1. Define in detail Technology and Evolution in the context of your prior Knowledge?

Technology and Evolution:

Technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge, tools, and techniques to solve practical
problems and enhance human capabilities. It encompasses a wide range of advancements, from
simple tools to complex systems, that have transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the
world around us.

The evolution of technology can be described as the continuous process of developing, improving, and
innovating new technologies to meet the changing needs and demands of society. This process is
driven by various factors, including:

1. Scientific discoveries and research: Breakthroughs in scientific understanding pave the way for new
technological innovations.

2. Social and cultural influences: The needs, preferences, and values of individuals and communities
shape the development and adoption of new technologies.

3. Economic factors: The availability of resources, market demands, and financial incentives can
accelerate or hinder technological progress.

4. Technological convergence: The integration and synergy of different technologies to create more
advanced and comprehensive solutions.

5. Globalization and collaboration: The interconnected world facilitates the sharing of knowledge,
ideas, and resources, accelerating technological advancement.

The evolution of technology can be observed across various domains, such as:

1. Information and communication technology (ICT): Advancements in computers, smartphones, the

internet, and digital networks have revolutionized how we access, process, and share information.

2. Transportation: Developments in vehicles, infrastructure, and energy sources have transformed the
way we travel and move goods.

3. Healthcare: Innovations in medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and diagnostic tools have improved
the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
4. Energy and sustainability: Renewable energy sources, energy-efficient technologies, and sustainable
practices have emerged to address environmental concerns.

5. Manufacturing and automation: Robotics, automation, and advanced manufacturing techniques

have increased productivity, efficiency, and precision.

The evolution of technology is a dynamic and ongoing process, with new breakthroughs and
innovations constantly emerging. As technology continues to evolve, it has the potential to address
global challenges, enhance human well-being, and shape the future of our societies.

2. What is Data, information, knowledge and data Science? Define the role of data in emerging
technology?

Data, Information, Knowledge, and Data Science:

1.Data

- Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts, figures, or observations that are collected and stored.

- Data can exist in various forms, such as numbers, text, images, audio, or video.

- Data on its own has limited meaning or context.

2. Information

- Information is data that has been processed, organized, and presented in a meaningful way.

- Information is data that has been given context, such as through analysis, interpretation, or
presentation.

- Information helps to answer questions, support decision-making, and provide insights.

3 Knowledge.

- Knowledge is the understanding and awareness gained from the accumulation of information and
experience.

- Knowledge involves the ability to apply information, make connections, and draw conclusions.

- Knowledge can be explicit (formally documented) or tacit (based on personal experiences and
insights).

4.Data Science

- Data science is an interdisciplinary field that combines statistics, mathematics, computer science, and
domain-specific knowledge to extract insights and knowledge from data.
 - Data scientists use various techniques, such as data mining, machine learning, and data visualization,
to analyze and interpret data.

- The goal of data science is to transform data into actionable insights that can inform decision-making
and drive innovation.

The role of data in emerging technology :

Data plays a crucial role in the development and advancement of emerging technologies, such as:

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML):

- AI and ML rely on large, high-quality datasets to train algorithms and models.

- The availability and quality of data are essential for the development of intelligent systems that can
learn and make decisions.

2. Internet of Things (IoT):

- IoT devices are designed to collect and transmit vast amounts of data from sensors and connected
devices.

- This data is used for real-time monitoring, decision-making, and optimization of processes and
systems.

3. Big Data Analytics:

- The exponential growth of data from various sources, including IoT, social media, and enterprise
systems, has led to the rise of big data analytics.

- Big data analytics enables organizations to extract valuable insights and make data-driven decisions.

4. Blockchain:

- Blockchain technology relies on a distributed, decentralized ledger of transactions that is immutable

and secure.

- The data recorded on the blockchain is a crucial component for enabling trust, transparency, and
traceability in various applications.

5. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):

- AR and VR technologies rely on data, such as spatial information, user preferences, and real-time
sensor data, to create immersive and interactive experiences.

As emerging technologies continue to evolve, the role of data will become increasingly crucial in driving
innovation, improving decision-making, and enhancing user experiences.
3. Discuss and elaborate cloud computing, its application and its service?

Cloud Computing: Applications and Services

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing resources (such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.

Applications of Cloud Computing:

1. Software as a Service (SaaS):

- SaaS provides access to software applications over the internet, eliminating the need for local
software installation and maintenance.

- Examples: Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), Microsoft 365, Salesforce, Zoom, Dropbox.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):

- PaaS provides a platform for developing, testing, and deploying applications, including the underlying
infrastructure.

