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 UNIT 1

Main Idea

Main Idea, question asks you what a passage is mainly about. Your job is to show you have a general
understanding of what you are reading.

Main Idea, questions often take the following forms:

1. What is the best title for the story?

2. What would be the best/most suitable headline for the article?

3. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

4. What title is best for...?

5. What would be the best title for...?

6. What is the...mostly/mainly about?

Strategies of Main Idea :

1. Find the Topic Sentence

The main idea of a reading passage is in the topic sentence, which is usually near the beginning of the
passage, pointing out the author's main idea of the whole passage. Above all, the topic sentence
effectively sums up the main idea.

2. Look for the Supporting Ideas That Best Support the Topic Sentence
The supporting ideas are the evidences and/or explanations used to support the main Idea.
3. Find Keywords
Locate keywords from the topic sentence in the rest of the text. If you know the keywords in the topic
sentence, then it will be easy to find the main idea, as these keywords will be repeated throughout the
passage. To find the keywords, search the passage for repeated words and phrases. These words and
phrases are likely connected to the main idea. Keywords are usually dates, names, places, or other
nouns.

4. Read for a Conclusion

A conclusion is the final sentences that summarize a passage. Find the key ideas shared by the topic
sentence and the conclusion

EXAMPLE

Read the following passage and answer the question.

Basketball was born one day in late December of 1891. Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian gym teacher,
was trying to find a way to keep the young men in his class active during the cold and wet winters of
Massachusetts. After considering the suggestions of others and refusing to play some of the rougher
games, Naismith created his own game. After writing down the rules, Naismith nailed a peach basket to
the gym wall and told his class they were going to play a new game.

The students enjoyed the game, and it became more and more popular. However, there was a problem
with using the peach basket. Every time players scored, the ball would be stuck in the basket until
someone climbed up to get it out. Over time, they learned to first cut holes in the baskets and then poke
the balls out with a long stick. Eventually, the baskets were removed all together, replaced with metal
hoops and nets. As time went on, there were more people who were fond of playing baskethall and it
spread across the country. In 1895, the first five-on-five intercollegiate basketball game was played in
Minnesota. The Basketball Association of America (BAA), which would become the National Basketball
Association (NBA), was created in 1946. Over the century, basketball would grow and become one of the
most popular American sports.

Question :

What would be the best title for the passage?

(A) The History of Basketball

(B) A Set of Rules of Basketball

(C) The Life of James Naismith

(D) Advances in Basketball Technology

Explanation :
The correct choice is (A). The passage begins with the toplo sentence mentioning the blith of basket ball
The rest of the passäge explains its development throughout history. This immediately suggest (A) is the
correct answer. The passage mentions nothing about (B), and (C) and (of are only mer toped as detalls in
the passage.

PRACTICE

Question 1 is about the following article in a school newspaper

This week, 15 students attending Kingstown High School will be competing in the school's 10th annual
science fair. Each student has been working on their project for the past 6 months and will be going up
against their fellow students this Friday, May 6th. These students are Kingstown's best and brightest, all
hoping to win scholarship money that will help them pay for college.

Natalie Pollan, a 17-year-old who is interested in genetics, has done a project on an insect known as
Drosophila melanogaster. Most of us know it as the common fruit fly. Natalie has been taking care of
thousands of fruit flies over the past 6 months, trying to prove something about genetics. "It's been
tiring, but I've learned a lot," says Natalie. "I think my work is good, but I know the other students
worked just as hard."

Indeed, Paul Smith, whose research is about the geology of the Kingstown area, is also thinking about
the competition. "I've been working for 6 months, but so have they." Paul has a positive attinide about
the science program at Kingstown. "I owe it to the great teachers at Kingstown. They are who really
inspire me," he said.

The contest will be judged by a panel of state scientists on Friday morning. Students are all hoping to
win a 5,000$ prize that will go towards their higher education. All of the students will be showcasing
their work. After the judging, students will be showing their projects to the public. They have prepared
presentations for everyone to see. The project showing will begin at 12:00 P.M. in Labs 5, 6, and 7 at
Kingstown High School.

Question

1. What is the article mostly about?

(A) High school students and lack of scholarships

(B) The effectiveness of the Kingstown science department

(C) Intense academic competition between Natalie and Paul

(D) Kingstown students competing in the annual science fair

Question 2 is about the following story.

There once was a boy who adored a tree. He would jump to catch the lowest branch, pull himself up
into the tree and sit under its green leaves for hours while he watched the sun climb down through the
sky. Every day in the summer, he would wake up carly, eat his breakfast and then go outside to his tree.
It was a half-hour walk from his house, but he liked seeing the animals in the forest as he walked.
Then one day he heard a strange rumbling from far away. It was as if the whole forest was shaking. The
boy was so afraid of the noise he did not dare leave the safety of the tree's branches. When the sun set,
the sound stopped. Relieved and exhausted, the boy climbed down and went home to his worried
mother. That night, the boy had many nightmares of the tree coming to him and asking for help. The
tree was old and strong, but did not know how to run, so it asked the boy to teach him. When the boy
awoke, he was still haunted by the nightmares. He wanted to run out into the woods to check on his
cherished tree, but his mother insisted he go to school.

As soon as he got home the next day, he dropped both his backpack and lunch box on the grass and ran
into the woods. He felt relieved when he found his tree unharmed, looking as strong as it ever had. He
did this every day after school until baseball practice started, and then he didn't have enough time
before dark. His fear grew as the weeks passed.

One Saturday morning, the boy was up waiting for morning to come so he could visit his friend. He left
home as soon as the sun was up. On his way, he noticed the rumbling was back. It shook his feet as they
flew over the ground. When he got to that special place in the woods, his heart stopped. His friend had
been cut down and dragged away. Only the mighty branches remained, shoved together in a careless
pile. He fell to his knees and cried and cried and cried until many hours later his father came and found
him still mourning the loss of his tree. Without a word, theboy's father lifted him gently and carried him
home.

2. What is the best title for the story?

(A) A Friend in Need of Tender Care

(B) A Boy's Relationship with the Forest

(C) The Destruction of a Boy's Best Friend

(D) A Boy Going to School Because His Parents Said So

Question 3 is about the following passage.

The Big Bang Theory is the idea that the universe was once in a very dense and compact form and that,
after an initial "explosion," it has been expanding ever since. The explosion is believed to have occurred
13.7 billion years ago. It is debated exactly how the explosion occurred, but most scientists believe that
the universe was characterized by immense energy density, extremely high temperature, and an
extreme amount of pressure. The temperature was so high that all kinds of particles were merging and
colliding, creating and destroying substances in a short amount of time. As the universe continued to
grow in size and the temperature began to decrease, the universe took the form that we understand
today.

The idea of the Big Bang Theory is accepted by most, if not all, scientists and astronomers. Although no
one is sure what caused the initial explosion that led to the expansion, there is little doubt that this
explosion occurred. In 1929, Edwin Hubble used his telescope to discover that distant galaxies were
continuing to move away from each other. This discovery was momentous in proving the Big Bang
Theory, as it showed that the universe was in a constant state of motion rather than remaining still.
Hubble's discovery allowed other scientists to continue exploring the theory through advanced
astrophysics and experimentation. Although scientists have succeeded in finding further proof through
measurements of the universe's temperature, they continue to research the Big Bang Theory today. For
example, in recent years, CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) was able to create a
mini replication of the initial Big Bang using nuclear physics.

3. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

(A) Space Research by Hubble and CERN

(B) The Dense Energy That Caused the Big Bang

(C) The Big Bang Theory on the Universe's Birth

(D) Galaxies Moving to Expand After an Explosion

Question 4 is about the following passage.

The Iroquois Confederacy was the most powerful nation in North America throughout late 1600s and
1700s. The Confederacy controlled a huge area of land and was fea throughout the eastern part of
North America. It was divided up into five different tribes of whom ruled a particular area. When an
important decision needed to be made, these tr decided together. The elders of each tribe, both men
and women, would have a mee where they would vote on everything.

The economy of the Iroquois Confederacy was based on agriculture with corn as central crop. However,
the people were also skilled at hunting. Men usually left the villag the fall for the annual hunt and
returned in midwinter. They traveled over huge areas of 1 to find game and would fight anyone for
prized hunting ground.

When the European traders came, the Iroquois had many furs to exchange for tools metal weapons. This
gave them a big advantage over other Native American tribes, meant that they needed to expand their
reign to control more lands. This caused more between natives. Unsurprisingly, the Iroquois were
usually victorious.
4. What would be the best title for the passage?

(A) Europeans and the Iroquois

(B) Traders of Furs and Weapons

(C) The Strength of Iroquois Hunters

(D) The Powerful Iroquois Confederacy

UNIT 2

Factual Detail

Factual Detail, questions ask you to find a specific detail in the reading. What they ask for is specific
information about facts, examples, reasons, definitions, activities, or other information given by the
author.
Factual Detail, questions usually start with one of the "wh question words why, where, who, when,
which, what, or how.
Factual Detail, questions start like this:
1. Who will...?

2. Where will...take place?

3. Why does/did...?

4. Which of the following is true about...?

5. Which of the following statements does paragraph support?

6. What time will...?

7. According to paragraph.... which when where how...? in paragraph.... what does the author say
about?

Strategies of Factual Detail :

1. Improve Your Paraphrasing Ability

Paraphrasing is basically putting other people's words into your own words. It is an important tool in
detecting the correct answer. As you read a passage, you should be noting down key information. These
paraphrased notes will serve as a quick reminder of the key facts so that you don't need to read the
whole passage again.
2. Watch for Keywords and Synonyms

(Note: Watching for keywords is covered in Unit 1: Main Idea, Questions.)

Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. For example,
synonyms of "big" are: "large," "giant," "huge," "massive," "super-sized," "Immense," etc. Often, a writer
will use synonyms. They make reading more interesting. However, synonyms can also make reading
more difficult because a reader may not know the definition of a particular synonym (like "immense"). If
a writer uses a synonym for a word and a reader does not know it, details may be missed. So, watch for
words that may be synonyms
3. Watch out for Trap Answers
Sometimes the test makers give you an answer choice based on truthful information found in a reading
passage. However, the information in that answer choice is either unrelated to the actual question
asked or worded in a purposely misleading way. Do not commit to an answer just because it LOOKS true.
Do not choose an answer just because the words match part of the reading. Make sure the question and
the answer choice logically fit together.
 EXAMPLE

Read the following newspaper article and answer the question.

Last weekend grade eight students from Saint Mary's Middle School visited the Smithsonian National
Zoological Park for their end-of-year field trip. The students entered the zoo at 10 A.M. and were invited
to watch various animal feedings around the park.

Following the feeding display, the children were allowed to roam the zoo in groups. Students could
follow a zoo employee to animal exhibits based on personal interests. Students reported being thrilled
by this opportunity because normally they would need to stay in a large group 10 and would never see
all the displays that interested them.

The students regrouped at 1 P.M. to eat a late lunch at the zoo's "Panda Plaza Grill," where each student
could choose anything they liked from the menu. After wrapping up lunch, each student signed up for
any three of the activities the zoo offered. Willy Thompson, a Saint Mary's student, said, "It was great to
pick what I wanted to do for the rest of the day. I got to play with lizards, pet some monkeys, and ride an
elephant!"
It seems the experiences the students had will be remembered for a long time to come. I think all of the
students will agree that visiting the Smithsonian Zoo was an amazing success!

Question

What activities could the students do after lunch?

(A) Watching the animals being fed

(B) Lizard petting and elephant riding

(C) Three of the activities available

(D) Eating at the Panda Plaza Grill

Explanation :
The correct answer is (C), in the Bih saragraph the author writes, each stucent signed up for any three of
the activities the zoo offered " Choice (A) contains true information, the children watches the animals
being fed, but that activity was before lunch, not after Option (B) is incorrect because the student could
choose, not two also, the students could pet monkeys, not lizards. Finally, it's in correct because eating
at the Panda Plaza Grill is what the students did at lunch not something they did afterward.

PRACTICE

Questions 1-2 are about the following e-mail

Dear Mike,

Today we had an amazing football game. It was wet and cold but our quarterback had a great game
anyway. He played spectacularly but the other team also played well. In the fourth quarter the score
was tied up and my coach called me in to play defense. I hadn't played all game so I was pretty nervous.
Then, on the very first play, the other team run the ball right at me. I made a decent tackle and stopped
the running back short of the first down. The ball was back in our possession.

Everyone was really impressed and said it was an excellent tackle. I was happy with my performance.
But as soon as our offense was on the field, we lost the ball and had to go right back out. This time the
other team's quarterback took the ball and passed it right over the middle. I dove to my left and caught
the ball on my fingertips. It was an interception! I was so excited that I forgot to give the ball back to the
referee and my coach had to take it from me on the sideline. He said I could keep it after the game.

After that we scored and won the game. The coach said I was the most valuable player of the game and
said that I would be starting next week. I thought I would write you a quick e-mail letting you know how
the game went. After all, you're the one who inspired me to start playing football! I hope you are having
a good day and I'll talk to you soon.
Yours truly,

Andrew

1. Which of the following is true about Andrew? 2. According to the e-mail, what did Andrew get
after the game?
(A) He scored all the points in the game.
(A) The ball from the game
(B) He played really well in the first quarter.
(B) An e-mail from his friend
(C) He is friends with the referee of the football
game. (C) Team uniforms from the coach

(D) He was content with his performance as a (D) A gold star for his MVP performance
defenseman.

Questions 3-4 are about the following article.

Alligators have always been the most dangerous prodators of the Florida Everglades but their long-held
position is now being challenged by a growing population of Burmese pythons.

The Burmese python, a giant snake measuring up to 20 feet long and weighing up to 200 pounds, is very
popular among exotic pet owners. However, as the deadly snakes grow, they become more difficult to
cage and handle. To avoid dealing with the snakes, the owners irresponsibly release them into the wild.
Since the Everglades is quite similar to the python's native environment of Southeast Asia, they survive
and prosper without difficulty.

The issue with the Burmese pythons is their choice of meals. They eat alligators and endangered birds,
which creates a strain on an already fragile ecosystem. Recently a 13-foot- long Burmese python was
found with a 5-foot alligator bursting from its stomach. The python died trying to eat the alligator but a
larger one would have easily won the struggle. With over 30,000 Burmese pythons now living in the
Everglades, a solution to stop this invasive species is necessary. If the pythons are left unchecked, there
is a strong possibility they will wipe out a variety of species necessary for the functioning of the
Everglades ecosystem.

