8.

If one of the words each, every, or no

comes before the subject, the is singular.
THE 20 RULES OF SUBJECT VERB
AGREEMENT IN STANDARD ENGLISH No smoking or drinking is allowed.
1. Subjects and verb must agree in number. Every man and woman is required to check in.
This is the cornerstone rule that forms the
background of the concept.
9. If the subjects are both singular and are
The dog growls when he is angry. The dogs
connected by the words or nor, neither/nor,
growl when they are angry.
either/or not only but also the verb is singular.
Yvette or Anton is to blame for the horrible
2. Don't get confused by the words that come accident.
between the subject and verb; they do not
Neither Jessica nor Philip is voted out in the
affect agreement.
"American Idol".
The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually
10. The only time when the object of the
very good
preposition factors into the decision of plural
3. Prepositional phrases between the subject or singular verb forms is when noun and
and verb usually do not affect agreement. pronoun subjects like some, half, none, more,
all, etc, are followed by a prepositional phrase
The colors of the rainbow are beautiful.
In these sentences, the object of the
The smell of roses is endearing preposition determines the form of the verb.

4. When sentences start with "there" or All of the chicken is gone.

"here," the subject will always be placed after
All of the chickens are gone.
the verb, so, care needs to be taken to
identify it correctly. 11. The singular verb form is usually used for
units of measurement.
There is a problem with the balance sheet.
Four quarts of oil was required to get the car
Here are the papers you requested
running.
5. Subjects don't always come before verbs in
12.If the subjects are both plural and are
questions. Make sure you accurately identify
connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor,
the subject before deciding on the proper
either/or, and not only/but also, the verb is
verb form to use.
plural
Does Barbie Doll usually eat grass?
Dogs and cats are both available at the pound.
Where are the pieces of this puzzle? The policemen or the criminals are in a hurry to
leave the bank
6. If two subjects are joined by and, they
typically require a verb form. The students or the teacher are free every
Friday.
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon
13. If one subject is singular and one plural
My mom and dad are having their dinner. and the words are connected by the words or,
7. The verb in singular if the two subjects nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only but
separated by and refer to the same person or also, you use the verb form of the subject that
thing. is nearest the verb.

Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish. Ether the hears or the lion has escaped from the
Spaghetti and meatballs is my specialty zoo

The singer and songwriter of the hit song was Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped from
awarded a Grammy. the zoo.

A CEO and Founder of the company has a vision Neither the teacher nor the pupils are riding the
for its future. school bus

Pluralization: The CEO AND THE FOUNDER, The students or the teacher is available every
REMEMBER THAT IF YOU GOT 2 MODIFIER Friday
IT IS A PLURAL.
14. Indefinite pronouns typically take singular Tomorrow
verbs. (either, each, either, little, much,
-frequency
neither, other, some)
Always
Everybody wants to be loved
sometimes
15. Except for the pronouns (few, many,
several, both, all, and some) that always take never
the plural form.
HOW?
Few were left alive after the flood.
Tom jogs slowly
16. If two infinitives are separated by and they
take the plural form of the verb. It was raining hard.

To walk and to chew gum requires great skill. WHERE?

To run and to read are my two favorite “free time” We are marching forward
activities. Bob is walking downstairs.
17. When gerunds are used as the subject of ↓
a sentence they take the singular form of the
verb, but when they are linked by and they PREPOSITION
take the plural form. HOW OFTEN?
Standing in the water wat a bad idea. Genever takes her vitamins every morning.
Swimming in the ocean and playing drums are She attends her classes regularly.
my hobbies.
WHY?
18. Collective nouns like herd, senate, class,
crowd, etc. usually takes singular verb form. Infinitive, purpose

The herd is stampeding He exercises to keep in shape.

The class was ready for test. They work hard to earn money.

