APPENDIX D

Standard Normal
Distribution Table
0.3944

z
0 z = 1.25

z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990

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 APPENDIX E Values of e − La
La e − La La e − La La e − La La e − La La e − La
Exponential 0.00 1.0000 2.05 0.1287 4.05 0.0174 6.05 0.0024 8.05 0.0003
Distribution Table 0.05 0.9512 2.10 0.1225 4.10 0.0166 6.10 0.0022 8.10 0.0003
0.10 0.9048 2.15 0.1165 4.15 0.0158 6.15 0.0021 8.15 0.0003
0.15 0.8607 2.20 0.1108 4.20 0.0150 6.20 0.0020 8.20 0.0003
0.20 0.8187 2.25 0.1054 4.25 0.0143 6.25 0.0019 8.25 0.0003
0.25 0.7788 2.30 0.1003 4.30 0.0136 6.30 0.0018 8.30 0.0002
0.30 0.7408 2.35 0.0954 4.35 0.0129 6.35 0.0017 8.35 0.0002
0.35 0.7047 2.40 0.0907 4.40 0.0123 6.40 0.0017 8.40 0.0002
0.40 0.6703 2.45 0.0863 4.45 0.0117 6.45 0.0016 8.45 0.0002
0.45 0.6376 2.50 0.0821 4.50 0.0111 6.50 0.0015 8.50 0.0002
0.50 0.6065 2.55 0.0781 4.55 0.0106 6.55 0.0014 8.55 0.0002
0.55 0.5769 2.60 0.0743 4.60 0.0101 6.60 0.0014 8.60 0.0002
0.60 0.5488 2.65 0.0707 4.65 0.0096 6.65 0.0013 8.65 0.0002
0.65 0.5220 2.70 0.0672 4.70 0.0091 6.70 0.0012 8.70 0.0002
0.70 0.4966 2.75 0.0639 4.75 0.0087 6.75 0.0012 8.75 0.0002
0.75 0.4724 2.80 0.0608 4.80 0.0082 6.80 0.0011 8.80 0.0002
0.80 0.4493 2.85 0.0578 4.85 0.0078 6.85 0.0011 8.85 0.0001
0.85 0.4274 2.90 0.0550 4.90 0.0074 6.90 0.0010 8.90 0.0001
0.90 0.4066 2.95 0.0523 4.95 0.0071 6.95 0.0010 8.95 0.0001
0.95 0.3867 3.00 0.0498 5.00 0.0067 7.00 0.0009 9.00 0.0001
1.00 0.3679 3.05 0.0474 5.05 0.0064 7.05 0.0009 9.05 0.0001
1.05 0.3499 3.10 0.0450 5.10 0.0061 7.10 0.0008 9.10 0.0001
1.10 0.3329 3.15 0.0429 5.15 0.0058 7.15 0.0008 9.15 0.0001
1.15 0.3166 3.20 0.0408 5.20 0.0055 7.20 0.0007 9.20 0.0001
1.20 0.3012 3.25 0.0388 5.25 0.0052 7.25 0.0007 9.25 0.0001
1.25 0.2865 3.30 0.0369 5.30 0.0050 7.30 0.0007 9.30 0.0001
1.30 0.2725 3.35 0.0351 5.35 0.0047 7.35 0.0006 9.35 0.0001
1.35 0.2592 3.40 0.0334 5.40 0.0045 7.40 0.0006 9.40 0.0001
1.40 0.2466 3.45 0.0317 5.45 0.0043 7.45 0.0006 9.45 0.0001
1.45 0.2346 3.50 0.0302 5.50 0.0041 7.50 0.0006 9.50 0.0001
1.50 0.2231 3.55 0.0287 5.55 0.0039 7.55 0.0005 9.55 0.0001
1.55 0.2122 3.60 0.0273 5.60 0.0037 7.60 0.0005 9.60 0.0001
1.60 0.2019 3.65 0.0260 5.65 0.0035 7.65 0.0005 9.65 0.0001
1.65 0.1920 3.70 0.0247 5.70 0.0033 7.70 0.0005 9.70 0.0001
1.70 0.1827 3.75 0.0235 5.75 0.0032 7.75 0.0004 9.75 0.0001
1.75 0.1738 3.80 0.0224 5.80 0.0030 7.80 0.0004 9.80 0.0001
1.80 0.1653 3.85 0.0213 5.85 0.0029 7.85 0.0004 9.85 0.0001
1.85 0.1572 3.90 0.0202 5.90 0.0027 7.90 0.0004 9.90 0.0001
1.90 0.1496 3.95 0.0193 5.95 0.0026 7.95 0.0004 9.95 0.0000
1.95 0.1423 4.00 0.0183 6.00 0.0025 8.00 0.0003 10.00 0.0000
2.00 0.1353