3. Based on the article, why are the Burmese pythons found in the Everglades?

(A) Their old environment changed.

(B) They were no longer being hunted by people.

(C) They migrated to the Everglades from another place.

(D) They were thrown away by their frustrated owners.

4. What in particular creates a strain on Everglades ecosystem?

(A) The Burmese python's ability to swim

(B) The diet of Burmese pythons

(C) Alligators eating Burmese pythons

(D) The number of Burmese pythons living in the Everglades

Questions 5-6 are about the following passage.

Abraham Lincoln is one of the most famous presidents ever elected in the United States He is also one of
only two American presidents to ever be assassinated. He was born in 1809 in Kentucky on the western
frontier. He worked hard and was considered a very strong man. He was self-educated and eventually
became a lawyer in the country region of Kentucky.

After that, he started his career in politics. He was elected to the Illinois Legislature. Lincoin was very
outspoken against slavery. In 1860 his anti-slavery campaign won him the Republican nomination for
president. He won the election but the American Civil War began shortly after. During the war, Lincoln
declared the "Emancipation Proclamation," a speech which introduced the law he is most famous for.
This law stated that slavery in America was to be abolished; all slaves were to be freed.

After the North was victorious over the southern states, Lincoln was very happy to finally get to govern
his country in relative peace. However, Lincoln's presidency and life would not last much longer. On
April 14th, 1865, while attending a play in Washington, DC, Abraham Lincoln was shot in the back of the
head by John Wilkes Booth. Booth, believing the Civil War was still being fought, assassinated the
president to further the cause of the Confederate Army. He was tracked down and killed ten days later
by Unionist soldiers.

5. Based on the passage, which of the following is true about Abraham Lincoln?
(A) He started his career in Illinois as a lawyer.

(B) He and John Wilkes Booth knew each other.

(C) He was a Democrat but soon became independent.

(D) He was killed at a theater hy John Wilkes Booth.

6. What did Abraham Lincoln do before he went into politics?

(A) He worked on the western frontier.

(B) He worked as a lawyer in Kentucky.

(C) He was a soldier in the countryside.

(D) He worked to fight slavery in Washington, DC

Questions 7-8 are about the following paslig

The Arts and Crafts Movement in America came as a response to industrialization in the late 19th and
early 20th century. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement, the world was excited about the possibilities
offered by machines. Machines wore advanced, They could make good-quality products quickly,
cheaply, and efficiently.

However, when humans seemed too reliant on machines, people became worried and wanted to return
to an sarlier time. This idea started the Arts and Crufts Movement. Instead of emphasizing very ornate
and decorated pieces, the Arts and Crafts Movement wa enecerned with being true to materials, honest
craftsmanship, and simple folk traditions. This movernent mainly affected architecture and home
furnishings. Simplicity became important both on the exterior and in the interior of a home. Good, solid
craftsmanship was praised. Factories began to produce goods and furniture that were given fi..ishing
toaches by skilled workers.

The Arts and Crafts Movement in America was different from the movement in Britain. The British saw
the movement as purely anti-industrial while Americans saw the movement as a way to promote the
perfect middle-class home. These Americans believed that a simple home would help the American
people to think logically and clearly. The simplicity of the American home would prevent people's minds
from being complicated by comples decoration.

The remains of the Arts and Crafts Movement can still be seen today. Some say that the Arts and Crafts
Movement was a prelude to modernism, which uses simple forms without a lot of decoration. Indeed,
mmuch of the architecture and interior design in America today is built on ideas of simplicity in
structure, which came from the Arts and Crafts Movement,

7. Which of the following is true of the Arts and 8. What did the Americans believe about the
Crafts Movement? Arts and Crafts Movement?

(A) It emphasized ornate and decorative pieces. (A) The British were responsible for starting it.

(B) It mainly affected the middle class in Britain. (B) Simple homes no longer existed in America.

(C) It appeared as resistance to industrialization (C) Complex decoration was ugly and distasteful
and machinery. for homes.

(D) It was publicized by many newspapers and (D) The artistic movement could help simplify
in famous museums. the lives of the people.

Negative Detail

The second type of "Detail, questions is the 'Negative Detail, questions. A Negative Detail question will
ask you what specific detail in the answer choices is NOT really in the passage or, in other words, which
of the four answer choices is not true.

Negative Detail, questions start like this:

1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about/of...?

2. The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT

3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned?

4. All of the following are true/false EXCEPT

Strategies of Negative Detail :

1. Find the Exception

In Negative Detail, questions, one answer choice does not match the information from the passage. A
correct Negative Detail answer choice cannot be supported by the passage. The answer choice you
cannot find evidence for in the passage is the correct response when answering a Negative Detail,
question.

EXAMPLE

Read the following passage and answer the question.

Granite is one of the most interesting kinds of rock because no matter how big a piece of granite might
be, it is always sitting on top of the earth. In other words, granite is always found as a rock as opposed to
being part of the ground.

Granite is found all over the world. It is often used on construction altes because it is very strong and
mlatively easy to cut into the correct size. Granite is also very heavy, usually around 220 pounds per
square foot. Actually, the weight varies because different kinds of grunite have different densities.
Granite's weight makes it perfect for foundations because it offers such a stable bottom.

Granite also has other uses. Many towns across the United States crush granite and mix it with dirt to
build roods. Granite does not get moved by water as easily as other kinds of road materiais so it resists
erosion much better. Granite is used to build walls and to decorate houses. Many people have been
known to pay thousands of dollars to have giant granite boulders or constructions placed around their
homes.

Question

According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT

(A) granite is great for building foundations

(B) granite is always one giant rock sitting atop the earth

(C) granite is good for making roads because it resists erosion

(D) different pieces of granite all have the same weight per square foot

Explanation:

The correct choice is (D). The passage specifically states that the weight of giante varies due to different
densities. Also, the phrase "usually around Implies that 220 pounds is not an exact and constant
measurement Choices (A), (B), and (C) are all mentioned in the passage which maacson incorrect
answers.

Questions 1-2 are about the following notice.

This week our cafeteria is going to have a different schedule. As all of you know, exam week is a very
stressful time. We recognize this and want students to have more flexibility in planning their meal times.
This sernester we'll be keeping the cafeteria open longer so that students can find time to eat. We wish
you luck during finals and hope that you can enjoy the food (there won't be any changes to the menu).

Below are the exam week hours for the cafeteria.

"After-hours snacks will not include hot meals, but there will be cold cuts for sandwiches and a salad bar
open for any students studying late or kept on campus for athletics.

1. The students are allowed to eat at all of the following times EXCEPT
(A) 3:00 P.M.

(B) 12:00 PM

(C) 7:00 A.M.

(D) 9:30 P.M.

2. Which of the following is NOT true?

(A) Students are in an exam period.

(B) The cafeteria hours have been rescheduled.

(C) The cafeteria will have more options during after-hours.

(D) The cafeteria will not be changing the menu composition.

Questions 3-4 are about the following letter.

Dear Mom & Dad.

I just wanted to tell you guys how much fun I have been having on vacation in Florida. It has been really
awesome staying with Jimmy's family and we have been doing so many amazing things. Last night we
went out to cat at a seafood restaurant and ate fried shrimp and flounder. The food was really fresh and
tasted great. Then we went to a video arcade and got to play all the video games that we wanted. It was
really fun and Jimumy and I met some really nice kids there.

