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ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS TRANSMISSION

LINE FAULTS IN MATLAB/SIMULINK
ENVIRONMENT
1
Prajwal Sontakke, 2Dr. R. B. Sharma
1
Student, 2Assistant Professor
1
Department of Electrical Engineering,
1
Goverment College of Engineering, Amravati, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering,
2
Goverment College of Engineering, Amravati, India

Abstract : The need for electricity or power is growing every day in the modern world. By expanding the capacity of the transmission
lines from one location to another, more power can be delivered. But during the transmission, some faults occurred in the system.
The linked equipment to the power system is impacted by these faults. The major objective of this research is to analyse various
faults and to determine how they affect transmission lines. In this study, a transmission line model is created using the
MATLAB/Simulink, along with several symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults are simulated using fault blocks. To conduct the
study, a transmission line with a span of 100 km and a 400 kV, 50 Hz rating is being developed. This study also demonstrates how
the position of the fault has an influence on the magnitude of the fault current.

Index Terms – Fault, Symmetrical Fault, Unsymmetrical Fault, Transmission Line, Single line to Ground Fault, Double line
to Ground Fault, Double Line Fault, Triple Line Fault.
I. INTRODUCTION
The most important link in the country's energy system is the power transmission network, which transports large amounts of high-
voltage electricity from generators to substations. The current power system is a complicated network that necessitates a quick,
precise, and dependable protection mechanism. It is unavoidable for the power system to have faults, and these faults frequently
include important components connected to higher overhead transmission lines. They not only affect the system's dependability but
also have a significant impact on end users.
A fault is only a defect in the electrical system. The fault value is expressed as an MVA. The overhead transmission line has a
greater fault incidence rate than the other crucial components of the electrical power system because it is mostly exposed to ambient
conditions. The electrical power grid is about to have problems. Transmission lines account for the vast majority of power system
faults [1]. Fig. 1 shows the potential for faults on the various equipment power system networks.

Fig. 1 Possibility of fault on different equipment

Power system faults can happen for a variety of causes. Even if many of the necessary preventative measures are implemented in
the fault detection, these defects must be anticipated and identified as soon as feasible in order to prevent a system outage that would
damage the customer. Power system faults can occur for a number of cause, however they are mainly categorized in two ways. The
first is a breakdown or failure at normal voltages caused by insulation deterioration, harm from unforeseen events like a car crashing
into a pole or tower, a bird short-circuiting, or a tree falling across the line which shown in Fig. 2, and the second is a breakdown or
failure at abnormal voltages brought on by an arcing ground, switching surges, lightning, or other factors [2].
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Fig. 2 Reasons of fault occurrences

Transmission line faults are traditionally divided into two categories: series (open circuit) faults and shunt (closed circuit) faults.
While short circuit faults may be recognized by an abnormal phase current value, open circuit faults produce an abnormal shift in
phase voltage values. Asymmetrical faults and symmetrical faults are the two categories into which short circuit faults fall. As
indicated in Fig. 3, symmetrical faults are triple line (LLL) and triple line to ground (LLLG) faults, whereas line to ground (LG), line
to line (LL), and double line to ground (LLG) faults are asymmetrical faults [3].

Fig. 3 Different types of fault

To appreciate the requirement to recognize and categorize these faults appropriately, a brief explanation of the severity and
frequency of these faults is provided. Although it's not the most serious fault, the LG fault is the most often occuring fault. LL and
LLG are the next most prevalent and serious faults. The LLL and LLLG faults are the most dangerous for the stability of the power
system; if they occur and are not promptly discovered, they can bring down the entire system. Fig.4 depicts the possibility of different
types of transmission line faults. These faults can cause substantial economic damage in addition to personal and equipment loss [4].