19. Titles of hooks, movies, novels, etc. are

treated as singular and takes singular verb. Adverbs- word that modifies a verb, adjective or
Forest Gump is a movie starring Tom Hanks. another adverb.
Born to Love You was led by Coco Martin. Adverb often answer five questions (when, how,
The Harry Potter and the Lord of the Rings are where, how, often, and why)
my favorite movie Ex. Ashley runs slowly.
20. Final Rule-Remember, only the subject When/ frequency- Freya runs slowly today.
affects the verb!
How- Freya runs slowly.
How does Freya run?
Prepositional phase: Governor Freya greeted me
with a smile.
How does Freya greet me today.
ADVERBS OFTEN ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS How often- yearly, over week.
Freya runs slowly every morning.
WHEN? Where: Freya runs slowly downstairs.
It rained yesterday. He is coming soon. Why: Lance runs slowly.
-past THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
yesterday last semester VERB – Jay swims, Mingyu walks, Joshua naps.
-future
MANNER- Enthusiastically, Cheerfully, Patiently, 4. Using "good," "bad," "well," and "badly."
Gracefully.
You might also note the distinctions between
PLACE- in the pool, into town, in her room. "good" and "bad" (which are adjectives) and
"well" and "badly" (which are adverbs):
FREQUENCY - every morning, every afternoon,
every morning Shiela plays the piano well and the drums badly.
TIME- before dawn, before dinner, before supper, The actor's performance was good even though
before lunch he felt bad that night.
PURPOSE- to keep in shape, to get a 5. "Well" is an adjective only when it refers to
newspaper, to deliver the food. health and condition:
In actual practice, of course, it would be highly She protested that she was well enough to start
unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers playing sports again.
beyond two or three (at the most). Because the
USING ADJECTIVES WITH LINKING VERB
placement of adverbs is flexible, one or two of the
modifiers would probably move to the beginning Ex. She felt causing the accident
of the newspaper “Every afternoon before
supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to In the same vein, remember that adjectives
get a newspaper". When that happens, the modify nouns and pronouns. Do not mistakenly
introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set use an adverb to modify these parts of speech.
off with a comma. For example, after linking verb you may be
USING ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS tempted to use an adverb instead an adjective.
You will recall that linking verb is a special kind of
Ex: The dog barks loudly verb because it links its subject to a subject
complement. A subject complement can be
She felt badly about having caused the
either a (renaming the subject), When it is a
accident.
modifier it must be an adjective became t
Loudly is an adverb that modifies the barks. describes the subject (always a noun a
pronoun). It does not modify the linking verb
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives,
itself and should therefore not be an adverb:
other adverts, and sometimes clauses and whole
sentences. [WRONG] We felt badly about having caused the
accident.
Adjectives are words that modify nouns and
pronouns. [RIGHT] We felt bad about having caused the
accident.
Be careful not to use an adjective where you
need and adverb.
Consider the following sentences, for instance:
[WRONG] Once the test was over. Sharon USING CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
walked slow out of the classroom. [
The conjunctive adverb is a special kind of
[RIGHT] Once the test was over, Sharon walked adverb that often serves as transition between
slowly out of the classroom. The sentence needs two independent clauses in a sentence. Some
an adverb, not an adjective, to modify the verb common conjunctive adverbs are "therefore,"
"walked". "however," "moreover," "nevertheless,"
"consequently, and "furthermore." When using
[WRONG] We tried real hard to get the hotcake
a conjunctive adverb at the beginning of the
mixture perfect.
seven clause, be sure to precede it with a
[RIGHT] We tried really hard to get the hotcake semicolon not a comma.
mixture perfect.
The sentence needs an adverb, not an adjective,
However
to modify the adjective "hard", (Note that "really"
is an informal substitute for "very", and you My roommate usually listens to pop music,
should avoid in formal essays.) however, he also likes, John Lezana and several
other jazz musicians. --- shows difference and
replaces but or yet.
I didn’t study, however, but I got a perfect score. During the marathon, Caloy's legs complained
Therefore- show result with sharp pains shooting up his thighs.
At midnight, in the spring, and during the
And- also, tool, plus.
marathon all show location in time.
Meanwhile- sometimes, otherwise, in a
Because there are so many possible locations,
different way
there are quite a few prepositions. Below is the
I was doing work upstairs meanwhile, she was
playing. complete list.

