Internet

Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with each other and to the World
Wide Web. It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of computer users worldwide. It is set
up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless and networking technologies. At present, internet is
the fastest mean of sending or exchanging information and data between computers across the world.

It is believed that the internet was developed by "Defense Advanced Projects Agency" (DARPA) department of the
United States. And, it was first connected in 1969.

Why is the Internet Called a Network?

Internet is called a network as it creates a network by connecting computers and servers across the world using
routers, switches and telephone lines, and other communication devices and channels. So, it can be considered a

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global network of physical cables such as copper telephone wires, fiber optic cables, tv cables, etc. Furthermore,
even wireless connections like 3G, 4G, or Wi-Fi make use of these cables to access the Internet.

Internet is different from the World Wide Web as the World Wide Web is a network of computers and servers
created by connecting them through the internet. So, the internet is the backbone of the web as it provides the
technical infrastructure to establish the WWW and acts as a medium to transmit information from one computer to
another computer. It uses web browsers to display the information on the client, which it fetches from web servers.

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The internet is not owned by a single person or organization entirely. It is a concept based on physical
infrastructure that connects networks with other networks to create a global network of billions of computers. As of
12 August 2016, there were more than 300 crores of internet users across the world.

How is the Internet set up?

Physical copper or optical fiber data transmission cables, as well as other networking technologies like LAN, WAN,
and MAN, are used to set up the internet. Even the 2g, 3g, and 4g services, as well as Wi-Fi, need this physical
cable arrangement in order to access the Internet connection. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN), a US-based organization, is in charge of overseeing the management of the Internet and its
related protocols, including IP addresses.

How does internet work?

Before understanding this let us understand some basics related to internet:

The internet works with the help of clients and servers. A device such as a laptop, which is connected to the
internet is called a client, not a server as it is not directly connected to the internet. However, it is indirectly
connected to the internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and is identified by an IP address, which is a
string of numbers. Just like you have an address for your home that uniquely identifies your home, an IP address

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acts as the shipping address of your device. The IP address is provided by your ISP, and you can see
what IP address your ISP has given to your system.

A server is a large computer that stores websites. It also has an IP address. A place where a large number of
servers are stored is called a data center. The server accepts requests send by the client through a browser over a
network (internet) and responds accordingly.

To access the internet we need a domain name, which represents an IP address number, i.e., each IP address has
been assigned a domain name. For example, youtube.com, facebook.com, paypal.com are used to represent the IP
addresses. Domain names are created as it is difficult for a person to remember a long string of numbers.
However, internet does not understand the domain name, it understands the IP address, so when you enter the
domain name in the browser search bar, the internet has to get the IP addresses of this domain name from a huge
phone book, which is known as DNS (Domain Name Server).

For example, if you have a person's name, you can find his phone number in a phone book by searching his name.
The internet uses the DNS server in the same way to find the IP address of the domain name. DNS servers are
managed by ISPs or similar organizations.

Now after understanding the basics, let us see how internet works?

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When you turn on your computer and type a domain name in the browser search bar, your browser sends a
request to the DNS server to get the corresponding IP address. After getting the IP address, the browser forwards
the request to the respective server.

Once the server gets the request to provide information about a particular website, the data starts flowing. The
data is transferred through the optical fiber cables in digital format or in the form of light pulses. As the servers are
placed at distant places, the data may have to travel thousands of miles through optical fiber cable to reach your
computer.

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The optical fiber is connected to a router, which converts the light signals into electrical signals. These electrical
signals are transmitted to your laptop using an Ethernet cable. Thus, you receive the desired information through
the internet, which is actually a cable that connects you with the server.

Furthermore, if you are using wireless internet using wifi or mobile data, the signals from the optical cable are first
sent to a cell tower and from where it reaches to your cell phone in the form of electromagnetic waves.

The internet is managed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) located in the USA. It
manages IP addresses assignment, domain name registration, etc.

The data transfer is very fast on the internet. The moment you press enter you get the information from a server
located thousands of miles away from you. The reason for this speed is that the data is sent in the binary form (0,
1), and these zeros and ones are divided into small pieces called packets, which can be sent at high speed.

Uses of the internet

Generally speaking, the Internet may be used to exchange information with people all over the world,
communicate across great distances, and locate information or answers fast on almost any subject.

Here are some examples of specific uses for the Internet:

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o Using social media and content sharing.

o Instant messaging, video conferencing, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Internet telephony, and email are all examples of
electronic communication. These all are used through the Internet.
o Access to online degree programs, courses, and workshops for education and self-improvement.
o Searching for jobs: To advertise available positions, submit job applications, and hire candidates identified on social
networking sites like LinkedIn, both employers and applicants use the Internet.

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Other examples include:
o Online dating
o Online gaming
o Research
o Reading electronic newspapers and magazines
o Online shopping, or e-commerce.
o Online discussion groups and forums

Difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet

The World Wide Web (also known as the Web) and the Internet are fundamentally dissimilar from one another
because the Web is a collection of information that can be accessed using the Internet, whereas the Internet is a
global network of networks that offers access to almost all types of information. In other words, the Web is a
service that was added to the Internet's foundation.

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The Web is the part of the Internet that gets the greatest traffic. One unique aspect of this is hypertext, a rapid
cross-referencing method. The majority of websites feature text that highlights keywords or phrases by being a
different color than the rest of the text. When a user selects one of these words or phrases, they will be sent to the
chosen website or page. Buttons, graphics, and even particular areas of images are also utilized as hyperlinks.

On the Internet, there are billions of pages of information. The most popular web browsers are Google Chrome,
Firefox, and Internet Explorer. A web browser is used to surf the internet or do online browsing. A certain Web
site's look may vary slightly depending on the browser being used. A certain browser's later or more updated
versions have the potential to render more complicated features like music files, sound, animation, and virtual
reality.

Security and the Internet

Due to the volume of private and public information collected online, customers are at risk for security attacks and
data breaches. Crackers and hackers have access to networks and systems, and they are able to steal personal
data, such as login passwords or information on bank and credit card accounts. Among the steps that may be
taken to protect online privacy are:

o You can install antivirus and antimalware on your system.

o Generating complex, unique passwords that are impossible to decipher by anyone.
o A virtual private network (VPN) can be used, or at least a private browsing mode like the Incognito window in Google
Chrome.
o Only using HTTPS
o Keep private your all-social media accounts.
o Deactivate the autofill feature.
o Turn off the GPS of the device.
o Instead of just closing the tab or window, log out of accounts.

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 o Update cookies so that if a cookie is set, an alert is sent anytime.
o Spam emails should be avoided, and never open or download files from sources you are not aware of.
o Need to use caution when using hotspots or public Wi-Fi.

Furthermore, the "dark web" is an additional component of the Internet. Standard browsers do not allow users to
access the dark web, which is hidden. It instead makes use of the Tor and I2P browsers, which let users maintain
complete anonymity. While this anonymity can be a fantastic way to safeguard a user's security and freedom of
speech online or for the government to conceal confidential information, the dark web also fosters an environment
that makes cybercrime, the transfer of illicit commodities, and terrorism easier.

Social impact of the Internet

Both positive and negative effects of the Internet on society can be observed. On the one hand, some people claim
that the Internet has raised the risk of withdrawal, social exclusion, alienation, and citing a rise in FOMO, or the
fear of missing out, as evidence. On the other hand, some people also believe that the Internet has had the
opposite impact on society, increasing sociability, civic participation, and the depth of connections.

The Internet has changed how society communicates and interacts, whether the effects are positive or negative on
society. The increased focus on personal growth is one example of change and the fall in a community that is
determined by space, job, and family. People increasingly now build social connections on the basis of their unique
projects, values, as well as interests. In addition to offline and in person, communities are being created by like-
minded people through the Internet and the abundance of online settings it provides and produces. Social
networking sites like Facebook and LinkedIn are the preferred platforms for both businesses and individuals
wishing to carry out various tasks and connect with others.

Internet Connection Protocols

Protocols are a set of guidelines that aid in regulating the operation of any specific organization or technology.

Three main categories of Internet Connection Protocols are discussed below:

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 o TCP/IP Network Model: The most popular protocols for linking networks are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
Internet Protocol (IP). Any communication is split up into a number of packets that are sent from source to destination.
o File Transfer Protocol: With the help of FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a user can transfer documents, text files,
multimedia files, program files, etc., from one device to another.
o Hypertext Transfer Protocol: It is used to move a hypertext between two or more computers or other devices. Links
can be made using HTML tags and can take the form of text or graphics.

History of the Internet

The forerunner of the Internet, the ARPANet, went live for the first time in 1969. The TCP/IP, open networking
protocol suite, was adopted by the ARPANet in 1983, and the National Science Foundation Network (NSFN)
developed the network to link university computer science departments across the US in 1985.

When the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) was developed in 1989, it enabled different computer platforms to
connect to the same Internet sites, which dramatically improved communications over the network. The Mosaic
Web browser was developed in 1993.

Over the years of its existence, the Internet has remained a constant growth and development. For instance, IPv6
was created to provide for a significant future rise in the number of IP addresses that could be used. In a related
development, the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the rapidly developing environment where nearly any entity or
device can be given a unique identifier (UID) and the capability to communicate data automatically over the
Internet.

Advantages of the Internet:

o Instant Messaging: You can send messages or communicate to anyone using internet, such as email, voice chat,
video conferencing, etc.

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 o Get directions: Using GPS technology, you can get directions to almost every place in a city, country, etc. You can
find restaurants, malls, or any other service near your location.
o Online Shopping: It allows you to shop online such as you can be clothes, shoes, book movie tickets, railway tickets,
flight tickets, and more.
o Pay Bills: You can pay your bills online, such as electricity bills, gas bills, college fees, etc.
o Online Banking: It allows you to use internet banking in which you can check your balance, receive or transfer
money, get a statement, request cheque-book, etc.
o Online Selling: You can sell your products or services online. It helps you reach more customers and thus increases
your sales and profit.
o Work from Home: In case you need to work from home, you can do it using a system with internet access. Today,
many companies allow their employees to work from home.
o Entertainment: You can listen to online music, watch videos or movies, play online games.
o Cloud computing: It enables you to connect your computers and internet-enabled devices to cloud services such as
cloud storage, cloud computing, etc.
o Career building: You can search for jobs online on different job portals and send you CV through email if required.