Fig. 4 Possibility of occurrence of different fault

The frequency information is included into dynamical models as fault of a novel modeling framework for the analysis and
simulation of imbalance faults in power systems, and this method creates approximative nonlinear models that are ideally suited for
analysis and simulation [6]. The saturation is included in the transformer models. The parameters were determined by actual or
hypothetical measurements. The study demonstrates that when voltage recovers, sags can result in transformer saturation. This causes
an inrush current to be generated that is comparable to the inrush current generated during transformer energizing. According to the
study, the voltage recovery instant can only take a discrete value since natural current zeroes result in fault-clearing [7]. Voltage
recovery and fault clearance both occur at the same time. A single point-on-wave of voltage recovery can be specified for both phase
to phase fault and single phase fault. On the other hand, the recovery occurs in two or three phases for two-phase-to-ground and three-
phase faults [8]. Grounding and ground fault prevention are crucial components in the petrochemical sector. For the first, it's crucial
to have the appropriate system grounding for the specific system application, and it's just as crucial to have the appropriate ground-
fault protection [9].

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The transmission line fault analysis aids in the development of improved methods for protection. We install circuit breakers for
the transmission line's protection, and each one's rating is determined by a triple line fault. The triple line fault current is much higher
than other fault currents, which is the cause. Therefore, it is simple to do a transmission line fault study using MATLAB simulation
on a computer. This essay's primary goal is to examine the common fault kinds, known as balance and unbalance faults of
transmission lines in the power system. Additionally, using MATLAB [5], analyse different parameters (voltage and current) from
simulations of certain sorts of faults. Many resreaches conduct the study in this area [10-14].However effect of fault location on fault
current not study extensively which is carried out in this study.
II. POWER SYSTEM
An electric power system's three primary components are generating stations, transmission lines, and distribution networks.
Transmission lines are used to link generating stations with a distribution system as well as one power system (grid or region) to
another. The transmission lines are connected to all the homes in a certain region by a distribution system.
Due to life's necessities, the electrical power systems are expanding quickly and becoming quite diverse. Consequently, it linked
them together. In order to maintain continuous, efficient electricity, protective measures were subsequently designed. The electrical
power system needs to be reliable as a result. The electrical power system that is controlled and protected will be more effective than
others because, when a fault occurs, both the control and protection systems must function to reduce the fault's impact to the smallest
possible area and maintain the electrical power system's ability to supply power to the load even though the fault is still on the system
because the protection system recognizes it and the control system disconnects it.
In general, the electrical power system is made up of a number of interconnected systems, each of which is regarded as a separate
system.
2.1 Components of Power System
Upcoming section gives the brief introduction about the different component of power system network.
2.1.1 Generator
An alternator is a type of generator that transforms mechanical energy into alternating current for use in electrical devices. The
fundamental electromagnetic induction theory underlies both how an alternator works and how a DC generator works. An emf is
generated in a conductor when the flux connecting it changes, which is the underlying theory behind how an alternator operates.
2.1.2 Transformer
A transformer is a stationary device that changes an AC input voltage into an AC output voltage that is either greater or lower.
Regardless of the voltage levels, it transfers electricity from one circuit to another without changing the frequency. The primary
winding, which serves as the input, the secondary winding, which serves as the output, and the iron core, which reinforces the
magnetic field created, make up the transformer's three main parts.
Transformers allow for the transfer of electrical energy across circuits that are totally isolated from one another, allowing for the
use of transmission lines with much higher (stepped-up) voltages and therefore lower (stepped-down) currents. Transmission losses
are decreased along with the size and expense of the necessary transmission lines due to higher voltage and lower current. They don't
need as much care as the majority of other equipment. But the upkeep and care that they actually need are vitally essential.
2.1.3 Transmission Line
A transmission line carries electricity from a producing substation to the various distribution units. It transmits the voltage and
current wave from one end to the other. The transmission line's conductor has a constant cross-section the whole length of the line.
Air functions as a dielectric or insulating material in between the conductors. For safety reasons, the line is considerably further from
the ground. The electrical tower supports the transmission line's cables. The tower is made of steel, which gives the conductor a
tremendous amount of strength.
For long-distance transmission of high voltage, high voltage direct current is used in the transmission line. Given that they are
primarily exposed to atmospheric conditions, transmission lines have a higher rate of faults than other important electrical power
system components.
2.1.4 Distribution System
Power delivery to feeder lines and end users is the purpose of distribution systems. The high-voltage side of the transmission
system or sub-transmission system is where the distribution transformers are attached. Between 230 and 440 volts are the distribution
voltages. The magnitude of the service in terms of loads determines the service voltage of distribution networks. At 440V, heavier
commercial loads are supported.
2.1.5 Load
A device that uses the power system's electricity is viewed as a load on the system. A capacitive load, an inductive load, a resistive
load, or a combination of these may be used as the load. The many load types on the power system include:
(i) Domestic load: Domestic load includes lights, refrigerators, fans, televisions, heaters and small motors for pumping water,
among other things.
(ii) Commercial load: Shop lighting, fans, and electric equipment used in restaurants are a few examples of commercial loads.
Compared to the domestic load, this sort of load occurs during more of the day.
(iii) Industrial load: Industrial load is made up of load demand from industries. The type of industry affects the size of the industrial
load. Therefore, small-scale enterprises need loads up to 25 kW, medium-scale industries need loads between 25 kW and 100 kW,
and large-scale industries need loads beyond 500 kW. Industrial loads often do not rely on the weather.
(iv) Municipal load: Street lights and the energy needed for water supply and drainage make up the municipal load.
(v) Irrigation load: Electricity required for pumps powered by motors to provide water to fields falls under this kind of load.
(vi) Traction load: trolley buses, Tram cars, railroads, etc. are examples of this sort of load. A wide range of loads fall within this
category. [15]