Tomorrow we are going scuba-diving. We have been taking lessons in the pool every afternoon. The
hotel has its own instructors to help us learn how to use the equipment. We also have been going to the
beach every morning to look for shells. I've found some beautiful ones that I'll take home to show you.
Jimmy's mom gets up while it's still dark and brings us with her to see the sunrise. The sunrise looks so
beautiful over the water. I wish you could see it.

So far though, my favorite thing we have done was to go on a boat cruise. We went out on big boat and
got to see all sorts of fish in the water. We saw a family of dolphins too, which was really cool because
they were jumping out of the water and getting really high. Then we saw some really beautiful little
islands. The captain even let me and Jimny steer the boat for a little bit.

I am excited to see you guys again. I have so many stories for you. Florida is great, but I miss home and I
miss you. I hope all is well and I will see you soon.

Love,
Adam.

3. Adum mentions finishing all of the following 4. Adam and Jimmy did all of the following
activities EXCEPT EXCEPT

(A) scuba-diving (A) driving a boat

(B) looking for shells (B) eating fried shrimp and flounder

(C) going on a boat cruise (C) meeting some friends in an arcade

(D) playing games at an arcade (D) taking scuba-diving lessons on

Questions 5-6 are about the following passage

Benjamin Franklin is one of the most famous Americans to have ever lived. He is recognized by many
historians for his contributions to American independence. Franklin was born in 1706 in Boston,
Massachusetts, but lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He attended school, but by the age of ten, he
had already dropped out to work with his father. He continued his education on his own and was well-
known for reading many books. Benjamin Franklin was one of the most respected politicians of his day.
He was part of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and was also the United
States first ambassador to France.

Outside of politics, he was a renowned inventor and scientist. He was a leading figure of the American
Enlightenment. His work with electricity, as well as many other inventions, made him a very wealthy and
celebrated person. He invented things like the lightning rod but he never requested a patent. He felt
that his inventions should be used by everyone around him and believed that all other inventors should
feel the same way about their creations. He was already very wealthy from his books, so to him,
Hbscientific research was just out of curiosity rather than for financial success.
5. Which of the following is NOT true about 6. All of the following were jobs of Benjamin
Benjamin Franklin? Franklin EXCEPT

(A) He worked in France. (A) an author

(C) He received many patents. (B) a scientist

(B) He was a famous inventor. (C) a banker

(D) He invented the lightning rod. (D) a politician

Questions 7-8 are about the following pastage.

The Neolithic Revolution is the term for the first Agricultural Revolution. Around the year 1000 BC,
humans began to make permanent settlements. This gigantic change in the way humans lived and would
have large ramifications for human society. Before the Neolithic Revolution, people lived in hunter
gatherer societies that were nomadie. This means that they did not have a fixed home but constantly
searched for animals to hant and plants to eat.

The Neolithic Revolation happened when people began domesticating plants and animals. In order
Fruits vegetables, they planted seeds, watured plants, and harvested the cmp. Not only they able to
grow their food, but they also found ways to store it. To have mout, milk, and eggs, they tamed animals
such as pigs, chickens, and cows. They kept animals and planted gardens close to their homes so they
would not have to move around.

The Neolithic Revolution also brought about changes in how people acted. With a stable population thit
exined in one place, these settlements needed new forms of leadership and government. People could
also occupy differest positions in society as not everyone was needed to farm and raine animals. These
settled societies allowed the development of new cultuur, arts, and architecture.

7. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of the Neolithic Revolution?

(A) This revolution changed the ruling system of society.

(B) People at that time were satisfied with changes the revolution brought.

(C) After the revolution, some people got engaged in jobs other than farming.

(D) Before the revolution, people used to move around to hunt animals to survive
8. The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT

(A) people tamed pigs, chickens, and cows

(8) people began planting and harvesting crops

(C) people knew how to keep their food for later

(D) the animals became close companions to the people

UNIT 3

Inference

An inference is a guess made based on specific evidence. Therefore, a correct inference must be based
on solid facts within a passage.You need to thoroughly understand the author's direct statements and
see what these statements imply. This is because you can draw a correct conclusion only you
comprehend what the passage says.

Example of Inference:

I really do not like going shopping. Toclay my family is going to the mall and I have to go with them, I
think I will have a _____________________ time

The answer is "bad". The winter does not like shopping. People shop at a mall. Although he dislikes
shopping, he has to go to the mall.

Therefore, an inference could look like:

1. He will probably have a bad time

2. Inference, questions often take the following forms:

3. What is suggested about

4. Based on the passage, wrist is likely/probably true about 2

5. What does the author imply atout ?

6. What can be inferred from the passage/article aboun

7. Which of the following con te intermed from the reading?

Strategies of inference :
1. Use Logic

Use logic to make an inference. Logic can be easy if you follow some rules:

a. Look for Clues:

• Remember the answer must always be based on information in the passage.

• Try to find this information and come up with your own conclusion.

b. Use Common Sense:

• An inference must make sense. If an inference answer choice does not make logical sense, then it
cannot be correct.

c. Use the Process of Elimination:

• Rule out choices that are not supported by the text. Avoid answer choices with extreme vocabulary.
Words such as "the best," "the greatest," or "the most terrible" are usually incorrect answer choices.

2. Look for Specific Ideas

Inference, questions ask you to draw a conclusion without direct information. An Inference answer
choice can be specific information or an effect of a cause that isn't mentioned. In both situations, test
takers must infer which statement is most likely true.
a. Specific Information:
• Even though dolphins can follow simple instructions, chimpanzees are better communicators than
dolphins.
Inference: Chimpanzees can do more than follow simple directions.
b. Effect of a Cause:
During World War II, men were not the ones working in factories to produce goods for the war effort.

Interence: Someone else, none other than women, worked in the factories.
 Example

Read the following essay and answer the question.

Before the winter break, cach student in my class was asked to write about one new year's resolution.
We were all to choose a resolution and explain why we chose it. I thought it was not enough to pretend
to make one, so I actually acted on the promise I made us myself. This year I resolved to try something
new, and I chose to learn how to play hockey. When I signed up at the local arena my mother asked,
"Are you sure you to join?

Many of the other boys are bigger than you." I told her. "I have to at least try" The first day of practice
was really hard for me. I waan very good skater and all the other boys on the team had been playing for
years. I was pretty awful. Lucky for me though, the members of the team were really nice. They taught
me some skating tricks and showed me how to pass the pock

We practiced every other day during the winter break, so I got to practice a lot. By the time winter break
was over, I wasn't the best player, but the coach let me stay on the team for the whole hockey season!

When I got this assignment over the break, I wasn't very happy. I didn't want de a writing project during
vacation, but now I'm glad we got it. I would never have learned to play hockey or have made so many
new friends.

Question

Which of the following can be inferred about the author?

(A) He is not very large.

(B) He's summer vacation.

(C) He never played any sports.

(D) He hates school assignments

Explanation:

The correct answer is (A). The mother says many of the other boys are bigger than him, so we can
conclude that he is smaller than most of them. Answer (B) is clearly wrong. He mentions winter vacation
in the first sentence of the passage. For choice (C), there is no evidence to support the fact he did not
play any sport before. Choice (D) could also be true but in the end the author is happy he did the
assignment. He does not discuss any other assignment so there is little evidence to support (D)

PRACTICE
Questions 1-2 are about the following newspaper article.

