Physics 2

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3D Vectors

scalars vs vectors

magnitude and direction


'

Reference system :
-
× # + ×

-
y

NIE positive
> we can
change the
S&W negative convection

different notations :
'

Express a vector in two

'

Polar coordinates ( magnitude and direction )→Ép= 43.1N ,


31.2° Y

coordinates ( components I 111.3×-21.7 y )


Rectangular Ff N ↑
'

→ =

( 21.3 ,
-

II. 7) N Ivy
( II. 3i ,
-71.7; /N -
-1 ? - - - - - - -
×
t Vx

horilontal Tertial

AA car moves at a
steady pace .
In a particular time ,
it is 3m at the east and Um to the

north .
Displacement ? → Sm

Rectangular : b- =
tan
-
'
¥ V✗=v cos ⊖

I =/ Sit 4j)m IT / =
4×2+112 Vy =
Vsin ⊖
=
- .

432¥
-

j = =
Sm Polar : Jm 53.1°

-
,

I 1 it I 1
A =
tan
-
'
1%1=53.10
-

When two vectors are added .


subtracted or multiplied by a scalar ,
the vector components
are the ones that need to be utld .
NOT MAGNITUDE NOR THE DIRECTION

& next directions indicated :


Reading a treasure map
,
the are

A- =
71.4m ,
32° C- ON
A = " "m
'

B- 57.3m
-

,
36° sow is A ✗= 72.4 cos 58° =
38.36m (✗ =
0m

( =
17.8m
,
J ~Ñ Ay = 1-2.4 sin 180 =
61.39m Cy = -17.8m
58°

36° / Bx =
17.3 cos 216 =
-46.36m

270° 17.3 sin 216 53.68m
By = = -

B -97.3m

A =
38.36 it 61.39J ☐ -9.91
1121=4 81+9.912

R=h.tm,pa!°NoW_
13=-46.36 i -
33.68 ; 12.7m

I
C. =
Oi -

17.8J

E- tan
- '
/ 9%4=51.10 Now
- do
R=-8it9.9#
rectangular

3D vectors

They are
usually expressed in terms of their rectangular coordinates :
A = IX , Y ,
21 A- =
Ax / it , Ayljl +
Az ( K )

The magnitude of the vector is calculated in the same


way using Pythagoras
-

theorem :

? ? ?
AZ =
Ax +
Ay + Az

next Draw and calculate magnitude


Visualize the vectors .


them their .

" Y
A- 14,2
-

1,1m i
f
¥¥k↑
,

13=13,3 ,
-
2) m 1-11=441+21+12 1131 =
✓ 32+32+22

4.58m a. • am
t_tt→¥ ✗ , ×

g-
2 2
Vy __
6.89 V2.64 ✗
,
-

2. Ily v -7.17
-

,
61.23° G- =
?

31.10° V✗=Vcos0- A- =

24,63°
✓ /
=\ 2.642+2.112 Vx -7.17 cos / 65.731
-

Ax =
240563=10.8917

Vy=Vsin0- "
1=31796 Vx -3.0040
-

Ay
-

_ 24 sin 63--21.3841
6.89 __
Win / 31.10 ,

13=45,480
6.8£ =V 13/1=45 cos 48=50.1108

sin / 31.10) By=4Scos48= 33.4411

€33,89 -_V 30.1108 33.4411


¥ :* :::::
,

10.8957 21.3841
-

19.7151 ,
/ 1.011-4 41.006J 14.8256
,

A =
0.71 ×

13=-0.821, a- tan
-
'
i"¥ ) f- tan -1/17%0%-1
5- 2A -
B f- = 37.1081° 0=53.20550
1=0.42+0.82

(= 1.24

A- =

0.09g 1.334 A= -2.23×-0.42 y


-

13=-0.39×10.914 -13=3.81×-0.464

( =
-0.3A -0.38g ( = 1. J8x -0.884
, ,

kl=d0.30382 lCl=d1.S82+0.8
111=418,41 ICI =
1.8085
-
Addition / subtraction

Just with 2D vectors resultant vector between


-

as in order to find the two or more


,

vectors being added lortubstractedl ,


the individual component addition must be done .

If : A =
A ✗ ( it +
Aylj ) + Azlk) & B =
B. ✗ list Bylj ) + 1321k)

then

R =
( Axt Bxt . . .
/ it / Ay + By + . . . )j + 1 Azt Bzt . . .
/K

R =
Rx ( it +
Rylj ) + Rzlk )

of ( which implies
Due to the
complexity having one more dimension 2 more
-

planed ) ,
a 3D vector
only considers the angle that the resultant has with its

✗ , y and 2 axes .

①✗ =
cos
- '
1¥ ) V cos 10×1 =
Vx

①y -
-
cos
-
'
( ¥) Vcos / Oy / =
Vy

-02 =
cos
-1
(¥) V cos I -02 ) =
V2
'

A
-_
Yi +
Zjtk -

B=3i +
Zj -3K .

4J -

"
/ ☒

R=7it4j -2k 22

"
p

1121=1721-42+1-212
" 7- i
0,1=(05118%1)--32.600
/
8.31m ⊖y= cos
-1/8%1=61.270
,
, ⊖> =
cos
-

(8¥)= 103.92°
"

For A :

y 2
2

24 # s

10
I ✗
"
i ✗
"
¥-1 Y
4x 4x ly

For B :

y 2 2

L; -

I ✗ I ✗ i "

Y
3x 3✗

o •
-32 32
- _
-

For R :

y 2 2

44 -
g.

I ✗ I ✗
↑" y
7- ✗
7- ✗ A
-22 -
-
Iz
-
①✗ =
cos -11¥ ) Vcos / 0×1 =
Vx

①y -
-
cos
-
'
( ¥) Vcos / Oy / =
Vy

-02 =
cos -11¥) Vcosl -02 )=Vz

Consider the following forces : Peschard A- 01753712

A --
( 3. 7. Si -

2.48 ; -3.94k / N

B- 6.40N b- ✗ 113.75° 0-4=69.620 0-2=32.180


-

13/1=6.40 cos / 113.751=-2.57

By -_ 6. 40105169.621=2.22

132=6.40 cos / 32.181--5.41

B= -

2. Hi , 2.27J ,
I. 41K

"
and
"

Calculate the vector C express it in polar system .