Disadvantages of the Internet

o Time wastage: Although, Internet has a lot of advantages, it also contains some limitations. Time wasting is one of
among them. It can decrease your productivity if you are spending too much time on the Internet using social media
apps while doing nothing. Rather than squandering time, one should use that time to do something useful and even
more productive.

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 o Bad impacts on health: You can get health related issues if you spend too much time online; your body needs
outside activities, exercise, and many other things. If you look at the screen for a long time, it causes negative effects
on the eyes.
o Cyber Crimes: These days, crimes including cyberbullying, spam, viruses, hacking, and data theft are increasing day
by day. Cybercriminals can quickly break into your system, which store all of your private information.
o Effects on children: The constant watching of videos and playing games on the Internet by young children is bad for
their social and overall personality development.
o Bullying and spreading negativity: Social media applications have provided a free tool to all those people who
regularly attempt to spread negativity with really repulsive and humiliating comments and try to bully each other,
which is wrong and does bad impact on society.

Different ways to Connect to the Internet

The various methods for connecting to the Internet are briefly discussed below:

o Dial-Up: Users must connect their phone line to a computer system in such connections in order to access the Internet
connection. The user is unable to make or receive calls using the tier home phone service while connected.
o Broadband: Today's most popular high-speed internet connection, broadband is offered either by cable or phone
companies.
o Wireless Connection: This category includes Mobile and Wi-Fi services providers. No matter where you are, you can
connect to the Internet anywhere because connectivity is made possible by radio waves. Several instances of wireless
connections are provided below:
o Wi-fi: Without the use of cables, wi-fi or wireless fidelity, enables high-speed internet connectivity.

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 o Mobile Phones: In modern times, all smartphones include an Internet connectivity option that can be availed using
Internet packs and coupons. These don't require a wire or external connection as well.
o Satellite: Satellites are utilized for wireless Internet connectivity in areas Where broadband connections is not
available.
o Integrated Services Digital Network: With the help of using telephone lines, ISDN enables users to send audio or
video data.

Other things you can do on the Internet

The ability to communicate with anyone in the world virtually immediately is one of the best features of the
Internet. With billions of users worldwide, email is one of the most established and widely used methods of online
communication as well as information sharing with others. People can communicate with each other in a number of
ways and create online communities with the help of using social media platforms.

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Also, you can use the Internet for a variety of additional purposes. There are multiple ways to stay up to date on
news and do online shopping. You can take care of your financial affairs, meet new people, watch TV, or enhance
new skills. With the help of Internet, you can do or learn anything online.

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Intranet

The intranet is a private network that belongs to a particular organization. It is designed for the exclusive use of an
organization and its associates, such as employees, customers, and other authorized people. It offers a secure
platform to convey information and share data with authorized users. Confidential information, database, links,
forms, and applications can be made available to the staff through the intranet. So, it is like a private internet or an
internal website that is operating within an organization to provide its employees access to its information and
records. Each computer in intranet is identified by a unique IP Address.

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It is based on internet protocols (TCP/IP) and is protected from unauthorized access with firewalls and other
security systems. The firewall monitors the incoming and outgoing data packets to ensure they don't contain
unauthorized requests. So, users on the intranet can access the internet, but the internet users can't access the
intranet if they are not authorized for it. Furthermore, to access the intranet, the authorized user is required to be
connected to its LAN (Local Area Network).

Some of the benefits of the intranet are:

o It is cheap and easy to implement and run, and is more safe than the internet and extranet.
o It streamlines communication that enables the company to share its data, information, and other resources among
employees without any delay. The entire staff can receive company's announcements, ask questions, and access
internal documents.
o It provides a secure space to store and develop applications to support business operations.
o It improves the efficiency of the company by speeding up workflow and reducing errors. Thus, it helps achieve targets
by completing the tasks on time.
o It offers a testing platform for new ideas before they are uploaded on the company's internet webpage. Thus, it helps
maintain the credibility of the company
o Information is shared in real-time, or updates are reflected immediately to all the authorized users.
o Modern intranets also offer a mobile app that allows employees to stay connected on the go.
o It aids in project management and tracking workflow and teams' progress.
o It can work with mobile devices, which means it can provide information that exists on intranet directly to mobile
devices of employees such as phones, tablets, etc.
o It can also be used to motivate employees, facilitate employee recognition, and to reward them for performing beyond
expectations.

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How the Intranet Works:
Intranet basically comprises three components: a web server, an intranet platform, and applications. The web
server is hardware that contains all the intranet software and data. It manages all requests for files hosted over the
server and finds the requested files and then delivers it to the user's computer.

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The intranet platform, which is software, allows communication tools, collaboration apps, and databases to work
seamlessly with each other. It is tailored to the specific needs of a business.

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The applications are required to enable users to work smoothly. They are the computing tools that allow users to
do their work, communicate, and coordinate with each other and retrieve and store information.

Furthermore, the user who wants to access the intranet is required to have a special network password and should
be connected to the LAN. A user who is working remotely can gain access to the intranet through a virtual private
network (VPN) that allows them to sign in to the intranet to access the information.

Disadvantages of Intranet:

o It may be costly to set up an Intranet due to hidden costs and complexity.

o If the firewall does not work properly or not installed, it can be hacked by someone
o High-security passwords are required, which cannot be guessed by outside users
o There is always a fear of losing control over the intranet
o Sometimes document duplication may happen which can cause confusion among employees
o You have to give access to multiple users, so you may find it hard to control this network.

Examples of Intranet:
Educational Intranet: It is generally found in a school, college, etc., For example, a school intranet is intended to
allow teaching staff to communicate with each other and get information about upcoming updates such as exam
dates, schools functions, holidays, etc.

Real Estate Intranet: The intranet of a real estate company allows its sales team to have access to all important
brochures, templates, forms that they may need to close a sale. Employees also remain up to date with important
events like meetings, training, sessions, etc. It can also be used to share motivational messages with the team.

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Health Care Intranet: In the healthcare sector, in big hospitals, the Intranet helps health care professionals to
work as a team to provide proper care and treatment to their patients. Doctors can share reports, treatment
procedures, bills and claims can be settled easily without moving from one department to another department.

IT Sector Intranet: In the IT sector three is always a lot of information that needs to be shared with all the
employees at one go. It may be related to a project that needs to be completed within the given time frame, such
as guidelines, terms and conditions, and rules that are to be followed while working on a project.

Difference between Intranet and Internet:

Internet Intranet

It is a medium such as optical fiber cable that connects It is a small, private network as it
billions of computers with each other to establish a belongs to a specific organization.
worldwide network.

It has billions of users as it is a public network with a It has limited users.

worldwide presence.

It is not as safe as an intranet. It is a safer network than the internet.

It can be assessed or used by anyone using an internet- Only authorized persons can use this
enable devices, such as laptop, mobile phone, etc. network.

It offers a wide range of information, such as news, It offers limited information related to
blogs, websites, etc. its organization's work, policies,

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 updates, etc.

It is not owned by a single person or an organization. It can be owned by a person or an

organization.

Extranet
Extranet is a part of an organization's intranet. It is a communication network that is based on internet protocols
(TCP/IP). It provides controlled access to firm's intranet to its trading partners, customers, and other businesses.
So, it is a private network that securely shares internal information and operations of a firm with authorized people
outside the firm without giving access to the company's entire network. The users are required to have IDs,
passwords, and other authentication mechanisms to access this network.

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Some of the benefits of extranet:

o It acts as a single interface between the company and its trading partners.
o It automates the firm's processes like automatically places an order with suppliers when inventory drops.
o It improves customer service by providing customers a platform to resolve their queries and complaints.
o It enables the firm to share information with trading partners without engaging in paper-based publishing processes.
o It streamlines business processes that are repetitive in nature, such as ordering from a vendor on a regular basis.

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How is Extranet Established?
It is set up in the form of a Virtual Private Network as it is prone to security threats due to the use of the internet to
connect outsiders to an organization's intranet. VPN can assure you a safe network in a public network such as the
internet. The transmission control protocol (TCP) and internet protocol (IP) are used for the data transfer.

VPN assures secure transactions based on Internet Protocol Security Architecture (IPSEC) protocol as it provides an
extra security layer to TCP/IP protocol, which is used for data transfer in the extranet. In this layer, the IP packet is
encapsulated to form a new IP packet, as shown below:

Furthermore, to provide more security to Intranet, the following two measures are also taken by an organization:

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o Firewall: It prevents unauthorized users from accessing the extranet.

o Passwords: It also prevents unauthorized users, including the company's employees from accessing the data stored
on its server.

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Limitations of Extranet:

o Hosting: If you host extranet pages on your own server, it requires a high bandwidth internet connection, which is
may be very expensive.
o Security: You need extra firewall security if you host it on your own server. It increases the workload and makes
security mechanism very complex.
o Dependency: It is dependent on the internet as outsiders cannot access information without using the internet.
o Less Interaction: It reduces the face to face interaction between customers, business partners, vendors, etc., which
results in poor relationship building.

Difference between Intranet and Extranet:

Intranet Extranet

It is a private network, which It may not be called a private network, as it can be

cannot be accessed externally. assessed externally. It provides limited access to
authorized outside-users such as vendors, partners, etc.

It connects the employees of the It connects the company's employees with partners.
company.

It is an independent network, not a It is an additional part of company's Intranet.

part or extension of any other

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network.

Communication takes place only External users such as suppliers, customers, and partners
within the organization that owns are allowed to be a part of intranet to get information,
the network. updates, about the organization.

Website
Website is a collection of related web pages that may contain text, images, audio, and video, etc. The first page of
a website is called a home page. Each website has a specific internet address (URL) that you need to enter in your
browser to access a website.

A website is hosted on one or more servers and can be accessed by visiting its homepage using a computer
network. A website is managed by its owner that can be an individual, company, or organization.

The first website was introduced on 6 August 1991. It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN. As of January
2018, there were around 1.7 billion websites on the internet.

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What is the need for a website?
A popular website is another name of success in modern times as today we are living in a digital world where
people are spending most of their spare time on internet browsing news, images, videos, and more. A website is
the first thing that appears on the screen of your laptop when you search for a product or service, or any other
information online. So, it is very important to have a website whether you are a businessman, organization, online
store, etc. Let us understand how a website can help you grow your business!

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The benefits of having a website are as follows:

1. Cost-effective: The marketing of products and services through a website is less costly than print advertising,
TV, and radio advertising. It also allows you to make changes related to your products and services such as you
can edit products' specifications, features, discount offers, etc.