A major issue moenly has been people cheating on their school exams. In the last week alone, four
students have been caught with answer sheets prepared before the test. It is very sad to see students
acting so dishonestly and even sadder to see them fail their exams because of cheating. Moreover, the
cheat sheets that have been uken are very well made. Clearly, students have put in a great deal of effort
to create them. If snadents had just focused en studying instead of trying to cheat, they probably would
have done well on their own.

The faculty is holding meetings this week to find out what they can do to fix this problem. They have
already decided to fall any stadent who is caught cheating and are considering additional actions.
Realistically, the students need to help themselves. Stadents at this school need to realize how
dishonest and unfair it is to cheat. Everyone needs to follow the rules for the rest of exams. That means
that students shouldn't have cheat sheets, shouldn't look at the papers of others, and shouldn't use any
other methods of cheating.

1. What is suggested about the chest sheets?

(A) They weren't made by the students.

(B) The faculty is interested in making more

(C) The teachers took them and examined them.

(D) They are the only form of cheating at the school.

2. What does the author imply about the students using cheat sheets?

(A) They are not prepared enough for their exams.

(B) They should have to leave school after the exams.

(C) They are shamelessly hurting the school's reputation.

(D) They spent their time and effort doing the wrong thing.
Questions 3-4 are about the following school notice.

Classes will be canceled again tomorrow because of another snowstorm that is quickly approaching
from the north. We will have to make up for the missed days in the spring so students will not miss any
important lessons. Weather reports show that some places on the cast coast have already gonen nearly
a meter of snow and are experiencing high winds.

All stadents are advised to go straight home after school. Students, teachers, and parems should stay off
the roads tonight because the storm will be arriving in the late evening and lasting until tomorrow
afternoon. During the last stowstorm, there were a number of car accidents caused by snowy and icy
roads, so please be careful.

Hopefully school will resume on Thursday, but this will depend on the severity of the storm. Listen to
your radio or watch the news on Wednesday night and Thursday morning so you know whether or not
to come to school.

3. What can be inferred from the notice about the location of the school?

(A) Snowstorms are fairly common in the region.

(B) The location usually gets rain instead of snow.

(C) There have never been big snowstorms in the area.

(D) Classes do not get canceled often because of weather.

4. Based on the notice, what is probably true about the snowstorm?

(A) It won't be very strong.

(B) It will cause some car accidents.

(C) It's going to occur on a Saturday

(D) It will be the worst storm of the winter

Questions 5-6 are about the following passage.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the seventh largest planet in our Solar System. It is
sometimes called "the Red Planet" because the iron oxide on the surface makes it look red. In many
ways, Mars is very similar to Earth. It has volcanoes, valleys, and deserts just like Earth. Because of these
similarities, many scientists believe that the surface environment of Mars may not always have been so
hostile to life. Some of them think that water exists on Mars, which would make it possible for life to
exist there.

Mars surface area is about the same as the land surface area of Earth. There are plains made from lava
flows, and the highest known mountain and largest known canyon in the Solar System are on Mars. The
mountain, Olympus Mons, is almost 3 times as tall as Mount Everest. The canyon, called Valles
Murineris, is 4,000 kilometers long, 200 kilometers wide and up to 7 kilometers deep.

Mars has a lot of impact craters, which are the resalt of large objects hitting the planet's surface.
Therefore, scientists argue that very large objects hit Mars about 4 billion years ago. This theory would
explain why Mars surface looks the way it does. Mars is located very close to the asteroid belt, which lies
between the orhits of Mars and Jupiter, so it is more likely to be hit by asteroids. However, Mars still has
fewer craters than the Moon. This is because Mars has a more substantial atmosphere than the Moon.

Scientists know about Mars surface because they have been able to send spaceships with high-
resolution cameras to Mars, as well as robots to collect rock samples. Still, there is much more to find
out. Scientists hope to visit Mars someday.

5. What does the author imply about Mars? 6. Which of the following be inferred from the
passage?
(A) Mars is covered with a vast occan.
(A) Photographs of Mars have been taken.
(B) Scientists will go to Mars very soon.
(B) Almost all asteroids are round and bowl-
(C) Eurly Mars may have been friendlier to life shaped.
(D) Water on Earth is much less shundant than (C) Impact craters caused significant climate
it is on Mars. changes to Mars.

(D) There are lakes and oceans not only on Mars

but on the Moon

Questions 7-8 are about the following passage.

The United States of America ancestors that were immigrants very unique country. Mos American
citizens have immigrants themselves. In the past, many people moved to America for religious freedom
and new opportunities. This did not happen automatically. Instead, a series of events led in the
settlement and development of the United Stales. One of the most important and famous events the
settlement of Mymouch,Mamachusetts by a group known as the Pilgrims.

The Pilgrims are early Protestant Christian settlers from England. They moved to America in 1620 from
England so escape religious persecution. Their king wanted them us worship a the Chanch of England, an
Anglican church. However, they did not believe in this form of Christianity and wanted to "parify"
Christian religious practices. They believed in s personal relationship with God and valued simplicity.
They were frustrated with their coustry's views about religion and decided to leave.

The Pilgrims inok a ship called the Mayflower to "the New World." They landed ut Plymouth and set up a
settlement. Life there was very hard the winters were long and cold, they did not know how and what in
eat, and their settlement unstable. The natives helped them to persevere. The Pilgrims were able to
survive and start a new pociety where they could worship how they wanted. Later, many others would
join them in the New World looking for religious freedom.

The Pilgrims are important and instructive because they were the first familial settlement in North
America. They were the first to try to start a new life and new society in the New World. Americans
observe the boliday called Thanksgiving in order to honor their struggle and survival

7. Based on the passage, what is probably truc about the people in the United States of America?

(A) They are all very religion

(B) All the people came from England

(C) Many of them don't celebrate Thanksgiving.

(D) Must people are not ethnically Native American.

8. Based on the passage, what is suggested about Thanksgiving?

(A) It celebrates the Pilgrims hard work.

(B) It is only celebrated by immigrant families.

(C) It is a mligious holiday from the Anglicon Church

(D) It reminds people to be more resourceful than the Pilgrims

UNIT 4

Vocabulary
Vocabulary, questions ask you about the meaning of a word in the passage. Usually, the word is needed
or helpful for understanding the passage and will not be unusual or technical.

Vocabulary questions start like this:

1. In Iine the word...is closest in meaning to

2. In line, the words... are closest in meaning to The phrase...

3. In the passage is closest in meaning to

Strategies of Vocabulary :

1. Look for Synonyms

Synonyms are often used in a sentence or paragraph to clarity the definition of a word. Different words
of similar meaning are used in a sentence to restate the meaning of a word without having to repeat it.
When these synonyms are given, they will show the meaning of the target word. Find words that might
have the same meaning. If you know one word, you can figure out the meaning of the other.

2. Find Examples or Explanations

Find the meaning of the target word by reading the examples or explanations nearby. When a word or
phrase is followed by an example/explanation, there is a relationship between them. Look for phrases
like "such as" or "For example that follow the target word. Use these exam- ples and explanations to
help you.

