Laws of Motion & FrictionDISCLAIMER “The content provided herien are created and owned by various authors and licensed to Sorting Hat Technologies Private Limited (“Company”). The Company disclaims all rights and liabilities in relation to the content. The author of the content shall be solely responsible towards, without limitation, any claims, liabilities, damages or suits which may arise with respect to the same”Laws of Motion Kinematics is the study of motion without considering the causes of that motion, which we iscussed in previous chapter. Now, we are moving to Dynamics which is the study of motion with considering the causes of that motion. |t includes study of force, torque and their effects on motion. The cause for any motion to start or stop is force. Force is defined as a push or pull which can either change or show a tendency to change the state of rest or the state of uniform motion of a body. Force is a vector quantity. S| unit of force is newton (N) and CGS unit of force is dyne. 1N = 10! dyne A force can have following effects on the motion of a body: a. It can change the speed of the moving body. b. It can change the speed as well as the direction of motion of the body, or c. It can change only the direction of motion while keeping the speed same, or d. It can change the shape and size of the body. Frame of reference A frame of reference is the location from where the motion of a body is observed. The frames of reference are of two types: a. Inertial frame of reference: It is a frame which is either at rest or is moving with uniform velocity. b, Non-inertial frame of reference: It is a frame which is either accelerating or decelerating. The explanation of motion of an object greatly depends on the position of the observer. So, it is important to identify the frame of reference for studying the motion of a body. To explain the motion of bodies, Issac Newton gave three laws of motion which examine the effect of forces on bodies. Newton's Laws of Motion: (a) Newton's First law: As per this law, if a body is in a state of rest or in a state of uniform motion, then it continues to be in that state until an external force acts on it In other words, it can be said that if the net external force on a body is zero, then there will be no change in its state of rest or state of uniform motion. If (FreiJeq =O» then there is no change in the state of body. __ Apassenger while deboarding a bus, falls in the direction of the motion of the bus. What is the reason for it? Sol. As per Newton's first law, the body of the passenger continues to be in its state of motion same as the bus, but his feet suddenly come to rest. As a result, he falls in the direction of motion of the bus. This is called inertia of motion.Sol. 9. Sol. Acar driver feels 2 sudden backward force when he accelerates his car from rost. What could be the possible reason? As per Newton's first law, the body of the driver continues to be in its state of rest while the car is accelerated suddenly. So, he feels a backward force on him and is moved slightly backwards. This is called inertia of rest. Mud struck to the wheels of a bicycle tyre flies off tangentially while the bicycle is pedalled on road. What could be the possible reason? As per Newton's first law, the mud on the bicycle wheel keeps its tangential velocity and is thrown off from the tyre. This is called inertia of direction. (b) Newton's Second Law: |f net external force on a body is not zero, then body has acceleration in the direction of force. The relation between the force and the acceleration is, Force, F=ma Acceleration, 4 m A more specific form of Newton's 2nd law is that the force acting on a body is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum of the body. Sol. Cece FO-Flrv) -T ams A body having a mass of 4 kg starts moving at time t = 0 with an initial speed of 2 m/s in the positive x-axis direction. A constant force of F = 80 N acts on it towards negative x-axis. What is the position of the particle after 5s? jiven that, mass of the particle, m = 4 kg -80 N (negative sign indicates the opposite direction of force) F_- Acceleration, a= = = 808 m FE = -20 m/s? The position of