765

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 APPENDIX F
df = 10
Values of t for df = 10

Selected Probabilities
0.05 0.05
0.05 0.05

tt
t = –1.8125
t = –1.8125 0 0 t t==1.8125
1.8125

Probabilites (Or Areas Under t-Distribution Curve)

Conf. Level 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.98 0.99
One Tail 0.45 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two Tails 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
d. f. Values of t
1 0.1584 0.5095 1.0000 1.9626 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567
2 0.1421 0.4447 0.8165 1.3862 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248
3 0.1366 0.4242 0.7649 1.2498 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409
4 0.1338 0.4142 0.7407 1.1896 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041
5 0.1322 0.4082 0.7267 1.1558 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321
6 0.1311 0.4043 0.7176 1.1342 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074
7 0.1303 0.4015 0.7111 1.1192 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995
8 0.1297 0.3995 0.7064 1.1081 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554
9 0.1293 0.3979 0.7027 1.0997 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498
10 0.1289 0.3966 0.6998 1.0931 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693
11 0.1286 0.3956 0.6974 1.0877 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058
12 0.1283 0.3947 0.6955 1.0832 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545
13 0.1281 0.3940 0.6938 1.0795 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123
14 0.1280 0.3933 0.6924 1.0763 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768
15 0.1278 0.3928 0.6912 1.0735 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467
16 0.1277 0.3923 0.6901 1.0711 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208
17 0.1276 0.3919 0.6892 1.0690 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982
18 0.1274 0.3915 0.6884 1.0672 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784
19 0.1274 0.3912 0.6876 1.0655 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609
20 0.1273 0.3909 0.6870 1.0640 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453
21 0.1272 0.3906 0.6864 1.0627 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314
22 0.1271 0.3904 0.6858 1.0614 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188
23 0.1271 0.3902 0.6853 1.0603 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073
24 0.1270 0.3900 0.6848 1.0593 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969
25 0.1269 0.3898 0.6844 1.0584 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874
26 0.1269 0.3896 0.6840 1.0575 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787
27 0.1268 0.3894 0.6837 1.0567 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707
28 0.1268 0.3893 0.6834 1.0560 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633
29 0.1268 0.3892 0.6830 1.0553 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564
30 0.1267 0.3890 0.6828 1.0547 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500
40 0.1265 0.3881 0.6807 1.0500 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045
50 0.1263 0.3875 0.6794 1.0473 1.2987 1.6759 2.0086 2.4033 2.6778
60 0.1262 0.3872 0.6786 1.0455 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603
70 0.1261 0.3869 0.6780 1.0442 1.2938 1.6669 1.9944 2.3808 2.6479
80 0.1261 0.3867 0.6776 1.0432 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387
90 0.1260 0.3866 0.6772 1.0424 1.2910 1.6620 1.9867 2.3685 2.6316
100 0.1260 0.3864 0.6770 1.0418 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259
250 0.1258 0.3858 0.6755 1.0386 1.2849 1.6510 1.9695 2.3414 2.5956
500 0.1257 0.3855 0.6750 1.0375 1.2832 1.6479 1.9647 2.3338 2.5857
` 0.1257 0.3853 0.6745 1.0364 1.2816 1.6449 1.9600 2.3263 2.5758

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 f(x2)
APPENDIX G
df = 5
Values of x2 for
Selected Probabilities 0.10

x2
x2 = 9.2363

PROBABILITIES (OR AREAS UNDER CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION CURVE