3. Find Examples or Explanations

Find the meaning of the target word by reading the examples or explanations nearby. When a word or
phrase is followed by an example/explanation, there is a relationship between them. Look for phrases
like "such as" or "Tor example that follow the target word. Use these exam- ples and explanations to
help you.

Example

Read the following newspaper article and answer the question.

Once the school play was finished, the students were applausled for their great performance. The
parents were all very proud of their kids' hard work. The parents continued to clap as the class bowed
and began to walk off stage. The cheering only got looder as the class walked down into the audience to
meet their loved ones. All anyone could hear were families congratulating students for their specific role
in The Wizard of Oz. The teachers were all so happy the play had been a success.

Question

In line 2, the word applauded is closest in meaning to

(A) enjoyed

(B) praised

(C) averaged

(D) disapproved

Explanation:

The correct choice (B). The meaning of "applaud" can be guessed by the synonym found in the passage,
"clap" the continuity shown in two sentences. The students were applauded and the parrents continue
to clap reveal two words actually mean the same thing. Clapping is a way of showing approval, so the
correct answer is (B). Knowing synonym of applauded in the passage is a part of strategy 1 the rest of
the answer options logically don't make sense

Questions 1-2 are about the following e-mail.

Dear Mr. Andrews,

I am very sorry but I will not be able to attend class on next Wednesday and Friday. As you know, I am
on the school boxing team and I have been chosen by Coach McMahon to represent our school at the
state boxing finals.

I was wondering if you could give me my assignments in advance for the week. I've been enjoying what
we've been working on a lot and really do not want to get behind. The tournament will be in Andover
beginning on the 27th. I will also be staying in a hotel and training for two days before the competition.
Hopefully I'll have some extra time to work.

Anyway, I am very excited to represent our school. The coach thinks that I have the potential to take
first place in my weight class, and I hope it's possible! Just as importantly, I hope you'll be willing to give
me the work in advance so I can do well at the competition AND in school.

Thanks for everything, Mr. Andrews. I apologize again for having to miss those classes.

Sincerely,

James Howe

1. In line 5, the word represent is closest in meaning to

(A) show

(B) cnable

(C) run for

(D) act for

2. In line II, the word potential is closest in meaning to

(A) choice

(B) inspiration

(C) power

(D) responsibility

Questions 3-4 are about the following newspaper advertisement.

COME TO CRAFTSBURY'S ANNUAL VALENTINE'S DAY DANCE AND FUNDRAISER

On Friday, February 15th, the Craftsbury Academy Student Council invites you to attend the annual
Valentine's Day Dance and Fundraiser in the school gymnasium.

Who: Grades 6, 7, and 8 students (students are encouraged to bring guests from other schools)

Where: Craftsbury Common Gymnasium

When: Friday, February 15th, 7 P.M. until 11:30 P.M.

Ticket Price: $5 or more!!

Although the dance will cost 5 dollars per person, any extra money would be appreciated because the
money will be going to the 8th grade's trip to Washington, DC. Tickets can be bought from homeroom
representatives. The theme for the dance is Valentine's Day, so please feel free to bring a date. There
will be plenty of slow dances for you two to get close!. There will also be a pie-eating contest for those
not afraid to get a little dirty. Don't forget to bring your appetite and a 2-dollar entrance fee.

DJ Whibley will be playing the best tracks all night long. If you would like to request your favorite songs,
you can add them to the song list that's on the door of the Student Council's office.

It's going to be an awesome night. Don't miss it!

3. In line 14, the word appreciated is closest in 4. In line 19, the word appetite is closest in
meaning to meaning to

(A) unused (A) money

(B) insufficient (B) girlfriend

(C) calculated (C) hunger

(D) well received (D) foodstuff

Questions 5-6 are about the following passage.

By 1825, most Latin American countries gained independence from Spain and Portugal. At this time,
world power was held by Western countries such as Great Britain, France, and the United States. These
countries, particularly the United States, invested a large amount of money in Latin America. Because of
this, Latin America became dependent on the United States politically and economically.

In addition to foreign intervention, Latin America suffered from inner conflicts. Many countries were
formed, but these newly formed countries split up because of struggle over control of the state. Latin
American national resources were exported to other countries. This allowed for a group of very rich
people to develop, but this group did not care about creating democracies in their countries.

The political and economic troubles resulted in caudillos. Caudillo is a Spanish word that refers to a
leader whose power is connected to his military skill. They took over the unstable and corrupt
democracies in place. Most politicians were conservative and believed that the old system of a very rich
group who ruled all was the best system. During this time, Latin America was in a position to supply the
world with many raw materials, and politicians and officials were mainly interested in making sure their
countries had a place in the world economy, rather than solving domestic disunion.

5. In line 10, the word conflicts is closest in meaning to

(A) truths

(B) powers

(D) disagreements

(C) experiences

6. In line 16, the word unstable is closest in meaning to

(A) weak

(B) large

(C) strong

(D) shaky

Questions 7-8 are about the following passage..

Plants on Earth have not always been the way they are today. In fact, the beautiful flowers and fruit-
bearing plants that are a part of our world did not evolve until long after the initial development of
plants. The first plants on Earth were aquatic and the simple adaptation of spores allowed them to move
onto land. These spore-bearing plants could simply produce spores, which are genetic copies, to scatter
around them. Eventually, plants grow casings and coverings to protect the spores from environmental
damage. These protections were seeds.

For a long time, it was a great mystery to how flowering plants developed from these seed-bearing
plants. Today, scientists are able to explain it on the molecular level, which is difficult for most people to
understand. It is obvious, however, that the development of flowering plants was directly related to the
need to have animals and insects involved in the process of reproduction. Animals and insects that are
attracted to the scents and colors of flowers serve as pollimators and aid in the reproduction process.

One theory is that flowers evolved in an isolated setting, such as on an island. In a very specific setting, a
plant could develop a symbiotic relationship with an animal or an insect. This sort of relationship can
lead to an evolutionary development and change. For example, a huge water lily in the Amazon traps
diving beetles by closing while the beetles are sucking its nectar. This is done to make sure that the
beetles covered with pollen. After one night. the water lily releases the insects and turns from white to
pink. This pink color is not attractive to the beetles. As the beetles go off to look for other white water
lilies, they fertilize the flowers on their way.

7. In line 2, the word initial is closest in meaning to

(A) basic

(B) earliest

(C) scientific

(D) interesting

8. In line 13, the word isolated is closest in meaning to

(A) condensed

(B) evolutionary

(C) set apart

(D) experimented on

UNIT 5

Pronoun Referent

Pronoun Referent, questions ask you to identify the correct noun a pronoun refers to. All reference
words on the TOEFL Junior are pronouns. There can be only one "Pronoun Referent, question per
passage.
Pronoun Referent, question start like this :
1. In line ....... the word ......... refers to .....

Strategies of Pronoun Referent :

1. Locate the Antecedent

The easiest way to find the answer to a Pronoun Referent, question is to find the noun that is
substituted with the pronoun. Usually, this noun is in the same sentence as the pronoun or the sentence
directly before it.
2. Use Grammar
Pronoun Referent, questions must follow the rules of grammar. A pronoun like "they" can never be
used for one person, animal, or thing. So, when answering this type of question, check if the pronoun is
singular (he, she, it) or plural (they, some, few, these, those) and find a noun or nouns agreeing in
number.
3. If the Pronoun Refers to a Person or Thing
If a question asks you what the pronoun "he," "she," "him," or "her" refers to, you already know any
answer choice about a place or object is wrong because those pronouns can only refer to people. The
same is true for a pronoun that can only be used for objects ("it").