the particle at any time t can be calculated using equation of motion, sut+ta? 2The position of the particle at t = 0 is 0, therefore x, x=ut+Zat? 2 2 Here, u=2 m/s, a= -20 m/s, t=5 5, x = (25)+3(-20)(5)" = 10 - 250 =- 240m © Arope of mass m is used to pull a block of mass Mon a horizontal friction- - less surface. If a force Fis applied at the free end of the rope, then the force exerted by the rape on the block is? Sol. —? Ifa is the acceleration of the rope and the block, then F (u+m) The force exerted by the rope on the block is then calculated as, F'=Ma=—ME (vem) ()_ Aconveyer belt is moving with uniform speed of 2 ms”, Sand is being poured on the conveyor belt at a rate of § kg s~'. What is the constant exter- nal force needed to maintain the constant speed of the belt. Sol. As per Newton's 2nd law, Fe m(X}+0(22) at at dv As the speed of the conveyor belt is constant, so (%) ° Then, force required, F = (2) =2x5=10NSol. Sol. A force F given by the empirical law F = Sv, where Ris constant, vis veloc- ity and tis time, acts on a particle of mass m. Find a relation between veloc- ity of the particle and time. Given that, force, F = e By Newton's 2nd law, F = m(5) so, mf¥anBy = Ae vo dt vomt Integrating both sides, [ELIF mm--(B(ec Ablock having a mass of 15 kg is acted upon by two forces each having mag- nitude of 10 N making an angle af 60° with each other. Find the magnitude of net acceleration of the body. As force is a vector quantity, so resultant force acting on the given block will be, Funan = UF) +(F) + 2F? cos 6 = 3F? = /3F BF By 2nd law, ma = V8F or, Acceleration, a= - Here, F = 10 N,m =15 kg,(c) Newton's Third law: As per this law, for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force, the two forces being on different bodies. F=f, Important points to note about Newton's 3rd Law: (i The action and reaction forces must act on two different bodies. Gi) The action and reaction forces should be equal and opposite. (iii) The tine of action of the action and reaction forces should be same. (iv) The action and reaction forces must be of same nature. Nature of Forces: Depending upon nature, there are 4 types of forces (A) Weak forces (8) Nuclear forces (© Gravitational forces (D) Electromagnetic forces Note : Forces like normal reaction, tension in string (or rope), frictional force, spring force ete fall under the category of “Electromagnetic forces” Explanation of Newton's Third Law: Consider a man is pushing a fixed wall as shown in figure below. If Fy, is the force on wall applied by the man and F,,,,is the force on man by the wall. then by 34 law of motion, F, WILT DAP f,. and F,,,afe action reaction pair as these forces are acting on two different bodies, are equal and opposite, have same line of action and are of same nature. Note that action and reaction pairs can never cancel each other as they act on different bodies. UtiNow, consider a plank of almost zero mass is kept on ground and a man of mass m is standing on the plank as shown. Let's draw free body diagram (F.8.0.) of man, plank and ground. Q Man(m) Plank(m, =0) w Le Ground " [ns M YUM. mg Na Note: Free body diagram: A diagram showing all forces acting on the body by removing all supports and replacing the supports by normal reactions. In the free body diagram of the man and the plank, N, = Normal reaction on the man by the plank Weight of the man N, = Normal reaction on the plank by the man N, = Normal reaction on the plank by ground N, = Normal reaction on ground by the plank For the man, N, = mg ... - Man is standing at rest, so 4,,, = 0) (2. =0 4 N-mg=0 | Name Similarly, for the plank, N, Byun = 0) 2 Also, N, = N, ... (By Newton's 3¢ law) and, N, = N, ... (By 3* Law)| Are N, and mg action-reaction pair? j Sol. No. N, and mg are not action-reaction pair as they are acting on the same body ie., the man. Sol. Yes,N, and N, are action-reaction pair because i) They are equal and opposite Acting on different bodies Have same line of action (iv) Have same nature Sol. No. N, and N, are acting on same body. Sol. Yes, N, and N, are action reaction pair. Reason is same as (b). Sol, Reaction of “mg” is at centre of earth as this “mg” force arises due to