2. Broder demographic reach: A website can help your business reach people with diverse backgrounds
throughout the world.

3. Business credibility: Having a website that is user-friendly and professional looking for your business makes
people consider your business more credible than others who don't have a website to represent their businesses
online.

4. 24/7 availability: You can keep your products available for sale around the clock through a website.
Customers can buy anytime, and thus you can earn more profits than a traditional storefront.

5. Consumer convenience: It improves the shopping experience of your customers; they can buy your products
from the comfort of their home.

6. Build customer rapport: Online presence helps you build and maintain a rapport among your customers. You
can also introduce special offers or discounts for your loyal customers.

7. Improves productivity: It saves your time as you don't need to explain your products or services to each
customer separately, as all the information is already available on the website.

8. Educate your customers: You can educate people about the benefits of your products and can show them
how they are betters than the competitors' products.

9. Change location: You can move your business to another location without affecting your sales as customers
still can find you through your website.

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10. Grow manpower: You can post job openings for vacant positions and allow applicants to check job
descriptions and apply online.

11: Personalized email address: It allows you to set up personalized email addresses for employees,
companies, partners, etc. You can receive mails on these mail ids and reply accordingly. Furthermore, you can
share offers, happy hours, updates, and can get feedback through email.

12. Improve customer service: It allows you to improve customer services such as you can share phone
numbers to contact you, and display other relevant information such as order status, delivery status, refund or
replacement procedure, etc.

Types of Websites:
A website can be of two types based on the type of webpages:

o Static Website
o Dynamic Website

Static website
A static website, as the name suggests, is a website in which pages do not change or remain the same. It is the
basic type of website that is easy to create, maintain, and host. You don't need web programming and database
design to create a static website. Its webpages are coded in HTML. The codes are fixed for each page, so the
information contained in the page does not change, and it looks like a printed page. However, changes can be
made by changing the codes if required.

You can think of it as a brochure for a business that has the same information for every user. So, all users see the
same information irrespective of their location, interests, etc., when they open a particular page of a static
website.

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In the case of a static website, the content or webpage is taken directly form the file stored in the server without
requiring any interpreter (application software) to interact with a database to fetch data from the database. So,
database and server-site scripting are not required in static websites.

Benefits of a Static Website:

o It takes less time to create a static website.
o It is less costly to develop this website.
o The webpages are delivered at high speed by the servers.
o Hosting through dedicated servers is available at a low price.
o It is more secure than dynamic sites as it does not rely on CMS plugins and server-side scripting.

Dynamic website
A dynamic website is a collection of dynamic web pages whose content changes dynamically. It accesses content
from a database or Content Management System (CMS). Therefore, when you alter or update the content of the
database, the content of the website is also altered or updated.

A dynamic website uses client-side scripting or server-side scripting, or both to generate the dynamic content. For
example, when a browser sends a request to the server, the server contacts the application server with further
interacts with the database server to fetch the content, which is customized as per the user's requests and
requirements. For example, a Facebook page may appear different to different users as per their friends' list,
interests, location, etc.

Benefits of a Dynamic Website:

1. It is very quick and easy to make changes in a dynamic website as it is integrated with high-end programming.
2. The webpages are easier to maintain despite of being full of information and graphics.
3. E-commerce sites are dynamic as they need to be impressive and have easy navigation from one page to other pages.

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 4. It makes your site look professional.
5. The users can get customized information as per their interests, needs, and profile, etc. For example, facebook.com,
flipkart.com, etc.

Difference between Static Website and Dynamic Website:

Static Website Dynamic Website

As the name suggests, Its webpages do As the name suggests, the webpages keep changing
not change in terms of design, content, as per users' requirements such as Facebook profile
etc. The information or content remains pages and an E-commerce site. So, the content does
the same. not remain the same.

It mainly uses HTML and CSS and does It requires server-side scripting, application server,
not require server-side scripting, and database to create and send dynamic webpages
application server, and database. to the client.

It has a limited number of pages. It may contain thousands of pages in the database.

Its hosting cost is low, as HTML files need Its hosting cost is higher as dynamic pages need
less space on the server. more space on the server.

It requires low maintenance. It requires high maintenance.

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It loads quickly as it involves the use of It takes more time to load due to the more processing
mark-up languages to create a webpage. time.

It lacks the Content management It makes use of the Content Management Feature.
feature.

The content of the webpage cannot be The webpage content can be changed during runtime.
changed during runtime.

It does not require interaction with a Interaction with the database occurs.
database.

It is more secure or fewer chances of it It is less secure and may get hacked easily as it uses
getting hacked as it doesn't use plugins. many plugins and content sources.

It is more reliable, e.g., whenever the It is less reliable, as it may go down for hours if the
server is down, it is redirected to other server breaks down.
nearby nodes.

Types of Websites based on their purpose, target audience, etc.

1. Blog: It is a type of website that provides information or in which posts are added regularly in reverse
chronological order, latest post or entries on top of the main page, and old ones towards the bottom. A blog is
usually owned by a single person or a small group of people.

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The content in a blog is written in an informal or conversational style and can be focused on one subject or a wide
range of related subjects. Furthermore, the posts are organized into categories if required, e.g., posts that provide
similar information can be kept in a separate category.

The content of a blog is generally referred to as a blog post, and it generally appears as posts on a streaming
page. The information is regularly updated in a blog, e.g., articles, photos, and videos are added on a daily basis to
keep readers engaged and increase the traffic to the blog. It also allows readers to leave a comment about the
posts.

2. E-commerce: These types of websites are like online shops where people can buy products through online
payment from the comfort of their home, office, etc. Anyone who wants to sell products online can create an E-
commerce site instead of investing in setting up a traditional brick-and-mortar shop.

3. Informational: These websites are created to provide free online information to users, e.g., tutorials, news,
general knowledge-based sites. Today, you don't need to visit libraries to read a book, newspaper, novel, etc.
owing to the presence of lots of informational sites.

4. Online Community: These sites offer a platform to interact and share ideas with others through internet. You
can find people with similar interests and backgrounds and interact with them to fulfil your objectives that may
include promoting a product or service, taking feedback about your products, or asking questions related to a
survey.

5. Social Media: These sites are created to provide users a platform where they can build their personal profiles
with a lot of features such as creating a friend list, sending and accepting friend requests, sending messages,
creating and joining groups, and share information with others users, comment on others' post, pictures, videos,
etc.

6. Brochure: It is the simplest type of website which comprises few pages. It is used by small businesses to have
a simple online presence or to provide an overview of their business. Such websites are generally static where the
content does not change, i.e., the same information is displayed to all users.

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7. Non-profit: The sites are created to raise money for social causes such as to provide free medical treatment to
poor, free basic education to children, free food to children to prevent malnutrition, etc.

Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys

In modern times, there is no confusion in saying that computers have become a very useful part of daily life. If you
use the computer frequently, you must have knowledge about the computer shortcut keys.

Computer shortcut keys provide an easier way of navigating and performing commands in computer software. The
use of shortcut keys is beneficial for computer users, as it allows them to complete tasks accurately and in less
time. Furthermore, by using shortcut keys, you can increase your productivity and reduce the strain caused by
repetitive motions.

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The computer shortcut keys are a set of one or more keys that generate a particular command to be executed.
Shortcut keys are generally executed by using the Alt or Ctrl key with some other keys.

o Basic Computer Shortcut Keys

o Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys
o Microsoft Excel shortcut keys
o Microsoft PowerPoint shortcut keys
o Window key Shortcuts
o F1 - F12 function keys shortcuts
o YouTube Shortcuts Keys

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 o Google Chrome Shortcut Keys

Basic Computer Shortcut Keys with Explanation

The table contains a list of some commonly used basic shortcut keys that work with IBM compatible computers and
software. It is highly recommended that all users should use these keys and try to remember them.

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Shortcut Explanation
Keys

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Alt+Tab It allows you to switch between open programs on a computer. You are
required to hold down the Alt key and keep pressing the Tab key to move from
one program to another and release the Tab key when it is on the program that
you want to open.

Alt+E It is most often used to access Edit Option in the current program. There are
some more uses of ALT+E, which are given below:

o In Google Chrome, it allows you to open the File Menu option.

o In Winamp and KMPlayer, it brings up the Toggle playlist editor.
o In Blender, it enables you to open the Extrude menu.

Alt+F It enables you to access the File menu options in the current program.

F1
o F1 is the first Function key, and it is used to
display help information on every Windows program.
o For example, in Microsoft Windows, it allows you to open the Microsoft
Windows help and support screen by pressing F1 and Window key+F1.
o Furthermore, it is also used to access the Microsoft Office task pane by
pressing Ctrl+F1.

F2 It provides users the option to rename an icon or a file which user selects.
In MS word, if you press Ctrl+F2, the print preview option opens.

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F5 It is mainly used to refresh the current window or contents of a file or a folder.
Additionally, if you press Ctrl + F5 or Shift + F5 in a web browser, it reloads
that web page irrespective of the cached content, and re-download the whole
content of the web page.

Ctrl+A It allows you to select the entire content of a page, including images and other
objects.

Ctrl+B It offers users with the option to bold the selected text of a page. It also has
the various uses in different internet browsers, like in Firefox and Netscape, it is
used to view the bookmarks, and in Internet Explorer, used to display
the favorites.

Ctrl+C It is used to copy the selected content, including other objects of a page.

Ctrl+V It offers users with the option to paste the copied data. You need to copy data
once, and then you can paste it any number of times.

Ctrl+D It is mostly used in internet browsers to add the current site to

a bookmark or favorite.

Ctrl+F It provides users with the option to find or search text in the current document
or window.

Ctrl+I It allows the user to italicize and un-italicize the selected text.

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Ctrl+N It allows the users to create a new or blank document in Microsoft applications
and some other software. It is also used in internet browsers to open a new tab.

Ctrl+O It is widely used to open a file in the current software.

Ctrl+K It has various uses, depending on the program. For example, in some
applications, it is used to insert a hyperlink, and in Internet browsers, it
focuses on the search bar. Such as:

o In Chrome, it opens Omnibox (search bar)

o In Firefox, it opens search bar.
o In Internet Explorer, it duplicates a current tab
o In Opera, it checks e-mail.

Ctrl+P It is used to open the print preview window for the current page or document.
For example, if you press Ctrl+P when a browser or any other document window
is open, you will see a print preview window of this page.