Example

Read the following passage and answer the question.

Families can be organized in a variety of different ways. One of the primary family types today is the
nuclear family. A nuclear family is a family group made up of a mother, father, and their children. To be
a nuclear family, they must all live in the same place.

Historically, the nuclear family was not very popular. It was not possible before the 18th century
because, in traditional agrarian societies, people needed a larger labor force. Prior to the nuclear family,
people lived in extended families and joint fumilies, or communities and tribes.e
Now, the nuclear family is the most common familial living arrangement. There are still situations where
people live in large-size families, but most of the time aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents live
within their own nuclear families.

Question

In line 8, the word It refers to

(A) an extended family

(B) the nuclear family

(C) the 18th century

(D) their child

Explanation:

The correct answer is (B). The only noun in the previous sentence is the nuclear family so it naturally it
refers to it. Options (A) and (D) are incorrect as they are originally shown in plural form in the passage.
(C) is also incorrect because the 18 century is mentioned after it.

PRACTICE

Questions 1-2 are about the following letter.

Dear Jackie.

Last weekend I went to the movies and saw the new Harry Potter movie. I was afraid I wouldn't like it,
but it was great! The scenes were vivid and I really liked all the actors that were playing my favorite
characters. They did a great job behaving just like the characters in the book.
It was really fun to compare how I imagined the book with the way the directar did on film. He did a
great job and it was nice seeing it all happening on the big screen. His version of the three-headed dog
was exactly what I imagined in my head while I was reading!

After the movie, my friends and I all went out to eat. They bought me dinner because 1 paid for their
movie tickets. Anyway, I'm so happy that there are going to be more Harry Poner movies in the future. I
can't wait to go and see them. Maybe we can go together if you're ever back in New York. Have you
seen the movie yet? If so, what did you think?

Sincerely.

Jane

1. In line 5, the word They refers to 2. In line 8, the word He refers to

(A) movie actors (A) a movie star

(B) film directorm (B) his imagination

(C) movie scenes (C) the film director

(D) book characters (D) a movie character

Questions 3-4 are about the following article.

During my last couple of years as a student here at Union High, I have noticed that there is nothing to do
during our occasional free periods. Hanging around in the hallways or in the library with friends isn't
productive or relaxing. The student body council noticed this as well and brought it to the attention of
Mr. Swanson and the rest of the faculty. A meeting to discuss the issue occurred Inst Friday, February
10th, in the all-school meeting room.
The faculty not only agreed that there wasn't much to do during these free periods, but also seemed
determined to find a solution. The student body council and the faculty talked about different ideas for a
long time. The faculty had noticed that some students don't like using their free periods for studying.
Instead, they spend their time disrupting the students who want to study by being noisy in the library.
By the end of the meeting, the faculty had decided to put a pool table and a ping pong table in our
student lobby at the start of next semester.

I know some people will be concerned about getting their work done with these potential distractions,
but I believe this will help us all in enjoying our time at school. I agree that it's important to complete
our work but it is just as important to enjoy ourselves and to relax with our friends. School is already
such a stressful place. It makes many students feel worried and anxious. We want our school to be a
friendly place so that students want to come every day. Students should remember that this change will
make the library a lot quieter. Because of this, the students who want to study will be able to do so in
peace.

To all the students at Union High, I sincerely hope that you enjoy the new additions to our lobby.
Hopefully they will make our free periods a lot more relaxing. If you happen to have one of the same
free periods as I do, then please challenge me to a game of pool!

3. In line 9, the word they refers to 4. In line 21, the word they refers to

(A) some students (A) free periods

(B) faculty members (B) new additions

(C) student body council members (C) our friends

(D) students studying in the library (D) all the students

Questions 5-6 are about the following passage.

The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert. The Sahara is in North Africa and is as large as the
United States. Many people think that an area like this has no animals or plant life, but they are
incorrect. In fact, the Sahara Desert has many different "ecoregions." Each ecoregion has different plants
and animals living there. The biggest ecoregion is called the "Sahara Desert ecoregion." In this area, the
climate is extremely dry and extremely hot. The landscape is sandy and dusty with many high dunes.

Because the Sahara Desert ecoregion is so hot and dry, there are very few plants and animals. Scientists
estimate that there are only 500 species of plants. This is not very much when thinking of how
enormous the region is. These plants include acacia trees, palms, spiny shrubs, and grasses. The Sahara
is also home to 70 species of mammals. Twenty of these are large mammals. There are about 90 species
of birds and around 100 reptiles.

The biggest threat to plants and animals in this environment is drying up. Because of this, plants have
the ability to recover their health after their leaves have dried out completely. Animals can lose 30-60%
of their body mass and still survive. Most animals do not get their water from drinking like in other
ecosystems. Instead, they have adapted to get their water through metabolic processes. This is why they
can survive in a place like the Sahara Desert ecosystem

5. In line 3, the word they refers to 6. In fine 11, the word these refers to

(A) animals (A) dry homes

(B) people (B) large mammals

(C) areas (C) seventy kinds of mammals

(D) plant lives (D) desert species

Questions 7-8 are about the following passage.

Pyramids are structures that were built by many ancient civilizations. Pyramids have been found in
China, France, Mexico, Greece, India, and Egypt. The purposes of these ancient pyramids are not all the
same. Some were built for rituals, some for ceremony, and others as tombs for the nobility. The most
famous and notable pyramids are the Great Pyramids in Giza, Egypt. They are three pyramids which
were built by three pharaohs around 5,000 years ago. The oldest one is considered one of the Seven
Wonders of the World.

The structures of these pyramids required serious engineering and careful architectural planning, along
with many skilled laborers. Not only are the pyramids massive in size, but they were also built in relation
to the night sky. One of the narrow tunnels from the King's burial chamber in the oldest pyramid points
directly to a constellation associated with Osiris, the Egyptian god of resurrection. Also, a tonnel from
the Queen's burial chamber points to a star associated with Isis, the wife of Osiris. This is an impressive
architectural feat. The pyramids were built from colossal blocks made from huge stones chiseled with
copper from stone quarries. These blocks were then moved into position, although there is archeological
disagreement about what methods ancient builders used to do this.

It is difficult for archeologists to figure out how Ancient Egyptians could move these heavy stones.
Without modern technology, it is hard to imagine how it was possible. Even so, we can get hints from
artifacts left behind by Ancient Egyptians. Ancient drawings have revealed that the sheer number of
workers could have made this possible. These pictures show that many men pulling a stone could have
moved it. The writings of Herodotus also provide information about how the pyramids were built, citing
a system of stairs and cranes. Scientists continue to study the pyramids in hopes of eliminating some of
the mystery. Still, there are many questions about the pyramids that go unanswered.

7. In line 5, the word Some refers to 8. In line 25, the word it refers to

(A) the youth (A) a man

(B) the purposes (B) a stone

(C) the pyramids (C) worker

(D) the civilizationa (D) a drawing

UNIT 6

Author's Purpose

To start answering Author's Purpose, questions, it is necessary to know why the author is writing the
passage. Author's Purpose, questions ask what the author aims to do by writing the passage. To choose
the right answers to questions of this type it is best to think of why the passage you are reading was
written or why the author wrote it.

