Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and Risk

Reduction
Module 14:
Key Concepts, Principles, Elements
and Importance of DRR

AIRs-LM
LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14
 Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Module 14- Key Concepts, Principles, Elements and Importance of DRR
Second Edition 2021
Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools
DivisionRegion I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Joree T. Thomas

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Reviewer: Jodel Maria Ragpala
Language Reviewer: Joan Guerrero
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr.
Design and Layout: Jasper N. Arciaga

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph D
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, Ph D, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, Ph D, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City,
La UnionTelefax: 072 – 205 – 0046
Email Address: [email protected]

LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and Risk

Reduction
Module 14:
Key Concepts, Principles, Elements
and Importance of DRR

LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this
module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for
better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to
answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided
for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing
each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 Target

Disaster risk reduction or DRR is the concept and practice of reducing disaster
risks through systematic efforts to analyses and reduce the causal factors of
disasters. Moreover, it is a systematic approach used in identifying, assessing
and reducing the threats of disaster.
In your previous module, you have learned to follow fire emergency and
evacuation plans.
This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you
understand the key concepts, principles, elements and the importance of DRR.
After you read through this self-learning module, you are expected to:

 Discuss the key concepts, principles, and elements of DRR

(DRR11/12-IIg-h-42)
 Recognize the importance of DRR on one’s life. (DRR11/12-IIg-h-43)

1 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 Before going on, check how much you know about this topic.
Answer the pretest on the next page and write your answer in a
sheet of paper.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. Which of the following statements best describe disaster risk reduction or DRR?
A. DRR is a strategic planning and procedure that is administered
and employed to protect critical infrastructures
B. DRR is an aid that provides children and families with emergency
and disaster relief support whenever disaster strikes.
C. DRR is an area of security planning that aims to protect an
organization from the effects of significant disastrous events
D. DRR is the process of protecting the livelihoods and assets of
communities and individuals from the impact of hazards.
2. During the term of former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the Philippine
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 was enacted under what
republic act?
A. R.A. 10021 B. R.A. 12110
C. R.A. 10121 D. R.A. 20101
3. What systematic approach is being used by the government to reduce
disaster risks in order to mitigate the effects of natural hazards?
A. Disaster preparedness
B. Disaster risk reduction
C. Disaster risk management
D. Disaster readiness and risk reduction
4. If an engineer uses bioengineering techniques like natural nets, retaining walls
and major civil works to mitigate landslides, then he uses what sort of
active preventive intervention?
A. Deforestation B. Reforestation
C. Proper land use measure D. Structural measure
5. What active preventive intervention has been used if you conducted a
seedling planting activity to prevent mass movement of soil on steep
slopes?
A. Deforestation B. Reforestation
C. Proper land use measure D. Structural measure
6. Which of the following determines the severity of the impact of disaster?
A. Geographical location
B. Total number of populations
C. Topography
D. Type of hazard
7. What do you think is the most essential thing to do right after a disaster
occurred?
A. Mitigate B. Rehabilitate

2 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 C. Prepare D. Respond
8. What active preventive intervention has been used if you conducted a
seedling
A. A classroom with two sliding doors
B. A classroom with two rotating doors
C. A classroom with two inswing doors
D. A classroom with two outswing doors
9. What active preventive intervention has been used if you conducted a
seedling planting activity to prevent mass movement of soil on steep
slopes?
A. It can weaken a typhoon
B. It can measure climate change.
C. It can change the direction of a typhoon.
D. It can predict the movement of a typhoon.
10. How are you going to cope up and reduce mental stress if you experienced a
tragic disaster?
A. Be optimistic and pretend to be happy.
B. Drink alcoholic beverages to easily forget it.
C. Think of it as a dream.
D. Share your experiences to a guidance counselor.

Jumpstart

DRR is the conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities

to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society in order to prevent
or mitigate the adverse impacts of hazards within the broad context of sustainable
development.
In terms of disaster risk, Philippines ranked third among all of the countries
with the highest risks worldwide according to the World Risk Report of 2018. At least
60% of the country’s total land area is exposed to multiple hazards, and 74% of the
population is susceptible to their impact. This is largely due to the location and
geographical context as the risk involving coastal, geological, and
hydrometeorological hazards such as typhoons, storm surges, earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions are posing serious risks to the safety of the populace.