Ctrl+S It is used to save the document or a file. You can also use Shift+F12 to save the
file in Microsoft Word.

Ctrl+Y Its use is to redo any undo text and other objects, and it is also used to repeat
the last performed action.

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Ctrl+Z It is used to undo the content and other objects. For example, if you have deleted
the data by mistake, you can retrieve this data by pressing Ctrl+Z immediately.

Shift+Insert It is used to paste the copied item.

Shift+Delet It is primarily used to delete the selected text, and it also provides the option
e to delete any folders or a file permanently.

Home It is mainly used to bring the typing cursor to the starting of the line, which you
are currently typing. If you press Ctrl+home, it returns the cursor to the
beginning of a document, web page, or cell.

End It is used to move the typing cursor at the end of the line, and it is also used to
move the cursor to the end of the document by pressing Ctrl+End.

Alt+Enter It is widely used to access the properties of the selected item, such
as file, folder, or any other objects.

Alt+F4 It is used to close the currently open window. For example, if you press Alt+F4
when the browser window is open, it will close the browser window and other
open tabs. Additionally, you can use this key to shut down the system, for that
you need to press Alt+F4 on desktop screen, and you will see a dialog box
then click OK button, the system will shut down.

Ctrl+Esc It will open the start menu. You can also use the Window Key to open the start

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 menu.

Ctrl+Shift+ It provides users with the benefit to quickly open the Windows Task
Esc Manager in all versions of Windows since Windows 95.

Shift+Home By pressing Shift and Home keys together, you can select all text from the
current position of the cursor to the beginning of a line.

Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys

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A simple list of Microsoft Word shortcut keys is given below with explanation.

o Ctrl+A: It is used to select all content of a page, including images and other objects.
o Ctrl+B: It provides users with the option to bold the selected item of a page.
o Ctrl+C: Its use is to copy the selected text, including other objects of a file or page.
o Ctrl+D: It is used to access the font preferences window, which offers several options such as font size, font style,
font color, etc.
o Ctrl+E: It is used to align the selected item to the center of the screen.
o Ctrl+F: It helps users to find or search data in the current document or window.
o Ctrl+G: It is used to Go To or jump to any page. When you press Ctrl+G, a dialog box appears, which offers you
various options such as find, replace, and Go to. For example, you have 15 pages in your file, and you want to visit
page number 4, then enter number 4 in the given box and press the Go To It will take you to the desired page. As
shown in the below figure:

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 o Ctrl+H: It is used to replace the words or sentences in a file. For example, if by mistake you have written spple
instead of apple at many places in your file, you can replace it with the apple in one go.
o Ctrl+I: It offers an option to italicize and un-italicize the highlighted text.
o Ctrl+J: It is used to Justify (distribute your text evenly between the margins) the selected text.
o Ctrl+K: It allows you to insert the hyperlink. For example, http://www.javatpoint.com
o Ctrl+L: It is used to adjust (align) the selected content to the left of the screen.
o Ctrl+M: It provides users with the option to indent the As shown in the below picture:

o Ctrl+N: It is used to open a new or blank document in Microsoft applications and some other software.
o Ctrl+O: It is used to open the dialog box where you can choose a file that you want to open.
o Ctrl+P: It is used to open the print preview window of a document or a file. It can also be done by
pressing Ctrl+F2 and Ctrl+Shift+F12.
o Ctrl+Q: Its use is to align the selected paragraph to the
o Ctrl+R: It offers users the option to align the line or selected content to the right of the screen.
o Ctrl+S: Its use is to save the document or a file.

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 o Ctrl+T: It gives users the benefit of creating a hanging indent for a paragraph. For better understanding, see the
below image:

o Ctrl+U: It is used to underline the selected text.

o Ctrl+V: It is used to paste the copied data. It allows you to copy data once, and then you can paste it any number of
times. You can also paste the data by using Shift+Insert.
o Ctrl+W: Its use is to close the currently open document or a file quickly.
o Ctrl+X: If you want to cut some text, you can use this key to cut the selected content. You can also paste it by
using Ctrl+V.
o Ctrl+Y: It allows the users to redo the last action performed in a file. For example, you have written a word mango;
you can repeat this word multiple times by pressing Ctrl+Y.
o Ctrl+Z: It is used to get back the deleted item. For example, if you have deleted the data by mistake, you can press
Ctrl+Z to retrieve (Undo) the deleted data. It can also be done by pressing Alt+Backspace.
o Alt+F, A: It allows users to use the Save As option, which means to save a file with a different name. For that, you
need to press Alt+F, which displays a dialog box or a page, then press A for Save As option. It can also be done simply
by pressing
o Ctrl+Shift+L: This key is used to create a bullet point in the file quickly.

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 o Ctrl+Shift+>: It increases the font size by +1pts up to 12pt thereafter increases by +2pts.
o Ctrl+Shift+<: It is used to decrease the font If the font size is 12pt or lower; it decreases the font by -1pts, and if
the font size is above 12, it decreases the font by +2pts.
o Ctrl+]: Its use is to increases the font size by +1pts.
o Ctrl+[: It is used to decreases the font size by -1pts.
o Ctrl+/+C: It offers users the option to insert a cent sign (¢).
o Ctrl + (Left arrow ←):I t allows users the benefit to move one word to the left in the line or a paragraph.
o Ctrl + (Right arrow →): It is used to move one word to the
o Ctrl+Shift+*: It is used to show or hide non-printing characters.
o Ctrl + (Up arrow ↑): This key is used to move the typing cursor to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
o Ctrl + (Down arrow ↓): It enables you to move the typing cursor to the end of the paragraph.
o Ctrl+Delete: It allows users to delete a word to the right of the cursor.
o Ctrl+Backspace: It allows users to delete a word to the left of the cursor.
o Ctrl+End: Its use is to move the cursor to the last of the document.
o Ctrl+1: It is used to give a single line space. For example, to make the 1.0 space between the lines of a paragraph.
o Ctrl+2: It is used to give the double line space. For example, to make the 2.0 space between the lines of a
paragraph.
o Ctrl+5: It is used to make the 5 space between the lines of a paragraph.
o Ctrl+Spacebar: It enables you to reset the selected text to the default font.
o Ctrl+Home: It allows you to move the cursor to the beginning of the document.
o Ctrl+Alt+1: It changes text format to heading 1.

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 o Ctrl+Alt+2: It changes text format to heading 2.
o Ctrl+Alt+3: It changes text format to heading 3.
o Alt+Ctrl+F2: It is used to open the new file or a document.
o Ctrl+F1:I ts use is to open the task pane in some Microsoft office versions, in word 2016, it is used to hide and show
the ribbon as shown in the below image:

o Ctrl+Shift+F6: It allows the users to switch between open documents in Microsoft Word.
o F1: The function key F1 is used to open the help and support
o F4: It enables you to repeat the last action performed. For example, when you want to retype the last typed word
multiple times, you can use this key.
o F5: It is used to access the find and replace dialog box, including Go to
o F7: It provides users the advantage to check spelling and grammar of selected text or document.

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 o Shift+F3: It is used to use the change case option where you can change the text from uppercase to lowercase or a
capital letter at the beginning of every word.
o Shift+F7: It offers users the option to check the thesaurus of the selected word. You need to select the word and
press this key. As shown in the below picture:

o Shift+Alt+D: It is used to insert the current date.

o Shift+Alt+T: Its use is to insert the current time.

Microsoft Excel shortcut keys

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If you work on Microsoft Excel, you can use the number of keyboard shortcut keys to speed up your work and make
it more convenient. We have tried to provide a simple list of shortcut keys.

The following table contains the commonly used shortcut keys for Microsoft Excel with description.

Shortcut Keys Description

Ctrl+Shift + ; It is used to insert the current time.

Ctrl+; It is used to enter the current date.

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Shift + F3 Its use is to open the Excel formula's window.'

Shift + F5 It provides users the option to display the find and replace dialog box.

Ctrl + A Its use is to select or highlight all contents of a worksheet.

Ctrl + B It allows you to bold all selected items of an Excel sheet. It can also be
done by pressing Ctrl+2.

Ctrl + C It is used to copy the selected content of a worksheet.

Ctrl + D It enables you to fill down the cells with the content of the selected cell.
As shown in the below picture:

Ctrl + F It offers the option to open find and replace dialog box quickly. You can
also use Shift + F5 for it.

Ctrl + G It is used to open the go-to option dialog box where you can go to the

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 specific cell. It can also be done by using F5.

Ctrl + H It allows you to find and replace the word or sentences in a file. For
example, if by mistake you have written a somputer instead of the
computer at many places in your sheet, you can replace it with the
computer in one go.

Ctrl + I It is used to put italics on all cells in the selected section. It can also be
done by pressing Ctrl+3.

Ctrl + K It provides the option to insert a hyperlink in a file.

Ctrl + L It enables you to access the create table dialog box.

Ctrl + N Its use is to open the new document or a workbook.

Ctrl + O It offers users the option to open the dialog box where you can choose a
file that you want to open. You can also use Ctrl+F12 to open a file.

Ctrl + P It allows you to print a current sheet or a document quickly.

Ctrl + Q It is used to display the quick analysis options for the selected cells with
data. As shown in the below image:

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Ctrl + R It allows you to fill the cells to the right with the content of the selected
cell. As shown in the below screenshot:

Ctrl + S Its use is to save the document. It can also be done by

using Alt+Shift+F2.

Ctrl + T It offers users the option to display the create table dialog box.

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Ctrl + U It is used to underline all selected cells. You can also use the shortcut
key Ctrl+4 to underline the cells in the Excel sheet.

Ctrl + V It provides users the option to paste the copied data onto the Excel sheet.
You are required to copy the data once, and then you can paste it any
number of times.

Ctrl + W It is used to close the currently open document or a file quickly. It can
also be done by pressing Ctrl+F4 shortcut keys.

Ctrl + X It allows users the option to cut the entire data of the selected cells in an
Excel sheet.

Ctrl + Y It provides users the option to redo any undo contents.

Ctrl + Z It is used to undo (get back) the deleted item. For example, if you have
deleted the data by mistake, you can press Ctrl+Z to retrieve the deleted
data. It can also be done by pressing Alt+Backspace.

Ctrl + Page up & It allows you to move from one worksheet to another worksheet in the
Page Down same Excel file.