Give the angles with the axes if :


( =
At B ◦
( = A -

2B ◦
( =
-31-1+313

A --
3.25 i -

2.48 ; -3.94k A --
3.25 i -

2.48 ; -3.94k -3A = -


9. 7- Si +7.44 ; t 11.87k

B= -

2. Hi , 2.27J ,
I. 41k -213=1.14 i -4.44J -10.82k 313=-7.71 it
6.66J +16.23k

( =
0.681 0.76J 1.47k ( 8.39 i -6.92 ; -14.76k ( =
-17.46 i +14.1 ; +18.01k
'
-
=
, ,

111=40.682+0.262+1.47 ' ICI -48.392+6.922+14.762 111=117.462+14.11+28.052


111--1.64 N

o.33N, 111=35.92+1 ,

(4%4)=61.100 '
iii. 1=62.75 '
1%42-61=119.08

É=¥
'
①✗ ① ① cos
-

cos cos ✗
- -

= ✗ = =

⊖y= cos -1/-4%-1=99.120 -04=105


'
É 1=112.180 -04=105
'
/ %¥ / =
66.88°

or -
-
cos
-
'
iÉ% ) -143.63° -

0-2 -
-
cos
-
'
li% 1=38.65
, , "
vectors
Multiplying

so far covered addition of vectors
we've
only the as a consequence of the

natural combination of displacements or other


physical quantities .


we know ,
though ,
that
many physical relationships are expressed at products .

As a vector is not an ordinary number ,


a simple multiplication cannot be

made .

Dot product A B
- =
/ ALIBI cos ⊖ =
A ✗ Bx +
Ay By + Az Bz

known as scalar product it's expressed A. B


Also a ,


This
type of product will always give a scalar quantity as a result .


Picture the following vectors

the same A

If both vectors 1A and B) are sketched having -9
origin ,
the angle between them will always have a valve i
between 0° and 180° 10 IT •

|Alc
"
B


It can also be observed that ,
based on that angle 0 ,

A is
going to have a component that is parallel to B I / Alcos 0-1 .

ways of vectors :
product of
There are two
calculating the dot two
-

"

product based
"
-

The first one is with the definition of dot ,


on the previous

analysis : is the product of the magnitude of vector A times the magnitude


of rector B times the cosine of the angle between them .

A B - =
/ ALIBI cos ⊖

That is the same


saying the
magnitude of vector A times the parallel
-

as :

component of B and vice versa .


-

the other way to calculate the dot product is by making the turn of the

product of each individual component of one vector by the components


of the other .

The thing is mathematically unitary vectors have the following properties :


, ,

i. i =
jj =
K K
. =
111111 cos 101=1

i. j = i. K =
j K
. = 111111 cos 1901=0 t smaller than 90°

bigger than 90°

Jo : A B

A ✗ Bx Ay By Az Bz 0 exactly 90°
=
-
+ +

If the angle between A and B is smaller than 90° the scalar product
will be POSITIVE

If the angle between than 90° the scalar product


A and B is
bigger
-

will be NEGATIVE

If the angle between and 90° scalar product


A B is
exactly the
-

will be ZERO

Calculate the dot product and estimate the angle between A and B for the
-

following scenarios :

'

A = 4.00 ,
53°
-

13=5.00 130° A 4 cos 53=2.41 B ✗ = 5 cos 130=-3.21


o ,
✗ =

Ay = 48in 53=3.19 By = 5 sin 130=3.83

A. B =
12.41*-3.71 ) t 13 19 * 3.831 4.4816 IAHBI cos ⊖

↑%
=
.

I
7.74 4.4816 (4) Is ) ⊖ ⊖
-

-
+ 12.21 =
cos =
cog

4. 4816 → + smaller than 900 4. 4816 =


20 cos ⊖

4.4816
=
cos -0 ⊖=t7,
To
-

A =
Ii +3J + K IA 1--4121-32+7=3.74 A. 13=11-11131 cos ⊖
'

B = -

Yitzj
-

k 1131=442+-27+12--4.18 -3=(3.7-4114.58) cos ⊖

# =
( 010
A. 13=(211-41+13) / 2) +
(111-1) (3.7-4114.58)

8 I 0.1751 COS ⊖
=
-
+ 6 - -

7ᵗʰ first
bigger than 90° ← -3 cos -11-0.17111=0 February register exam

9ᵗʰ

proy.ec/.A---3j+2j
100.080=0 February

-4k 11-1=4321-22+42--5.38 A. 13=11-11131 cos ⊖


'

B =
Si +6J -

3k 1131=452+62+7--8.36 9=(5.381/8.36) cos ⊖

A. 13=1-3111 ) + (2) 161+1-411-31


1138%-8.361 =
cos ⊖

It + 12 + 12 0.7001 =
COS ⊖
-

9 → smaller than 900 (01-1/0.7001) =


78.410=-0

cross product
-

Also known at vector product


'

It vector that is to that


gives result perpendicular both A and B
assuming
-

as a a
,

both vectors have the same origin .

"
If resultant vector for the product between
"

C is the cross A and B ,


then :

☒ C

( =
A ✗ B
GA
( =\ -111131 sin ⊖
to
☐ B
The previous formula used to calculate the of the
magnitude

is cross product ; but in

order to calculate the components of the vector ,


a mathematical determinant is

needed .

Ya £

i j K
6
Ax Ay Az ( ✗

lil / Ay )lBz ) -

( Az )lBy / Ii ) (✗ =AyBz -

AzBy
B✗£By*Bz ( z ← ( Axl / By / Ik ) -

IK ) / Ay / ( Bx ) ( y=AzBx -

AxBz

ith j
*
K ( y ←
113×11 ;) / Az ) -

113211J ) / Axl cz=AxBy -

Ay Bx
Ax
/
AyAz

Ex : A= 4. 00,53° A ✗ = 410553=2.41 13/1=5 cos 130=-3.71 A' 7.41 it 3.19J + Ok

13=5.00 130° 48in 53=3.19 By 58in 130=3.83 13=-3.7 / it 3.83J + Ok


, Ay = =

( 13.19110 ) (01/3.83)=0

⊖ ✗
-
=

(4--1011-3.21) -11.411101=0
( 2=12.411/3.83 ) (3.1911-3.21)=9.23
1-10.241=19.47-1 1=01+01+19.47-1
-
-

① ✗
= (19.4-7)--900
cos
- '
111=11-11131 fino

0-11=(0511%7)--900 111--14115 / sin 77

① i. cos -11%7%1=00 19.49

Ex : A=2it3j+k ( ✗ =
(311-11-11112) ( = -

si -

zj +16k

13=-4 itzj -

k
-

3 -2 = -

Cy :
1111-41-1211-1 ) /( 1=1/5+27+162
IAI : 32t -

y + 2 = -

2 16.88

3.74 (2--12112)-1311-4 )
1131=44-+22+12 4 +
12 =
16 111=11-11131 tino

4.58 16.88--13.741/4.181 tino

gin
. .