- Examples: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Beanstalk,
Heroku.

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

- IaaS provides on-demand access to fundamental computing resources, such as virtual machines,
storage, and networking.

- Examples: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines, Google Compute
Engine.

4. Serverless Computing:

- Serverless computing is a cloud computing execution model where the cloud provider manages the
server infrastructure, and developers can focus on building and running their applications.

- Examples: AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions, Microsoft Azure Functions.

5. Big Data and Analytics:

- Cloud-based platforms provide scalable and cost-effective solutions for storing, processing, and
analyzing large datasets.

- Examples: Amazon Athena, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics.

6. Internet of Things (IoT):

- Cloud computing enables the collection, processing, and storage of data generated by IoT devices, as
well as the deployment of IoT applications and services.

- Examples: AWS IoT Core, Microsoft Azure IoT Hub, Google Cloud IoT Core.

7. Backup and Disaster Recovery:

- Cloud-based solutions offer reliable and scalable options for data backup, archiving, and disaster
recovery.

- Examples: Amazon S3, Microsoft Azure Backup, Google Cloud Storage.

Cloud Computing Service Models:

1. Software as a Service (SaaS):

- The provider manages the underlying infrastructure, software, and applications.

- Users access the software through a web browser or mobile app.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):

- The provider manages the underlying infrastructure and platform, including the operating system,
middleware, and runtime environment.

- Developers can focus on building and deploying their applications.

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

- The provider manages the underlying infrastructure, such as servers, storage, and networking.

- Users can provision and manage their own virtual machines, storage, and networking.

The adoption of cloud computing has been driven by its benefits, including scalability, flexibility, cost-
effectiveness, and accessibility. As cloud computing continues to evolve, it is expected to play an
increasingly crucial role in enabling digital transformation and supporting the growth of emerging
technologies
4. What is Artificial intelligence? List application of Artificial intelligence? Discuss the roles, benefits, and
drawbacks of artificial intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the broad field of computer science that focuses on creating
intelligent machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as
learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and perception.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in agriculture

➢ Agriculture is an area that requires various resources, labor, money, and time for the

best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.

Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.
AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

2. Image and Speech Recognition: AI techniques are used to analyze and interpret images, videos, and
audio, enabling applications like facial recognition, language translation, and voice-to-text conversion.

3. Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars and drones rely on AI algorithms to perceive their
surroundings, make decisions, and navigate safely.

4. Personalized Recommendations: AI algorithms analyze user data to provide personalized

recommendations for products, content, and services, as seen in e-commerce and streaming platforms.

5. Predictive Analytics: AI can be used to analyze large datasets and identify patterns, trends, and
relationships, enabling predictive modeling and forecasting in various industries.

6. Robotics and Automation: AI is integrated into robotic systems, enabling them to perform tasks with
greater precision, speed, and efficiency, particularly in manufacturing and industrial settings.

7. Healthcare: AI is used in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, patient monitoring, and personalized
treatment planning, improving healthcare outcomes.

Roles, Benefits, and Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence:

Roles of AI:

- Automation: AI can automate repetitive and tedious tasks, improving efficiency and productivity.

- Decision-making: AI can analyze complex data and provide recommendations or make decisions, often
faster and more consistently than humans.

- Personalization: AI can tailor experiences, products, and services to individual preferences and needs.

- Innovation: AI can be used to generate new ideas, discover novel solutions, and drive innovation in
various fields.

Benefits of AI:

- Improved Efficiency and Productivity: AI can perform tasks more quickly and consistently than humans.

- Enhanced Decision-making: AI can analyze vast amounts of data and provide insights to support
decision-making.

- Personalization and Customization: AI can create personalized experiences and tailored solutions.

- Cost Savings: AI can automate tasks, reducing the need for human labor and overhead.

Drawbacks of AI:

- Ethical Concerns: The use of AI raises ethical questions related to privacy, bias, transparency, and the
impact on employment.

- Technological Limitations: Current AI systems have limitations in terms of general intelligence,

common sense reasoning, and the ability to learn and adapt.

- Dependency and Vulnerability: Over-reliance on AI systems can make organizations vulnerable to

system failures or malicious attacks.

5. What is Internet of things? Explain the features of the internet of things (IoT) what do IoT roles in
our day-to-day lives of people and organizations, discuss the components, applications, and
architectures of Internet of Things (IoT)?

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, home
appliances, and other items embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enables
them to connect and exchange data over the internet. IoT allows these devices to collect and
 share data, leading to increased automation, efficiency, and convenience in various aspects of
our lives.