gravitational attraction of earth. As “mg" is gravitational force, so its reaction must be having same nature. R_ = mg — Both are of same nature. usNote: * Newton's 3" Law is always true and applicable whether the bodies are at rest or in motion. tis applicable everywhere. * Laws in physics are based on experimental analysis and are found to be true everywhere. tis incorrect to ask for any mathematical proof for a taw in Physics...Constraint Motion Constraint motion means “bound” motion. Let’s say we have two blocks kept on ground connected by a rope as shown kK Now, if a man pulls the block A by a distance x,, then due to the connection of rope, 8 also has to move by x, = x, Thus, we can say that 8 is bound to move if A is moved. Such a mation is known as constraint motion. Two or more bodies can be set in a constraint motion in several ways. One of the many methods is to use pulleys. Constraint relations for pulleys: a) Fixed pulley: y =X wWeM, a= a Xa Vo af } vy a For the fixed pulley shown in above figure, if the string on one side moves by a distance x, in downward direction, then the other end must move by a same distance x, = x, as the string is considered to be inextensible. Same relation follows for velocity and acceleration as well. b) For a movable pulley For a movable pulley, we can have three moving ends as shown in the figure below. To find the relation between the displacements of the three points, we can do a simple displacement of the pulley as shown. Displace the pulley upwards by a distance x,. Then the end A moves up by x, as well. If B and C are not moving independently, then 8 and C will also move up by x,.From the figure, we can write, x, + x, = 2x, This gives us a constraint relation between the displacements of the three ends A, B and C as, + Xe 2 X= Similar relation follows for velocity and acceleration also. In the third figure, if the end B is kept fixed, then its displacement will be zero, then in that case, we have, f xovna xanVavaa f fovea if any direction is opposite, put that value with -ve sign in above formulae.EXAMPLES ON PULLEY CONSTRAINT RELATIONS Find the displacement of the block if man displaces the pulley by 1m. Sol. Fixed x=0 XA * Xe By constraint relation for movable pulley, O+%, 2 % = 2k, =20m) % =2mFind displacement of block of mass m, in the given system. lo + > 2 x= 2x, O+x and, by constraint relation for the centrat pulley, x= > So, x, = 2x = 2(2%,) = 4x, x, = 4(im) = 4m — Towards left 12.Find displacement of m2 w.r.t. the man resting on the inclined plane in given ok Zz) [Ru] }sm system. Sol. By constraint relation for the lower movable pulley, O+x, x, = 20% 2 xy = 2x, = 2(5m) x, = 10m (up the inclined plane) oO Find displacement of block B in the mass pulley system given below.Sol, For pulley P., O43 a 5m. yx For pulley P,, 0 3m 4x [B]txe age fm (upwards) oO. Find acceleration of block B in the figure given below. Sol, 8y constraint relation for the upper movable pulley, Ora, = Otay ae" a, = 2a + Downwards 14.In given system, the plank always remains horizontal. If the block is moving downwards with velocity v, then find the velocity of plank. Alt Sol. Referring to the adjacent figure, “V+N, 2 By constraint relation, — By constraint relation =v, -V'> v'=3y, 2p +v =6y, 15.Motor shown in the figure is wrapping the string at arate of 10 m/s. Find the velocity of the plank. motor Sol. 8y constraint retation, Given that v'+v,= 10m/s ... (ver = velocity of wrapping) So, 7V, +¥, =10 16.Constraint Relations for Variable angles | Attthe given instant, velocity of cart A ie v towards right. Find velocity of ~ bloek B. Sol, Method-1 => String length constant method L=(H-y)+ [iP +) Differentiate above expression w.rt. t, di dH dy % [ordH aude) at dt dt ofracl dt’ dt | Now, L and H are constant, so 2 x dx dt gy. ae at ae m7Ring is moving towards right with velocity v as shown. At the given instant, find velocity of block of mass m as shown. it Rod Ring, 0SOL. coso = Yast Vv, = vcos® Find the speed of block B at given instant. Speed of block 8, ve = va, + vi, 19.