EXCEPTION HANDLING

1. Introduction
2. Runtime stack mechanism
3. Default exception handling in java
4. Exception hierarchy
5. Customized exception handling by try catch
6. Control flow in try catch
7. Methods to print exception information
8. Try with multiple catch blocks
9. Finally
10. Difference between final, finally, finalize
11. Control flow in try catch finally
12. Various possible combinations of try catch finally
13. throw keyword
14. throws keyword
15. Exception handling keywords summary
16. Various possible compile time errors in exception handling
17. Customized exceptions
18. Top-10 exceptions
19. 1.7 Version Enhancements
1. try with resources
2. multi catch block
Introduction
Exception: An unwanted unexpected event that disturbs normal flow of the
program is
called exception.
Example:
SleepingException
TyrePunchuredException
FileNotFoundException ...etc
It is highly recommended to handle exceptions. The main objective of
exception
handling is graceful (normal) termination of the program.
What is the meaning of exception handling?

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Exception handling doesn't mean repairing an exception. We have to define
alternative
way to continue rest of the program normally. This way of defining alternative
is
nothing but exception handling.
Example: Suppose our programming requirement is to read data from remote
file
locating at London. At runtime if London file is not available then our program
should
not be terminated abnormally.
We have to provide a local file to continue rest of the program normally. This
way of
defining alternative is nothing but exception handling.
Example:
try
{
read data from London file
}
catch(FileNotFoundException e)
{
use local file and continue rest of the program normally
For every thread JVM will create a separate stack at the time of Thread
creation. All
method calls performed by that thread will be stored in that stack. Each entry
in the
stack is called "Activation record" (or) "stack frame".
After completing every method call JVM removes the corresponding entry
from the
stack.
After completing all method calls JVM destroys the empty stack and
terminates the
program normally.
Example:
class Test
{

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public static void main(String[] args){
doStuff();
}
public static void doStuff(){
doMoreStuff();
}
public static void doMoreStuff(){
System.out.println("Hello");
}}
Output:
Hello
Diagram:

Default Exception Handling in Java:

1. If an exception raised inside any method then that method is responsible to
create Exception object with the following information.
1. Name of the exception.
2. Description of the exception.
3. Location of the exception.(StackTrace)
2. After creating that Exception object, the method handovers that object to
the
JVM.
3. JVM checks whether the method contains any exception handling code or
not. If
method won't contain any handling code then JVM terminates that method
abnormally and removes corresponding entry form the stack.
4. JVM identifies the caller method and checks whether the caller method
contain
any handling code or not. If the caller method also does not contain handling
code then JVM terminates that caller method also abnormally and removes

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corresponding entry from the stack.
5. This process will be continued until main() method and if the main() method
also
doesn't contain any exception handling code then JVM terminates main()
method also and removes corresponding entry from the stack.
6. Then JVM handovers the responsibility of exception handling to the default
exception handler.
7. Default exception handler just print exception information to the console in
the
following format and terminates the program abnormally.
Exception in thread “xxx(main)” Name of exception: description
Location of exception (stack trace)
Example:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args){
doStuff();
}
public static void doStuff(){
doMoreStuff();
}
public static void doMoreStuff(){
System.out.println(10/0);
}}
Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
atTest.doMoreStuff(Test.java:10)
atTest.doStuff(Test.java:7)
atTest.main(Test.java:4)
Diagram:

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Exception Hierarchy:

Throwable acts as a root for exception hierarchy.

Throwable class contains the following two child classes.

Exception:
Most of the cases exceptions are caused by our program and these are
recoverable.
Ex : If FileNotFoundException occurs then we can use local file and we can
continue
rest of the program execution normally.
Error:
Most of the cases errors are not caused by our program these are due to lack
of system
resources and these are non-recoverable.
Ex :If OutOfMemoryError occurs being a programmer we can't do anything the
program will be terminated abnormally.System Admin or Server Admin is
responsible
to raise/increase heap memory.

