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Design and Implementation of Battery Management System for Electric

Bicycle

Article in MATEC Web of Conferences · January 2017

DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20179701111

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MATEC Web of Conferences 97, 01111 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20179701111
ETIC 2016

Design and Implementation of Battery

Management System for Electric Bicycle
Muhammad Ikram Mohd Rashid1,*, and James Ranggi Anak Johnny Osman2
1
Sustainable Energy & Power Electronics Research Group, Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik &
Elektronik, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
2
Sustainable Energy & Power Electronics Research Group, Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik &
Elektronik, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia

Abstract. Today the electric vehicle (EV) has been developed in such a
way that electronic motor, battery, and charger replace the engine, tank and
gasoline pump of the conventional gasoline-powered [1]. In other word,
instead of using fossil fuel to move the vehicle, in this case we used a pack
of batteries to move it. The global climate change and the abnormal rising
international crude oil prices call for the development of EV [2]. To solve
these problems, a new energy needs to be developed or optimized in order
to replace the current energy which is fossil fuel. A clean and green energy
[2]. Because of this, it is very important to make sure that the battery that
being used is reliable as the fossil fuel. Thus, the design of the battery
management system plays an important role on battery life preservation
and performance improvement of EV [3]. The BMS also performs many
tasks including the measurement of system voltage, current and
temperature, the cells’ state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH),
remaining useful life (RUL) determination, controlling and monitoring the
charge / discharge characteristics and cell balancing [3]. For this project,
18650 Lithium-Ion battery is used to develop battery management for
144V 50Ah. As lithium-ion batteries have high value of specific energy,
high energy density, high open circuit voltage, and low self-discharge, they
are a proper candidate for EVs among other cell chemistries [4].

1 Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of past research efforts related to Battery
Management System (BMS) for electric vehicle and 18650 Lithium-Ion battery. Some
articles discuss on the importance of BMS in electric vehicle while others focusing on the
balancing of the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery. The articles discussed on how the
BMS help in prolonged the life span of the battery used through cell balancing. The review
of the articles showed that the BMS provided the users various operating parameters that

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web of Conferences 97, 01111 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20179701111
ETIC 2016

very important to take the EV to next level, reliability enough to replace current vehicle that
used fossil fuel to power up the vehicle.

2 Battery management systems

The battery need to be protected from high voltage or critical operation conditions. High
voltage management need to be developed according to the safety standard of EV such as
unbalance cell of the battery [5]. The system also monitors and manages vehicle battery
modules, and provides early warning protection [2]. That why BMS are important
subsystem for hybrid and electric vehicle, which also ensures that the batteries are
operating within the specified conditions [3].

3 Cell balancing

Cell balancing is one of the main functions of BMS. A battery is balanced when all of the
cells are exactly at the same SOC. The battery may be unbalanced in multiple ways
including; SOC, self-discharge current, internal resistance, and capacity. The balancing
topologies can be categorized as passive and active balancing [3].

Fig. 1. Passive balancing

Passive cell balancing balance the battery by sampling all cells voltages, levelling all
voltages to the lowest among the cells by removing charge from these higher potential cells
[3].

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MATEC Web of Conferences 97, 01111 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20179701111
ETIC 2016

Fig. 2. Active balancing

Active cell also samples all voltages but in different way, by calculating the mean value of
the cells then transferring the charge from the cells over this mean value to the cells under
the mean value. No waste[3].

4 Protection

This system will cut off the relay that measure the voltage between positive and negative
terminal of the battery if it detects overcharge, over discharge, overload and short circuit[6].
Place the figure as close as possible after the point where it is first referenced in the text. If
there is a large number of figures and tables it might be necessary to place some before
their text citation.

5 18650 Lithium-ion Battery

This project focuses on the management of secondary Lithium Ion cells because of their
energy density compared to other types as shown in the graph below Figure 2. Panasonic
NCR18650 Lithium-Ion battery was used for this project. The target voltage for this voltage
is 58.8V while the target current is 15maH. In order to archive the target values, amount of
cell needed are 70. 14 series and 5 parallels. The arrangement of the battery is shown in
Figure 6.

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MATEC Web of Conferences 97, 01111 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20179701111
ETIC 2016

Fig. 3. Comparison of various battery types

This type of battery also has more density, long life cycle and more safety for many
applications [7]. This battery also more cheap compare to other rechargeable battery.
Table 1. Specifications of battery

Rated capacity Min. 2700 mAh

Min. 2750 mAh

Capacity
Typ. 2900 mAh
Nominal voltage 3.6 V
CC-CV, Std. 1925 mA, 4.20 V, 3.0
Charging
hrs

Weight (max.) 46.5 g

Charge: 0 to +45 °C
Temperature
Discharge: -20 to +60 °C
Volumetric: 577 Wh/l
Energy density
Gravimetric: 214 Wh/kg

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MATEC Web of Conferences 97, 01111 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20179701111
ETIC 2016

Fig. 4. Spot weld battery in progress

Fig. 5. After spot weld completed

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MATEC Web of Conferences 97, 01111 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20179701111
ETIC 2016

Fig. 6. Battery with battery management system

6 Simulation results

Fig. 7. LTSpice Simulation Charging of cells

Fig. 8. LTSpice Simulation

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MATEC Web of Conferences 97, 01111 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20179701111
ETIC 2016

The graph obtained from the simulation shows the charging and discharging of the battery.
From Figure 8, the graph keeps increasing with time until it reached 25.2 V. The voltage for
each cell used in this simulation is 4.2 V. So total voltage for 6 cells are 25.2 V. Once the
voltage for all 6 cells reached it optimum voltage, the cells will stop charging. Red line in
the graph represents the charging and discharging of the battery pack. While the Blue line
represents the total voltage for 6 cells. The graph shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10 is only
for one IC. In order to achieve the total voltage needed for this project, three IC were
needed. After the battery is fully charged, it will start to discharge. From the simulation,
one of the main functions of BMS can is proven, protection from overcharged.

7 Summary

After implementation of battery management system, the lifespan of the battery is much
longer than the one without it and to ensure the battery operating within safe operating
system.

This project was financially supported by Universiti Malaysia Pahang with RDU 150340.

References
1. C.L. Wey, P.C. Jui, International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo
(ICCVE), 903 (2013)
2. C.H. Lin, H.Y. Chao, C.M. Wang, M.H. Hung, International Conference
Proceedings/TENCON, 863 (2011)
3. M. Bowkett, K. Thanapalan, T. Stockley, M. Hathway, J. Williams, 19th International
Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC), 1 (2013)
4. P. Amiribavandpour, W. Shen, A. Kapoor, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion
Conference (VPPC), 117 (2013)
5. J. Qiang, L. Yang, G. Ao, H. Zhong, International Conference on Vehicular
Electronics and Safety (ICVES), 134 (2006)
6. N. Haq, E. Leksono, M. Iqbal, F.X.N. Soelami, D. Kurniadi, Int. Conf. Electr. Eng.
Comput. Sci., 203 (2014)
7. K.J. Chung, C.C. Hsiao, International Conference on Computer, Consumer and
Control (IS3C), 2(3), 930 (2012)

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