Features of Internet of Things (IoT):

• AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of
life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can
mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and
your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.

• Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking and specifically IoT networking,
mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much
smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between
its system devices.

• Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments
thattransform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of
real-world integration.8

• Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens

through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or
service engagement.

Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over
time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility8

Roles of Internet of Things (IoT) in Day-to-Day Lives:

- Smart Home: IoT devices like smart thermostats, lights, and security cameras enhance home
automation and security.

- Healthcare: IoT-enabled medical devices can monitor patients' health remotely and provide real-time
data to healthcare providers.

- Transportation: IoT technologies enable tracking and monitoring of vehicles, traffic management, and
predictive maintenance.

- Agriculture: IoT sensors in farms help optimize irrigation, monitor crop health, and improve yields.

- Retail: IoT devices like RFID tags and beacons enhance inventory management, customer engagement,
and personalized shopping experiences.

Components of Internet of Things (IoT):

1. Devices: Physical objects embedded with sensors and connectivity.

2. Connectivity: Networks that enable communication between IoT devices.

3. Data Processing: Platforms for collecting, storing, and analyzing IoT data.

4. Applications: Software interfaces for users to interact with IoT devices and data.

Applications of Internet of Things (IoT):

- Smart Cities: IoT technologies improve urban infrastructure, transportation systems, and public
services.

- Industrial IoT (IIoT): IoT in manufacturing enables predictive maintenance, asset tracking, and process
optimization.

- Environmental Monitoring: IoT sensors monitor air quality, water levels, and weather conditions for
environmental management.

- Wearable Technology: IoT devices like fitness trackers and smartwatches track health metrics and
provide personalized insights.

Architectures of Internet of Things (IoT):

1. Device Layer: Physical IoT devices with sensors and actuators.

2. Connectivity Layer: Networks like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular for device communication.

3. Data Processing Layer: Cloud or edge computing platforms for data storage and analysis.

4. Application Layer: User interfaces or applications for interacting with IoT devices and data.

In conclusion, the Internet of Things (IoT) plays a significant role in transforming how we interact with
technology and the world around us. By connecting devices and enabling data exchange, IoT enhances
efficiency, convenience, and innovation in both personal and organizational settings.

6. Compare and contrast the Augmented Reality, virtual Reality and Mixed Reality?

Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mixed Reality (MR) are all immersive
technologies that alter our perception of the physical world, but they do so in different ways.
Here's a comparison and contrast of these three technologies:

1. Augmented Reality (AR):

- Definition: AR overlays digital information or virtual objects onto the real-world environment.

- Interaction: Users can interact with both the physical and digital elements simultaneously.

- Examples: AR is commonly used in mobile apps, heads-up displays in cars, and in marketing campaigns.

- Devices: AR experiences can be accessed through smartphones, tablets, smart glasses, and other
wearable devices.
- Use Case: AR is often used for enhancing real-world experiences, such as providing additional
information about products or displaying navigation instructions.

2. Virtual Reality (VR):

- Definition: VR creates a completely immersive, computer-generated environment that replaces the

real world.

- Interaction: Users are fully immersed in the virtual environment and typically cannot see the physical
world around them.

- Examples: VR is used in gaming, simulations, training programs, and virtual tours.

- Devices: VR experiences are typically accessed through headsets or goggles that completely cover the
user's field of view.

- Use Case: VR is used to create immersive experiences that transport users to entirely new
environments or scenarios.

3. Mixed Reality (MR):

- Definition: MR combines elements of both AR and VR, allowing digital objects to interact with the real
world and vice versa.

- Interaction: MR blends virtual and physical environments, enabling users to interact with both
simultaneously.

- Examples: MR is used in industrial design, training simulations, and interactive educational

experiences.

- Devices: MR experiences are accessed through specialized headsets or smart glasses that overlay
digital content onto the user's view of the real world.

- Use Case: MR is used to create interactive experiences where digital and physical elements coexist and
interact in real time.

Comparison:

- All three technologies aim to enhance human perception and interaction with the environment
through digital means.

- They have applications in entertainment, education, healthcare, manufacturing, and other industries.

Contrast:

- AR adds digital elements to the real world, VR creates a fully immersive virtual environment, and MR
blends virtual and physical worlds.
- AR and MR allow users to interact with the real world, while VR isolates users from the physical
environment.

- AR and MR are often accessible through mobile devices or smart glasses, while VR typically requires
dedicated headsets for immersion.

In summary, while AR, VR, and MR share the goal of enhancing human experiences through digital
means, they achieve this in distinct ways, each with its unique applications and use cases.