/ 16.88-1=0
13.1-4114.181
,

80.21°
"
A 6
"
Ex : Vector has units of magnitude and it's on the positive ✗ axis .

"
Vector "B hat 4 units and it's on the xy cartesian plane ,
30° Not .

B×=4 cos 30=3.46 A=6it0j +0k


⑨,
By -_
Ytin 30=2 13=3.46 tljtok / ( 1=11-1113 / tin ⊖


17=16114 )tinQ
A
[✗ =
(01101-10112)=0 ( =
Oi +
Oj +12k
' = ⊖
tin
-

Cy
-
-
10113.46 ) -

(6) 101=0 K1=do2to


(2--161121-10113.46)=12 12 300 =

A- ( (7) 17 ) 1-411-7) 111=11-11131 tino


'

3it2j -4k ( -24 i -10J +13k


=
✗ = =
-
-

B= Yi -
7- j +2k 4 -28
=
_

24 111=1242+102+132-27.94 __
II. 38118.318in Q

(y= 1-41141-1-3112 ) 6.27.94


11-1=1132+-12+42 -16+6 =
-10 gin
.
.
(14%9%31)=0
I. 38 (2--1-311-7) -
(2) 141 38.73° =

1131=44-+72+22 21 -
8 =
13

8.30
of the movement of
Mechanics :
study an object and the concepts related with force and

energy

"

Dynamics Describe the relationship of


"
force and objects they
:
why the more at move .

Kinematics : Describes how objects more

-
In general terms ,
kinematics relates position , velocity and acceleration .

URM VARM
-

vs

In accelerated movement with conman acceleration


-

✗ (f) =
✗ otvot + ¥ at
2 ←
position in terms of time

Deri rate with respect to time

9¥ =
Ot Vo + É at vltk Vo +
at v
=
¥
✗ =
v. t

Perivale again :
-

du = Ota
du
=
a
at

It be appreciated that situations and the


in ideal the
velocity

can
, ,

acceleration are the derivatives ( simple and double ) of the position


equation .

Ex Write the equations of position , velocity and acceleration with respect


'

: to time

for the following scenarios .


Then ,
calculate the position , velocity and

acceleration after 3s and 6s respectively .

A car that accelerates at 3m42 with an initial speed of 15m15

DX du
✗ (f) =
Xo + Vott É at
'
dt
=

15 + III. 5) t dt
=

0+3

✗ It) =
Ot 1St + É 1311-2 Vlt ) =
15 +3T a (f) =
3

✗ (f) =
151-+1.51-2 V (3) =
15+313 ) a (3) =
3m / S2

✗ (3) =
IS / 3) + 1.5132 ) 24m15 a / 6) = 3m / S2

45 +
13.5 V16 ) =
15+3161

58.5m 33m Is

✗ (61--1516)+1.5162 )
÷
144m
A ball is thrown upwards from building with height of 15m
-

a a

and an initial velocity of 7- mis

dy du
15+71-+1>-1-9.8111-2 0+7 -9.81T 0-9.81
=

y / f) dt= at
=

y( 1-1=15+71--4.9051-2 vlt ) =
7- 9.81T act)= -

9.81

y( 3) =
15+713 ) -

4.905132 ) V13 ) =
7- 9.8113 ) a / 3) =
-9.81m / S2

15+71-44.145 -

27.43 Mls

-8.15m

An object moving to the right , initially at 5 mls but


accelerating to the left

at a pace of 4m / S2

✗ 11-1=0+51--71-2 vlt )= 5- 4T act / =


-4

✗ 11-1=51--21-2
Non ideal movement

The previous scenarios contemplated objects that more


ideally in both ✗ &y dimensions ,

but we know that there is one extra dimension and that movement is not ideal .

In order to estimate how the objects more


,
a vector that describes how the

position respect defined


" "

of a vector changes with to time is : r

r (f) =
✗ (f) i +
yltljt 2 / tlk

The
magnitude of this vector is defined as displacement .

Likewise ,
the
velocity vector and acceleration vector are found with the derivatives

of the previous vector :

da
Jerk
.

)=ᵈ¥=ᵈd÷
=

vctl=¥d act

The magnitude of the velocity vector is called speed .


IVF speed

Ex : A student estimates that the movement in a parabolic thot is similar to the

one of the following equation :

r (f) =
131-1 it ( 4. It -4.9011-2 ) ; +1-1.31-4 / K

Calculate the instantaneous position velocity and acceleration at 2 seconds


-

-
Calculate the displacement ,
the speed ,
and the
magnitude of the acceleration

dr
= Vct ) =
(3) it 14.2-9.811-1 ; + (-5.21-3) K
at
du
- =
a (f) =
Coli + 1- 9.81 )j + 1-11.61-2 )k
dt

(2) 1312 ))it 14.212) 4.9011221 )j 1- 1.3121 ) V12 ) 3 it (4.2-9.8112) )j 1- 5.2123 ) ) K


"
= =
r + K +
-

6i -
11.17 j -

20.8k 3i -

15.42 j - 41.6 k

tr / = I 62+11.222+20.82 / V1 =
✓ 32 + IS .
42
'
+ 41.62

24.38m 44.46 m Is

a (1) = Oi -

9.81J + 1- IS 6122 ) ) K
. I at = ✓ 9.812 + 62.42

9.81J -
62.4k 63.16 m / 52
A- ✗ Ay AL HX Ay Az
A- 7. Oti
-

, 2.84J ,
1.99k ( ✗ =AyBz -

AZBY A- =
-5.17 ; 1.30J ,
1.71k ( ✗ =AyBz -

AZBY
,

B= 1. 7- Oi -0.68J -6.71k Cy=AzB× AXBZ 13=-7.361 , -4.11J -6.92k Cy=AzBx AxBz


'
-
-

, ,
,

BX BY B2 B✗ BY B2
( z=A×By -

AyB× ( z=A×By -

AYBX

(2.8411-6.21)-(1.9911-0.68)=-16.2832 (1.301/-6.92)-(1.2111-4.55)=-3.4901
11.99 )( 1.70 ) -
(7.0511-6.21)=47.1631 ←
(1.2111-2.36)-(-5.171/-6.92)=-38.632
17.0111-0.68 ) -