ABOVE GIVEN CHI-SQUARE VALUES)
0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
df Values of Chi-Squared
1 0.0000 0.0002 0.0010 0.0039 0.0158 2.7055 3.8415 5.0239 6.6349 7.8794
2 0.0100 0.0201 0.0506 0.1026 0.2107 4.6052 5.9915 7.3778 9.2104 10.5965
3 0.0717 0.1148 0.2158 0.3518 0.5844 6.2514 7.8147 9.3484 11.3449 12.8381
4 0.2070 0.2971 0.4844 0.7107 1.0636 7.7794 9.4877 11.1433 13.2767 14.8602
5 0.4118 0.5543 0.8312 1.1455 1.6103 9.2363 11.0705 12.8325 15.0863 16.7496
6 0.6757 0.8721 1.2373 1.6354 2.2041 10.6446 12.5916 14.4494 16.8119 18.5475
7 0.9893 1.2390 1.6899 2.1673 2.8331 12.0170 14.0671 16.0128 18.4753 20.2777
8 1.3444 1.6465 2.1797 2.7326 3.4895 13.3616 15.5073 17.5345 20.0902 21.9549
9 1.7349 2.0879 2.7004 3.3251 4.1682 14.6837 16.9190 19.0228 21.6660 23.5893
10 2.1558 2.5582 3.2470 3.9403 4.8652 15.9872 18.3070 20.4832 23.2093 25.1881
11 2.6032 3.0535 3.8157 4.5748 5.5778 17.2750 19.6752 21.9200 24.7250 26.7569
12 3.0738 3.5706 4.4038 5.2260 6.3038 18.5493 21.0261 23.3367 26.2170 28.2997
13 3.5650 4.1069 5.0087 5.8919 7.0415 19.8119 22.3620 24.7356 27.6882 29.8193
14 4.0747 4.6604 5.6287 6.5706 7.7895 21.0641 23.6848 26.1189 29.1412 31.3194
15 4.6009 5.2294 6.2621 7.2609 8.5468 22.3071 24.9958 27.4884 30.5780 32.8015
16 5.1422 5.8122 6.9077 7.9616 9.3122 23.5418 26.2962 28.8453 31.9999 34.2671
17 5.6973 6.4077 7.5642 8.6718 10.0852 24.7690 27.5871 30.1910 33.4087 35.7184
18 6.2648 7.0149 8.2307 9.3904 10.8649 25.9894 28.8693 31.5264 34.8052 37.1564
19 6.8439 7.6327 8.9065 10.1170 11.6509 27.2036 30.1435 32.8523 36.1908 38.5821
20 7.4338 8.2604 9.5908 10.8508 12.4426 28.4120 31.4104 34.1696 37.5663 39.9969
21 8.0336 8.8972 10.2829 11.5913 13.2396 29.6151 32.6706 35.4789 38.9322 41.4009
22 8.6427 9.5425 10.9823 12.3380 14.0415 30.8133 33.9245 36.7807 40.2894 42.7957
23 9.2604 10.1957 11.6885 13.0905 14.8480 32.0069 35.1725 38.0756 41.6383 44.1814
24 9.8862 10.8563 12.4011 13.8484 15.6587 33.1962 36.4150 39.3641 42.9798 45.5584
25 10.5196 11.5240 13.1197 14.6114 16.4734 34.3816 37.6525 40.6465 44.3140 46.9280
26 11.1602 12.1982 13.8439 15.3792 17.2919 35.5632 38.8851 41.9231 45.6416 48.2898
27 11.8077 12.8785 14.5734 16.1514 18.1139 36.7412 40.1133 43.1945 46.9628 49.6450
28 12.4613 13.5647 15.3079 16.9279 18.9392 37.9159 41.3372 44.4608 48.2782 50.9936
29 13.1211 14.2564 16.0471 17.7084 19.7677 39.0875 42.5569 45.7223 49.5878 52.3355
30 13.7867 14.9535 16.7908 18.4927 20.5992 40.2560 43.7730 46.9792 50.8922 53.6719

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 f(F )
APPENDIX H df = D1 = 5
D2 = 10
F-Distribution
Table: Upper 5% 0.05
Probability (or 5%
Area) under
F
F-Distribution F = 3.326
Curve

