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Lecture 1-Statistics

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14 views6 pages

Lecture 1-Statistics

Uploaded by

haneen zuhair
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers Lecture: 1

Chapter One Time: 2 hrs


Introduction
An overview of Statistics
What is statistics science?
Statistics: The science that deals with collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and
drawing conclusions from data in order to make decisions, solve problems, and
design products and processes.

In general, data can be a qualitative data and a quantitative data.

Qualitative (data). Data derived from nonnumeric attributes, such as


gender, ethnic origin or nationality, or other classification variable.
Whereas,
Quantitative (data). Data in the form of numerical measurements or
counts.
Example:
The following table contain of average grade for five students, Can you show
which data are quantitative and which one are qualitative?

Student Grade point average


Farah 3.2
Ali 4
Ahmed 2.5
Zainab 3.7
Lyla 3

Why study statistics?


• To make better decision for an uncertain environment.
• To learn how to collect, present, interpret and analyse data.
Example:
materials engineer has developed a coating for retarding corrosion in metal pipe
under specified circumstances. If this coating is applied to different segments of

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pipe, variation in environmental conditions and in the segments, themselves will
result in more substantial corrosion on some segments than on others. Methods
of statistical analysis could be used on data from such an experiment to decide
whether the average amount of corrosion exceeds an upper specification limit of
some sort or to predict how much corrosion will occur on a single piece of pipe.
Definition Population, units, Sample
Population: in Statistics, the population means Any finite or infinite
collection of individual units or objects (e.g., parts, people, batteries, etc.)
about which we would like to make a statement (e.g., proportion defective,
median weight, mean lifetime, etc.). Or it is a set for all possible
measurements.
Unit: A single entity of interest.
For Example: The population consisting of all individuals who received a B.S.
in engineering during the most recent academic year.

Sample: Any subset of the elements of a population. It is selected randomly


to represent infinite or large finite measurements populations.

Example: we might select a sample of last year’s engineering graduates to obtain


feedback about the quality of the engineering curricula.

Finite Population: it is possible to count its individuals. It may also be called


a countable population. For example, the number of vehicles crossing a bridge
every day and the number of words in a book.
Infinite population: it is not possible to count the units contained in the
population. Such a population is called infinite or uncountable.

Example: Let us suppose that we want to examine whether a coin is fair or


not. We shall toss it a very large number of times to observe the number of
heads. All the tosses will make an infinite or uncountable infinite population.

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Another example, the number of germs in the body of a sick patient is perhaps
something which is uncountable.

Example of Population, units, variables

Population Unit Variables


All student currently student GPA
enrolled in school Number of credits
Right/left-handed
Hors of work per week
All printed circuit board Board Number of defects
manufacturing during a Location of defects
month Type of defect

Random Sample: sample is said to be random if it is selected in such a way


so that every possible sample has the same probability of being selected.
Inductive or statistical Inference: Conclusion from a statistical analysis.
It usually refers to the conclusion from a hypothesis test or an interval
estimate (using sample).
Descriptive or Deductive Statistics: the phase of statistics which seeks only
to describe and analyze a given group without drawing any conclusion or
inference about a large group.
A variable: is any characteristic whose value may change from one object
to another in the population. We shall initially denote variables by lowercase
letters from the end of English alphabet. Examples include:
x =brand of calculator owned by a student
y = number of visits to a particular Web site during a specified period
A numerical variable is discrete if its set of possible values either is finite or
else can be listed in an infinite sequence (one in which there is a first number,
a second number, and so on). A numerical variable is continuous if its
possible values consist of an entire interval on the number line.
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On the other way, A discrete variable x almost always results from counting,
in which case possible values are 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . or some subset of these
integers. Continuous variables arise from making measurements.
Example:
The number (N) of children in a family can be assumed on of the numbers
0,1,2,3------ therefore, it is discrete variables.
if x is the pH of a chemical substance, then in theory x could be any number
between 0 and 14: 7.0, 7.03, 7.032, and so on therefore, it is continuous
variables.
Put in your mind, in practice there are limitations on the degree of accuracy
of any measuring instrument, so we may not be able to determine pH,
reaction time, height, and concentration to an arbitrarily large number of
decimal places.
Size of data: Number of measurements
Range: Highest-lowest measurements

Tabular method in descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics can be represented using visual techniques. Many visual


techniques may already be familiar to you: frequency tables, tally sheets,
histograms, pie charts, bar graphs, scatter diagrams, and the like. Here we focus
on a selected few of these techniques that are most useful and relevant to
probability and inferential statistics.

1- dot plot

2-Steam-Leaf display

3- Frequency distribution

4- Histogram

5- Pareto Chart

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Dot Plot

 A dot plot is an attractive summary of numerical data when the data set is
reasonably small or there are relatively few distinct data values.
 Each observation is represented by a dot above the corresponding location
on a horizontal measurement scale.
 When a value occurs more than once, there is a dot for each occurrence,
and these dots are stacked vertically. A dot plot gives information about
location, spread, extremes, and gaps.

Example 1:
suppose that an engineer is developing a rubber compound for use in O-rings.
The O-rings are to be employed as seals in plasma etching tools used in the
semiconductor industry, so their resistance to acids and other corrosive
substances is an important characteristic. The engineer uses the standard
rubber compound to produce eight O-rings in a development laboratory and
measures the tensile strength of each specimen after immersion in a nitric acid
solution at 30C for 25 minutes [refer to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) Standard D 1414 and the associated standards for many
interesting aspects of testing rubber O-rings]. Use dot plot to display the
tensile strengths (in psi) of the eight O-rings are:

1030, 1035, 1020, 1049, 1028, 1026, 1019, and 1010.

Example 2:

Use dot plot to display the ages of 30 students in the statistics class

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18 20 21 27 29 20
19 30 32 19 34 19
Ages of Students 24 29 18 37 38 22
30 39 32 44 33 46
54 49 18 51 21 21

Solution:

Data Summary and display

We can describe data features numerically. For example, we can characterize


the location or central tendency in the data by the ordinary arithmetic
average or mean. Because we almost always think of our data as a sample,
we will refer to the arithmetic mean as the sample mean.

If the n observations in a sample are denoted by x1, x2, . . . , xn, the sample
mean is

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