(2.841/1.70)=-9.612 (-5.1771-4.55)-(1.3011-2.36)=26.1911

Ax Ay Az Kl =\ / 3.49012+38.6322+16.19111=47.0289
A- = -

4. Ibi
, -3.79J 1.72k ( ✗ =AyBz -

AzBy
,

13=-6.04 3.93J ,
3.96k Cy=AzBx -

AxBz
,

BY BZ
Bx →
( z=A×By -

AYBX

(-3.291/3.96)-(1.7-2113.93)=-19.788 ☆

(1.7211-6.04)-(-4.101/3.96)=1.8472
(-4.101/3.93)-(-3.2411-6.04)=-35.9846

Ax AY Az

A- -
1.761
'

, -7.67J ,
2.62k 111-1=111.762+7.622+7.672--8.7478
13=-0.64't -4.09J , ,
-3.51k 1131=40.641+4.092+3.512--5.4171
BX BY B2

A B =/ All
-

Blcos⊖=AxBx+AyBytAzBz
-

1.1764+31.1618-9.1962
20.8432

1131=11.4 ( =/ ALIBI sin ⊖

20.8432--18.74781/5.427111010 IAI -

-
10.30 116.71=111.41/10.301 tino

(
RXA -116.71=1
-

'
gin
-

' 05
'
/ 18.2478111427T )=⊖
20.843L

83.6960=0
62.7500=0
-

A student estimates that the leaves of the tree more


according to the

next equation :
Instantaneous position and acceleration at
velocity
-

r / f) =
111-2 )i + 1- 5 cos / Itt ) ) ; 0.2 seconds .

v10.2)= 210.24+1-5 cos It 0.2 ) ); -

Displacement ,
speed and the magnitude of
0.08 i -4.04J the acceleration at that time .

lo.0871-4.CI
Irl =
4.04m a (f) =
(4) it / IT'S cos Ht ) ) ;
a 10.71=4 i +
111-25 cos (11-0.2) )j
Vct ) =
14T ) it ( its sin / Itt )) ; Ui +31.01J
v10 7) .
=
1410.1 ) )i +
111-5 sin (11-0.2) ) ; 442+31.07
0.8 i +9.73J la / =
31.26m / S2

10.849.7T
/ v1 =
9.76 Mls

-
A particle has the next position vector :

r
11-5-13 / ¥ F) 2) cos
-
+ i
calculate the speed at the origin .

v1 f) = -
¥3 / Est F)
sin
-

3 cos / ¥ F) -

+2=0
vlt ) = -
it sin / ¥ ¥ )
-

3 I
cos F) -2 -
=
V12.94 / = -

IT sin / ¥2.94 ¥ ) -

cos / ¥ E) } -
= -

-1.35 i

¥ ¥ arccog ( ¥ )
- =
/ v1 =
I 2.352+02+02
=
2.30 + ¥ 2. 35m15

1- =3 (1.30+-4)
IT

1- =
7.94s
Two objects : kinematics

What happens when two moving objects the same space at the same space
occupy
-

at the same time ?

In functions of position need to be


-

order to know this


,
the evaluated at the

same time .

Determine if the
following particles collide If
they do indicate the time
-

.
.
,

V1 / 1-1=(21-2)+3 ; It ' +11k


+
The collide at 3 seconds ,
at 18 it 3J +10k .

r2 (f) =
( 21-1-12 / it tjt 10k

On ✗ On y : On 2 : r / (3) = 2132 )i +3J + 132 +11k

21-2=21-+12 3=t 1-2+1=10 18 i +3J +10k

' +
It It -12=0 1-2=9
Y TT
1- =
IT r, (3) =
12131+17 / it 3J +10k

1- =3 1- =3 18 it 3J +10k

1- = -
z

ri / f) =
11-21-41 it 151-4+11-+11 K
(f) 14th +10J +11-1 -21k The don't collide
'

r, = -

On ✗ On y : On 2 :

1-2+4=4 t St =
10 1-+1=1-2-2

1-2-41-+4=0 1- =
¥ ti -
t -

3=0
447 TTY
1- =
2

1- =
I 1- =
2.3

1- = -
I 1- = -

1.3
The other way around

fall-1=1-4
V0 3m11 ✗ 11-1=21-31--21-2

fvltl 11-41-+3 )dt


-

_

{
dt _
-

✗o =
2m • Vlt)= 3- 4T

Vlt )= -4T
11-1=1-4 / a (f)
+ c
=
-4
tdt + 3 dt

v10 ) =
3=-410 / + C

3=6
'
t
✗ (t) +3T
=
VH1 =
-41-+3

✗ (f) =
-21-2+3 1- + C

✗ 101--2=-2104+310) + C
2 =
c

✗ (f) = -21-2+31-+2

In situations the equation 1st


-

some
,
position is not given .

If do not remember the UARM equation for positions OR if the


body is not
'

we

moving in UARM it be better to build the position equation by integral


,
may
calculations
/
.

✓ (f) = altldt

Ex : A particle moves with an initial speed of 13m Is along the × positive


axis .
Its acceleration is
given by the next formula in Mls ?

Calculate the time which the particle will stop


-

in .

Calculate the distance travelled during that time


-

act )= -

It +1.9

/ / f- /
'
It
alt ) It +1.9 dt It dt 1.9 dt
-

= - → + →
+ 1.9T + c
2-

✓ 11-1=-1-2 +1.9T + C
v10 )= 13=-101/+1.910/1 + C 0=-1-2+1.91-+13
Y 4 7
13 =
C

t=-7.78-
'
✓ (f) t +1.91-+13
7=4.681
= -

fvlt)= ) -1-2+1.91-+13 dt →

f- t2dt+ / 1.9T dt +
/ Bdt

✗ (f) =
+
¥-2 + 13T + C

✗ ( O) =
0 = # 1.91*+1310)+C +

0 =
C

✗ (f) = _¥ +1.9¥ +13T

✗ ( 4.681=-14.6384-+1.9142-684+1314.68)
✗ 14.681 =

-34.17+20.80+60.84=47.471 ,

Ex : A at 21 Mls at of
travels
accelerating pace 1 mls ? It passes a
-

car a
,

that it
police car tries to catch , accelerating at a pace of 2.4m / s ?

