Form 1 Notes

Introduction
What is Building Technology and Design?

It is the study of practical and theoretical aspects of construction technology and design.
Why do we study building at school?
It give us opportunities to acquire basic theoretical and practical skills applying scientific,
mathematical and technological concepts to solve practical problems.
Advancement in building
Diagram
New terms used in building
Bricks_ walling units measuring 230 X 115 X 75 made from earth and cement used in wall
construction.
Bonding _ is the arrangement of bricks in a defined pattern so that they can act as a whole in
sustaining the loads.
Dry bonding_ is the arrangement of bricks without mortar.
Course - a line of bricks laid horizontally.
Building tools
All tools used in building are classified as follows:
Mortar tools, cutting tools, measuring tools, Digging tools.
Mortar tools
1)A bricklayer’s trowel
Diagram.
Uses
_ Picking mortar from the mortar board.
_ Placing mortar spreading and joggling it.
_Knocking bricks into position.
_Rough cutting of soft bricks.
Care
_Should not be used in cutting hard bricks
_ It must be cleaned by washing in water and dried.
_Do not knock bricks into position using the stopper this will cause wearing.
_It must be oiled if it is going to be used for a long time.
2 Pointing trowel
_a small trowel which is used for pointing and jointing brick work.it must be washed after a
day's work just like a trowel.
3 Hawk board
Diagram
_holding small quantities of mortar during plastering.

_must be washed after a day's work.
4 Steel float
Diagram
_application of mortar when plastering and making a smooth floor finish.
_usually called a plastering trowel.
_must be washed after a day's work.
5 Wooden float
_to make an even finish on plaster and floors.
_it must be washed after a day's work.
6 Jointer
Diagram
_perp and bed Jointer are used to make tooled jointing to brick work.
7 Builders bucket
_carrying water and mortar on site.
8 Wheel barrow
_carrying materials on site and measuring aggregates.
It must be washed and the wheel axel must be oiled.
Alignment tools
1)Spirit level
Diagram.
Uses
_ Plumbing, leveling and aligning to ensure that work is vertical or horizontal.
Care
It must not be washed in water because water may enter the bubbles making it difficult to
observe.
_do not drop the tool because tubes may break.
_do not expose the tool to high temperature because evaporation can damage the bubbles.
_use a wet cloth to wipe off dirt after use.
2 Straight edge
_a straight metal or timber piece which is used to check the straightness of walls
3 Gauge rod
_a piece of timber with markings which show course height.
_it is used to ensure that courses have a uniform height.
4 Lines and pins
_align and level work between two corners of a building.
_to transfer levels between 2 corners
_it must be rolled after use.
5 Square
_a 2-corner tool used to square the outside corners of the wall.
CUTTING TOOLS
1 Comb hammer
_cutting bricks into required sizes and producing grooves on walls.
2 Bolster
_used with a club hammer to cut bricks.
_it must be dusted after work.
3 Club hammer
_used to demolish, chess and cut bricks with a bolster and a chisel.
4 Cold chisel
_making holes on walls.
5 Brick hammer
_used like a club hammer.
Digging tools
1 Mattock
_used for both digging and cutting roots.
2 Pick
_used for digging.
3 Shovel
_ used to mix mortar.
4 Spade
_used to straighten up foundation trenches
DIAGRAMS
chapter 3 Building Today
Safety
_it is the precautionary measure taken to avoid accidents on site.
Accident
_an unplanned and undesired event which can result in injury or death to people and damage to
property and equipment.
_This is ensured through
1 appropriate clothing.
2 behavior.
3 maintaining order on site.
4 safe use of tools.
5 correct storage and handling of materials.
(1)
clothing Body part
_Helmate. Head
_Earmuffs. Ears
_Googles. Eyes
_Gloves. Hands
_Safety shoes. Feet
_Respirators. Nose
2 Behavior on site.
_people on site should avoid unsafe acts.
_running around.
_Fighting using tools.
_Blocking ways using their bodies.
_Drop tools from above.
_Throwing sharp tools to each other.
_ Keeping sharp objects in pockets.
_ Failure to obey safety laws.
_ Teasing each other.
_ Working on running machines.
_ Avoid horse play.
3 Maintaining order on site

_ A clear working space must be created between the wall and the materials.
_ Avoid putting tools on the working space.
_Stop putting sharp materials on the working space.
4 Safe use of tools
_ Tools must be used for the job they are intended.
_ Clean tools to ensure that they last long.
_ Hammer heads should be firmly secured to handles.
_ Do not give tools to workmates by throwing.
5 Correct storage and handling of materials
_ Bricks must be stacked neatly on site.
_ Avoid carrying sharp edged tools in your pockets.
_ Sharp tools must be removed from walkways.

