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IGCSE Astro Physics.
A satellite is any object that orbits a planet.
A moon is a natural satellite i.e. not man made. The moon is the natural satellite of the earth. Planet and comets orbit a star (remember the sun is a star- It is just closer) Comet’s orbits of the sun are from further away.
The universe is a large collection of billions of galaxies.
A galaxy is a large collection of billions of stars.
Our solar system is in the Milky Way galaxy.
Orbits of comets.
Randomly orientated. Tail always points away from sun. The closer to the sun the faster it moves.
Newton’s First Law.
Unless an unbalanced force acts in a moving object it will continue at the
same velocity. Velocity is speed in a direction. – if an object is moving in a circle, it is changing direction and therefore changing velocity. Thus for an object to be moving in an orbit it must have an unbalanced force acting on it.
Centripetal force. The force that causes an object to move in a circle act towards the centre if the circle. Centripetal means towards the centre. The centripetal force that keeps satellites in orbit is gravitational attraction.
Gravity.
Gravitational forces are exerted between all objects that have mass. The larger the masses the greater the gravitational attraction between them. The gravitational field strength(g) of a particular planet will depend on its mass, the bigger the mass, the bigger the g.
How long is an orbit.
For an orbit of radius r
The distance the satellite will travel in one orbit is the circumference if the circle = 2r Speed = distance/time.
Time period
The Time Period (T) of an orbit is the time it takes an object to complete one orbit. Orbital speed(v) measured in metres per second(m/s) Orbital radius(r) measured in metres(m) Time period(T) measured in seconds(s)
The further away planets are from the sun, the slower their speed. This is because the gravitational force from the Sun decreases the further, they are from it. Artificial satellites orbiting the earth obey a similar trend. Stellar evolution
Star lifecycles A birth of all stars is the same. After that the stars lifecycle depends upon the mass if the star There are two main types of star lifecycle. - Stars with a mass approximately equal to that of the sun. - Stars with a mass much greater than that of the sun.
How are stars born?
Stars form out of clouds (nebulae) of dust and gas. Particles gather under gravity to form a protostar. The protostar becomes denser and hotter. - If it reaches a point where the hydrogen and other atoms fuse - huge amounts of energy (including light) are released and a star is born.
What happens next depends on the mass
of the star. As the stars supply of hydrogen begins to run out the core becomes unstable and contracts. At the same time the star outer shell expands. As the star expands it cools and glows red. The star has now reached its red giants phase. During this time the star begins to convert by fusion, helium into carbon.
Cycle of a star the size of the sun.
As the stars supply of hydrogen begins to run out the core becomes unstable and contracts At the same time the star outer shell expands as it expands it cools and glows red. This is the stars red giants faze it now fuses helium into carbon. As the supplies of helium run out, once again the core collapses. And the core collapses, the outer player is expelled forming a planetary nebula. The core then becomes a white dwarf.
Life cycle of a star much larger than the sun.
As the star’s supply of hydrogens begins to run out the core becomes unstable and contracts. At the same time the star expands it cools and glows red. The star had now reached its red supergiant phase. During this time the star begins to convert helium into carbon, by nuclear fusion. During the red supergiant phase the carbon atoms continue to be pulled together by gravity, increasing the temperature. Additional fusion processes take place forming oxygen nitrogen and eventually ions. Once the core contains mainly ions fusion stops and the star begins its final phase of gravitational collapse. The temperature reaches over 100,000,000 degrees and core explodes as a supernova. This spreads with heavy elements around universe, which are incorporated into new planets and stars.
Black hole If the original nebula was massive enough, then when it goes supernova it leaves a star so dense that not even light can escape its gravitational pull. This is called a black hole. The lifecycle of a star.
Classification of stars. While the five strs colours are blue, white yellow orange and red there sre in between colours. The colour classes are: - O (blue) - B (bluish) - A (blue - white) - F (white) - G (yellow - white) - K (orange) - M (red)
Star colour Class Approx. Examples.
temperature Blue O 25,000C Rigel, spica, Bellatrix White F 10,000C Sirius, Vega Yellow G 6,000C Proxima, the sun. Orange K 4,000C Aldebaran, Arcturus. red M 3,000C Antares, Betelgeuse.
The colour pd a star also given an indication of the age of a star. Blue stars tend to be young stars and red stars tend to be old.
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