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Checked Vs Unchecked Exceptions:
The exceptions which are checked by the compiler whether programmer
handling or not, for smooth execution of the program at runtime, are called
checked exceptions.
1. HallTicketMissingException
2. PenNotWorkingException
3. FileNotFoundException
The exceptions which are not checked by the compiler whether programmer
handing or not ,are called unchecked exceptions.
1. BombBlastException
2. ArithmeticException
3. NullPointerException
Note:RuntimeException and its child classes, Error and its child classes are
unchecked
and all the remaining are considered as checked exceptions.
Note: Whether exception is checked or unchecked compulsory it should
occurs at
runtime only and there is no chance of occurring any exception at compile
time.
Fully checked Vs Partially checked :
A checked exception is said to be fully checked if and only if all its child classes
are also
checked.
Example:
1) IOException
2) InterruptedException
A checked exception is said to be partially checked if and only if some of its
child classes
are unchecked.
Example:
Exception
Note :The only possible partially checked exceptions in java are:
1. Throwable.
2. Exception.
Q: Describe behavior of following exceptions ?

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1. RuntimeException-----unchecked
2. Error-----unchecked
3. IOException-----fully checked
4. Exception-----partially checked
5. InterruptedException-----fully checked
6. Throwable------partially checked
7. ArithmeticException ----- unchecked
8. NullPointerException ------ unchecked
9. FileNotFoundException ----- fully checked
Diagram:

Customized Exception Handling by using try-catch:

It is highly recommended to handle exceptions.
In our program the code which may raise exception is called risky code, we
have
to place risky code inside try block and the corresponding handling code
inside
catch block.
Example:
try
{
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Risky code
}
catch(Exception e)
{
Handling code
}

Control flow in try catch:

try{
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(X e) {
statement4;
}
statement5;
Case 1:If there is no exception.
1, 2, 3, 5 normal termination.
Case 2: if an exception raised at statement 2 and corresponding catch block
Matched
1, 4, 5 normal termination.

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 Case 3: if an exception raised at statement 2 but the corresponding catch
block
not matched
1 followed by abnormal termination.
Case 4:if an exception raised at statement 4 or statement 5 then it's always
abnormal termination of the program.
Note:
1. Within the try block if anywhere an exception raised then rest of the try block
won't be executed even though we handled that exception. Hence we have to
place/take only risk code inside try block and length of the try block should be
as
less as possible.
2. If any statement which raises an exception and it is not part of any try block
then
it is always abnormal termination of the program.
3. There may be a chance of raising an exception inside catch and finally
blocks
also in addition to try block.
Various methods to print exception information:
Throwable class defines the following methods to print exception information
to the
console.

Example:

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Note: Default exception handler internally uses printStackTrace() method to
print
exception information to the console.
Try with multiple catch blocks:
The way of handling an exception is varied from exception to exception. Hence
for every
exception type it is recommended to take a separate catch block. That is try
with
multiple catch blocks is possible and recommended to use.
Example:

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Finally block:
It is not recommended to take clean up code inside try block because there
is no
guarantee for the execution of every statement inside a try.
It is not recommended to place clean up code inside catch block because if
there
is no exception then catch block won't be executed.
We require some place to maintain clean up code which should be executed
always irrespective of whether exception raised or not raised and whether
handled or not handled. Such type of best place is nothing but finally block.
Hence the main objective of finally block is to maintain cleanup code.
Example:

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The speciality of finally block is it will be executed always irrespective of
whether the
exception raised or not raised and whether handled or not handled.
Case-1: If there is no Exception:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("try block executed");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("catch block executed");
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally block executed");
}
}
}
Output:
try block executed
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Finally block executed
Case-2: If an exception raised but the corresponding catch
block matched:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("try block executed");
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("catch block executed");
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally block executed");
}
}
}
Output:
Try block executed
Catch block executed
Finally block executed
Case-3: If an exception raised but the corresponding catch
block not matched:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("try block executed");

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System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
{
System.out.println("catch block executed");
}
Finally
{
System.out.println("finally block executed");
}
}
}
Output:
Try block executed
Finally block executed
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
finally vs System.exit(0):
==========================
There is only one situation where the finally block won't be executed is
whenever we are
using System.exit(0) method.
When ever we are using System.exit(0) then JVM itself will be shutdown , in
this case
finally block won't be executed.
i.e., System.exit(0) dominates finally block.
Example:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("try");
System.exit(0);
}

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catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("catch block executed");
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally block executed");
}
}}
Output:
try
Note :

1. This argument acts as status code. Insteadof zero, we can take any integer
value
2. zero means normal termination , non-zero means abnormal termination
3. This status code internally used by JVM, whether it is zero or non-zero there
is no
change in the result and effect is same wrt program.
Difference between final, finally, and finalize:
final:
final is the modifier applicable for classes, methods and variables.
If a class declared as the final then child class creation is not possible.
If a method declared as the final then overriding of that method is not
possible.
If a variable declared as the final then reassignment is not possible.
finally:
finally is the block always associated with try-catch to maintain clean up code

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which should be executed always irrespective of whether exception raised or
not
raised and whether handled or not handled.
finalize:
finalize is a method, always invoked by Garbage Collector just before
destroying
an object to perform cleanup activities.
Note:
1. finally block meant for cleanup activities related to try block where as
finalize()
method meant for cleanup activities related to object.
2. To maintain clean up code finally block is recommended over finalize()
method
because we can't expect exact behavior of GC.
Control flow in try catch finally:
Example:

Case 1: If there is no exception. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 normal termination.