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III. FAULT
The scale and complexity of electrical power systems, including those used in generation, transmission, distribution, and load
systems, are increasing in all of these areas. Short circuit problems in power system networks are a type of fault that causes significant
financial losses and lowers the dependability of the electrical system.
An electrical fault is an anomalous condition caused by malfunctioning equipment, such as spinning machines and transformers,
as well as by human error and external influences. These faults cause equipment damage, interfere with electric currents, and even
kill people, pets, and birds.
3.1 Types
In a three-phase power system, there are primarily two types of electrical faults: open and short circuit faults. These faults can
either be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Let's go through these faults in more depth.
A). Series faults (open conductor fault)
These faults occur due to the failure of one or more conductors. Locating series faults is made simple by examining the voltage of
each phase. Indicators of an open conductor fault include increasing voltage readings. The most common causes of these faults
include joint failures of overhead lines and cables, failure of one or more phases of a circuit breaker, and melting of a conductor or
fuse in one or more phases. There are two different categories for the series fault which are Double open conductor faults and Single
open conductor faults. However, these fault not considered in this study.
B). Shunt faults (short circuit fault)
A short circuit is defined as an abnormal connection between two sites with different potentials that is made intentionally or
unintentionally. The most frequent and harmful faults are those that result in extremely large currents flowing through the equipment
or transmission lines. When these faults are disregarded for a while, the equipment suffers serious damage. Short-circuit faults are
sometimes referred to as shunt faults. A failure in the insulation between the phase conductors, the ground, or both is what causes
these faults. By monitoring the current in each phase, short-circuit faults are easily found. A short circuit has happened when the
current levels increase. The shunt fault's effects Equipment like transformers and circuit breakers are susceptible to fire and explosion
caused by arcing faults. The equipment becomes overheated as a result of abnormal currents, which shortens the life of the insulation.
The system's operational voltages have the potential to fall below or rise over their acceptable limits, having a negative impact on the
power system's ability to provide its intended services. As long as the short circuit fault exists, the power flow is severely constrained
or even totally stopped. There are two types of shunt faults.
1)Symmetrical Fault
A symmetrical fault generates 120 degree apart symmetrical fault currents. Symmetrical fault is also known as a balanced fault.
This fault happens when all three phases are simultaneously shorted out. These faults are less typical than unsymmetrical faults in
real-world situations. There are two different kinds of symmetrical faults: line to line to line (LLL) and line to line to line to ground
(LLLG). Since LLLG and LLL simulations are almost identical, only LLL is considered in the analysis.
2)Unsymmetrical Fault
The most prevalent type of network faults in the power system are asymmetrical faults. This sort of fault causes asymmetrical fault
currents (having different magnitudes with unequal phase displacement). These faults are sometimes referred to as unbalanced faults
because they cause unbalanced currents in the system. LG, LLG, and LL are the three asymmetrical fault types. The proposed work
is only focused on the Shunt Fault.
3.2 Causes of fault.
Although there are many different reasons why power system faults might occur, they can be roughly categorized into two types.
The first is a breakdown or failure that occurs at normal voltages as a result of unexpected events, and the second occurs at abnormal
voltages. The conductor's aging, severe lightning strikes, overvoltage caused by switching surges, and other factors are among the
several sources of failures. S nowfall, rain, and strong winds, excessive internal and exterior conductor strains, falling trees on the
transmission line, high temperature swings, collisions between vehicles and transmission line towers or poles, bird nesting on lines,
accidental short circuit caused by contamination from chemicals and string.