Ctrl + F6 It enables the users to move from one document to another document in
Microsoft Excel. It can also be done by pressing Ctrl+Tab.

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Ctrl + F9 It enables users the option to minimize the current window.

Ctrl + F10 It uses to maximize the currently selected window.

F1 It is used to open the help screen window.

F2 It allows you to edit the selected cell in the Excel sheet.

F4 It provides users the option to repeat the last action. For example, if you
change the red color of the text in a cell, by pressing F4, you can apply the
same text color in another cell.

F7 It is used to check the spelling of the selected text.

F10 The function key F10 is used to activate the menu bar. For example, if
you want to open the file menu, you need to press F10, then F.

F11 Its use is to create a chart in Excel.

F12 It enables you to use the Save As option, which allows you to save a file
with a different name. It can also be done by using Alt+F2.

Alt + = It allows you to use the formula to add the data of all the above cells.

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Ctrl+Shift+" It allows you to copy the content of a cell and to paste it into a cell, which is
just below it. It can also be done by using Ctrl+" key. For example, if you
have written "Excel" in cell B1 and its below cell is B2, by
pressing Ctrl+Shift+" or Ctrl+' the word "Excel" will be copied in cell B2.

Ctrl + Shift + ! It is used to apply comma format in numbers. For example, as shown in
the below image:

Ctrl + Shift + $ Its use is to apply currency format to numbers. As shown in the below
screenshot:

Ctrl + Shift +% It provides users the option to apply percentage sign to numbers. For
example, see the below picture:

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Ctrl + Space It enables you to select the entire active columns.

Shift + Space It enables you to select the entire active rows.

Ctrl + (Right It allows the users to move the cursor to the next cell, which contains the
arrow →) text.

Ctrl + 1 It is used to open the format cells dialog box where you can change the
text format like text color, font size, font style, text alignment, etc. It can
also be done by pressing Ctrl+Shift+F or Ctrl+Shift+P.

Ctrl + 5 Its use is to put the strikethrough to all selected cells. As shown in the
below picture:

Ctrl + 9 Its use is to hide the selected rows in the worksheet.

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Ctrl + Shift + ( Its use is to show (unhide) the hidden rows.

Ctrl + 0 It is used to hide the selected columns.

Ctrl + - (Minus) It will open a delete dialog box where you can delete a selected row or
column.

Ctrl + Shift + = It will open the insert dialog box where you can insert the new row or a
column.

Ctrl + Shift + ^ It is used to make an exponential form of any number. For example, you
have written a number 12345 in the worksheet, and if you press
Ctrl+shift+^, the number will be changed 1.23E+05 in exponential form.

Ctrl + Shift + & It offers users the option to make a border around the selected cells.

Ctrl + Shift+ _ It offers users the option to remove a border around the selected cells in a
worksheet.

Ctrl+Shift+Space It is used to select the entire worksheet.

bar

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Ctrl + Home It allows the users to move the cursor to the beginning (cell A1) of the
worksheet.

Ctrl + End It is used to move the cursor to the last cell with text on the worksheet.

Shift + Page Up It allows you to select all the cells located above the selected cell.

Shift + Home It enables you to select all cells to the left of the current active cell.

Shift + (Up Arrow It enables you to extend the selected area up by one cell.
↑)

Shift + (Down It enables you to extend the selected area down by one cell.
Arrow ↑)

Alt + Enter It allows the users to write in multiple lines in one cell. For example, if you
are typing in a cell, it enables you to move on the next line in one cell by
pressing Alt+Enter.

Alt + ' It is used to access the style dialog box.

Ctrl + F3 It is used to open the name manager in Microsoft excel.

Ctrl + F5 Its use is to restore the Window size.

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Ctrl + F11 It is used to insert a macro sheet in Microsoft excel.

Alt + F8 It is used to display the macro dialog box.

Alt + F11 It provides users the option to open the Visual Basic editor.

Alt + Shift + F1 It enables you to create a new worksheet in Microsoft Excel.

Microsoft PowerPoint shortcut keys

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 Shortcut keys Explanation

(Slide number) It is used to jump to the desired slide during a slide show. For example,
+ Enter during the slide show, if the 5 th number slide is being viewed, and you want to
jump to the 8th number slide, press the 8-number key and then the Enter key.

Shift+Alt+T or It allows you to open the date and time window to insert the current date and
D time.

Ctrl+A It provides users the option to select all items like the text in a text box and
objects in a slide. In slide sorter view, it is used to select all slides.
Furthermore, in slide show, its use is to display the various options as
shown in the below mage:

Ctrl+B It enables you to add or remove bold to the selected content.

Ctrl+C Its use is to copy the selected text, including other objects in the slide. It can
also be done by pressing Ctrl+Insert.

Ctrl+D It is used to create a copy of the selected slide. For example, if you want to
add a copy of any slide, you need to select it, and press the Ctrl+D shortcut

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 keys.

Ctrl+E It enables you to align the line or selected text to the center of the slide.

Ctrl+F It provides users the option to find or search content in the file.

Ctrl+H It is mostly used to replace a word or sentences in the file, and in slide show,
it is also used to hide the cursor or any activated tools, like the pen or a
highlighter tool.

Ctrl+I It allows you to add or remove italicize to the selected text. Furthermore, in
slide show view, it is also used to change the cursor to the highlighter tool.
You need to hold the mouse button to use the highlighter on the screen.

Ctrl+J It enables you to Justify (align your text evenly across the slide) the selected
text.

Ctrl+K It offers an option to insert a hyperlink.

Ctrl+L Its use is to align the content or selected line to the left side of the slide.

Ctrl+M It is used to insert the new or blank slide just below the selected slide.

Ctrl+N It enables you to create a new or blank file in another PowerPoint window.

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Ctrl+O It is used to open the dialog box or page, where you can select a file that you
want to open. You can also use Alt+Ctrl+F2 to open a file.

Ctrl+P It provides users with the option to open the Print Preview page to print the
file. It can also be done by using Ctrl+Shift+F12 or Ctrl+F2 shortcut keys.

Additionally, in slide show view, it is also used to change the cursor to

the pen tool.

Ctrl+R It moves the text or selected paragraph to the right side of the slide.

Ctrl+S It allows you to save the open file. You can also use the Shift+F12 to save a
file.

Ctrl+T It is used to open the font window, where you can adjust the font size, style,
type, etc. It can also be done by pressing Ctrl+Shift+F shortcut keys.

Ctrl+U It enables the users to add or remove an underline from the selected
content.

Ctrl+V It is used to paste the copied text, slides, and other objects in the file. You
need to copy the data once, and then you can paste it multiple times. You can
also paste the data by using Shift+Insert.

Ctrl+W It enables you to close the currently open document.

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Ctrl+X It allows you to cut the selected item.

Ctrl+Y Its use is to repeat the last performed action. It can also be done by pressing
the function key F4.

Ctrl+Z It is used to undo (get back) the deleted text, slide, and other objects.
Suppose, by mistake; you have deleted any slide, you can get back it by using
this shortcut key.

Shift+F3 It allows the users to change the selected text

into uppercase or lowercase and can be used to change the first letter of a
word into a capital letter. If the text is not selected, only the first word after
the cursor will be changed.

Shift+F5 It helps to start the slide show from the selected slide. For example, if you
have 20 slides in your file and you want to start a slide show from the 5th
slide, you need to select the 5th slide, and press Shift+F5.

Shift+F7 It is used to check the thesaurus of the selected word. As shown in the below
image:

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Shift+F9 Its use is to show or hide the grid on the slide in Microsoft PowerPoint.

B It is used to change the display to black during slide show, and again press B
to get back to the slide show.

F1 It is used to open the help menu, and in slide show view, its use is to display
the slide show help window that provides a list of shortcuts for use in a slide
show.

F5 It allows the users to view the slide show of all the slides.

F7 It provides users the benefit of checking grammar and spelling to the

selected word.

F12 It allows you to use the Save As option, in which you can save a file with a

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 new name.

Ctrl+F1 It is used to show or hide the Ribbon.

Ctrl+Shift+> It is used to increase the font size of the selected text. It can also be done
by pressing Ctrl+].

Ctrl+Shift+< It is used to decrease the font size of the selected text. It can also be done
by pressing Ctrl+[.

Ctrl + Shift + It helps users to change the selected text into a subscript. For example,
= (Equal sign) plain text subscript text, X2 → X2

Ctrl+Spacebar It allows you to change the selected text to the default font size and type.

Ctrl+Home Its use is to move the cursor to the first slide. For example, if you have 50
slides in your file, and the cursor is on 45th slide, by pressing Ctrl+Home, you
can move the cursor to the first slide.

Ctrl+End It is used to move the cursor to the last slide. For example, your PowerPoint
file has 100 slides, and you want to move the cursor to the last slide, you can
press Ctrl+End.

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Ctrl+Backspac It will delete the word to the left of the cursor.
e

Ctrl+Delete It will delete the word to the right of the cursor

Alt+N, P It enables you to insert a picture in your file. You need to press Alt and N
keys together then press P.

Window key Shortcuts

The following table contains several Windows (Winkey) shortcuts keys:

Shortcut Explanation
Keys

Window It provides users the option to open and close the start menu.
key

Winkey It is used to minimize all opened windows and to restore the minimized windows. For
+D example, if you have opened different programs such as Google Chrome, Microsoft
Word, then you can press window key and D together to minimize all opened
windows.

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Winkey It helps users to open a computer window or hard disk drives.
+E

Winkey It allows users to minimize all opened program windows.

+M

Winkey It is used to restore all windows, which are minimized by

+ Shift using Winkey+M and Winkey+D.
+M

Winkey It offers users the option to switch between open programs by using Aero Flip 3-D
+ Tab on a computer. You are required to hold down the Window key and keep pressing the
Tab key to move from one program to another, release the Tab key when it is on the
program that you want to open.

Winkey It will show a window where you can search or find data available in your computer.
+F

Winkey It is used to lock the computer or switch users.

+L

Winkey Its use is to open the Run dialog box where users can open various programs. For
+R example, if you want to open Microsoft Word, you are required to press Winkey +
R, and type winword in opened run window then press Enter key.

Winkey It allows you to open the ease of access center window, which enables you to

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+U access various options like start magnifier, on-screen keyboard, start narrator, etc.

Winkey Its use is to open the system properties dialog box.