3 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 Discover

Historically, dealing with disasters focused on emergency response, but

towards the end of the 20th century it was increasingly recognized that disasters
are not natural as it was, perhaps due to global climate change. Since we cannot
reduce the severity of natural hazards, the main opportunity for reducing risk lies
in reducing vulnerability and exposure.
Addressing these underlying risk drivers will reduce disaster risk, lessen the
impacts of climate change and, consequently, maintain the sustainability of
development.
R.A. 10121 or the Philippine disaster management law makes sure that
policies and plans are in place to prepare communities for when disasters strike.
Hence, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council or NDRRMC
was established which is composed of various government, non-government, civil
sector and private sector organizations. Its task is to carry out programs that would
increase public awareness of risks and hazards, preparedness for effective response
and early recovery, as well as to promote self-reliance among the Filipino people.
DRR main goals are to mitigate the impacts of natural hazards and the
vulnerabilities of the society in order to safeguard the level of development
achieved. The key concepts of DRR to maintain a sustainable development of a
community despite the occurrence of natural hazards are the following:

A. GOVERNANCE - making disaster risk reduction a priority (e.g. integrating

disaster risk reduction into development policies, and planning);
Ensures that disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority. In support of
Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), countries are urged to develop policies, laws,
and organizational arrangements, plans, programs, projects to integrate risk
reduction and allocate funds and resources to support the program.
B. RISK ASSESSMENT AND TAKING ACTION - improving risk information and
early warning (e.g. developing effective early warning systems which are
appropriately adapted to the unique circumstances of the people at risk);
Identifies, assesses and monitors disaster risks and enhances early warning
mechanisms. Early warning is to relay to individuals, groups or community the
messages which provide information such as the upcoming natural phenomenon,
existence of danger, preventive measures, and mechanisms to save lives and
property.
C. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT BY BUILDING UNDERTSANDING AND
AWARENESS - building culture of safety and resilience (e.g. including DRR subject
matter in formal, non-formal, and informal education, and training activities);
Uses knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and
resiliency at all levels. It works on the principle that knowledge is important for
4 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14
disaster reduction. Strategies includes provision of relevant information on disaster
risks means of protection, strengthening networks and promoting dialogue and
cooperation among disaster experts and stakeholders, conducting capability
training for teachers, community members, parents and children.
D. RISK REDUCTION - reducing the risks in key sectors (e.g. protecting precious
ecosystems such as coral reefs and mangrove forests, allowing these to act as
natural storm barriers);
Reduces the underlying risk factors by building local resilience in order to protect
school communities. These activities include relocating communities away from
hazard-prone areas, building school facilities strong to withstand impacts of
hazards, encouraging reforestation and protection of wetlands, implementation of
RA 8749, RA 9003, PD 1185, PD 856, PD 1096, brigada eskwela and other
mitigation measures to protect key sectors of the nation.
E. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS - strengthening preparedness for response (e.g.
development and regular testing of contingency plans and regular disaster
preparedness exercises including evacuation drills which are also keys to ensuring
rapid and effective disaster response).
The goal of disaster preparedness is to lessen the impact of disasters on vulnerable
populations, to ready an organization for an influx of activity, and to design a
coordinated plan that reduces the waste of resources, time, and efforts.

Activity 1: WRITE IT DOWN

Direction: Using the table below, briefly discuss the meaning of the two systematic
approaches in dealing with disaster risk.

Disaster Risk Reduction Disaster Risk Management

Rubrics

Needs Fair Good Excellent

improvement
2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points
Ideas Learner did Learner was able Learner was Learner was able
and not write to discuss briefly able to discuss to discuss briefly
the meaning of
content anything. the two briefly the the meaning of
approaches with meaning of the the two
no examples. two approaches approaches with
with 2 3 or more
examples. examples.

5 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

Guided with the key concepts of DRR in the previous section, the elements and
principles of disaster risk reduction involved the following phases:
Elements Principles

PRE – EVENT

Mitigation - measures taken in advance of a hazard that aimed of reducing its

impact on society and environment

a. Hazard / Risk Identification - develop, update and disseminate

Assessment hazard maps and related information
to decision makers, general public and
communicate at risks.

b. Enforcement of zoning - land-use and building, fire codes

c. Integrating / Mainstreaming Disaster - incorporate in infrastructure
Risk Management construction, curriculum development
in education, provision of funds.

d. Developing Early Warning Systems - risk assessment and mapping, put –

up early warning devices,
communication dissemination, and
establishing response capability.