Case 2: if an exception raised at statement 2 and corresponding catch block
matched. 1,4,5,6 normal terminations.
Case 3: if an exception raised at statement 2 and corresponding catch block
is

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not matched. 1,5 abnormal termination.
Case 4: if an exception raised at statement 4 then it's always abnormal
termination but before the finally block will be executed.
Case 5: if an exception raised at statement 5 or statement 6 its always
abnormal
termination.

Note:
1.if we are not entering into the try block then the finally block won't be
executed. Once
we entered into the try block without executing finally block we can't come out.
2. We can take try-catch inside try i.e., nested try-catch is possible
3. The most specific exceptions can be handled by using inner try-catch and
generalized
exceptions can be handle by using outer try-catch.
Example:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println(10/0);
}
finally{
String s=null;
System.out.println(s.length());
}
}}
output :
RE:NullPointerException
Note: Default exception handler can handle only one exception at a time and
that is the

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most recently raised exception.
Various possible combinations of try catch finally:
1. Whenever we are writing try block compulsory we should write either catch
or
finally. i.e., try without catch or finally is invalid.
2. Whenever we are writing catch block compulsory we should write try.
i.e., catch without try is invalid.
3. Whenever we are writing finally block compulsory we should write try.
i.e., finally without try is invalid.
4. In try-catch-finally order is important.
5. With in the try-catch -finally blocks we can take try-catch-finally.
i.e., nesting of try-catch-finally is possible.
6. For try-catch-finally blocks curly braces are mandatory.

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throw statement:
Sometimes we can create Exception object explicitly and we can hand over to
the JVM
manually by using throw keyword.
Example:

Note: In general we can use throw keyword for customized exceptions but not
for
predefined exceptions.
Case 1:

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If e refers null then we will get NullPointerException.

Case 2:
After throw statement we can't take any statement directly otherwise we will
get
compile time error saying unreachable statement.
Example:

Case 3:

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We can use throw keyword only for Throwable types otherwise we will get
compile time
error saying incomputable types.
Example:

throws statement:
In our program if there is any chance of raising checked exception then
compulsoryy we
should handle either by try catch or by throws keyword otherwise the code
won't
compile.
class ExcTest7
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
Unreported exception java.io.InterruptedExcption; must be caught or
declared to be thrown.
Example:
class Test3
{
public static void main(String[] args){
Thread.sleep(5000);
}
}
Unreported exception java.lang.InterruptedException; must be caught or
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declared to be thrown.
We can handle this compile time error by using the following 2 ways.

Note :
Hence the main objective of "throws" keyword is to delegate the
responsibility of
exception handling to the caller method.
"throws" keyword required only checked exceptions. Usage of throws for
unchecked exception there is no use.
"throws" keyword required only to convince complier. Usage of throws
keyword
doesn't prevent abnormal termination of the program.
Hence recommended to use try-catch over throws keyword.
Example:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException{
doStuff();
}
public static void doStuff()throws InterruptedException{
doMoreStuff();
}
public static void doMoreStuff()throws InterruptedException{
Thread.sleep(5000);
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}
}
Output:
Compile and running successfully.
In the above program if we are removing at least one throws keyword then the
program
won't compile.
Case 1:
we can use throws keyword only for Throwable types otherwise we will get
compile time
error saying incompatible types.
Example:

Case 3:

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In our program with in the try block, if there is no chance of rising an exception
then we
can't right catch block for that exception otherwise we will get compile time
error
sayingexception XXX is never thrown in body of corresponding try statement.
But this
rule is applicable only for fully checked exception.
Example:

Case 4:
We can use throws keyword only for constructors and methods but not for
classes.
Example:

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Exception handling keywords summary:
1. try: To maintain risky code.
2. catch: To maintain handling code.
3. finally: To maintain cleanup code.
4. throw: To handover our created exception object to the JVM manually.
5. throws: To delegate responsibility of exception handling to the caller
method.
Various possible compile time errors in exception handling:
1. Exception XXX has already been caught.
2. Unreported exception XXX must be caught or declared to be thrown.
3. Exception XXX is never thrown in body of corresponding try statement.
4. Try without catch or finally.
5. Catch without try.
6. Finally without try.
7. Incompatible types.
found:Test
requried:java.lang.Throwable;

8. Unreachable statement.
Customized Exceptions (User defined Exceptions):
Sometimes we can create our own exception to meet our programming
requirements.
Such type of exceptions are called customized exceptions (user defined
exceptions).
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Example:
1. InSufficientFundsException
2. TooYoungException
3. TooOldException
Program:
class TooYoungException extends RuntimeException
{
TooYoungException(String s)
{
super(s);
}
}
class TooOldException extends RuntimeException
{
TooOldException(String s)
{
super(s);
}
}
class CustomizedExceptionDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args){
int age=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
if(age>60)
{
throw new TooYoungException("please wait some more time.... u will get best
match");
}
else if(age<18)
{
throw new TooOldException("u r age already crossed....no chance of getting
married");
}
else
{

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System.out.println("you will get match details soon by e-mail");
}}}
Output:
1)E:\scjp>java CustomizedExceptionDemo 61
Exception in thread "main" TooYoungException:
please wait some more time.... u will get best match
at CustomizedExceptionDemo.main(CustomizedExceptionDemo.java:21)

2)E:\scjp>java CustomizedExceptionDemo 27
You will get match details soon by e-mail
3)E:\scjp>java CustomizedExceptionDemo 9
Exception in thread "main" TooOldException:
u r age already crossed....no chance of getting married
at CustomizedExceptionDemo.main(CustomizedExceptionDemo.java:25)
Note: It is highly recommended to maintain our customized exceptions as
unchecked by
extending RuntimeException.
We can catch any Throwable type including Errors also.
Example:

Top-10 Exceptions:
Based on the person who is raising exception, all exceptions are divided into
two types.
They are:
1) JVM Exceptions:
2) Programmatic exceptions:
JVM Exceptions:
The exceptions which are raised automatically by the jvm whenever a
particular event
occurs, are called JVM Exceptions.

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Example:
1) ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(AIOOBE)
2) NullPointerException (NPE).
Programmatic Exceptions:
The exceptions which are raised explicitly by the programmer (or) by the API
developer
are called programmatic exceptions.
Example: 1) IllegalArgumentException(IAE).
Top 10 Exceptions :
1. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:
It is the child class of RuntimeException and hence it is unchecked. Raised
automatically by the JVM whenever we are trying to access array element with
out of range index. Example:
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
int[] x=new int[10];
System.out.println(x[0]);//valid
System.out.println(x[100]);//AIOOBE
System.out.println(x[-100]);//AIOOBE
}
}
2. NullPointerException:
It is the child class of RuntimeException and hence it is unchecked. Raised
automatically by the JVM, whenever we are trying to call any method on null.
Example:
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
String s=null;
System.out.println(s.length()); //R.E: NullPointerException
}
}
3. StackOverFlowError:
It is the child class of Error and hence it is unchecked. Whenever we are trying
to invoke recursive method call JVM will raise StackOverFloeError
automatically.

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Example:
class Test
{
public static void methodOne()
{
methodTwo();
}
public static void methodTwo()
{
methodOne();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
methodOne();
}
}
Output:
Run time error: StackOverFloeError
4. NoClassDefFoundError:
It is the child class of Error and hence it is unchecked. JVM will raise this error
automatically whenever it is unable to find required .class file. Example: java
Test If Test.class is not available. Then we will get NoClassDefFound error.
5. ClassCastException:
It is the child class of RuntimeException and hence it is unchecked. Raised
automatically by the JVM whenever we are trying to type cast parent object to
child type.
Example:

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6. ExceptionInInitializerError:
It is the child class of Error and it is unchecked. Raised automatically by the
JVM, if any exception occurs while performing static variable initialization and
static block execution.
Example 1:
class Test{
static int i=10/0;
}
Output:
Runtime exception:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError
Example 2:
class Test{
static {
String s=null;
System.out.println(s.length());
}}
Output:
Runtime exception:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError
7. IllegalArgumentException:
It is the child class of RuntimeException and hence it is unchecked. Raised
explicitly by the programmer (or) by the API developer to indicate that a
method
has been invoked with inappropriate argument.
Example:
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
Thread t=new Thread();
t.setPriority(10);//valid
t.setPriority(100);//invalid
}}
Output:
Runtime exception
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException.