-
Find the time in which the police car will catch it .

Calculate the distance that the police car travels .

/ a. (f) =

flat fait / ) =
2. Ydt

V
,
(f) =
7.4T + C
,

V
,
(f) =
tt C , V, (01--0--2.410) + ( z

4--0
V. ( 01=71 Otc C, V (f) 2.4T
=
,
→ =
21 ,
=

vlH= 1-1-21
built /
)= 1-1-21 dt / Vitt) =

/ 2. Ytdt

x.lt ) ¥+11T
-
_ 0
× ,
(f) =
2.4¥ no

X.lt/-- ¥+21T × ,lt1= t.lt


'

1-(-0.71-+21)=0

}
0.51-2+117=1.21-2

0.51-2 -1.21-2+24=0 -

0.71-+71=0 X, / 301=1.713011--10801
,

-0.71-2+24=0 0.7T _-
21
"
1-
=

10.7=301 ,
Circular Motion

Uniform circular motion

circle at constant speed said


" "
-

An object that moves in a V is to experience

uniform circular motion .


• •
in

the
magnitude of the velocity remains constant in this case
'

,

but the direction of the


velocity continuously changes as the ñ

object moves around the circle

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity .


and if you
analyse the vectors of velocity ,
their components are
going to point
towards the centre of the circle .

Therefore acceleration called centripetal acceleration because it 's


-

,
this is ,

centre -

pointing .

It can also be called radial acceleration ,


because it's directed along the

radius of the trajectory


V1 l

¥
aa,%^
determine of the
-

we the
magnitude "" "
'

can
-

motion
" .
centripetal
"

acceleration with :
.

ar an
= v2 / r ☐ .

circular %
Where is the radius of the trajectory
-

r .

Circular motion is often described in terms of the frequency (f) ,


the

number of revolutions per second .

f. = ¥ § = =
Hz

The period IT ) of an object is the time required for one revolution


-

So this term are related by : f- s


1-
= =
=
-
If an object revolves in a circle / of circumference Hr ) at constant speed v, we

can infer the next Formula for one revolution : • •

0
✓ = ¥ / V=2ñ IT 'd

"
V =
2 Mrf

A
lsogr ball at the end of
string revolving uniformly hormonal
-

a is in a

circle of 0.600m radius .


The ball makes 2 revolutions in a second .
What is its

centripetal acceleration ?

V
=
Ztrf ar
= ¥


Zrev / second →
f- =
2 Hz zarf t.is#o
lit 10.600112 )
94.8m,
7. 54 MIS

The 's circular orbit around the Earth of


nearby has radius 384,000km
-

moon a

and period of 27.3 Determine acceleration of the towards the


a
days . moon

Earth .

/ /
3600s
☒ Ztda 24h1

}
agg =
2358720s
'•
384,000 1 daly #
km

21T ( 384000000 )
u
=
211¥ =

2358720
=
1022.9m / s

ar
=
v2 / r
= 318%8%0-00 =
0.0027mHz,
Rotational Motion

-
Until now we have worked with translational motion .

This topic will of rotational objects and their equivalent


-

cover the
analogy with

the one direction movement .

We have to consider that rigid object object with definite shape that
-

a is an a

will not change larry real object may be capable of vibrate or deform when

a force is exerted on it ) .

Angular Quantities

of
Any object have
-

will always a centre mass ,


that is the geometric point
in Wich there is an equilibrium of all the mass proportions of the object .

'

In a circle ,
the centre of mass is always the middle point .

rotational motion means that all object


A
purely the points in the more
-

in circles around its centre of mass .

This is to be called the axis of rotation


going
-

straight line drawn from the axis to


A
any point sweeps out the same
-

angle ⊖ in the same time .

When we indicate the


angular position of rotating object specify the
-

a
,
we

angle ⊖ with respect to a reference line Inch as the ✗ axis 1 .

Any
" " "

point P of object moving in a ⊖ travel l


angle to
"

the is
going
-

distance ,
measured along the circumference .

:
ii.
i r

l =
⊖r ! I

:
i. '
"

'
" -
-

i -
- -
- -
measured maths of circular
Angles are
commonly in
degrees but the motion are much
-

simpler if we Ute radians .

One radian defined the angle rubtuned by whose length is


equal
-

is as an arc

to the radius " "


r .

exactly 0=1 / r
any angle
So
If I =r then 0=1 radian in radians , is
given by :
-

, ,

Consider : trad =
1800

so : 1 rev =
360° =
21T rad

Ex : A particular bird 's


eye can just distinguish objects that subtend an
angle
no smaller than 3×10 -4rad .

TE
How
degrees is this ?
many
-

21T rad -
360°

(3×10-4) rad -

0.017° 100M
¥ ✓=

-
How small an object can the bird distinguish whe flying
of ?
height
-10
at a 100m -

l =
Or

1=(3×10-411100)
0.03m =
3cm

We make analogy formulas


'

to worked
are
going an of the we have with in linear

motion in order to describe a


rotating object .

The position of an object .


like a
bicycle wheel ,
is defined by the rotation from

an initial position I -0 , or %) to a final position 10 , or ⊖) .

Then , angular displacement will be defined by : ☐ 0=0-2--0 ,


0-2
- -
-
_
5-
,
, _
* ,

i
,

I
"
"
"
" -

i.
-
_
. .
-

The
angular velocity I now , represented by the Greek letter W ) is

defined then as : w= so

It

The usual convention is to choose the angular displacement D8 and the


-

POSITIVE the wheel rotates COUNTERCLOCKWISE


angular velocity W when .

⊖ •

l =
Or

V = W r
.

We relate the angular velocity to the


frequency
-

can .