I need to treat her tonight otherwise, she will get

mad at me. Single-word prepositions
about like
Remember: Semi colon (;) - is to connect the
independent clause in a sentence. above near
across of
after off
PREPOSITION- are the words that indicate
against on
location. Usually, preposition show this location in
along onto
the physical world. Prepositions is also used to
among opposite
connect words or phrases to other words in a
around out
sentence. Prepositions are words that
as outside
typically show the relationship between
at over
nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a
before past
sentence. They often indicate location,
behind round
direction, time, or the relationship between
below since
different elements in a sentence.
beneath than
beside through
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES:
between to
PREPOSITION + OPTIONAL MODIFIER +
beyond towards
OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION.
by under
EXAMPLE: The cat jumped on the table.
despite underneath
*We use prepositions to talk about where things
down unlike
are.
during until
Examples:
except up
The mouse is found above the table.
for upon
The mouse is on the table.
from via
The mouse is under the table.
in with
The mouse is beneath the table.
inside within
The mouse is behind the table.
into without
Complex prepositions
Prepositions can also show location in time.
ahead of inside of
Read the next three examples:
apart from instead of
as for near to
At midnight, Juan Carlo craved mashed
as well as on account of
potatoes with grape jelly.
because of on top of
In the spring. I always vow to plant vegetables
due to out of
but end up buying them at the supermarket.
except for outside of
in addition to owing to
in front of such as • She wanted to go to the beach, but it
in place of thanks to started raining.
in spite of up to • He likes coffee, but I prefer tea.
But is very seldom a preposition. When it is • The concert was expensive, but it was
used as a preposition, but means the same worth every penny.
except everyone ate frog legs but Jamie. But 2. Introducing an Unexpected Result:
usually functions as a coordinating • He studied hard for the test, but he still
conjunction failed.
Understand how to form a prepositional phrase. • She had all the ingredients, but the cake
Prepositions generally introduce prepositional didn't turn out well.
phrases Prepositional phrases look like this. 3. Indicating Opposition or Contrast:
• The room was small, but it was cozy.
Preposition + Optional Modifiers + Noun,
• He is old, but he is still very active.
Pronoun, or Gerund
*But is very often a prepositions.
"But" can be used both as a preposition and as a Coordinating Conjunction-
conjunction in English. Let's explore its usage as In these examples, "but" serves as a coordinating
a preposition first: conjunction because it joins two independent
But as a Preposition: clauses that present contrasting or opposing
ideas. Remember that when "but" is used as a
When "but" is used as a preposition, it is often coordinating conjunction, it helps to create a
followed by a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. balanced sentence structure and highlights
Here are some examples: the contrast between the two clauses.
1.Meaning "Except": Prepositional phrase is a group of words
consisting of a preposition, its object, and any
• Everyone ate everything but John.
modifiers of the object. This entire phrase acts as
(Everyone ate everything except John.)
an adverb or adjective in a sentence, providing
• I like all fruits but bananas. (I like all fruits more information about a noun, pronoun, verb, or
except bananas.) another adverb. Here's how prepositional
phrases are formed and used:
2. Meaning "Apart from":
Prepositional Phrase with a Noun as Object:
• There is nothing but darkness outside.
(There is nothing apart from darkness outside.) 1. Preposition + Noun:
• She had no choice but to leave. (She • In the park (Preposition: "in", Object:
had no choice apart from leaving.) "park")
3. Meaning "Only": • Under the table (Preposition: "under",
Object: "table")
• She had but a few dollars in her pocket.
(She had only a few dollars in her pocket.) • With my friends (Preposition: "with",
Object: "friends")
• There was but one slice of cake left.
(There was only one slice of cake left.) 2. Preposition + Adjective + Noun:
4. Meaning "Without the Presence of": • On the tall shelf (Preposition: "on",
Modifier: "tall", Object: "shelf")
• The room was all empty but for a single
chair. (The room was empty except for a single • By the beautiful lake (Preposition: "by",
chair.) Modifier: "beautiful", Object: "lake")
• I cannot help but laugh at his jokes. (I • With the red car (Preposition: "with",
cannot help laughing at his jokes.) Modifier: "red", Object: "car")
But as a Coordinating Conjunction: Preposition + Noun + Prepositional Phrase
(Modifier):
1. Contrasting Two Independent Clauses:
• At the top of the hill (Preposition: "at", 2. They are waiting for us.
Object: "top", Modifier: "of the hill")
• Preposition: for
• In the middle of the street (Preposition:
• Object: us
"in", Object: "middle", Modifier: "of the street")
• This prepositional phrase modifies the
• With a view of the city (Preposition:
pronoun "they."
"with", Object: "view", Modifier: "of the city"
3. He gave the gift to her.
In= preposition, the crumb- filled,
rumpled=modifiers, sheets= noun • Preposition: to
Prepositional Phrase with a Pronoun as Object: • Object: her
1. Preposition + Pronoun: • This prepositional phrase modifies the
pronoun "he."
• With him (Preposition: "with", Object:
"him") 4. The dog jumped over it.
• For her (Preposition: "for", Object: "her") • Preposition: over
• Object: it
Prepositional Phrases Modifying Nouns: • This prepositional phrase modifies the
pronoun "dog."
1. The book on the table is mine.
Prepositions play an important role in indicating
• Preposition: on
location in time sentences. They help to specify
• Object: table when an action took place, for how long, or within
what time frame. Here are some examples of
• This prepositional phrase modifies the
prepositions used to indicate location in time
noun "book."
sentences:
2. The cat under the bed is hiding.
6. He reads the newspaper every morning.
• Preposition: under
• Preposition: every
• Object: bed
• Indicates frequency, meaning each
• This prepositional phrase modifies the morning.
noun "cat."
7. We go for a walk in the evening.
3. The girl with the red dress won the
• Preposition: in
contest.
• Specifies a general time frame.
• Preposition: with
8. She usually takes a nap during the
• Object: dress
afternoon.
• This prepositional phrase modifies the
• Preposition: during
noun "girl."
• Indicates a period within the afternoon.
4. The house on the hill is for sale.
9. The store is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m..
• Preposition: on
• Prepositions: from...to
• Object: hill
• Indicates the start and end times.
• This prepositional phrase modifies the
noun "house." 10. The package arrived before the deadline.
Prepositional Phrases Modifying Pronouns: • Preposition: before
1. She is angry with him. • Specifies a time relative to the deadline.
• Preposition: with 11. The event will take place after the
holidays.
• Object: him
• Preposition: after
• This prepositional phrase modifies the
pronoun "she." • Indicates a time relative to the holidays.
12. They plan to leave by next week. variant spellings of the same word; use
whichever sounds better to you.
• Preposition: by
We're moving toward the light.
• Indicates a time before the end of next
week. This is a big step towards the project's
completion.
With the words home, downtown, uptown,
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: AT, ON AND IN.
inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use
1. we use at to designate specific times. no preposition.