= favy+oy = Vara = Vee = we Velocity of B, \vi-2vi) Wedge Constraint Relations Sol. Find the acceleration of block B if acceleration of wedge A is equal to “a” towards right. a |. To solve such kind of questions, we drop ink in the gap between block and wedge so that a stain of ink is formed on both. Then, we simply displace one body and the other body displaces accordingly. We can measure the displacements by looking at the displacement of ink stain on both and find a suitable relation. 20.On displacing the wedge A towards right by x, the block 8 falls by distance y as shown, Then, from figure, tano=% x y=xtano Differentiating both sides wrt t, oY tone dt dt Differentiating again, Find a,, if wedge has an acceleration a.Sol, On displacing the wedge by x towards right, rod B moves by distance y. “A i) ' ' ' ' ' ' From figure, sind x x y=x.sin0 dy de | = Ges Gpesine asin@ 0. Find the relation between accelerations of the 22.Sol. From figure, Arod is sliding on smooth walls as shown. if velocity of end A is u, then find the velocity of end B. 23.Sol. ®8y Pythagoras theorem, Laxey Differentiating both sides, di_, dx 4 dy DE Gt St As Lis constant, so SL = 0 at dy__{x) dx at ly) dt Now, tang=% ~ve sign indicates end 8 is moving downwards. Arod is in contact with a block at gi end. If a man pulls the block wit rod. (Saou n instant, The rod is hinged at other speed u, find the velocity of end A of the 24,Sol. As the rod is hinged, so it will rotate about it. Then velocity of end A must be tangential. Also, the rod is always in contact with the block, so horizontal component of velocity of end A must be equal to the velocity of the block. v, sind =u = | acceleration of block A is ‘a’ towards right, then find the acceleration of " block c. —aSol, For pulley P,, ara For pulley P,, O+a, = a,=2a For pulley P,, aca 2 2a, =2a—a,, then, a, = 2a—2a, ag = P. and, for pulley P,,Free Body Diagram A diagram drawn for a body by removing all supports and connections and replacing them by suitable forces is called free body diagram. ‘Steps to draw free body diagram 1. Isolate the object or the system from other ebjects by specifying a boundary. 2. Draw the weight of the body and other non-contact forces (if any) acting on the body. 3. Draw the contact forces like normal reaction, tension, spring force, applied force ete acting on the boundary of the body. Common forces in mechanics (a) Weight (W): The gravitational pull on 2 body due to earth towards its centre is termed as weight of the body. Magnitude of weight is given by W=me and it is always directed vertically downwards (ie., towards the centre of earth). Some of the cases are shown in the figure below where the weight of a body is shown acting in vertically downward direction. a AR Lf] (b) Normal reaction (N): Normal reaction is a contact force which always acts in the direction perpendicular to the surfaces in contact. If there is no contact, then normal reaction will be zero. Some of the cases are shown in the figure below where the normal reaction on a body is shown acting perpendicularly to the points of contact. RE C8), Ny oN Ny N, N, No N w w wWE (©) Tension (1): Tension is the force generally occurring in strings and rods. 't tries to elongate them. While drawing the free body diagram of a body, tension is always drawn acting away from the body. Note: Properties of string (a) Astring pulls the bodies to which it is connected by a force equal to the tension in string. (b) Tension is same at every point of a massless ideal single string. Draw the FBD for the block, string and the man in the system given below. Block string Sol. * FBDof block —ra Na om] ot | mg T is the tension in the string. N=mg T = ma...(By 2” Law) (N and mg have same line of action. They are drawn separately just for clarity in figure.) omSol. . FBD of string T m=0 F + _ a f is frictional resistance from ground. Draw the FBD of the blocks A and B shown in the figure. Also, find tension in strings and acceleration of blocks if F = 100 N. FBD of Aand B are shown below: a aa For string pulled by man, a = 1, =F =100N 8 Te ty [oN A qt For block A, = < = N, = 5¢ | T= T= 8a; abe e For block B, T,=20a, As the blocks are connected, so for their constraint motion, a,sayza So, T,=20a T,-T, =5a 100 - 20a = Sa 26a = 100 a=4ms? so, 1, =20*4=80N T, = 100N 29.