As the frequency is the number of complete revolutions per second


and one revolution corresponds to 21T rad ,
then :

f- =
w / 21T

w =
21T f

The unit of
frequency is revolution per second that is the same as
-

that hertz IJO I Hz =


1 revis )

É!m•
,

f =
¥ = Hz

W
=
→ ztf =
¥ 1- =
s

aa ☒v= m/s


a
aR=m / 52

At =
s

Angular velocity is measured in radians Is

If the object rotates with an


angular velocity the tangent velocity will
-

w,

be defined by the ratio of its trajectory so : v =


r .
w

to
linear

velocity

As defined that v2 /r infer that :


we
previously
=
-

ar we can

ar
=
=
'w=w¥×
?
AR = W r
-

On a
rotating carousel ,
one child sits on a horse near the outer edge and

another sits on a lion halfway out from the centre .

Which has a
greater linear velocity ? • → horse

the horse
-

Which child has a


greater angular velocity ? • → lion

they both have the same

The platter of a computer 's hard drive rotates at 7200 rev / min .

?
What is the angular velocity
-

l
f- =
t-m.MG = 120 Hz

W
=
21T f- =
211-1120) =
240 it ᵗ÷ = 753.98 ʳ÷
-

If the of drive located 3.00cm from the rotation


reading head the is
-

axis
,
what is the linear speed of the point of the platter just below ?

V =
w .
r
=
12401T ) ( 0.03 ) =
7.21T ¥ =

22.62%-1

Centripetal acceleration : ap ,
=
(24011-510.03) =

17054m,

A point tire marked The tire rotates at 1500 rpm


'

in a is . .

Indicate how many revolutions have the point in the tire done after 45s .

1500kV
/ 1 min
25 +12
f
=
=
min 60s Is -

25 rev


45
1175mg,
=
✗ rev
-

Centripetal acceleration ?
-

W
=
21T f- = 21T 125 ) =
157.08 r¥
ar =
W? r =
(157.0812/0.45)=11103.4%-1
l Or
-
_

5. 59 =
211-10.36 ) f. =
=
g- =
Hz
v = War
7-
1- = f- = = s
f- =
w/ 21T
1- 5.59 =
211-10.36 )

¥ \- 21T f

} velocity
=
W
1- =
211-10.36 ) V= Zltr IT
=
-0.4016s V=
lineal
v=2ñrf w=- → zitf =
¥
AR
= v2 / r

,z=¥='w=w¥×
v = !
a
ar
=
7.97 m /S2
r
=
? ar = Wr
r =
0.30M

V= 7.01 m/s =
21T rf

7. 97 = ¥0 r= 7.32m

0.4808%01*1*1=28-848
117.97-(0.3-0) -_
v
=
62 7.01 =
zarf 60£

7. 01=211-2.32 F M

7.01=4 641T f .

y.FI#=f=0.4808Hzr--
?

Zltrf
75.17 rpm
¥
ts.HR/YY#--
ar
=
V=
1.2528
¥ / Half
an =
77.31m / 52 V= 711-11.2528) r

211-11.152-8124
22.31 = V2 =

>t = r
-20-36,00
AR =
?
7m

f
¥ Zj%
= =
95.39 rpm =
1.5898 V= Ztrf AR
=

t 0.73M V= 711-10.23 )( 1.5898 ) 2.2974


= =

22-94,80

ar = ? AR
=

f- =
1. 77th ✓ =
Zitrf

✓ = 0.34m 211-10.34/1.77 =
3.78122
-0.34=42-05,13
3. 7812
F- ? l =
Or

1- = 3.365 f. = ¥ § = =
Hz
V = W r .

ar
=
0.53m /S2
1- = f- =
¥v = 5
f- =
w / 21T

¥r ¥ } V=Ñr 21T f

} velocity
=
w
✓=
v.
lineal
V= 21T rf §- → zitf =
¥
¥3T
=

r w
v= v2 /
AR
=
r

¥ =(}) ar
=
=
'w=wx
92=0.53 =

>
X
AR = W r

0.53=4%-13

(:÷ =r=
is

w
=
? '
ar =
w r

'
ar =
6.94 mlsz 6.94 =
w 2.26
-

r =
7.26m
,
/ 6%4-6 = w
=
1-75,23

au
5.829
5
Dynamics Circular Motion

According to Newton 's second law , object that accelerating must have
-

an is a net

force acting on it .

object circle such ball the end of string must therefore


An
moving in
-

a
,
as a on a
,

have a force applied to it to keep it


moving in a circle .

A net force is necessary to give it centripetal acceleration .

The magnitude of the required force can be calculated


using Newton 's second law for

the radial component : EFR =


map
=
m - v2 / r

'

[ /

↓ to ① ttw-m.at ③ T W - =
man
W T

2 • =-D KR


d

/
② 1- =
m .

an AR will not change neither the weight


, ,

w
↑ that
39
the tension is the one change .

F
W

For uniform circular motion , in Wich V is constant ,


the acceleration is ar ,
which is

directed toward the centre of the circle at any moment .

Thus the net force too must be directed toward the centre of the circle .

A net force is necessary because otherwise if net force exerted the


-

,
no were on

object ,
it would not move in a circle ,
but a straight line list Newton Law )

The direction of the net force is


continually changing .

This force is often called centripetal because of its direction .

describes the direction of the force


this term
merely net
-

The force must be applied by other objects


-

.
-

there is a common misconception that an object moving in a circle has an

centrifugal force
"
outward force
"
acting on it . A so called .

This is incorrect : there is no outward force on the


revolving object .

The "
Outward force " felt is the reaction because of Newton 's third law .

-
If
centrifugal force existed ,
a
revolving ball would fly outward when recreated .

"j÷÷
'
_

' '

i i.

i
-

The force on a ball is exerted inwardly by the source .


,
happens ' '
doesn't

-
-
- -
-

-
i. 1- •
'

¢¥H
' -

i force on the
-
-
-
.
. .

' i
ball exerted by
the
I ! string
\
☐ For # on the
- hand exerted
- '
-
- -
-
by the
string

Ex : Estimate the force a person must exert on a


string attached to a
0.150kg ball to

to make the ball revolve in a horizontal circle of radius 0.600m . The ball makes 2.00

revolutions per second . Assume the weight is small .

f- =
21-12 EFR =
map
¥

W 't
V = Hrf ap
=

711-10 6) (2) .
=
7.54 Mls

1- =
MAR

1- =
10 .
/ so , /T.TT )
14.2¢ ,,
The same ball now is swung in a vertical circle .