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 161.446 199.499 215.707 224.583 230.160 233.988 236.767 238.884 240.543 241.882
2 18.513 19.000 19.164 19.247 19.296 19.329 19.353 19.371 19.385 19.396
3 10.128 9.552 9.277 9.117 9.013 8.941 8.887 8.845 8.812 8.785
4 7.709 6.944 6.591 6.388 6.256 6.163 6.094 6.041 5.999 5.964
5 6.608 5.786 5.409 5.192 5.050 4.950 4.876 4.818 4.772 4.735
6 5.987 5.143 4.757 4.534 4.387 4.284 4.207 4.147 4.099 4.060
7 5.591 4.737 4.347 4.120 3.972 3.866 3.787 3.726 3.677 3.637
8 5.318 4.459 4.066 3.838 3.688 3.581 3.500 3.438 3.388 3.347
9 5.117 4.256 3.863 3.633 3.482 3.374 3.293 3.230 3.179 3.137
10 4.965 4.103 3.708 3.478 3.326 3.217 3.135 3.072 3.020 2.978
11 4.844 3.982 3.587 3.357 3.204 3.095 3.012 2.948 2.896 2.854
12 4.747 3.885 3.490 3.259 3.106 2.996 2.913 2.849 2.796 2.753
13 4.667 3.806 3.411 3.179 3.025 2.915 2.832 2.767 2.714 2.671
14 4.600 3.739 3.344 3.112 2.958 2.848 2.764 2.699 2.646 2.602
15 4.543 3.682 3.287 3.056 2.901 2.790 2.707 2.641 2.588 2.544
16 4.494 3.634 3.239 3.007 2.852 2.741 2.657 2.591 2.538 2.494
17 4.451 3.592 3.197 2.965 2.810 2.699 2.614 2.548 2.494 2.450
18 4.414 3.555 3.160 2.928 2.773 2.661 2.577 2.510 2.456 2.412
19 4.381 3.522 3.127 2.895 2.740 2.628 2.544 2.477 2.423 2.378
20 4.351 3.493 3.098 2.866 2.711 2.599 2.514 2.447 2.393 2.348
24 4.260 3.403 3.009 2.776 2.621 2.508 2.423 2.355 2.300 2.255
30 4.171 3.316 2.922 2.690 2.534 2.421 2.334 2.266 2.211 2.165
40 4.085 3.232 2.839 2.606 2.449 2.336 2.249 2.180 2.124 2.077
50 4.034 3.183 2.790 2.557 2.400 2.286 2.199 2.130 2.073 2.026
100 3.936 3.087 2.696 2.463 2.305 2.191 2.103 2.032 1.975 1.927
200 3.888 3.041 2.650 2.417 2.259 2.144 2.056 1.985 1.927 1.878
300 3.873 3.026 2.635 2.402 2.244 2.129 2.040 1.969 1.911 1.862

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 242.981 243.905 244.690 245.363 245.949 246.466 246.917 247.324 247.688 248.016
2 19.405 19.412 19.419 19.424 19.429 19.433 19.437 19.440 19.443 19.446
3 8.763 8.745 8.729 8.715 8.703 8.692 8.683 8.675 8.667 8.660
4 5.936 5.912 5.891 5.873 5.858 5.844 5.832 5.821 5.811 5.803
5 4.704 4.678 4.655 4.636 4.619 4.604 4.590 4.579 4.568 4.558
6 4.027 4.000 3.976 3.956 3.938 3.922 3.908 3.896 3.884 3.874
7 3.603 3.575 3.550 3.529 3.511 3.494 3.480 3.467 3.455 3.445
8 3.313 3.284 3.259 3.237 3.218 3.202 3.187 3.173 3.161 3.150
9 3.102 3.073 3.048 3.025 3.006 2.989 2.974 2.960 2.948 2.936
10 2.943 2.913 2.887 2.865 2.845 2.828 2.812 2.798 2.785 2.774
11 2.818 2.788 2.761 2.739 2.719 2.701 2.685 2.671 2.658 2.646
12 2.717 2.687 2.660 2.637 2.617 2.599 2.583 2.568 2.555 2.544
13 2.635 2.604 2.577 2.554 2.533 2.515 2.499 2.484 2.471 2.459
14 2.565 2.534 2.507 2.484 2.463 2.445 2.428 2.413 2.400 2.388

768

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 APPENDIX H 769

15 2.507 2.475 2.448 2.424 2.403 2.385 2.368 2.353 2.340 2.328
16 2.456 2.425 2.397 2.373 2.352 2.333 2.317 2.302 2.288 2.276
17 2.413 2.381 2.353 2.329 2.308 2.289 2.272 2.257 2.243 2.230
18 2.374 2.342 2.314 2.290 2.269 2.250 2.233 2.217 2.203 2.191
19 2.340 2.308 2.280 2.256 2.234 2.215 2.198 2.182 2.168 2.155
20 2.310 2.278 2.250 2.225 2.203 2.184 2.167 2.151 2.137 2.124
24 2.216 2.183 2.155 2.130 2.108 2.088 2.070 2.054 2.040 2.027
30 2.126 2.092 2.063 2.037 2.015 1.995 1.976 1.960 1.945 1.932
40 2.038 2.003 1.974 1.948 1.924 1.904 1.885 1.868 1.853 1.839
50 1.986 1.952 1.921 1.895 1.871 1.850 1.831 1.814 1.798 1.784
100 1.886 1.850 1.819 1.792 1.768 1.746 1.726 1.708 1.691 1.676
200 1.837 1.801 1.769 1.742 1.717 1.694 1.674 1.656 1.639 1.623
300 1.821 1.785 1.753 1.725 1.700 1.677 1.657 1.638 1.621 1.606