IV. SYSTEM MODELING

The Mathworks company created the language known as MATLAB. It begins as a matrix programming language, where linear
algebra programming is rather straightforward. The graphical manner of showing a result is the most efficient way to communicate
the points of research, making this program too favorable. Programs built in this language may be readily written and changed in an
integrated environment because MATLAB is the interpretive language.

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4.1 Circuit and Description
Using Sim Power System, simulation models created in the MATLAB program are used to simulate a variety of failures. This is
illustrated in Fig. 5. A three-phase source block, a VI measurement block, a power GUI block, a three-phase pi section block, a fault
block, a scope display, and a three-phase load make up the circuit. Table 1 lists the ratings of several components [16].

Fig. 5 Schematic of Transmission Line Model

Table. 1 System Parameters

Sr Subsystem System Parameter Specification
no.
1 Fault Types of fault LG, LLG, LL, LLL
Fault distance 0 to 100 km
2 Transmission Positive and Zero Sequence Resistance (Ω/km) 0.01273 and 0.3864
Negative and Zero Sequence Capacitance (F/km) 12.74nC and 7.751nC
Positive and Zero Sequence Inductance (H/km) 0.9337mH and 4.1264mH
3 Source Phase to Phase Voltage 400 kV
Base Voltage 400 kV
Base Power 60 MVA
4 Load Active Power(W) 200 MW
Faults are created with the help of the Fault block. To generate the data, several simulations were performed for 100 milliseconds
with a fault occurring at t = 20 ms at multiple locations to create variance in the dataset. The transmission line under consideration is
100 km in length and fault simulated at an interval of 1 km. Therefore, total instances become 101, including the origin, which is 0
km. This process is carried out with the goal of plotting a fault current vs distance graph. Plots of the current under fault state are also
plotted.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fault types, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical, are analyzed in the following sections. Plots are made between the current and
the transmission line's length. Here, fault current is monitored during the simulation of various failure types on the designed system.
The Y axis is used to represent current in the per unit system. The kilometers of the transmission line's length are indicated on the X
axis. The measurement, however, is made in relation to the source end, i.e., 0 km at the origin denotes the source/generating end and
100 km denotes the load end or end terminal of the transmission line. In each of the plots, IR stands for sending end current values
under fault conditions, and A, B, and C indicate the three phases that are A for Phase A ,B for Phase B, and C for Phase C. ISA, ISB,
and ISC represent sending end current under fault conditions of Phase A ,Phase B, and Phase C, respectively.
5.1 Normal State
When the system is functioning properly, that is, when there are no faults in any of the lines, all three phases have sinusoidal
voltage (1 pu) and sinusoidal current (1 pu) in each phase. The voltage and current waveforms of a healthy system are depicted in
Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 respectively. The three stages are evenly distributed.