+ Pause
/Break

Winkey It provides users the option to open the programs pinned to the taskbar as per their
+ position on the taskbar. For example, as shown in the below image, the Internet
Number Explorer is located on 1stposition on the taskbar; by
pressing Winkey+1, the Internet Explorer will be opened. Thus, if you
press Winkey+6, the Excel will be opened as it is located on the 6 th position on the
taskbar.

Shift + It allows you to open the new window of the program pinned to the taskbar according
Winkey to their location on the taskbar. For example, as shown in the below image, the
+ Internet Explorer is located on 1st position on the taskbar; by
Number pressing Shift+Winkey+1, the Internet Explorer will be opened. If you press this
shortcut key again while opening Internet Explorer, it will open a new window of
Internet Explorer again.

Alt + It is used to open the jump list for the program pinned to the taskbar as per their
Winkey position on the taskbar. For example, as shown in the below picture: It is done by

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+ pressing Alt + Winkey + 1.
Number

Winkey Its use is to open the Clipboard app.

+V

Winkey This key is used to maximize the window.

+ up
arrow
(↑)

Winkey It is used to minimize the window.

+
downarr
ow (↓)

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Winkey It helps users to maximize the window to the left side of the screen.
+
leftarro
w (←)

Winkey Its use is to maximize the window to the right side of the screen.
+ right
arrow
(→)

Winkey It allows users to choose a presentation display mode. As shown in the below image:
+P

Winkey It provides users the option to open the windows mobility center where you can
+X adjust volume, brightness, and more.

F1 - F12 function keys shortcuts

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The function keys range from F1 to F12 on a computer keyboard. These keys perform a special function defined
by the operating system or by a currently running program. These keys can be used with Alt or Ctrl keys to
perform different functions.

The function keys may perform different tasks on different keyboards. As some laptop's and small keyboards'
function keys are used to change the screen brightness, volume, and perform other specific functions. The
common shortcut keys for Windows and macOS are given below:

F1
o It is used to open the help window in almost every program.
o It is also used to enter the BIOS or CMOS Some computers allow you to enter the BIOS setup by using different keys
such as F2, F10, Delete, Esc.
o If you press Window + F1, it will open the Microsoft Windows help and support center.

F2
o In Microsoft Windows, it is used to rename an icon, file, or folder which the user selects.
o In Microsoft Excel, the key F2 allows you to edit the selected cell in the Excel sheet.
o In Microsoft word, if you press Ctrl+F2, the print preview window will open, and Alt+Ctrl+F2 will open the new file or
a document.
o Furthermore, it is also used to enter the CMOS setup.

F3
o It is mostly used to open a search feature for many programs.

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 o In MS-DOS or Windows command line, it provides users the option to repeat the last command entered.
o In Microsoft Word, if you press Shift + F3, it allows you to change the selected text from uppercase to lowercase or a
capital letter at the beginning of every word.
o In Microsoft Outlook, if you press Windows Key + F3, it will open the advanced find window.
o Furthermore, it is also used to open the Mission Control on an Apple computer.

F4
o Its use is to open the find window in Windows 95 to XP.
o It is used to open the address bar in Internet Explorer as well as Windows Explorer.
o In Microsoft Word, it allows you to repeat the last action performed. For example, if you want to retype the last typed
word or sentences multiple times, you can use this key.
o If you press Alt+F4, it will close the currently open window in Microsoft Windows. Furthermore, it is also used
to shut down the system, for that you need to press Alt+F4 on desktop screen, you will see a dialog box then click OK
button, and the system will be shut down.

F5
o It is mainly used to refresh or reload the page or document window.
o If you press Ctrl + F5 or Shift + F5 in a web browser, it completely refreshes the web page, clear the cache, and re-
download the whole content of the web page.
o It provides users the option to access find, replace, and Go To dialog box in Microsoft Word.
o Furthermore, it is also used to start the slideshow in PowerPoint.

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F6
o It helps users to move the cursor to the address bar in Internet browsers such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome, etc.
o In Microsoft Word, if you press Ctrl+Shift+F6, it allows you to switch between other open Word documents.
o Furthermore, it reduces laptop speaker volume (on some laptops).

F7
o It is commonly used to check spelling and grammar of a document in Microsoft programs such as Microsoft Word,
Outlook, etc.
o If you press Shift+F7, it allows you to check the thesaurus of the selected word in Microsoft Word, PowerPoint.
o It provides users the option to turn on Caret Browsing in Mozilla Firefox.
o It is also used to increase the laptop speaker volume (on some laptops).

F8
o The F8 function key allows users to enter the Windows startup menu, generally used to access Windows Safe Mode.
o It is also used to access the Windows recovery system by some computers but may require a Windows installation CD.
o Furthermore, it displays a thumbnail image for all workspaces in macOS.

F9
o It is used to send and receive an email in Microsoft Outlook.
o It is also used to refresh document in Microsoft Word.
o Its use is to access the Measurements toolbar in Quark 5.0.
o It helps to reduce screen brightness on some laptops.

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 o It offers users the option to display a thumbnail for each window in a single workspace on macOS 10.3 or later
versions.
o On Apple computer, if you press Fn and F9 keys together, the mission control will open.

F10
o It allows you to activate the menu bar of an open application in Microsoft Windows.
o Shift+F10 is used to open the right-clicking options on a selected word, icon, file, or Internet link. As shown in the
below screenshot:

o It allows users to access the hidden recovery partition on Compaq, HP, and Sony computers.
o It provides users the option to enter CMOS setup on some computers.
o It is also used to increase the screen brightness on some laptops.
o On macOS 10.3 or later, it displays all open Windows for the active program.

F11
o It is used to enable and disable the full-screen mode in all modern internet browsers.

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 o It allows users the option to access the hidden recovery partition on eMachines, Gateway, and Lenovo computers.
o On macOS 10.4 or later, it is used to hide all open windows and shows the desktop.

F12
o It is used to open the Save as option where you can save a file with a different name in Microsoft Word, Excel, etc.
o By pressing Ctrl+F12, you can open a file or document in Word, Excel, etc.
o Shift+F12 is used to save a file in Microsoft Word like we do by using Ctrl+S.
o If you press Ctrl+Shift+F12 in Microsoft Word, it will open the print preview window of a document or a file like we do
by using Ctrl+P.
o F12 is also used to open a firebug or debug tool of browser.
o On Apple computer 10.4 or later, F12 is used to display or hide the dashboard.
o Furthermore, it provides a list of bootable devices on a computer at startup. You can choose that device from the list,
which you have connected to your PC to boot from, Such as hard drive, DVD drive or CD, floppy drive, USB drive, and
network.

YouTube Shortcuts Keys

Shortcut Description
Keys

Spacebar or It is used to play and pause a video on YouTube.

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K

Zero or Hom If you press zero (0) key while watching a video on YouTube, it will start that
e video again from the beginning.

End It provides users the option to jump to the end of the video. If you are watching a
playlist, it will play the next video in the playlist.

Right Arrow It is used to fast forward the video by five seconds each time you press the key.
(→)

Left Arrow Its use is to fast backward the video by five seconds when you press the key.
(←)

J and L The J key is used to rewind the video with 10 seconds, and L is used to forward
the video with 10 seconds.

Numbers (1 Any number of keys from 1 to 9 is used to jump the video in the form of a
to 9) percentage. For example, if you press 1 while watching a video, the video will
forward 10%. If you press 2, the video will forward 20%. Thus, if you press 8, the
video will forward 80%.

F It allows you to switch the video to full-screen mode or theater mode.

T Its use is to switch between theater mode and normal mode.

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Up Arrow It is used to increase the volume while watching video on full-screen mode.
(↑) Whereas during normal mode, you have to click on the video before pressing this
key.

Down Arrow It is used to decrease the volume while watching video on full-screen mode. On
(↓) normal mode, you have to click on the video before using this key.

M It enables you to mute the video on YouTube.

Google Chrome Shortcut Keys

The below list contains all widely used shortcut keys on the Google Chrome browser.

Key
Combination
Explanation

Alt + Home It is used to open the homepage in the Chrome browser.

F11 It offers users the option to show the current website in full-screen mode, and

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 press F11 again to exit this mode.

Alt + Left Its use is to return to the previous page.

Arrow

Alt+Right It is used to goto the next page.

Arrow

Ctrl + Plus (+) It provides users the option to zoom in a page.

Ctrl + Plus (-) It provides users the option to zoom out a page.

Ctrl + 0 It is used to reset browser zoom to the default size.

Ctrl+1 to 8 It offers users the option to switch to one of the opened tabs on the tab bar.
For example, if you press Ctrl+3, the third tab will appear.

Ctrl + 9 It allows you to switch to the opened last tab on the tab bar.

Ctrl + A It is used to select all content on a page.

Ctrl + D It is used to add the bookmark for the currently opened page.

Ctrl + F It enables you to open the find bar to search text on the current page.

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Ctrl+Enter It helps users to add.Com extension in web address quickly. For example, if
you type 'javatpoint' in the address bar and press Ctrl+Enter, it will be
completed automatically, such as javatpoint.com.

Ctrl+Shift+Del It provides users the option to access the clear browsing data window to clear
the browsing history, cookies, and other private data.

Ctrl + O It allows you to open a file in the browser.

Ctrl + Shift + O It is used to open the bookmark manager in the Chrome browser.

Ctrl + H Its use is to open the history window where you can manage your browser
history as required.

Ctrl + J It enables users to open the downloads window in a new tab.

Ctrl+K or E It offers users the benefit of moving the text cursor to the searchbar, where
you can search any query.

Ctrl + L It takes the cursor to the browser address bar and selects all the text
available in the address bar

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Ctrl + N Its use is to open the new browser window.

Ctrl + P It is used to open the print window and allows you to print the pages.

Ctrl + Shift + N It provides users the option to access a new window in incognito mode.
Incognito mode or private mode allows you to search query in a unique
sandbox web session. It provides you the option to temporary control your
browser history, as when you close your browser window, it forgets to store
your history.

Ctrl + R or F5 It is used to refresh the current page on the browser.

Ctrl + S It allows you to open the save as window where you can save the currently
opened web page.

Ctrl + T It offers users the option to open a new tab on the browser quickly.

Ctrl + U It enables you to display the source code of the web pages.

Ctrl + W It is used to close the current tab.

Ctrl+Tab It allows you to move to the right side of the browser from one tab to another
tab.

Ctrl+ Shift + It allows you to move from one tab to another tab to the left side of the

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Tab browser.

