FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY, APPLIED DESIGN AND FINE ART

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GROUP NAME: VISION GROUP

GROUP MEMBERS

S/NO NAME REG:NO

1 KAWISO JAMES 2023/A/EEK/3530/F

2 GUMA ISAAC 2023/A/EEK/3048/F

3 MURAMIRA ANDREW 2023/A/EEK/3901/F

4 NUWAHEREZA PRIVAH 2023/A/EEK/3208/F

5 MBABAZI DENNIS 2023/A/EEK/4293F

6 NDYAMUHAKI SMITH 2023/A/EEK/3695/F

LECTURER’S NAME MR.OWEMBABAZI JUSTUS

A REPORT ON ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, TOOLS AND EXPERIMENTS
CONDUCTED IN THE ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP.

Objectives,

- To relate the practical and theoretical values.

- To have a deep understanding of different electronic components and tools.

Apparatus

• Breadboard
• Transistors
• Diodes
• Resistors
• Multi meter
• Jumper wires
• Capacitors
• Dc supply.
• Oscilloscope
A) INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC
COMPONETS
1. RESISTORS.

A resistor is an electronic device that limits the flow of electric current in a circuit.
Resistors are made up of different sizes, shapes and colour. Resistance of a resistor is measured using a
multi meter. S.I unit ohm(Ω)
2. MULTIMETER.

A multi meter is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple properties. It is used to measure
voltage, resistance, capacitance, continuity, frequency, current, temperature and others.
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3. CAPACITORS(C)

A capacitor is an electrical charge storage device used to store and release electrical energy
Capacitors are made up of different sizes and shapes
Capacitance of a capacitor can also be measured using a multi meter in Farad(F) .
4. JUMPER WIRES.

A jumper wire is an electrical wire or group of them in a cable with a connector pin at each end which is
used to interconnect the components of the breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or
with other equipment or components without soldering.
5. BREADBOARD.

A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it.

These holes help to insert electronic components.
A breadboard is made up of two sections of connectivity.
The upper and the lower sections of the breadboard connects horizontally, then the middle two sections
connect vertically.

6.Transistors

A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage flow in addition
amplifying and generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for them. Typically,
transistors consist of three layers, or terminals, of a semiconductor material, each of which can carry
a current.
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7. SUPPLY SOURCE (DC)

This converts AC voltage to DC voltage.

This is used to supply the circuit with the voltage.
It has terminals used to adjust the desirable voltage.
It also has terminals where the circuit is connected (positive and negative terminals)
8.Doides

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electricity primarily in one direction.
It has high resistance on one end and low resistance on the other end.
Diodes are of different types these include;
Light Emitting Diode, Laser diode, Avalanche diode, Zener diode, Schottky diode, Photodiode,
PN junction
9.Oscilloscope.

An oscilloscope (informally scope or O-scope) is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically
displays varying voltages of one or more signals as a function of time. Their main purpose is capturing
information on electrical signals for debugging, analysis, or characterization.

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B) EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1
Tittle; Study of parallel-series connection of resistors.
Aim;
❖ To find out the effective resistance in a series-parallel connection of resistors.
❖ To find the current through each resistor
❖ To find the voltage across each resistor in the circuit.
Apparatus.
✓ Breadboards.
✓ Jumper wires.
✓ Resistors.
✓ Dc supply source.
Theory of the experiment.

In a series circuit, the output current of the first resistor flows into the input of the second resistor,
Therefore, the current is the same in each resistor.
In a parallel circuit, all of the resistor leads on one side of the resistor are connected together and all the
leads on the other side are connected together. Therefore, the voltage across the resistors in parallel is
the same.
Procedures

The values of the resistors 𝑅1, 𝑅2, 𝑅3, 𝑅4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅5 were measured using a multimeter and recorded.
The experiment was set up as shown below.

The circuit was supplied by the DC voltage source equal to 10𝑉,

Using a multi meter, the voltage across each resistor 𝑉1, 𝑉2, 𝑉3,V4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉5 were measured and recorded.
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RESULTS
The results were as follows,

𝑅1 = 0.680MΩ
R2=0.685M
R3=1.002MΩ
R4=8.21KΩ
R5=21.58KΩ

V1=6.148V
V2=2.10V
V3=0.001V
V4=2.10V
V5=0.022V

DATA ANALYSIS
Theoretically this can also be calculated as follows
Total voltages should equal to the supply voltage source.

(V1+V2+V3+V4+V5) must = 10V

(6.148+2.01+0.001+2.01+0.022) =10.191V
CONCULUSION.
There is a slight difference between practical value and calculated value.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
➢ Loose connections
➢ Resistances of jumper wires.

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Experiment 2
Tittle; Study of common emitter configuration in transistor.
Aim;
❖ To find out the voltage across the base and emitter of the transistor, (VBE).
❖ To find the voltage across the collector and emitter of the transistor, (VCE).
❖ To find the voltage across each resistor in the circuit.
Apparatus.
✓ Breadboard..
✓ Jumper wires.
✓ Resistors .
✓ Dc supply power sources.
✓ Capacitor .
✓ Transistor.
Theory of the experiment.

A transistor is a three-terminal device. The terminals are emitter, base, collector. In common
emitter configuration, input voltage is applied between base and emitter terminals and output is taken
across the collector and emitter terminals. Therefore, the emitter terminal is common to both input and
output. The input characteristics resemble that of a forward biased diode curve. This is expected since
the Base-Emitter junction of the transistor is forward biased.
As compared to CB arrangement Ib increases less rapidly with Vbe.
Therefore, input resistance of CE circuit is higher than that of CB circuit.
The output characteristics are drawn between Ic and Vce at constant lb. the collector current varies
with VCE unto few volts only. After this the collector current becomes almost constant, and
independent of Vce. The value of Vce up to which the collector current changes with Vce is known as
Knee voltage. The transistor always operated in the region above Knee voltage, Ic is always constant
and is approximately equal to lb.

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Procedures
. The values of the resistors R1, R2 and R3 were measured using a multimeter and recorded.
The experiment was set up as shown below

The circuit was supplied by two DC voltage sources equal to 3V and 5V

Using a multi meter, the voltage across each resistor 𝑉1, 𝑉2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉3 were measured and recorded.
Also, the voltage across the base and emitter (VBE ), collector and emitter (VCE) were measured and
recorded.
RESULTS
The results were as follows,
R1= 0.680MΩ
R2= 0.685MΩ
R3= 1.002MΩ
V1= 0.15V
V2= 5.00V
V3= 3.30V
VBE= 3.03V
VCE= 4.87V
DATA ANALYSIS
Theoretically; VCE = VCC - 0.15V
VCE = ( 5 – 0.15 )V = 4.85V
CONCULUSION.
There is a slight difference between practical value and calculated value.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
➢ Loose connections
➢ Resistances of jumper wires.
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References

1. UNDERSTANDING ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY BY BUBAN

SCHMITT CARTER,
ISBN, 0-02-676901-8 page 86, 176-181

2. Electronics Principles and Applications BY CHARLES A. SCHULER

ISBN, 978-0-07-1315531-1. Page 35, 107-137
3.Introducing ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS BY M.W. BRIMICOMBE
ISBN, 0-17-448068-7 page 46