7. Discuss briefly the applications of Augmented Reality System and its common features?

Applications of Augmented Reality (AR) Systems:

1. Educational Purpose: AR supplements educational sector the following benefits

¨ Affordable learning materials

¨ Interactive lessons

¨ Higher engagement

¨ Higher retention

¨ Boost intellectual curiosity11

2. Medical Purpose: AR provides Health and medical sector the following benefits:

¨ Describing symptoms

¨ Nursing care

¨ Surgery

¨ Ultrasounds

¨ Diabetes management

¨ Navigation11

3. AR in Entertainment: AR could be used in various entertainment activities.

¨ Games

¨ Music

¨ Tv

¨ esports

¨ theater11
 Common Features of Augmented Reality Systems:

1. Marker-Based Tracking: AR systems use markers, such as QR codes or image targets, to detect and
track physical objects for overlaying digital content.

2. Object Recognition: AR systems can recognize real-world objects and overlay relevant information or
animations on top of them.

3. Geolocation: AR systems use GPS data to place digital content at specific locations in the physical
world, enabling location-based AR experiences.

4. Motion Tracking: AR systems track the user's movements and gestures to interact with virtual objects
or navigate through AR environments.

5. Real-Time Rendering: AR systems render digital content in real time, ensuring that virtual objects align
seamlessly with the physical environment.

6. Interaction Techniques: AR systems support various interaction methods, such as touch gestures,
voice commands, or hand tracking, to manipulate virtual elements.

7. Multiplatform Support: AR systems are designed to work across different devices, including
smartphones, tablets, smart glasses, and headsets, to reach a wide audience.

These common features enable AR systems to create engaging and interactive experiences that blend
digital content with the real world seamlessly.

8. What did you consider the set of rules and ethics in technology usage in private, organizations, and
groups? Who will be responsible for the ethics of technology usage discuss briefly?

In the context of technology usage in private, organizations, and groups, it is essential to consider a set
of rules and ethics to ensure responsible and ethical use of technology. Some key considerations
include:

1. Privacy: Respecting individuals' privacy rights and ensuring that personal data is handled securely and
in compliance with relevant regulations (such as GDPR or CCPA).

2. Security: Implementing measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or cyber
threats, including regular security audits and updates.

3. Transparency: Being transparent about how technology is used, what data is collected, and for what
purposes, to build trust with users and stakeholders.

4. Accountability: Holding individuals and organizations accountable for their actions related to
technology usage, including addressing any negative impacts or consequences.

5. Fairness: Ensuring that technology is used in a fair and unbiased manner, without discriminating
against individuals based on factors such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status.
6. Accessibility: Making technology accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities, to
ensure equal opportunities for participation and engagement.

7. Sustainability: Considering the environmental impact of technology usage and adopting sustainable
practices to minimize energy consumption and waste.

Responsibility for upholding the ethics of technology usage lies with a combination of
stakeholders, including:

1. Individuals: Users have a responsibility to use technology ethically and responsibly, respecting others'
rights and following established guidelines for safe and respectful behavior.

2. Organizations: Companies and institutions are responsible for implementing policies and practices
that promote ethical technology usage, including training employees, conducting risk assessments, and
fostering a culture of accountability.

3. Regulators: Government agencies and regulatory bodies play a role in setting standards and enforcing
laws related to technology usage, ensuring compliance with legal requirements and protecting
individuals' rights.

4. Technology Developers: Developers have a responsibility to design and create technology that aligns
with ethical principles, such as privacy by design, security best practices, and user-centric design.

By considering these rules and ethics in technology usage, individuals, organizations, and groups can
contribute to a more responsible and ethical digital environment that benefits society as a whole.

9. Discuss Biotechnology, block chain technology, and computer vision with their applications?

1. Biotechnology:

Biotechnology involves the use of biological systems, organisms, or derivatives to develop

products or processes for various applications.

Some key applications of biotechnology includes:

➢ Agriculture (Green Biotechnology): Biotechnology had contributed a lot to modify the genes of the
organism known as Genetically Modified Organisms such as Crops, Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria,
etc13. Genetically modified crops are formed by the manipulation of DNA to introduce a new trait into
the crops. These manipulations are done to introduce traits such as pest resistance, insect resistance,
weed resistance, etc.13

➢ Medicine (Medicinal Biotechnology): This helps in the formation of genetically modified insulin
known as humulin. This helps in the treatment of a large number of diabetes patients. It has also given
rise to a technique known as gene therapy. Gene therapy is a technique to remove the genetic defect in
an embryo or child. This technique involves the transfer of a normal gene that works over the non-
functional gene.
➢ Aquaculture Fisheries: It helps in improving the quality and quantity of fishes. Through
biotechnology, fishes are induced to breed via gonadotropin-releasing hormone.14

➢ Environment (Environmental biotechnology): is used in waste treatment and pollution prevention.