The train is due at 12:30 p.m. Grandma went upstairs

2. we use on to designate days and dates. Grandpa went home.

My brother is coming on Monday They both went outside.

We’re having a party on the fourth of July. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: for and since

3. we use in for nonspecific times during a day, 1. We use for when we measure time
a month, a season, or a year. (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months,
years).
He’s going to quit in March.
He held his breath for seven minutes. for seven
It’s too cold in winter to run outside. years.
Jenny likes to jog in the morning. She's lived there.
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: AT, ON, AND IN. The British and Irish have been quarreling for
1.We use at for specific addresses. seven centuries.

Nina lives at Bonifacio Street in Baguio. 2. We use since with a specific date or time.

2. We use on to designate names of streets, He's worked here since 1970.

avenues, etc. She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-
Her house is on Getha Road. thirty.

3. And we use in for the names of land-areas PREPOSITIONS WITH NOUNS, ADJECTIVES,
(towns, countries, states, and continents). AND VERBS.

He lives in Korea. Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to

other words that they have practically become
San Fernando is in Pampanga. one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as
German, they would have become one word.)
This occurs in three categories: nouns,
PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION: in, at, and on adjectives, and verbs.
and No Preposition
NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS
When we used: downstairs, downtown,
inside, outside, upstairs, uptown ding on how it is

Nouns that can have either of the two approval of

prepositions depending on how it is used in a fondness for
sentence.
need for
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT: TO AND NO
PREPOSITION awareness of

We use to in order to express movement grasp of

toward a place. participation in
They were driving to work together. belief in
She's going to the dean's office this morning. hatred of
Toward and towards are also helpful reason for
prepositions to express movement are simply
concern for ask for
hope for look
respect for for
confusion about
interest in belong to bring up
for
success in talk
desire for look
love of about
understanding of care for
afraid of forward
fond of think
proud of find out
angry at about
happy about A combination of verb and preposition is called a
phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the verb
similar to
is then called a particle. Please refer to the brief
aware of section we have prepared on phrasal verbs for
an explanation.
interested in
sorry for
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS WITH
capable of PREPOSITIONS
jealous of
sure of  .agree to a proposal, with a person, on a
careless about price, in principle argue about a matter,
with a person, for or against a
made of proposition
tired of  compare to to show likenesses, with to
show differences (sometimes similarities)
familiar with  correspond to a thing, with a person
married to  differ from an unlike thing, with a person
 live at an address, in a house or city, on
worried about a street, with other people
VERBS and PREPOSITIONS
apologize UNNECESSARY PREPOSITIONS
give up
prepare In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits,
for using prepositions where they are not necessary.
It would be a good idea to eliminate these words
grow altogether, but we must be especially careful not
to use them in formal, academic prose.
for
 She met up with the new coach in the
ask about
hallway.
up  The book fell off of the desk.
 He threw the book out of the window.
study
  She wouldn't let the cat inside of the -Would you like tea or coffee?
house. [or use "in"]
-Would you like tea or coffee?
 Where did they go to?
 Put the lamp in back of the couch. [use - Should we go to the beach or the mountains?
"behind" instead]
 Where is your college as? 6. Yet: Used to show a contrast or contradiction.

Subordinate Clause: "she finished her coffee" Example:

• Example Sentence: "She left before she -She is talented, yet she lacks confidence."
finished her coffee." -She is tired, yet she wants to keep working.
CONJUNCTION 7. So: Used to show a result or consequence.
A conjunction is used to join words or group of Example:
words. Conjunctions are function words which
connect words, phrases or clauses -He studied hard, so he passed the exam.

•COORDINATING -Join grammatically -He studied hard, so he passed the exam. -She
equivalent sentence elements. practiced every day, so she improved her skills.

Examples: FANBOYS CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

FOR/AND/NOR/BUT/OR/YET/SO -Pairs of words that join words phrases, and
1. For: Used to explain a reason or cause. clauses of equivalent grammatical structure.

Example: EXAMPLES: BOTH AND, EITHER OR,

NEITHER NOR, NOT BUT, NOT ONLY BUT
-She couldn't attend the party, for she had to ALSO, WHETHER OR.
work late."
1. BOTH AND:
- She packed an umbrella, for it was raining
outside. - Function: Used to indicate that two things are
true or will happen.
-He bought a gift, for it was his friend's birthday
- Example: "He is both intelligent and
2. And: Used to add or combine similar or hardworking."
related ideas.
- Example: "We will both go to the party and
Example: attend the concert."
-She likes to read and write. 2. EITHER OR:
- She likes to read and write. - Function: Used to present a choice between
- They went to the park and played basketball two alternatives.