Ctrl+Shift+W It provides users the option to close the currently selected window.

Ctrl + Left-click It allows users to open a search result link in the new tab without leaving the
current page.

Ctrl + Shift It enables you to open a search result link in the new tab and switch to the
Left-click new tab.

Spacebar It is used to move down the page.

Shift + It is used to move up the page.

Spacebar

End Its use is to move at the bottom of the page.

Home Its use is to move at the beginning or top of the page.

Ctrl+Shift+T It provides users the benefit to reopen the last tab you closed. If you have
closed multiple tabs, you can also reopen those tabs by pressing this shortcut
key multiple times.

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 Next Topic Browsers

What is a Browser?
A browser is a software program that is used to explore, retrieve, and display the information available on the
World Wide Web. This information may be in the form of pictures, web pages, videos, and other files that all are
connected via hyperlinks and categorized with the help of URLs (Uniform Resource Identifiers). For example, you
are viewing this page by using a browser.

A browser is a client program as it runs on a user computer or mobile device and contacts the webserver for the
information requested by the user. The web server sends the data back to the browser that displays the results on
internet supported devices. On behalf of the users, the browser sends requests to web servers all over the internet
by using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). A browser requires a smartphone, computer, or tablet and internet to
work.

History of Web Browser

o The WorldWideWeb was the first web browser. It was created by W3C Director Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. Later, it was
renamed Nexus to avoid confusion caused by the actual World Wide Web.
o The Lynx browser was a text-based browser, which was invented in 1992. It was not able to display the graphical
content.

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 o Although, the first graphical user interface browser was NCSA Mosaic. It was the first most popular browser in the
world, which was introduced in 1993.
o In 1994, there were some improvements occurred in Mosaic and came to Netscape Navigator.
o In 1995, Microsoft introduced the Internet Explorer It was the first web browser developed by Microsoft.
o A research project started on Opera in 1994. Later, it was publicly introduced in 1996.
o Apple's Safari browser was introduced in 2003. It was specifically released for Macintosh computers.
o In 2004, Mozilla introduced Firefox as Netscape Navigator.
o In 2007, a browser Mobile Safari was released as Apple mobile web browser.
o The popular browser Google Chrome was launched in 2008.
o The fast-growing mobile-based browser Opera Mini was released in 2011.
o The Microsoft Edge browser was launched in 2015.

Features of Web Browser

Most Web browsers offer common features such as:

1. Refresh button: Refresh button allows the website to reload the contents of the web pages. Most of the web
browsers store local copies of visited pages to enhance the performance by using a caching mechanism. Sometimes, it
stops you from seeing the updated information; in this case, by clicking on the refresh button, you can see the updated
information.
2. Stop button: It is used to cancel the communication of the web browser with the server and stops loading the page
content. For example, if any malicious site enters the browser accidentally, it helps to save from it by clicking on the
stop button.

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 3. Home button: It provides users the option to bring up the predefined home page of the website.
4. Web address bar: It allows the users to enter a web address in the address bar and visit the website.
5. Tabbed browsing: It provides users the option to open multiple websites on a single window. It helps users to read
different websites at the same time. For example, when you search for anything on the browser, it provides you a list
of search results for your query. You can open all the results by right-clicking on each link, staying on the same page.
6. Bookmarks: It allows the users to select particular website to save it for the later retrieval of information, which is
predefined by the users.

What is the URL (Uniform Resource Locator)?

A uniform resource locator is the address of a resource on the internet or the World Wide Web. It is also known
as a web address or uniform resource identifier (URI). For example, https: www.javatpoint.com, which is the
URL or web address for the javatpoint website. A URL represents the address of a resource, including the protocol
used to access it.

Play Video

A URL includes the following information:

o It uses the protocol to access the resource.

o It defines the location of a server by IP address or the domain name.
o It includes a fragment identifier, which is optional.
o It contains the location of the resource in the directory of the server.

A URL forwards user to a particular online resource, such as a video, webpage, or other resources. For example,
when you search information on Google, the search results display the URL of the relevant resources in response to

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your search query. The title which appears in the search results is a hyperlink of the URL of the webpage. It is
a Uniform Resource Identifier, which refers to all kinds of names and addresses of the resources on the
webservers. URL's first part is known as a protocol identifier, and it specifies the protocol to use, and the second
part, which is known as a resource name, represents the IP address or the domain name of a resource. Both parts
are differentiated by a colon and two forward slashes like http://www.javatpoint.com.

Component of a Web browser

The primary components of a browser are shown in the below image:

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 1. User Interface: The user interface is an area where the user can use several options like address bar, back and
forward button, menu, bookmarking, and many other options to interact with the browser.
2. Browser Engine: It connects the UI (User Interface) and the rendering engine as a bridge. It queries and manipulates
the rendering engine based on inputs from several user interfaces.
3. Rendering Engine: It is responsible for displaying the requested content on the browser screen. It translates the
HTML, XML files, and images, which are formatted by using the CSS. It generates the layout of the content and displays
it on the browser screen. Although it can also display the other types of content by using different types of plugins or
extensions. such as:
o Internet Explorer uses Trident
o Chrome & Opera 15+ use Blink
o Chrome (iPhone) & Safari use Webkit
o Firefox & other Mozilla browsers use Gecko

4. Networking: It retrieves the URLs by using internet protocols like HTTP or FTP. It is responsible for maintaining all
aspects of Internet communication and security. Furthermore, it may be used to cache a retrieved document to reduce
network traffic.
5. JavaScript Interpreter: As the name suggests, JavaScript Interpreter translates and executes the JavaScript code,
which is included in a website. The translated results are sent to the rendering engine to display results on the device
screen.
6. UI Backend: It is used to draw basic combo boxes and Windows (widgets). It specifies a generic interface, which is not
platform-specific.
7. Data Storage: The data storage is a persistence layer that is used by the browser to store all sorts of information
locally, like cookies. A browser also supports different storage mechanisms such as IndexedDB, WebSQL, localStorage,

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 and FileSystem. It is a database stored on the local drive of your computer where the browser is installed. It handles
user data like cache, bookmarks, cookies, and preferences.

How does a browser work?

When a user enters a web address or URL in the search bar like javatpoint.com, the request is passed to a domain
name servers (DNS). All of these requests are routed via several routers and switches.

The domain name servers hold a list of system names and their corresponding IP addresses. Thus, when you type
something in the browser search bar, it gets converted into a number that determines the computers to which the
search results are to be displayed.

The browser acts as a part of the client-server model. A browser is a client program that sends the request to the
server in response to the user search queries by using Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP. When the server
receives the request, it collects information about the requested document and forwards the information back to
the browser. Thereafter, the browser translates and displays the information on the user device.

In Brief:

o When a user enters something (like javatpoint.com) in the browser. This request goes to a domain name server.
o The browser sends the user request to the server using an IP address, which is described by the domain name server.
o The domain name server sends an IP address to the web server that hosts the website.
o The server sends the information back to the IP address, which is defined by the browser at the time of the request.
The requested page may include links to other files on the same server, like images, for which the browser also
requests the server.
o The browser gathers all the information requested by the user, and displays on your device screen in the form of web
pages.

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List of Internet Browsers
There are various types of internet browsers, which are as follows:

o Microsoft Edge: Microsoft Edge is a web browser that comes pre-installed with Windows 10 operating system and
Windows Server 2016. It was introduced to replace the Internet Explorer Web browser, and its code name was Spartan.
It offers various types of features such as freestyle writing over Web page displays, refined search, and presentations
for e-books and other reading resources.
Microsoft Edge was developed under the Spartan codename Project. In April 2015, Microsoft changed the project
Spartan name as Microsoft Edge. Although Internet Explorer and Edge are included with Windows 10, Edge act as a
default browser. It combines new web technology evaluations and enhances the speed of browsing.

Although, Internet Explorer 11 was available in Microsoft Windows operating system, Microsoft Edge has become
the default browser in Windows 10. It needs at least 1 gigabyte of memory. It offers several types of features, such
as annotation features, a new rendering engine, and easy-to-use icons, etc. Furthermore, it also provides better
security as compared to Internet Explorer, and it can be combined with Cortana, Microsoft's virtual personal
assistant.

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Features of Microsoft Edge
o It provides support for Firefox and Chrome add-ons.
o It has the ability to fill the form automatically.
o It can be integrated with Cortana.
o It provides faster page rendering.
o It has more security features and also allows private browsing.
o It is modern, lightweight, and reduces resource consumption.

Latest versions of Edge browser

Platform Versions Release Date

Window 10 79.0.309.71 22-01-2020

Window 10 Mobile 40.15254.603 21-01-2020

Xbox One 40.15063.0 30-08-2018

o Amazon Silk: Amazon silk is a proprietary Internet browser. It was released for Fire OS devices on 15 November 2011.
It is based on the open-source Chromium project and derives most of the features from the Google Chrome browser. It
divides the task of loading webpages between Amazon's servers and Fire.

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 Silk is the default browser on most Amazon hardware devices as well as on app-based Kindle devices, TV, Fire, and
compatible Echo devices. Furthermore, it is the first new mass-market, client software delivery mechanism, which
should be built from the base of the cloud, not only the web.

How does Silk Work?

Silk browser works through Amazon EC2 (Elastic cloud computing). EC2 acts as the middleman between devices
and webpages and simplify them for examined mobile consumption. Then, it includes the whole host of processes
like page caching, file compression, and local file storage.

It tries to guess your browsing habits. Accordingly, it predicts the pages that you may like to visit, and then pre-
loads those pages in advance. These background processes use lower bandwidth and promote speed of page
loading. If EC2 is offline, the silk browser switches to a backup mode where it translates all information on the
Kindle Fire itself.

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Rendering pages on EC2

When the all contents of a page have been fetched on EC2, it renders the pages for display in the client's browser
window. It depends on the amount of load and the client's network conditions.