Estimate the tension that the cord must have in order to have an
angular velocity of

8. 33rad / s at the top and bottom of its arc .

Determine the minimum speed the ball must have at the top of its are so that it

continues moving in a circle .


/ We have a speed ,
but it's not the minimum )
-
Calculate the tension in the cord at the bottom of the arc
, assuming it's moving
at twice of that ( minimum / speed .

① ②

T↓§§w w=
Mig AR
=
wir EFR =
Mar EFR =
MAR

I. PAR
☐ a ,
) W =
(0.151/9.81) AR
=
(8-332) / ° 6)-
Ttw =
map T W - =
map

1.47N 41.6m / sz Tt 1.47=10.15 )( 41.6 ) T -

1.47=(0.151/41.6)
1-
↑ 1-
£ -
T =
6.24 -
1.47 =
6.24+1.47
Ooo

↓ w
4.771, 7.71 ,

" "
• → v

¥
1-
↓ tow/
• AR
EFR

W
=
Mar him
+→ °
w=m

¥
v =
Wir =
8. 3310.6 )

T + =
map 1m = in 4. 99m15
g
.

1- + w= m ¥ 9.8k ¥6
If the valve of the 49.81107 =
V

tension decreases ,
the
2.43mi ,

speed does too .

+
DAR

86 m/s
↑ V= 4. EFR =

1- map
£
ai T W
- =
map
tow T W = ¥
m
-

1- = m ¥ + w

1-
(0.15%46.862)-+1.47=7.371
=

,,
?⃝
-

A ball of 300g is attached to a


string of 80cm , revolving like the picture as shown .
If the

onerevowptignaino.JO#
ball completes .
Calculate the tension in the
string

I
8cm
↑_± Ty

• ,
_ .

AR

W
EXAM
seafloor
Rotational Dynamics
§¥•T ,
v. =
Wir

Nonuniform Circular Motion ai-ayq.ae?Rth--Wir


-
Circular motion at constant speed occurs when the net force on an object
is exerted toward the centre of the circle .

When the rotational speed increases or decreases , the net force will also be

directed towards the angle ,


so the net force will have now two components .

The component tangent to the circle ( Ftan ) acts to increase / or decrease ) the

speed and thus gives rise to a component of the acceleration tangent to

the circle ,
Atan
Ian . aa• A acceleration 1rad /
angular
Szalai
=

trap to FR a
#1

Linear type rotational relation


OV
✗ displacement ✗ = r -

velocity w u w
=
r
-

Atan acceleration A atan


=
r
-

you start ball end of


When
revolving on the a
string you must give
-

a
,

it tangential acceleration .

The tangential component of the acceleration ,


Atan ,
is equal to the

rate of change of the


magnitude of the objects velocity .

Atan
=
Dv / At

The tangential acceleration always points direction tangent to


-

in a

the circle ,
and it's on the direction of the motion ( parallel to v1 .

The total acceleration


"
a
"
is : a =
Ya+an2+a V
,
=
V, +
a tant
? 2
v =
V, + 2 atan DX
,

DX =
V. t +
Éatant ?
Ex : A starts from rest in pit
-

race car the

their
The definitions of

linear
wi.w.at#Et angular velocity
counterparts .

?
and

?
acceleration are the same as those for

Wo

DODO
2 A
Wf
=
+

=
Wot + Eat ?

w- =
HII
-

Ex : A carousel is
initially at rest .
At t=0 it is
given a constant

angular acceleration of which its


angular velocity for
CEO radlsz ,
increases

8. 0s .
At that time determine :

The angular velocity of the Carousel


-

Wf
=
Wo + at

0
Wf 10.06718)
=
+

Wf = 0.48rad/s

the linear
velocity of child located the centre
'

a 2.5m from

V =
W r -

v =
10.48 ) ( 2. 5)

✓ =
1.2 m Is
The
tangential acceleration of that child
-

=
a.

ratan
atan

=
10.06 ) ( 2. 5)

atan
=
0.15m /S2
april26ᵗh-
to
car
ready
The centripetal acceleration of the child compete
'

AR = WZ .

ar
=
10.482 ) / 2. 5)
f online

AR
=
0.58 mlsz quiz assignment

magnitude of the acceleration of the child


-

The
'
- -
-

a ←
#
"

I at =
Natan + a ,z2 i ↓ on
\•

1 lal i
I
.

Iat =
0.152 1- 0.582 I "

" "

1 at 0.60m / S2
"
=
'
-
- -
-
-

Ex : A centrifuge rotor is accelerated from rest to 20,000 in 30s


-

rpm

what is its average angular acceleration ? Vo=0


'

WE
=
Ztff 1- =
30s

/
20,000 rev 1min

21T 1333.33 ) Wf =
Wo + at ff =
min 60s
=
333.33+12

2094.37 rad Is a = Wf -

Wo a = ?

Trev =
!

2094j3
a =

a =
69.8 rad /S2

Through many revolutions has the centrifuge rotor turned


during its
-

how

acceleration period , assuming constant angular acceleration ?

always need to know first

angcce6rahono
Wf
2 =
V02 + 2A SO 1 rev
-

21T rad i#agÑar velocity Wo


/
so =
Wot + É at
±
-
31410rad

s -0 =
0130 )tÉ 169 8) ( 302 ) . 49338 rev

so =
31410rad
Ex fan turned off when
A
cooling is it is
running at 850 rpm It turns 1500
-

: .

revolutions before it comes to a stop .

850 MV

min|= 14.17+12
1 min

to =
Trev
-

21T rad

Wf =
0 7500kV
I
-

☐⊖ =
1500kV 9424rad

What fan 's angular acceleration ?


'

was the

2
Wo
=
21T Fo Wf =
Wo
? + 2A DO

211-114.17 ) 02 =
89.032 + 2 A 19424 )

89.03rad Is 0
=
7926.34+18848

a-t.g.gg?4--- a

0.42 rad / S2
=
-
a
Torque

As found analogies between and rotational motion the rotational


we linear ,

equivalents for
dynamics exists as well .

To make object start rotating about axis


clearly needs force
-

an an a .

'

The direction of this force and where it 's applied are important factors .