3. Nor: Used to introduce a negative alternative - Example: "You can either study now or play
or join two negative ideas. Example: video games."

-She neither eats meat nor drinks alcohol. - Example: "We can either eat out tonight or
cook at home."
- She neither eats meat nor drinks alcohol.
3. NEITHER NOR:
-He neither reads nor watches TV.
- Function: Used to negate both options or
4. But: Used to show a contrast or exception indicate that neither of two things is true or will
between two ideas happen.
Example: - Example: "She neither reads nor writes
poetry."
-He is tired, but he still wants to go for a run.
- Example: "Neither the blue shirt nor the red
- He is tired, but he still wants to go for a run.
shirt fits me."
-She studied hard, but she didn't pass the exam.
4. NOT BUT:
5. Or: Used to present a choice or alternative.
- Function: Used to present a contrast or
Example: exception.
 - Example: "He is not rich but generous." - Example: "She decided to go to the party
although she was tired."
- Example: "It's not the price but the quality that
matters." 3. as:
- Function: Used to indicate a cause or reason.
5. NOT ONLY BUT ALSO: - Example: "He left early as he had a meeting."
- Function: Used to emphasize additional - Example: "As it was late, she decided to call it
information. a night."
- Example: "She not only plays the piano but 4. as if/as though:
also sings beautifully."
- Function: Used to describe a manner or way
- Example: "The movie is not only entertaining of doing something that is not necessarily true.
but also thought-provoking."
- Example: "She danced as if no one was
6. WHETHER OR: watching."
- Function: Used to present a choice between - Example: "He spoke as though he were an
two possibilities. expert."
- Example: "I don't know whether he will come 5. if:
or not."
- Function: Used to express a condition or
- Example: "We need to decide whether to stay supposition.
home or go out."
- Example: "If it rains, we will stay indoors."
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
- Example: "She will go shopping if she has
These join clauses that are not equivalent enough money."
grammatical structures. Subordinating
6. than:
conjunctions introduce dependent clauses.
- Function: Used to make comparisons.
Dependent clauses cannot stand by themselves
but must be joined to a main or independent - Example: "He is taller than his brother."
clause.
- Example: "I would rather walk than take the
(Dependent clauses, also known as bus."
subordinate clauses, do not express a
complete thought and cannot stand alone as 7. in order:
sentences. They rely on an independent clause, - Function: Used to indicate purpose or
which can function as a complete sentence, to intention.
give them context and meaning. Without being
joined to an independent clause, dependent - Example: "She worked hard in order to pass
clauses often feel incomplete or fragmented.) the exam."
- Example: "He saved money in order to buy a
car."
1. after:
8. that:
- Function: Used to indicate the time or
sequence of events. - Function: Used to introduce a clause or to
indicate purpose, result, or consequence.
- Example: "After finishing her work, she went
for a walk." - Example: "She told him that she was leaving."

- Example: "He arrived after the movie had - Example: "He studied so that he could pass
started." the test."