Preparedness – measures undertaken to prepare people to react appropriately

during an following such emergencies

a. Planning - make disaster management plans,

contingency plans, establish Incident
Command System (ICS), tap for
mutual aid arrangements.

b. Advocacy - dissemination of information

through mass media, conduct DRR
symposium, and observance of
disaster consciousness month, etc.

c. Education and Training - deputize coordinators, conduct drills

and exercises, conduct community
training, tap accredited Civilian
Disaster Volunteers (SCDV)
d. Resources - provide or tap manpower, materials,
methods, machinery and money

6 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 POST – EVENT

Response – measures undertaken immediately following an emergency aimed to

save lives and protecting properties
a. Early warning - provide timely and rapid
dissemination of warnings to
threatened communities or population
b. The “Golden Hour - act according to “the within which
Principle” most lives could be saved and injuries
could be minimized”
c. Incidence Command System - put-up on-scene management of
disaster operation activities
Rehabilitation and Recovery - measures undertaken to restore affected
communities to proper or normal level of functioning to reduce vulnerability and
increased sustainability

a. Short term - restore necessary lifeline systems

like power lines, water access,
communication system, sewage,
transportation, etc.
- provision of food, shelter and
clothing
- monitoring law and order
b. Long term - restoring economic activity and
development, rebuilding communities,
facilities, and reconstruction of
earthquake and typhoon proof
infrastructures to minimize future
hazard impacts

Activity 2: THINGS TO DO
Direction: Answer the subsequent guide question in line with the elements of
disaster risk reduction.
“As a student, what should you do in the event of an earthquake”?

Mitigation measures

Preparation measures

Response measures

Recovery measures

7 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

Rubrics

Needs Fair Good Excellent

improvement
2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points
Ideas Learner did Learner only Learner was Learner was able
and not enumerate able to to enumerate a
measures in the
content enumerate 2 to 3 elements enumerate a complete
anything. of Disaster Risk incomplete measures in the
Reduction. measures in the four elements of
four elements of Disaster Risk
Disaster Risk Reduction.
Reduction.

Deepen

Philippines is known all over the world for its astounding natural wonders,
best beaches, as well as the beautiful smiles and hospitality of Filipinos.
Nevertheless, the country has suffered from an inexhaustible number of deadly
typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural disasters in history.

Annually, approximately 80 typhoons or tropical cyclone developed above

tropical waters. More tropical cyclone is entering the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) than anywhere else in the world with an average of 20
typhoons per year, with about 8 to 9 of them will make landfall or cross the
archipelago according to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA).
Thus, recurring and devastating natural disasters have prompted the
Philippine government to developed Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(DRRM) strategies to better prepare, respond, and recover. Moreover, public
awareness and public education is very important so that Filipinos will become
more self-reliant and resilient in the event of unforeseeable catastrophe.

Activity 3: AMAZING THOUGHTS

Direction: Write a short essay in relation to the guide question that follows.
Is disaster risk reduction important to the civil society? Why? Explicate your
answer.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

8 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 Scoring Rubrics

Needs Fair Good Excellent

improvement
2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points
Ideas There is no You put The ideas and The ideas and
and clear or thought into content is clear content is clear
this but more
content specific specific but some and well
explanation in information is support expressed,
answer to the needed. information is including specific
question. inadequate. examples to
demonstrate what
have you learned.
Use of No terms Only one term Your answer Your answer
terms from the from the lesson included included a lot of
lesson are is used in the several terms terms from the
used. answer. Try for from the lesson that
a few more, lesson, applied to the
next time. demonstrating question asked.
adequate All terms are fully
understanding defined and used
of the lesson. in the proper
context.

Activity 4: TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

Direction: Use a dictionary to help you complete the chart below. Fill the chart
with disaster related vocabulary. All of the words must begin with the letter of the
alphabet given. Ex. B - bushfire. Some letters may have many different answers,
while others may not have an answer.

A G M S

B H N T

C I O U

D J P V

E K Q W
N/A

F L R XYZ
N/A

9 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 Gauge

Multiple Choice
Direction: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. Which of these DRR principles is undertaken promptly right after a

disastrous event occurred in order to save lives and properties?

A. Mitigation B. Rehabilitation
C. Preparedness D. Response

2. What approach should we take in advance to lessen the effects of natural

disasters to the community?