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8. NumberFormatException:
It is the child class of IllegalArgumentException and hence is unchecked.
Raised
explicitly by the programmer or by the API developer to indicate that we are
attempting to convert string to the number. But the string is not properly
formatted.
Example:
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
int i=Integer.parseInt("10");
int j=Integer.parseInt("ten");
}}
Output:
Runtime Exception
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input
string: "ten"
9. IllegalStateException:
It is the child class of RuntimeException and hence it is unchecked. Raised
explicitly by the programmer or by the API developer to indicate that a method
has been invoked at inappropriate time.
Example:
Once session expires we can't call any method on the session object otherwise
we
will get IllegalStateException
HttpSession session=req.getSession();
System.out.println(session.getId());
session.invalidate();
System.out.println(session.getId()); // illgalstateException
10. AssertionError:
It is the child class of Error and hence it is unchecked. Raised explicitly by the
programmer or by API developer to indicate that Assert statement fails.
Example:
assert(false);

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1.7 Version Enhansements :
As part of 1.7 version enhancements in Exception Handling the following 2
concepts
Introduced

1. try with resources

2. multi catch block
1.try with resources
Untill 1.6 version it is highly recommended to write finally block to close all
resources
which are open as part of try block.
BufferedReader br=null;
try{
br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("abc.txt"));
//use br based on our requirements
}
catch(IOException e) {
// handling code
}
finally {
if(br != null)
br.close();
}

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problems in this approach :
Compulsory programmer is required to close all opened resources with
increases
the complexity of the programming
Compulsory we should write finally block explicitly which increases length of
the
code and reviews readability.
To overcome these problems Sun People introduced "try with resources" in
1.7
version.
The main advantage of "try with resources" is
the resources which are opened as part of try block will be closed
automatically
Once the control reaches end of the try block either normally or abnormally
and hence
we are not required to close explicitly so that the complexity of programming
will be
reduced.It is not required to write finally block explicitly and hence length of
the code
will be reduced and readability will be improved.
try(BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("abc.txt")))
{
use be based on our requirement, br will be closed automatically ,
Onec control reaches end of try either normally
or abnormally and we are not required to close explicitly
}
catch(IOException e) {
// handling code
}
Conclusions:
1. We can declare any no of resources but all these resources should be
seperated with
;(semicolon)
try(R1 ; R2 ; R3)
{

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-------------
-------------
}
2. All resources should be AutoCloseable resources. A resource is said to be
auto
closable if and only if the corresponding class implements the
java.lang.AutoCloseable
interface either directly or indirectly.
All database related, network related and file io related resources already
implemented AutoCloseable interface. Being a programmer we should aware
and we
are not required to do anything extra.
3. All resource reference variables are implicitly final and hence we can't
perform
reassignment with in the try block.
try(BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("abc.txt"))) ;
{
br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("abc.txt"));
}
output :
CE : Can't reassign a value to final variable br
4.Untill 1.6 version try should be followed by either catch or finally but 1.7
version we
can take only try with resource without catch or finally
try(R)
{ //valid
}
5.The main advantage of "try with resources" is finally block will become
dummy
because we are not required to close resources of explicitly.
Multi catch block :
Until 1.6 version ,Eventhough Multiple Exceptions having same handling code
we have
to write a separate catch block for every exceptions, it increases length of the
code and

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reviews readability
try{
-----------------
-----------------
}
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch(NullPointerException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch(ClassCastException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
catch(IOException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
To overcome this problem Sun People introduced "Multi catch block" concept
in 1.7
version.
The main advantage of multi catch block is we can write a single catch block ,
which can
handle multiple different exceptions
try{
-----------------
-----------------
}
catch(ArithmeticException | NullPointerException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch(ClassCastException | IOException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
In multi catch block, there should not be any relation between Exception
types(either

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child to parent Or parent to child Or same type , otherwise we will get Compile
time
error )

Example:

Exception Propagation :
With in a method if an exception raised and if that method doesn't handle that
exception, then Exception object will be propagated to the caller then caller
method is
responsible to handle that exceptions. This process is called Exception
Propagation.
Rethrowing an Exception :
To convert the one exception type to another exception type , we can use
rethrowing
exception concept.
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args){
try {
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}

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}
}
output:
RE:NPE

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