Take for example :


opening a door Which of the
following forces should make
'

fatter ?
☐¥ ¥→
the door open

FIFTH
-

we can
appreciate that angular acceleration is not
only proportional to

the magnitude of the force ,


but it also proportional to the perpendicular
distance from the axis of rotation to the line along which the force acts .

This distance is called the lever arm or moment arm


, ,
.

The angular acceleration is ,


then
, proportional to the product of the

force times the lever arm .


This product is called the moment of force
about the axis ; more
commonly called the torque IT or 7)
f =
F. r

Thus the acceleration proportional net


angular directly the
'

or is to
,

applied torque and we see that it is torque that gives rise to

angular acceleration .

This the rotational of Newton 's second


is
analogy law
'

If the force and lever perpendicular the torque will be


'

the arm are ,

ideal .
Otherwise , the perpendicular component of the force with

the lever arm will define the torque r =


Flint '

axis of in
☐ =F¥jnota point

"¥%
of
. rot

↑ aplication
En ÉC meh of terce
i. a .
-

Ex : the bicep muscle exerts a vertical force on the lower arm ,


bent
as shown .
Calculate the torque about the axis of rotation through
the elbow joint assuming
,
the muscle is attached 5.0cm from the

elbow when :

f)↑ 700N ↑,F=7°°N ? Foin


0 -

¥É # 190160.05)
'
-

700am
S
P
-

axis at
35N
=
.m

elbow

gt=700N

,,¥
At-700N

É¥T
T=FsinQr #
p700N
Ñ¥#☒
""

_ _ P= 30.31mm
-
a

A- 700 )
I damn ±
tin / 12010.05
.

Torqueisaao

operate
?⃝
Ap =
? mlsz
Wf
=
Wo + at a =
R -

r
+ an
f- =
10.0rad /S
W
=
21T f
t =
6.4s " "

Wf Wo 2 A ☐⊖
=
+

A =
3.2 rad /sz a
,z=wz.r
rad =
0.7m
Eat '

two
Do =
Wot +
Wf
=
Wot

Wftzwo ZTIF V=w-


= r
Ig =

Wo =
211-110 )

Wo =
201T a =

Vfr°

="""""µ
1- =
7.75
Wf =
Wo + at
f=32.9rad/#
"" "" "" " " "
Wf = 83.3118 V= ? ? ?

r 31cm
&"%#
=

= 0.31m
ar =
WE '

(83.31182 ) ( 0.7 )
Zafar
W=
AR =

zitczz.gg
=
W
4858-5992 mist ✓ =
✓ ✓
.

I W =
65.81T ✓ =
65.81T /0.31 )

v=ezm
's

34 0.34mL
rad # 0.17m
rpsm/%F#
=
=
cm 245 rev
= 4.0833
Fo =
245 rpm
→ 4.0833

ff =
389 rpm → 6.4833ps
t
389ᵗeVm/%hg-
=
5.4s
= 6.4833

tan
=
?? ?

aÉz
No =
21T Fo Atan
=
R -

=
211-14.0833) D=
✓f£2ˢ Atan =

8¥10 /7) .

Vo =
8.16661T
A
12.96663%-8.1666/11
=

Up 21T Ff 3
=

Up
=
21T 16.4833)

Wf
=
12.96661T of =
8¥ radlsz Atan
-_

8¥ /0.34 )
Atan
-20.9994mHz
to 4751 rpm → 79.1833
=

Wf
=
Wo + at a =
R -

r
Ff
+ an
=
1388 rpm → 23.1333
W
=
21T f
C- =
2.8s ' '
Wo
D OA
2 a
Wf
=
+

?? an WI r
-

= -
-

Eat '
t wo Wot Wot
DO + =
Wf
=

21T Fo =

200=211-(7-9.1833)
Wf+zI
=
✓ wir
To =

Wo =
158 .
36661T

1 rev
-

21T rad 02 =

VfzI
Up =
21T Ff
Uf =
711-(23-1333)
Uf =
46.26661T her =
??? V0 =
Zltfo
t =
4.3s V0 =
211-183.2333)
Fo =
4994 rpm -83.2333 Wo =
166.46661T
g.
=
KIWI of =
100rad/s >

46.266615%158-366617 Do =
Wot + É act
Do =
(166.4666*114.3) + É (1001/4.32)
A = -

125.7759 radlsz DO =
3173.2720 rads
-

7mV 2 trad
-

f9ar -3173.272rad

Al =

Der
m rad m

t =
7.7g
R =
32.9 rad /S2 V= W r -

v =
? ? ?

r 31cm 0.37m V Vf
=
= = '
r

✓ =
253.33/0.37)
Wf
=
Not at V =
78.123 mls

Wf
=
0 (32.9×7.7)
+

Wf
=
253.33 rads
late at
Ex : You arrive the classroom and your professor is
closing the

door of 0.5m .
The professor exerts a force of 15N perpendicular to

the door ,
at the edge of it .
You
try to push the door with a force of
from the rotation at
25N ,
20cm axis of the
following angle .

Will
you be able to open the door ?
-

Er =
Tp -

Ts

fats Fs
%!

Fptin / 90 )rp
-
Fstin / 35 )rs
!
35T 158in / 9010.5 25 tin / 35110.2 )
0.2mi
-

*
ax
900
I ↑ 7.5 -

2.87 =
4.63 Nm

I 0.5m
Fp
i

Tp ¥1s
smaller than Tp

Ex : Two thin disk -

shaped wheels of radii ra


=
30cm and rps
=
50cm
,

are attached to each other on an axle that passes

of each Calculate net


through the centre ,
as shown .
the

torque on this compound wheel due to the two forces


shown , each of magnitude 50N .
?⃝
Ex : Calculate the net torque about the axle of the wheel shown .

Assume that a friction torque of 0.40 Nm opposes the motion .

Ff -0.40 Nm
-

35N
• Er =

ra
-

TB
-

I
20N -

Fatin 0-arat-ptin0-p.kz -

Fctinocrc
f. A-

Fb →

ra - Fa
-

358in / 90110.12 ) +288in 190110.24 ) -

18km190)( 0.24 )
"

_ _
f- -4.2 +6.72 -4.32 =t.8Nm_
clockwise
i
spinning
4- 12cm -1

124cm -
1.
8+ -1.4M€
=

t
a F- friction
18N
against
Fc →
to A movement

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