HCS12 Programming in C

Dec Hex Bin

7 7 00000111

ORG ;Chapter Seven

OBJECTIVES (cont)
this chapter enables the student to:

• Examine C data types for the HCS12.

• Code C programs for time delay and I/O operations.
• Code C programs for I/O bit manipulation.
• Code C programs for logic & arithmetic operations.
• Code C programs for ASCII & BCD data conversion.
• Code C programs for binary (hex) to decimal
conversion.
• Code C programs for data serialization.
• Understand C compiler RAM and ROM allocation.

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.0 Why Program the HCS12 in C?

• Compilers produce hex files we download into the

ROM of the microcontroller, but size of the hex file is
a concern of programmers for two reasons:
– microcontrollers have limited on-chip ROM
– code space for the HCS12 is limited to 512K
• Some major reasons for writing programs in C:
– easier/less time consuming to write in C than Assembly
– C is easier to modify and update
– available function code libraries
– C code is portable to other microcontrollers with
little or no modification
HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:
Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.0 Why Program the HCS12 in C?

• Several third-party companies develop C compilers

for the HCS12 microcontroller.
– for this book we have chosen Freescale’s C
compiler to integrate with CodeWarrior IDE
• Freescale has a student version of the C compiler
available for download from their website.
– for tutorials see http://www.microdigitaled.com
• A goal of C programmers is to create smaller hex
files, so it is worthwhile to re-examine C data types.

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.1 Data Types and Time Delays in C

• Table 7-1 shows data types/sizes for the HCS12.

Table 7-1 Some Data Types Widely Used by C

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.1 Data Types and Time Delays in C
char

• Unsigned char - character data type is the most

natural choice for many applications.
– 8-bit data with value in the range of 0–255 (00–FFH)
– one of the most widely used data types for the HCS12
• Signed char - 8-bit data using the most significant
bit (D7 of D7–D0) to represent the – or + value.
– only 7 bits for the magnitude of the signed number
giving values from –128 to +127.

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.1 Data Types and Time Delays in C
int

• Unsigned int - 16-bit data with value in the range

of 0 to 65,535 (0000–FFFFH).
– in HCS12, unsigned int is used to define 16-bit
variables such as memory addresses
– as registers & memory accesses are 8-bit chunks,
misuse of int variables will result in a larger hex file
• Signed int - 16-bit data using the most significant
bit (D15 of D15–D0) to represent the – or + value.
– as a result, only 15 bits are available for the magnitude
of the number, or values from –32,768 to +32,767

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.1 Data Types and Time Delays in C

• Other data types - unsigned int is limited to values

0–65,535 (0000–FFFFH).
– the C compiler supports both short long and long
data types, if we want values greater than 16-bit
• Time delay - two ways to create a time delay in C:
– using a simple for loop
– using the HCS12 timer
• In either case, an oscilloscope is used to measure
the duration of time delay.

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.2 Logic Operations in C
bit-wise

• Bit-wise operators in C - widely used in software

engineering for embedded systems and control.

Table 7-2 Bit-wise Logic Operators for C

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.2 Logic Operations in C
bit-wise

• Bit-wise shift operators in C - two bit-wise shift

operators:
– shift right ( >>) and shift left (<<)
• Their format in C is as follows:
– data >> number of bits to be shifted right
– data << number of bits to be shifted left
• Examples of shift operators in C:

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.3 Data Conversion Programs in C
ASCII

• On ASCII keyboards, when the key “0” is activated,

“011 0000” (30H) is provided to the computer.
– similarly, 31H (011 0001) is provided for key “1”, etc.
• BCD numbers are
universal, ASCII is
standard in the US
and other countries.
• Keyboards, printers, &
monitors all use ASCII.
– data must be converted
from ASCII to BCD Table 7-3 ASCII and BCD Codes for Digits 0–9

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.3 Data Conversion Programs in C
packed BCD to ASCII

• Packed BCD to ASCII conversion - to convert

packed BCD to ASCII, it must first be converted to
unpacked BCD.
– the unpacked BCD is tagged with 011 0000 (30H)

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.3 Data Conversion Programs in C
ASCII to packed BCD

• ASCII to packed BCD conversion - first convert it

to unpacked BCD (to get rid of the 3), then combine
to make packed BCD.
• For example, for 4 and 7 the keyboard gives back
34 and 37; the goal is to produce 47h.
– or “0100 0111”, which is packed BCD

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.3 Data Conversion Programs in C
checksum

• Checksum byte in ROM - to ensure the integrity

every system must perform a checksum calculation
to detect any corruption of the contents of ROM.
– a cause of ROM corruption is current surge, either
when the system is turned on, or during operation
• To ensure data integrity in ROM, the checksum
process uses what is called a checksum byte.
– an extra byte tagged to the end of a series of data bytes
• A checksum generation and testing program was
given in Program 6-1.

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.3 Data Conversion Programs in C

• Binary (hex) to decimal/ASCII conversion in C -

printf function is part of the standard C I/O library.
– does many things, including converting data from
binary (hex) to decimal, or vice versa
– printf takes a lot of memory space increases
hex file size substantially
– it is better to write your own conversion function
• One of the most widely used conversions is binary
to decimal conversion.

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.4 I/O Bit Manipulation and Data
Serialization in C
• I/O ports of HCS12 are bit-addressable.
– AND and OR bit-wise operators access a single bit
of a port
– DDRx registers in the same way
• Serializing data in C - is a way of sending a byte
of data one bit at a time through a single pin of a
microcontroller.
– using the serial port.
– transferring data one bit a time and controlling the
sequence of data and spaces between them

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.5 Program ROM Allocation in C

• In the HCS12 are two memory address spaces in

which to store data:
– several kilobytes of data RAM space.
– several hundred kilobytes of code (program) space
• Allocating program space to data - to make the
C compiler use the program (code) ROM space for
the fixed data, we use the keyword const as shown
in the following lines of C code:

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.5 Program ROM Allocation in C

• The following code shows how to use program

space for data in C:

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.5 Programmable ROM Allocation in C

• Putting Data in Specific ROM Addresses: to

place data (constants, strings, and look-up tables)
at a specific address of program ROM, use the @
symbol directive:

HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems:

Using Assembly and C with CodeWarrior © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Danny Causey Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HCS12 Programming in C

Dec Hex Bin

7 7 00000111

END ;Chapter Seven