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
24 30 40 50 100 200 300
1 249.052 250.096 251.144 251.774 253.043 253.676 253.887
2 19.454 19.463 19.471 19.476 19.486 19.491 19.492
3 8.638 8.617 8.594 8.581 8.554 8.540 8.536
4 5.774 5.746 5.717 5.699 5.664 5.646 5.640
5 4.527 4.496 4.464 4.444 4.405 4.385 4.378
6 3.841 3.808 3.774 3.754 3.712 3.690 3.683
7 3.410 3.376 3.340 3.319 3.275 3.252 3.245
8 3.115 3.079 3.043 3.020 2.975 2.951 2.943
9 2.900 2.864 2.826 2.803 2.756 2.731 2.723
10 2.737 2.700 2.661 2.637 2.588 2.563 2.555
11 2.609 2.570 2.531 2.507 2.457 2.431 2.422
12 2.505 2.466 2.426 2.401 2.350 2.323 2.314
13 2.420 2.380 2.339 2.314 2.261 2.234 2.225
14 2.349 2.308 2.266 2.241 2.187 2.159 2.150
15 2.288 2.247 2.204 2.178 2.123 2.095 2.085
16 2.235 2.194 2.151 2.124 2.068 2.039 2.030
17 2.190 2.148 2.104 2.077 2.020 1.991 1.981
18 2.150 2.107 2.063 2.035 1.978 1.948 1.938
19 2.114 2.071 2.026 1.999 1.940 1.910 1.899
20 2.082 2.039 1.994 1.966 1.907 1.875 1.865
24 1.984 1.939 1.892 1.863 1.800 1.768 1.756
30 1.887 1.841 1.792 1.761 1.695 1.660 1.647
40 1.793 1.744 1.693 1.660 1.589 1.551 1.537
50 1.737 1.687 1.634 1.599 1.525 1.484 1.469
100 1.627 1.573 1.515 1.477 1.392 1.342 1.323
200 1.572 1.516 1.455 1.415 1.321 1.263 1.240
300 1.554 1.497 1.435 1.393 1.296 1.234 1.210

Z01_GROE6498_10_SE_APP.indd 769 10/11/16 2:26 PM

 f(F )
APPENDIX H (continued) df = D1 = 9
D2 = 15
F-Distribution
Table: Upper 2.5% 0.025
Probability (or 2.5%
Area) under
F
F-Distribution F = 3.123
Curve

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 647.793 799.482 864.151 899.599 921.835 937.114 948.203 956.643 963.279 968.634 973.028
2 38.506 39.000 39.166 39.248 39.298 39.331 39.356 39.373 39.387 39.398 39.407
3 17.443 16.044 15.439 15.101 14.885 14.735 14.624 14.540 14.473 14.419 14.374
4 12.218 10.649 9.979 9.604 9.364 9.197 9.074 8.980 8.905 8.844 8.794
5 10.007 8.434 7.764 7.388 7.146 6.978 6.853 6.757 6.681 6.619 6.568
6 8.813 7.260 6.599 6.227 5.988 5.820 5.695 5.600 5.523 5.461 5.410
7 8.073 6.542 5.890 5.523 5.285 5.119 4.995 4.899 4.823 4.761 4.709
8 7.571 6.059 5.416 5.053 4.817 4.652 4.529 4.433 4.357 4.295 4.243
9 7.209 5.715 5.078 4.718 4.484 4.320 4.197 4.102 4.026 3.964 3.912
10 6.937 5.456 4.826 4.468 4.236 4.072 3.950 3.855 3.779 3.717 3.665
11 6.724 5.256 4.630 4.275 4.044 3.881 3.759 3.664 3.588 3.526 3.474
12 6.554 5.096 4.474 4.121 3.891 3.728 3.607 3.512 3.436 3.374 3.321
13 6.414 4.965 4.347 3.996 3.767 3.604 3.483 3.388 3.312 3.250 3.197
14 6.298 4.857 4.242 3.892 3.663 3.501 3.380 3.285 3.209 3.147 3.095
15 6.200 4.765 4.153 3.804 3.576 3.415 3.293 3.199 3.123 3.060 3.008
16 6.115 4.687 4.077 3.729 3.502 3.341 3.219 3.125 3.049 2.986 2.934
17 6.042 4.619 4.011 3.665 3.438 3.277 3.156 3.061 2.985 2.922 2.870
18 5.978 4.560 3.954 3.608 3.382 3.221 3.100 3.005 2.929 2.866 2.814
19 5.922 4.508 3.903 3.559 3.333 3.172 3.051 2.956 2.880 2.817 2.765
20 5.871 4.461 3.859 3.515 3.289 3.128 3.007 2.913 2.837 2.774 2.721
24 5.717 4.319 3.721 3.379 3.155 2.995 2.874 2.779 2.703 2.640 2.586
30 5.568 4.182 3.589 3.250 3.026 2.867 2.746 2.651 2.575 2.511 2.458
40 5.424 4.051 3.463 3.126 2.904 2.744 2.624 2.529 2.452 2.388 2.334
50 5.340 3.975 3.390 3.054 2.833 2.674 2.553 2.458 2.381 2.317 2.263
100 5.179 3.828 3.250 2.917 2.696 2.537 2.417 2.321 2.244 2.179 2.124
200 5.100 3.758 3.182 2.850 2.630 2.472 2.351 2.256 2.178 2.113 2.058
300 5.075 3.735 3.160 2.829 2.609 2.451 2.330 2.234 2.156 2.091 2.036