Environmental biotechnology can more efficiently clean up many wastes than conventional methods
and greatly reduce our dependence on methods for land-based disposal. Every organism ingests
nutrients to live and produces by-products as a result. Different organisms need different types of
nutrients. Some bacteria thrive on the chemical components of waste products. Environmental
engineers use bioremediation, the broadest application of environmental biotechnology, in two basic
ways. They introduce nutrients to stimulate the activity of bacteria already present in the soil at a waste
site or add new bacteria to the soil. The bacteria digest the waste at the site and turn it into harmless
byproducts. After the bacteria consume the waste materials, they die off or return to their normal
population levels in the environment.14

2. Blockchain Technology:

Blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed ledger system that securely records
transactions across a network of computers.

Some key applications of blockchain technology include:

- Cryptocurrency: Blockchain is the underlying technology behind cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and
Ethereum, enabling secure peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries.

- Supply Chain Management: Blockchain is used to track and authenticate products throughout the
supply chain, ensuring transparency, traceability, and authenticity of goods.

- Smart Contracts: Blockchain enables the creation of self-executing smart contracts that automatically
enforce terms and conditions without the need for intermediaries, reducing transaction costs and
increasing efficiency.

3. Computer Vision:

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that enables computers to interpret and
understand visual information from the real world.

Some key applications of computer vision include:

- Image Recognition: Computer vision algorithms can analyze and recognize objects, patterns, and faces
in images or videos, enabling applications like facial recognition, object detection, and image tagging.

- Autonomous Vehicles: Computer vision is used in autonomous vehicles to perceive the surrounding
environment, detect obstacles, and make decisions based on real-time visual data to navigate safely.

- Medical Imaging: Computer vision is applied in medical imaging technologies like MRI, CT scans, and X-
rays to assist in diagnosis, treatment planning, and medical research.
Overall, biotechnology, blockchain technology, and computer vision have diverse applications across
various industries, offering innovative solutions to complex challenges and driving advancements in
technology and society.

10. Discuss cyber security and its application? How did you see Ethiopian technology usage and
security levels?

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from cyber
threats, such as cyberattacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access. It involves implementing
security measures, policies, and technologies to safeguard digital assets and ensure the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.

Some key aspects of cybersecurity and its applications include:

- Network Security: Network security focuses on securing computer networks from unauthorized access,
malware, and other cyber threats. It involves implementing firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and
encryption protocols to protect network infrastructure and data transmission.

- Endpoint Security: Endpoint security aims to secure individual devices, such as computers,
smartphones, and IoT devices, from cyber threats. It involves deploying antivirus software, encryption
tools, and endpoint detection and response solutions to protect endpoints from malware and
unauthorized access.

- Data Security: Data security involves protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access, disclosure, or
alteration. It includes implementing data encryption, access control mechanisms, and data loss
prevention solutions to safeguard data at rest and in transit.

- Application Security: Application security focuses on securing software applications from vulnerabilities
and exploits that could be used by attackers to compromise systems or steal data. It involves conducting
code reviews, penetration testing, and implementing secure coding practices to mitigate security risks.

When it comes to Ethiopian technology usage and security levels, it is important to note that
cybersecurity is a global concern, and countries around the world face similar challenges in
protecting their digital infrastructure. In Ethiopia, as in many developing countries, there are
ongoing efforts to enhance cybersecurity capabilities and address cyber threats effectively.
Some initiatives include:

- Establishing Cybersecurity Policies: The Ethiopian government has been working on developing
cybersecurity policies, strategies, and regulations to improve cybersecurity awareness, readiness, and
response capabilities.

- Building Cybersecurity Capacity: Efforts are being made to build cybersecurity capacity through training
programs, workshops, and partnerships with international organizations to enhance the skills and
knowledge of cybersecurity professionals in Ethiopia.
- Enhancing Cyber Incident Response: Initiatives are underway to strengthen cyber incident response
capabilities by establishing Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) and coordinating responses
to cyber incidents to mitigate their impact.

Overall, while there are challenges in cybersecurity in Ethiopia, efforts are being made to improve
technology usage and security levels through policy development, capacity building, and collaboration
with stakeholders to enhance cybersecurity resilience and protect digital assets in the country.