

𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the received DL interference power for terminal 𝑘 served by cell 𝐽
employing carrier 𝑝 due to terminals of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies.

(𝐶𝑃)𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝐽,𝑝 is the Channel Protection factor for the 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies and it is input
from Site DB for cell 𝐽.

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑂𝑞→𝑝 is the DL frequency overlap factor for victim carrier 𝑝 and interfering carrier
𝑞.

𝑃𝐶 is the total time-average transmitted power of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟-technology cell 𝐶.

𝐿𝐷𝐿
𝐶𝑘 is the link loss between 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟-technology cell 𝐶 and 𝑜𝑤𝑛 terminal 𝑘.

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NR Static Simulations

𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠

The summation of 𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 and 𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the total interference power received in
the downlink by 𝑜𝑤𝑛 terminal 𝑘 due to terminals and cells of 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 technologies.

𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 (150)

𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 = 𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 + 𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 .

𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
Note that 𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 is the interference power over the full victim bandwidth 𝑊𝑝𝐷𝐿 . Formulas for DL
quantities such as SINR are typically expressed as of a ratio of received EPRE values rather than power
𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
levels over the full bandwidth. So 𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 must be transformed to an interfering EPRE for use in
those formulas as follows

𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝐷𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ (151)

𝜀𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 = 𝐼𝐽,𝑝,𝑘 / 𝑊𝑝𝐷𝐿 .

The resulting EPRE can then be included alongside other interfering EPRE values in the SINR
formulas.

77