2. although:
- Function: Used to introduce a contrast or 9. rather than:
concession. - Function: Used to indicate a preference or
- Example: "Although it was raining, they went choice between alternatives.
for a hike."
 - Example: "She chose to walk rather than - Example: "She likes to read while he prefers
drive." to watch TV."
- Example: "He decided to stay home rather - Example: "While she is outgoing, her sister is
than go out." more reserved."
10. since: 17. wherever:
- Function: Used to indicate a point in time or a - Function: Used to indicate a location or
reason. situation, regardless of where.
- Example: "He has been working here since - Example: "He will go wherever his job takes
2010." him."
- Example: "Since you're here, let's get started." - Example: "Wherever she goes, she always
carries her camera."
11. so as to/so that:
- Function: Used to express purpose or result.
18. when:
- Example: "She studied hard so as to pass the
exam." - Function: Used to indicate the time or
circumstance in which something happens.
- Example: "He turned off the lights so that
everyone could sleep." - Example: "He was reading when the phone
rang."
12. though:
- Example: "She feels happiest when she's with
- Function: Used to introduce a concessive
her friends."
clause, indicating contrast or opposition.
19. where:
- Example: "Though it was cold, she went for a
swim." - Function: Used to indicate a location or
situation.
- Example: "He still loved her, though she had
hurt him deeply." - Example: "This is where I live."
13. unless: - Example: "I don't know where he went."
- Function: Used to introduce a condition under 20. who:
which something will happen or be true.
- Function: Used to introduce a relative clause,
- Example: "I won't go out unless it stops providing additional information about a person.
raining."
- Example: "The woman who lives next door is
- Example: "She won't eat unless she's hungry." a doctor."
14. until: - Example: "He is the one who won the
competition."
- Function: Used to indicate the time when
something will happen or end.
- Example: "They stayed up until midnight." Subordinating Conjunctions- after , although,
as if, as though
- Example: "I won't leave until you come back."
Dependent clause- cannot stand without a
15. which:
clause
- Function: Used to introduce a relative clause,
After finishing her work she went, for a walk
providing additional information about a noun.
Subordinate conjuctions dependent clause
- Example: "The book which she borrowed from
independent clause
the library was interesting."
He is taller than his brother
- Example: "He chose the dress which he liked
the most." Since you’re here, let’s get started
16. while: TYPES OF CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS
- Function: Used to indicate a contrast or OF ADDITION- Extra information, also,
comparison between two actions or situations. besides, furthermore, moreover.
Ex. Her favorite animals are dogs, also, she Alack! I broke my favorite vase.
likes cats.
Alas! The concert tickets are sold out already.
I heard this movie is terrible besides I hate
Oh! He died last night.
horror film.
Alack and Alas is the same that is used to revoke
OF CONTRAST- Show differences or
an outcome of the consequences.
contradiction, however, still, nevertheless,
conversely, nonetheless, instead 2.CONTEMPT, DISGUST, DISBELIEF,
REPUGNANCE, AND SCORN
Ex. Mingyu loves chocolate, however, he is
allergy to it. EX: Boh! That was terrible
Joey lost his job, still, he remained optimistic Pooh! This food taste awful
about finding a new opportunities.
Ugh! This heat is unbearable.

OF COMPARISION- Is to compare weigh Huh! Why is the sky blue.

Pah! That exercise is not convincing.
more, similarly, likewise,
Ex .she finds swimming relaxing, similarly, 3. JOY, SURPRISE, SUSPICION, AND
her friends enjoy yoga. INDIGNATION
OF RESULT- Therefore, thus, consequently EX: Hah! I know I would win the game.
Ex. I forgot to set my alarm, therefore, I was Oh! I forgot to turn the light off.
late for work.
Huh! What do you mean?
Clause
4. IMPATIENCE, REBUKE, ANNOYANCE AND
OF TIME- Next, then, meanwhile, finally, DISSAPROVAL
subsequently.
- to express doubt and warning
Ex. I finished my work for today, finally, I will
start preparing for tomorrow’s meeting. Tush, I can’t believe you did that!
She studied hard for her exams then, she Pshaw, I am not falling for that trick.
rewarded, herself with a movie night.
Poohs, that’s a silly idea.
Clause , conjuction
Pooh-pooh, you’re overacting.
I was cooking dinner in the kitchen,
5. HMP! HEM, HMM..
meanwhile my roommate was watching TV in
the leaving room. Hmp! Im not falling for that trick.
INTERJECTION- is a part of speech that Hem, is that really a good idea?
expresses an attitude or strong emotion or
- instead Hem, Hmm.
sudden feeling that has no grammatical relation
with the rest of the sentence and functions 6. Triumph, exultation, wonder and joy
independently.
Aha! I solved the puzzle
Ex: Oh no! I forgot my keys
Hurrah! The fireworks display lit up.
Well, I never expected that!
7. Approbation, encouragement, agreement
Geez, that’s your girlfriend? and resignation.
Wow! I won the lottery Amen, what a beautiful piece of music.
(,) we use comma to separate the interjections. Bravo! Keep up the good work.
Kinds of uses in interjections 8. To attract attention, to express pleasure
and greeting.
1. To express, SORROW, APPEAL,
DISSAPOINTMENT AND COMPLAIN Examples: Hallo, Halloa , Hello, Ho, Hem,
Hoy, Hillo, Hullo, Hilloa, Hist, Hush, Hoa, Lo,
EX: Ah! I finally found my missing cat
Ahoy
O! What a beautiful sunset.
10. To express pain.
Ex: Ouch the stress is strong. Sometimes, it is not
followed by a punctuation mark.
11. To express encouragement
Ex: Heigh
Examples:
12. To express weariness.
a. O dear, I suppose so. O God, unseen but
Ex: Heigh-ho
ever near. b. O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore are
13. Used as interrogative. thou.