Un safe conditions
_ Avoid in adequate guarding of the working site.
_ Avoid poor lighting.
_ Avoid using makeshift scaffolds.
_ Avoid substandard working environment.
CAREER PROSPECTS.
_ Construction industry has numerous careers which can be pursued provided you have the
required skills and education.
Trade
_ Area of specialization in technical areas.
_ They do the actual work on site (practical).
_ They are trained through apprenticeship in industry, technical colleges and trade tests.
Professionals
_ They do administrative work in building industry.
_ They are mostly university graduates or degreed persons.
1 Architect
_ He designs the building and monitors the project to ensure that drawings are being followed.
2 Quantity surveyor
_ Calculates quantity of material for a project and the cost of the building.
3 Electrical engineer
_ Designs electrical works and monitors all electrical works and installations.
4 Mechanical engineer
_ Designs life systems eg lifts, escalators, sprinklers and plumbing systems.
5 Civil engineer
_ Deals with the structural design of the project.
6 Clark of works
_ A representative of the architect.
_ He ensures that all work is being done according to plan.
7 Contractor or Builder
_ A company which translates the architects drawing in to the actual building.
8 Contract manager
Site deck _ the representative of the contractor on site.
9 General foreman
_ Also known as site foreperson, site manager or project engineer is an experienced person who
supervise all trades on site.
10 Trades foreman
_ A person who is in charge of a certain trade, he ensures that all work is being done according
to plan and standard.
11 Trades
_ They do practical work on site.
Trade Tradesman Job done
1 Bricklaying Bricklayer Laying Bricks and blocks
2 Carpentry Carpenter Uses timber to make
roofs, shattering and
formwork.
3 Joinery Joiner Makes doors and frames.
4 Plumbing Plumber Fixes tapes, sinks etc.
5 Drain laying Drain layer Lays drains of waste pipes
6 Plastering Plasterer Applies plaster and floors
7 Painting Painter Applies paint to walls &
wood.
8 Tiling Tiler Lays roof, wall and floor tiles.
9 Glazing Glazier Fixes glass to Windows

10 Electrical Electrician Fixes electrical wiring
11 Welding Welder Welding metallic members
12 Concreting Concreter Cast and make concrete.
Bonding
Terms she used in Bonding
1 Course_ A complete layer of bricks laid either as header or stretcher course.
2 Brick on edge_ Bricks laid using the 230X115 side as the bed.
3 Brick on end_ Bricks laid using the 75X115
4 Perp joints_ A vertical mortar joint.
5 Quoin_ A corner or external angle of a wall which is 90 degrees
6 Lap_ The horizontal distance which a brick project beyond the one immediately above or
below it, they vary from 1/2 to 1/4 laps/ bricks.
7 Racking back_ A stepped arrangement formed in walls to facilitate continuation at a later date.
8 Toothing_ Gaps formed in alternating courses made for continuation at a later date.
9 Closer_ A cut brick cut longitudinally.
10 Bat_ A cut brick.
11 Bonding_ Arrangement of bricks in a defined pattern so that they can act as a whole in
sustaining the loads.
Reasons
_to ensure stability of walls.
_ to ensure even distribution of loads.
_to ensure pleasing appearance.
_to avoid straight joints.
_to ensure durability to walls.
Types of bonds
1 Stretcher Bond_ It is a bond which consist of stretchers only.
2 English Bond _ It is a bond which consist of alternating courses of headers and stretchers. A
1/4 lap is maintained by introduction of a queen closer next to a quioin header.
Stretcher course Header course Quoin header Queen closer
3 Flemish Bond_ Consist of alternating headers and stretchers in the same course.
4 English Garden Wall Bond_ It is a bond which consist 3 to 5 courses of stretchers followed
by a header course.
Diagrams 3,5 pages.

Broken Bond_ It is an arrangement which is made on a wall when it is not brick size or not to
bond. This calls for a cut brick to be inserted in the middle of the wall.
Diagram
An isometric impression a corner in half brick stretcher bond.
a) Quoin header
b) Bed joints
c) Perp joint
d) Quoin header
e) toothing
g) Racking back
Building materials
Materials are the physical substances used to make buildings.
Aggregates they are granular materials used to make concrete and mortar when mixed with
cement. These include gravel, stone, pitsand river sand and quarry dust.
Coarse aggregates_ These include crushed stones and gravel.
Fine aggregates _River sand and Pit sand.
Requirements of good aggregates
_Well graded
_ Durable not shrink
_No organic matter
_ Clean and free from silt and clay
_Free from oil
Sand
This include river sand and pit sand. River sand is used for flooring and pit sand is used for
bricklaying and plastering. Sand must be free from lumps, organic impurities and silt. To
eliminate these, river sand must be washed and passed through a 5mm sieve.
Tests done for sand cleanness.
FORM I BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN
NOTES

Form 1 Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Form 1 Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Form 1 Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction

What is Building Technology and Design?

_holding small quantities of mortar during plastering.

chapter 3 Building Today

3 Maintaining order on site

_ Sharp tools must be removed from walkways.

9 Glazing Glazier Fixes glass to Windows

Stretcher course Header course Quoin header Queen closer

Diagrams 3,5 pages.

You might also like