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 30
1 976.725 979.839 982.545 984.874 986.911 988.715 990.345 991.800 993.081 997.272 1001.405
2 39.415 39.421 39.427 39.431 39.436 39.439 39.442 39.446 39.448 39.457 39.465
3 14.337 14.305 14.277 14.253 14.232 14.213 14.196 14.181 14.167 14.124 14.081
4 8.751 8.715 8.684 8.657 8.633 8.611 8.592 8.575 8.560 8.511 8.461
5 6.525 6.488 6.456 6.428 6.403 6.381 6.362 6.344 6.329 6.278 6.227
6 5.366 5.329 5.297 5.269 5.244 5.222 5.202 5.184 5.168 5.117 5.065
7 4.666 4.628 4.596 4.568 4.543 4.521 4.501 4.483 4.467 4.415 4.362
8 4.200 4.162 4.130 4.101 4.076 4.054 4.034 4.016 3.999 3.947 3.894
9 3.868 3.831 3.798 3.769 3.744 3.722 3.701 3.683 3.667 3.614 3.560
10 3.621 3.583 3.550 3.522 3.496 3.474 3.453 3.435 3.419 3.365 3.311
11 3.430 3.392 3.359 3.330 3.304 3.282 3.261 3.243 3.226 3.173 3.118
12 3.277 3.239 3.206 3.177 3.152 3.129 3.108 3.090 3.073 3.019 2.963
13 3.153 3.115 3.082 3.053 3.027 3.004 2.983 2.965 2.948 2.893 2.837

770

Z01_GROE6498_10_SE_APP.indd 770 10/11/16 2:26 PM

 APPENDIX H 771

14 3.050 3.012 2.979 2.949 2.923 2.900 2.879 2.861 2.844 2.789 2.732
15 2.963 2.925 2.891 2.862 2.836 2.813 2.792 2.773 2.756 2.701 2.644
16 2.889 2.851 2.817 2.788 2.761 2.738 2.717 2.698 2.681 2.625 2.568
17 2.825 2.786 2.753 2.723 2.697 2.673 2.652 2.633 2.616 2.560 2.502
18 2.769 2.730 2.696 2.667 2.640 2.617 2.596 2.576 2.559 2.503 2.445
19 2.720 2.681 2.647 2.617 2.591 2.567 2.546 2.526 2.509 2.452 2.394
20 2.676 2.637 2.603 2.573 2.547 2.523 2.501 2.482 2.464 2.408 2.349
24 2.541 2.502 2.468 2.437 2.411 2.386 2.365 2.345 2.327 2.269 2.209
30 2.412 2.372 2.338 2.307 2.280 2.255 2.233 2.213 2.195 2.136 2.074
40 2.288 2.248 2.213 2.182 2.154 2.129 2.107 2.086 2.068 2.007 1.943
50 2.216 2.176 2.140 2.109 2.081 2.056 2.033 2.012 1.993 1.931 1.866
100 2.077 2.036 2.000 1.968 1.939 1.913 1.890 1.868 1.849 1.784 1.715
200 2.010 1.969 1.932 1.900 1.870 1.844 1.820 1.798 1.778 1.712 1.640
300 1.988 1.947 1.910 1.877 1.848 1.821 1.797 1.775 1.755 1.688 1.616