A. Mitigation B. Rehabilitation
C. Preparedness D. Response

3. On what course of action in the DRR principles should make the citizens ready
to respond in times of unforeseeable disaster?

A. Mitigation B. Rehabilitation
C. Preparedness D. Response

4. What mechanism should be utilized in the reconstruction of ruined buildings

and infrastructures into a more resilient establishment?

A. Mitigation B. Rehabilitation
C. Preparedness D. Response

5. If an engineer uses bioengineering techniques like natural nets, retaining

walls and major civil works to mitigate landslides, then he uses what sort
of active preventive intervention?

A. Deforestation B. Reforestation
C. Proper land use measure D. Structural measure

6. What sort of various hazard impacts will lead to the destruction and loss of
vital infrastructure like transport system, roads, bridges, and power lines?

A. Economic impact B. Environmental impact

C. Physical impact D. Socio-cultural impact

7. The first-hand approach is the increasing focus of national DRR plans to prevent
impacts of disaster, the approach is gearing towards on what particular aspect?

A. An individual B. The community

C. The country D. The environment

10 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

8. Which of the following statements best describe disaster risk reduction or
DRR?
A. DRR is a strategic planning and procedure that is administered and
employed to protect critical infrastructures
B. DRR is an aid that provides children and families with emergency
and disaster relief support whenever disaster strikes.
C. DRR is an area of security planning that aims to protect an organization
from the effects of significant disastrous events
D. DRR is the process of protecting the livelihoods and assets of
communities and individuals from the impact of hazards.

9. Among the components or elements of disaster risk reduction, where does

the concept of “building back better” belong?
A. Mitigation B. Recovery
C. Preparedness D. Response

10. What active preventive intervention has been used if you conducted a seedling
planting activity to prevent mass movement of soil on steep slopes?
A. Deforestation B. Reforestation
C. Proper land use measure D. Structural measure

11. During the term of former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 was
enacted under what
republic act?
A. R.A. 10021 B. R.A. 12110
C. R.A. 10121 D. R.A. 20101

12. Which among the following individuals is vulnerable during an emergency

evacuation or relocation?
A. A man with high fever
B. A seven year old boy
C. A one eyed man
D. A woman with fractured arm

13. Japan is more likely vulnerable to disaster than the Philippines because of
which demographic factor?
A. Age of population B. Population density
C. Distribution of population D.Population explosion

14. If the big one strikes in Metro Manila, mass casualty incident is apparent
because of what factor?
A. Age of population B. Population density
C. Distribution of population D.Population explosion

15. What systematic approach is being used by the government to reduce disaster
risks in order to mitigate the effects of natural hazards?
A. Disaster preparedness
B. Disaster readiness and risk reduction
C. Disaster risk reduction
D. Disaster risk reduction and management

11 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

12 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14
JUMPSTART: Pre-Test
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 5.B
6. A 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. D
Activity 4: TEST YOUR VOCABULARY
A G M S
Avalanche, Gale, Gust Mudslide Storm, Sink Hole
Aftershock
B H N T
Blizzard Hailstorm, N/A Tornado, Twister,
Hurricane, Heat Thunderstorm,
Wave Tsunami, Tremor
C I O U
Cyclone N/A Overflow N/A
D J P V
Drought Jolt Permafrost Volcano
E K Q W
Earthquake N/A Quake Whirlpool,
Whirlwind
F L R XYZ
Flood, Fire Lava Flow, Rain N/A
Lightning
Landslide
GAUGE:
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. C
Answer Key
References:

A. Books
Quebral, V. (2016). Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Quezon City,
Philippines: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

B. Online and Electronic Sources

Wingard, J. and Brandlin, A. (2013, October 10). Philippines: A Country Prone to
Natural Disasters. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/ philippines-a-country-
prone-to-natural-disasters/a-1721740

Disaster Risk Reduction & Disaster Risk Management. Accessed on October 19,
2020. Retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/disaster-
risk/concepts/drr-drm/

Disaster Risk Reduction. Accessed on October 21, 2020. Retrieved from

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/disaster-risk-
reduction/

Natural Disaster Risk Management in the Philippines: Reducing

Vulnerability. Accessed on October 22, 2020. Retrieved from https://open
knowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8754?locale-attribute=en

13 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14

 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
[email protected]
[email protected]

14 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module14