The components that can be handed off to EC2 to speed up browsing are: HTML, CSS, Networking, JavaScript, Block
building, Marshaling, Native OM, etc.

o Opera: An Opera web browser was first conceived at Telenor company in 1994, later bought by the Opera Software on
1 April 1995. It was designed for desktop and mobile interfaces, but it is more popular now for mobile phones. It is
based on Chromium, and it uses the blink layout engine. An opera mini was released for smartphones on 10 August
2005 that could run standard web browsers. It can be downloaded from the google play store or Apple play store.
o Apple Safari: Safari is an internet browser available for the Macintosh, and Windows operating systems included the
iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. It was developed by Apple, Inc. on 30 June 2003. It is the default browser for the
operating system in its products, such as OS X for the MacBook and Mac computers and iOS for the iPad and iPhone
mobile devices. It is at number four in the browser market after Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google
Chrome. It uses the WebKit engine, which is used for rendering fonts, displays graphics, determining page layout, and
running JavaScript.
o Google Chrome: Google Chrome is an open-source internet browser. It is developed by Google on 11 December 2008
for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android, and iOS operating systems. Read more
o Mozilla Firefox: The Mozilla Firefox web browser is developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subordinate
company, Mozilla Corporation. It was first released was beta on 23 September 2002. Although it was released as the
Mozilla Browser, it was internally code-named Phoenix. The First version 1.0 of Firefox was introduced on 9 November
2004. Read more

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 o Internet Explorer: It is a web browser that is manufactured by Microsoft Corporation, and it is included with the
Microsoft Windows operating system. But It was removed in Window 10 in support of Microsoft's new Edge
Browser. Read more

How to download different type of browsers

Follow below links to download the different browsers:

Google Chrome: https://www.google.com/chrome/

Mozilla Firefox: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/

Opera: https://www.opera.com/

Apple Safari: https://support.apple.com/downloads/safari

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Computer Network Tutorial

Computer Network tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of Data Communication & Networks (DCN). Our
Computer Networking Tutorial is designed for beginners and professionals.

Our Computer Network tutorial includes all topics of Computer Network such as introduction, features, types of
computer network, architecture, hardware, software, internet, intranet, website, LAN, WAN, etc.

What is Computer Network?

A computer network is a set of devices connected through links. A node can be computer, printer, or any other
device capable of sending or receiving the data. The links connecting the nodes are known as communication
channels.

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Computer Network uses distributed processing in which task is divided among several computers. Instead, a single
computer handles an entire task, each separate computer handles a subset.

Play Video

Following are the advantages of Distributed processing:

o Security: It provides limited interaction that a user can have with the entire system. For example, a bank allows the
users to access their own accounts through an ATM without allowing them to access the bank's entire database.
o Faster problem solving: Multiple computers can solve the problem faster than a single machine working alone.
o Security through redundancy: Multiple computers running the same program at the same time can provide the
security through redundancy. For example, if four computers run the same program and any computer has a hardware
error, then other computers can override it.

What is a Computer Network?

o Computer Network is a group of computers connected with each other through wires, optical fibres or optical links so
that various devices can interact with each other through a network.
o The aim of the computer network is the sharing of resources among various devices.
o In the case of computer network technology, there are several types of networks that vary from simple to complex
level.

Components Of Computer Network:

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Major components of a computer network are:
NIC(National interface card)
NIC is a device that helps the computer to communicate with another device. The network interface card contains
the hardware addresses, the data-link layer protocol use this address to identify the system on the network so that
it transfers the data to the correct destination.

There are two types of NIC: wireless NIC and wired NIC.

o Wireless NIC: All the modern laptops use the wireless NIC. In Wireless NIC, a connection is made using the antenna
that employs the radio wave technology.

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 o Wired NIC: Cables use the wired NIC to transfer the data over the medium.

Hub
Hub is a central device that splits the network connection into multiple devices. When computer requests for
information from a computer, it sends the request to the Hub. Hub distributes this request to all the interconnected
computers.

Switches
Switch is a networking device that groups all the devices over the network to transfer the data to another device. A
switch is better than Hub as it does not broadcast the message over the network, i.e., it sends the message to the
device for which it belongs to. Therefore, we can say that switch sends the message directly from source to the
destination.

Play Video

Cables and connectors

Cable is a transmission media that transmits the communication signals. There are three types of cables:

o Twisted pair cable: It is a high-speed cable that transmits the data over 1Gbps or more.
o Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable resembles like a TV installation cable. Coaxial cable is more expensive than twisted pair
cable, but it provides the high data transmission speed.

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 o Fibre optic cable: Fibre optic cable is a high-speed cable that transmits the data using light beams. It provides high
data transmission speed as compared to other cables. It is more expensive as compared to other cables, so it is
installed at the government level.

Router
Router is a device that connects the LAN to the internet. The router is mainly used to connect the distinct networks
or connect the internet to multiple computers.

Modem
Modem connects the computer to the internet over the existing telephone line. A modem is not integrated with the
computer motherboard. A modem is a separate part on the PC slot found on the motherboard.

Uses Of Computer Network

o Resource sharing: Resource sharing is the sharing of resources such as programs, printers, and data among the
users on the network without the requirement of the physical location of the resource and user.
o Server-Client model: Computer networking is used in the server-client model. A server is a central computer used
to store the information and maintained by the system administrator. Clients are the machines used to access the
information stored in the server remotely.

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 o Communication medium: Computer network behaves as a communication medium among the users. For example, a
company contains more than one computer has an email system which the employees use for daily communication.
o E-commerce: Computer network is also important in businesses. We can do the business over the internet. For
example, amazon.com is doing their business over the internet, i.e., they are doing their business over the internet.

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Features Of Computer network

A list Of Computer network features is given below.

o Communication speed
o File sharing

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 o Back up and Roll back is easy
o Software and Hardware sharing
o Security
o Scalability
o Reliability

Communication speed
Network provides us to communicate over the network in a fast and efficient manner. For example, we can do
video conferencing, email messaging, etc. over the internet. Therefore, the computer network is a great way to
share our knowledge and ideas.

File sharing
File sharing is one of the major advantage of the computer network. Computer network provides us to share the
files with each other.

Back up and Roll back is easy

Since the files are stored in the main server which is centrally located. Therefore, it is easy to take the back up
from the main server.

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Software and Hardware sharing
We can install the applications on the main server, therefore, the user can access the applications centrally. So, we
do not need to install the software on every machine. Similarly, hardware can also be shared.

Security
Network allows the security by ensuring that the user has the right to access the certain files and applications.

Scalability
Scalability means that we can add the new components on the network. Network must be scalable so that we can
extend the network by adding new devices. But, it decreases the speed of the connection and data of the
transmission speed also decreases, this increases the chances of error occurring. This problem can be overcome
by using the routing or switching devices.

Reliability
Computer network can use the alternative source for the data communication in case of any hardware failure.

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Computer Network Types
A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to communicate with
another computer and share their resources, data, and applications.

A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer network is mainly of four types:

o LAN(Local Area Network)

o PAN(Personal Area Network)
o MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
o WAN(Wide Area Network)

LAN(Local Area Network)

o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building, office.

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 o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such as twisted pair,
coaxial cable, etc.
o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
o Local Area Network provides higher security.

PAN(Personal Area Network)

o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters.

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 o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as Personal Area
Network.
o Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.
o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones, media
player and play stations.

There are two types of Personal Area Network:

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 o Wired Personal Area Network
o Wireless Personal Area Network

Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by simply using wireless
technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network.

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Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB.

Examples Of Personal Area Network:

o Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a person. For example, a mobile network
moves with a person. Suppose a person establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with another
device to share the information.
o Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is also known as a home network. A home
network is designed to integrate the devices such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to the
internet.

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 o Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet and to a corporate network using a VPN

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to
form a larger network.
o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
o The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

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Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:
o MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
o It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
o It can be used in a college within a city.
o It can also be used for communication in the military.

WAN(Wide Area Network)

o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries.
o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a telephone
line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.

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Examples of Wide Area Network:
o Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.
o Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the customers in hundreds of cities by
connecting their home with fiber.
o Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices. This network is made by using the
telephone leased line provided by the telecom company.

Advantages of Wide Area Network:

Following are the advantages of the Wide Area Network:

o Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large geographical area. Suppose if the branch of our office is in
a different city then we can connect with them through WAN. The internet provides a leased line through which we can
connect with another branch.
o Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is centralized. Therefore, we do not need to buy the emails, files or
back up servers.
o Get updated files: Software companies work on the live server. Therefore, the programmers get the updated files
within seconds.
o Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are transmitted fast. The web application like Facebook,
Whatsapp, Skype allows you to communicate with friends.
o Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can share the software and other resources like a hard
drive, RAM.
o Global business: We can do the business over the internet globally.

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 o High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our company then this gives the high bandwidth. The high bandwidth
increases the data transfer rate which in turn increases the productivity of our company.

Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:

The following are the disadvantages of the Wide Area Network:

o Security issue: A WAN network has more security issues as compared to LAN and MAN network as all the
technologies are combined together that creates the security problem.
o Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is transferred on the internet which can be changed or hacked by
the hackers, so the firewall needs to be used. Some people can inject the virus in our system so antivirus is needed to
protect from such a virus.
o High Setup cost: An installation cost of the WAN network is high as it involves the purchasing of routers, switches.
o Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area so fixing the problem is difficult.

Internetwork
o An internetwork is defined as two or more computer network LANs or WAN or computer network segments are
connected using devices, and they are configured by a local addressing scheme. This process is known
as internetworking.
o An interconnection between public, private, commercial, industrial, or government computer networks can also be
defined as internetworking.
o An internetworking uses the internet protocol.

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 o The reference model used for internetworking is Open System Interconnection(OSI).

Types of Internetwork:
1. Extranet: An extranet is a communication network based on the internet protocol such as Transmission
Control protocol and internet protocol. It is used for information sharing. The access to the extranet is
restricted to only those users who have login credentials. An extranet is the lowest level of internetworking. It can
be categorized as MAN, WAN or other computer networks. An extranet cannot have a single LAN, atleast it must
have one connection to the external network.

2. Intranet: An intranet is a private network based on the internet protocol such as Transmission Control
protocol and internet protocol. An intranet belongs to an organization which is only accessible by
the organization's employee or members. The main aim of the intranet is to share the information and
resources among the organization employees. An intranet provides the facility to work in groups and for
teleconferences.

Intranet advantages:
o Communication: It provides a cheap and easy communication. An employee of the organization can communicate
with another employee through email, chat.
o Time-saving: Information on the intranet is shared in real time, so it is time-saving.
o Collaboration: Collaboration is one of the most important advantage of the intranet. The information is distributed
among the employees of the organization and can only be accessed by the authorized user.
o Platform independency: It is a neutral architecture as the computer can be connected to another device with
different architecture.

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 o Cost effective: People can see the data and documents by using the browser and distributes the duplicate copies
over the intranet. This leads to a reduction in the cost.

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