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
40 50 100 200 300
1 1005.596 1008.098 1013.163 1015.724 1016.539
2 39.473 39.478 39.488 39.493 39.495
3 14.036 14.010 13.956 13.929 13.920
4 8.411 8.381 8.319 8.288 8.278
5 6.175 6.144 6.080 6.048 6.037
6 5.012 4.980 4.915 4.882 4.871
7 4.309 4.276 4.210 4.176 4.165
8 3.840 3.807 3.739 3.705 3.693
9 3.505 3.472 3.403 3.368 3.357
10 3.255 3.221 3.152 3.116 3.104
11 3.061 3.027 2.956 2.920 2.908
12 2.906 2.871 2.800 2.763 2.750
13 2.780 2.744 2.671 2.634 2.621
14 2.674 2.638 2.565 2.526 2.513
15 2.585 2.549 2.474 2.435 2.422
16 2.509 2.472 2.396 2.357 2.343
17 2.442 2.405 2.329 2.289 2.275
18 2.384 2.347 2.269 2.229 2.215
19 2.333 2.295 2.217 2.176 2.162
20 2.287 2.249 2.170 2.128 2.114
24 2.146 2.107 2.024 1.981 1.966
30 2.009 1.968 1.882 1.835 1.819
40 1.875 1.832 1.741 1.691 1.673
50 1.796 1.752 1.656 1.603 1.584
100 1.640 1.592 1.483 1.420 1.397
200 1.562 1.511 1.393 1.320 1.293
300 1.536 1.484 1.361 1.285 1.255

Z01_GROE6498_10_SE_APP.indd 771 10/11/16 2:26 PM

 f(F )
APPENDIX H (continued) df = D1 = 7
D2 = 14
F-Distribution
Table: Upper 1% 0.01
Probability (or 1%
Area) under
F
F-Distribution F = 4.278
Curve

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 4052.185 4999.340 5403.534 5624.257 5763.955 5858.950 5928.334 5980.954 6022.397 6055.925 6083.399
2 98.502 99.000 99.164 99.251 99.302 99.331 99.357 99.375 99.390 99.397 99.408
3 34.116 30.816 29.457 28.710 28.237 27.911 27.671 27.489 27.345 27.228 27.132
4 21.198 18.000 16.694 15.977 15.522 15.207 14.976 14.799 14.659 14.546 14.452
5 16.258 13.274 12.060 11.392 10.967 10.672 10.456 10.289 10.158 10.051 9.963
6 13.745 10.925 9.780 9.148 8.746 8.466 8.260 8.102 7.976 7.874 7.790
7 12.246 9.547 8.451 7.847 7.460 7.191 6.993 6.840 6.719 6.620 6.538
8 11.259 8.649 7.591 7.006 6.632 6.371 6.178 6.029 5.911 5.814 5.734
9 10.562 8.022 6.992 6.422 6.057 5.802 5.613 5.467 5.351 5.257 5.178
10 10.044 7.559 6.552 5.994 5.636 5.386 5.200 5.057 4.942 4.849 4.772
11 9.646 7.206 6.217 5.668 5.316 5.069 4.886 4.744 4.632 4.539 4.462
12 9.330 6.927 5.953 5.412 5.064 4.821 4.640 4.499 4.388 4.296 4.220
13 9.074 6.701 5.739 5.205 4.862 4.620 4.441 4.302 4.191 4.100 4.025
14 8.862 6.515 5.564 5.035 4.695 4.456 4.278 4.140 4.030 3.939 3.864
15 8.683 6.359 5.417 4.893 4.556 4.318 4.142 4.004 3.895 3.805 3.730
16 8.531 6.226 5.292 4.773 4.437 4.202 4.026 3.890 3.780 3.691 3.616
17 8.400 6.112 5.185 4.669 4.336 4.101 3.927 3.791 3.682 3.593 3.518
18 8.285 6.013 5.092 4.579 4.248 4.015 3.841 3.705 3.597 3.508 3.434
19 8.185 5.926 5.010 4.500 4.171 3.939 3.765 3.631 3.523 3.434 3.360
20 8.096 5.849 4.938 4.431 4.103 3.871 3.699 3.564 3.457 3.368 3.294
24 7.823 5.614 4.718 4.218 3.895 3.667 3.496 3.363 3.256 3.168 3.094
30 7.562 5.390 4.510 4.018 3.699 3.473 3.305 3.173 3.067 2.979 2.906
40 7.314 5.178 4.313 3.828 3.514 3.291 3.124 2.993 2.888 2.801 2.727
50 7.171 5.057 4.199 3.720 3.408 3.186 3.020 2.890 2.785 2.698 2.625
100 6.895 4.824 3.984 3.513 3.206 2.988 2.823 2.694 2.590 2.503 2.430
200 6.763 4.713 3.881 3.414 3.110 2.893 2.730 2.601 2.497 2.411 2.338
300 6.720 4.677 3.848 3.382 3.079 2.862 2.699 2.571 2.467 2.380 2.307