Ex: eh c. O my Father!

Some interjections are imitation of sounds or d. O Jerusalem!

are cries and used to attract attention.
Ex:
e. Oh! You are here at last!
a. Baa, bang, bowwow, cow, dingdong, mow,
f. Oh, you are late.
splash, etc
g. Oh! Stop!
b. Ahem, hist (signal for silence)
h. Oh, I wish he would agree.
Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, short
phrases are often used in exlamations, like
interjections but they are classified as
THE MOST COMMON INTERJECTIONS
interjections.
Hello!
Ex:
God grant!
Noun : Fire!, Thief!, Police!, Heavens!, Mercy!
Careful!
Pronouns: I! , What!, You!, O my!, Dear me!
Well!
Adjectives: Good!, Great!, Enough!,
Impossible!, Gracious!, Quick!, Nonsense! Marvelous!
Adverbs: Here!, Why!, Well!, Indeed!, Away!, Fantastic!
Never!, No! Really!, Out!
Fabulous!
Verbs: Listen!, Stop!, Hold!, Look!, Hark!,
Behold!, Halt! Wonderful!

Preposition: Up!, Down!, In!, Good gracious!, Superb!

Well done!, What a mess!, Bless me! What a surprise!
What ho! What a pity!
Interjections may be followed by a comma or How lucky!
exclamation mark
What a woman!
Ex: But, ah! So pale.
Magnificent!
Alas! The happy day.
I am sorry!
O and Oh are both used as interjections. The
O is used before a nominative of address How awful!
(noun in direct address). The interjection oh Verbals
expresses emotion of various kinds, but it is
used especially as a cry of pain, terror, GERUNDS: Verb+ ing- eat + ng- eating -
shame, derisive astonishment or disapproval. SUBJECT/ DIRECT OBJECT, SUBJECT
COMPLIMENT
PARTICIPLES: PAST PARTICIPLES- EAT+
O is always capitalized. Oh is capitalized only EATEN – OBJECT PARTICIPLE, SUBJECT/
at the beginning of the sentence but not in the DIRECT OBJECT, SUBJECT COMPLIMENT
middle. O is not followed by a mark of
punctuation. Oh is followed by a comma, if
the force is weak, by an exclamation mark if
INFINITIVES- TO + VERBS – TO EAT- OBJECT
PARTICIPLE, SUBJECT/ DIRECT OBJECT,
SUBJECT COMPLIMENT
GERUNDS SENTENCE: DRAWING IS HER
HOBBY
SUBJECT AND VERB
DIRECT OBJECT: PUTINS PAST TIME IS
PLAYING GAMES
DIRECT OBJECT , SUBJECT, VERBALS