Fig. 6 Voltage waveform under Normal State

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Fig. 7 Current waveform under Normal State

5.2 Single Line to Ground Fault

As illustrated in Fig. 8, when a single line to ground fault happens, just one phase's voltage falls to zero, and the other phases'
voltages experience a brief disruption as a result of the system disturbance. According to Fig. 9, only the phase with the fault
experiences a disturbance (increased current), while the currents in the other phases stay steady. As the fault position moves further
from the source end, as seen in fig.10, the fault current diminishes. The development of a fault localization model may be aided by
the fact that a fault's current decreases as it moves away from its source.

Fig. 8 Voltage Waveform under Single line to ground fault

Fig. 9 Current Waveform under Single line to ground fault

4.5
ISA
4 ISB
ISC
Current (Per Unit)

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance (km)
Fig. 10 Current versus Distance under Single line to ground fault

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5.3 Double Line Fault
When a double line fault happens, only the voltage of two phases drops below 0.5 pu, while the other phase voltage briefly
fluctuates owing to system disruption, as illustrated in Fig. 11. As illustrated in Fig. 12, the current is only disrupted (raised) in the
phases where the fault occurs; the currents in the other phases remain steady. As the fault position moves further away from the
source end, as seen in Fig. 13, the fault current diminishes. The fact that a fault's current decreases as it moves away from its source
end may also be helpful to a fault localization model.

Fig. 11 Voltage Waveform under Double line fault

Fig. 12 Current Waveform under Double line fault

4.5 ISA
4 ISB
3.5
Current (Per Unit)

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance (km)60 70 80 90 100
Fig. 13 Current versus Distance under Double line fault

5.4 Double Line to Ground Fault

When a double line to ground fault happens, only two-phase voltages drop to zero, while the remaining phase voltages briefly
fluctuate as a result of system disruption, as illustrated in Fig. 14. According to Fig. 15, only the phase with the fault experiences
current disturbance (increase), while the current in the other phases remains constant. As the fault position moves further from the
source end, as seen in fig. 16, the fault current diminishes. The development of a fault localization model may be aided by the fact
that a fault's current decreases as it moves away from its source.

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Fig. 14 Voltage Waveform under Double line to ground fault

Fig. 15 Current Waveform under Double line to ground fault

4.5 ISA
4 ISB
ISC
3.5
Current (Per Unit)

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 20 40Distance(km)60 80 100
Fig. 16 Current versus Distance under Double line to ground fault

5.5 Triple Line Fault

When a triple line fault occurs, the voltage of all phases drops to zero, but only after some momentary disturbance in the system,
as shown in Fig.17. The current is disturbed (increased) in all phases, as shown in Fig. 18 The fault current decreases as the fault
location advances away from the source end, which is depicted in Fig. 19. The fact that a fault's current drops as it shifts away from
its source might aid in the creation of a fault localization model.

Fig. 17 Voltage Waveform under Triple line fault

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Fig. 18 Current Waveform under Triple line fault

4.5
ISA
ISB
4 ISC
Current (Per Unit)

3.5

2.5

2
0 10 20 30 40
Distance50(km) 60 70 80 90 100
Fig. 19 Current versus Distance under Triple line fault
VI. Conclusion
In this paper we conduct analysis of different types of faults, which include both symmetrical and unsymmetrical, on different
fault locations on a transmission line model, which is designed by using MATLAB software along with the Simscape power system
toolbox in Simulink for analysis of faults. A transmission line span of 100 km and a 400 kV supply is designed to conduct studies.
The fault is simulated at an interval of 1 km. Therefore, total instances become 101, including the origin, which is 0 km. Due to
which, plots between fault current and distance are created. The fact that a fault's current drops as it shifts away from its source might
aid in the creation of a fault localization model. The symmetrical fault under consideration is LLL, and the unsymmetrical faults
under consideration are LG, LL, and LLG. The analysis of these transmission line faults was carried out successfully in this study.
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