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 30
1 6106.682 6125.774 6143.004 6156.974 6170.012 6181.188 6191.432 6200.746 6208.662 6234.273 6260.350
2 99.419 99.422 99.426 99.433 99.437 99.441 99.444 99.448 99.448 99.455 99.466
3 27.052 26.983 26.924 26.872 26.826 26.786 26.751 26.719 26.690 26.597 26.504
4 14.374 14.306 14.249 14.198 14.154 14.114 14.079 14.048 14.019 13.929 13.838
5 9.888 9.825 9.770 9.722 9.680 9.643 9.609 9.580 9.553 9.466 9.379
6 7.718 7.657 7.605 7.559 7.519 7.483 7.451 7.422 7.396 7.313 7.229
7 6.469 6.410 6.359 6.314 6.275 6.240 6.209 6.181 6.155 6.074 5.992
8 5.667 5.609 5.559 5.515 5.477 5.442 5.412 5.384 5.359 5.279 5.198
9 5.111 5.055 5.005 4.962 4.924 4.890 4.860 4.833 4.808 4.729 4.649
10 4.706 4.650 4.601 4.558 4.520 4.487 4.457 4.430 4.405 4.327 4.247
11 4.397 4.342 4.293 4.251 4.213 4.180 4.150 4.123 4.099 4.021 3.941
12 4.155 4.100 4.052 4.010 3.972 3.939 3.910 3.883 3.858 3.780 3.701
13 3.960 3.905 3.857 3.815 3.778 3.745 3.716 3.689 3.665 3.587 3.507

772

Z01_GROE6498_10_SE_APP.indd 772 10/11/16 2:26 PM

 APPENDIX H 773

14 3.800 3.745 3.698 3.656 3.619 3.586 3.556 3.529 3.505 3.427 3.348
15 3.666 3.612 3.564 3.522 3.485 3.452 3.423 3.396 3.372 3.294 3.214
16 3.553 3.498 3.451 3.409 3.372 3.339 3.310 3.283 3.259 3.181 3.101
17 3.455 3.401 3.353 3.312 3.275 3.242 3.212 3.186 3.162 3.083 3.003
18 3.371 3.316 3.269 3.227 3.190 3.158 3.128 3.101 3.077 2.999 2.919
19 3.297 3.242 3.195 3.153 3.116 3.084 3.054 3.027 3.003 2.925 2.844
20 3.231 3.177 3.130 3.088 3.051 3.018 2.989 2.962 2.938 2.859 2.778
24 3.032 2.977 2.930 2.889 2.852 2.819 2.789 2.762 2.738 2.659 2.577
30 2.843 2.789 2.742 2.700 2.663 2.630 2.600 2.573 2.549 2.469 2.386
40 2.665 2.611 2.563 2.522 2.484 2.451 2.421 2.394 2.369 2.288 2.203
50 2.563 2.508 2.461 2.419 2.382 2.348 2.318 2.290 2.265 2.183 2.098
100 2.368 2.313 2.265 2.223 2.185 2.151 2.120 2.092 2.067 1.983 1.893
200 2.275 2.220 2.172 2.129 2.091 2.057 2.026 1.997 1.971 1.886 1.794
300 2.244 2.190 2.142 2.099 2.061 2.026 1.995 1.966 1.940 1.854 1.761

DENOMINATOR
df = D2 NUMERATOR df = D1
40 50 100 200 300
1 6286.427 6302.260 6333.925 6349.757 6355.345
2 99.477 99.477 99.491 99.491 99.499
3 26.411 26.354 26.241 26.183 26.163
4 13.745 13.690 13.577 13.520 13.501
5 9.291 9.238 9.130 9.075 9.057
6 7.143 7.091 6.987 6.934 6.916
7 5.908 5.858 5.755 5.702 5.685
8 5.116 5.065 4.963 4.911 4.894
9 4.567 4.517 4.415 4.363 4.346
10 4.165 4.115 4.014 3.962 3.944
11 3.860 3.810 3.708 3.656 3.638
12 3.619 3.569 3.467 3.414 3.397
13 3.425 3.375 3.272 3.219 3.202
14 3.266 3.215 3.112 3.059 3.040
15 3.132 3.081 2.977 2.923 2.905
16 3.018 2.967 2.863 2.808 2.790
17 2.920 2.869 2.764 2.709 2.691
18 2.835 2.784 2.678 2.623 2.604
19 2.761 2.709 2.602 2.547 2.528
20 2.695 2.643 2.535 2.479 2.460
24 2.492 2.440 2.329 2.271 2.251
30 2.299 2.245 2.131 2.070 2.049
40 2.114 2.058 1.938 1.874 1.851
50 2.007 1.949 1.825 1.757 1.733
100 1.797 1.735 1.598 1.518 1.490
200 1.694 1.629 1.481 1.391 1.357
300 1.660 1.594 1.441 1.346 1.309

Z01_GROE6498_10_SE_APP.indd 773 10/11/16 2:26 PM