Author's Purpose questions start like this:

1. Why did the author write...? What is the purpose of...?
2. The author's main purpose is to

Strategies of Author’s Purpose :

1. Read the Topic Sentence
If you are aware of the topic sentence, you have a greater chance of choosing the correct
answer to an Author's Purpose question. The topic sentence usually contains the purpose of the
passage, and should be related to in some way. Knowing the main topic of the passage is a big step
toward answering this form of question.

2. Pay Attention to Author's Language

You may get hints about the author's purpose if you pay attention to language. Think about
if the author is using language that persuades, explains, proves, suggests, thanks, convinces, or informs.

Example

Read the following letter and answer the question.

Dear Class,

How are you all doing? I miss being in class. Hospital life is such a bore. Daytime television is not
interesting after a while! Anyway, I wanted to thank all of you for the games and books you sent. I've
been having a great time enjoying them with the other kids on my floor. I want to thank you for the
treats too. Hospital food is terrible.

I think some of you feel bad about my accident during the track-and-field events. It really wasn't
anyone's fault; I was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. The doctors say my leg will be okay ma
month. I can come back to school before that, but I'll have to use a wheelchair.
I am a little upset I will miss the school graduation. Can someone take a video of it so I can see it? Also, I
know a lot of you are busy with finals, but I'd really like to see some of you if you have time. I appreciate
the visitors I've already had, but it would be great to have more.I'm not in bad shape, so you can visit at
any time

Anyway, thanks again. I hope to see you all soon!

Jordan

Question

Why did Jordan write this letter?

(A) To get in communication with his class

(B) To complain about missing the graduation

(C) To point out the hospital's visiting hours

(D) To inform his classmates that he is in the hospital

Explanation:

The correct answer is (A). The letter as a whole shows that Jordan wants to be in communication with
his class. He not only thanks his class, but he also wants his friends to visit and requests a video of the
graduation. Choice (B) is incorrect because Jordan asks if someone dan film the graduation. He does not
complain. There is no evidence for choice (C), as he writes about vis ters but not about visiting hours.
Option (D) is also incorrect because they know he is in the hospital. Jorcan writes that She knows they
feel bad about the accident

Question 1 is about the following announcement.

Upcoming Holiday Party!

On Friday, December 17th, at 1:00 P.M., Lawrence Middle School will be having a holiday party to
celebrate the season. The party will take place in the school cafeteria. There will be lots of food to eat,
things to do, and fun to be had!
Students do not need to sign up for activities. Simply report to the cafeteria at 1:00 P.M. on Friday. Also,
if you'd like to bring a friend from outside of school or a sibling, you must register them with the main
office by Thursday, December 16th.

Please remember food at the party will be for everyone. Please share!

1. What is the purpose of the announcement?

(A) To force students to come to the party

(B) To invite students to Christmas Caroling activity

(C) To inform students of the party's schedule

(D) To ask for volunteers to help with the party

Question 2 is about the following article in a school newspaper.

As a student leader of the drama club, I'd like to talk about an issue that is affecting all drama students
at Ridgemont Middle School.

Some individuals in the Ridgemont community have been abusing our theatrical space. The school
theater is not a place to play. Although it's not allowed, many students have been riding their
skateboards and playing in the space during lunch and during their free time. They have been drawing
offensive graffiti in various parts of the theater, which is not only disrespectful to school property but
also hurts other students.
This alone could make the club upset, but we've been very tolerant as we want other students to enjoy
the school theater. However, last week the curtains were ripped and some of the ropes were broken.
Additionally, some of the set from next month's production was drawn on with offensive words. The
theater is not only important to those of us in the drama club, but also to everyone at the school who
comes and enjoys the plays. To those of you who have been playing in and destroying the theater,
please stop.

2. Why did the author write this article?

(A) To tell students to respect the theater

(B) To encourage students to sign a petition

(C) To inform students that he is the drama club leader

(D) To explain how the curtains in the theater were ripped

Question 3 is about the following passage.

When people play sports or spend a lot of time outside on a hot day, their bodies become sticky and
wet. Sometimes this happens when people are nervous, excited, or anxious. This salty watery substance
produced by the human body is known as sweat. Although sweat may smell bad, it is mostly composed
of water. It has some minerals as well, such as sodium, which is why it has a salty taste. Sweat occurs
because of a process known as perspiration, which is essential to survival. Perspiring is a way of
regulating body temperature. Perspiration on human skin evaporates and takes beat away from the
body before it damages our internal organs. If this process doesn't work, the organs will not be able to
function properly.

Fortunately, humans have sweat glands in the skin that become active when the brain senses that the
skin has become too hot. There are two kinds of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine. Eccrine sweat
glands are all over the body and are only found in primates and humans. They are the primary form of
cooling for people. They are believed to have developed along with people's smooth and relatively
hairless skin. Apocrine sweat glands are located only in certain areas of the body such as the armpit. In
the case of humans, these sweat glands are mainly involved with hormonal and emotional stimulation.
For many other animals, they are the most important to control body heat. Both eccrine and apocrine
sweat glands release sweat through the process of perspiration, helping the body to cool down when it
gets too hot.

3. The author's main purpose is to

(A) explain about sweat and perspiration

(B) show people that sweating isn't wrong

(C) calm readers who think they sweat too much

(D) scientifically explore apocrine and eccrine sweat glands

Question 4 is about the following article from a student newspaper.

Balancing your time can be tough. There are papers to finish, homework to complete, sports practices to
go to, and various lessons and rehearsals every afternoon. Time management is a struggle for all
students, so I thought I'd give some advice to help out my classmates.

First, a set schedule can help you to manage your time. Making a weekly schedule with activities will
help you stay organized. The schedule should not only include group activities or lessons that you need
to attend, but also time to do homework and even time to play.

Secondly, you'll need to prioritize. This means you'll need to choose which activities are most important
to you. Of course, schootwork is the first priority. If you don't have time to do your schoolwork, it is time
to think about quitting one of your activities.

Lastly, get enough sleep and eat well. I know that sounds silly, but staying healthy is the best way to fit
everything in. If you're tired and hungry, you won't be able to enjoy the activities that you're involved in.

4. Why did the author write the article?

(A) To inform students that they need to prioritize

(B) To tell students that they need to sleep and eat well

(C) To explain to students that they are working too hard

(D) To suggest to students how to manage their time

UNIT 7

Rhetorical Structure

Rhetoric is the art of writing with the goal of persuading the reader or strengthening a point.

Rhetoric is used to try to get the reader to believe something is true or to convince them to do
something. This type of question asks why the author uses a certain piece of information in the passage.
Rhetorical Structure, questions may ask why the author mentions a specific piece of Information;
introduces a topic; supports an idea; uses an example: makes a comparison; shows how important
someone or something is :

Rhetorical Structure, questions start like this:

1. Why does the author talk about...?

2. Why does the author mention...?

3. The author uses... as an example of

4. Why is...mentioned in the passage?

Strategies of Rethorical Structure :

1. Think Like the Author

Specific words in the question indicate where to look for a rhetorical structure in the passage. You
should locate them in the passage, think about why the author is presenting them, and then connect
them to the answer choices. Therefore, you should think like the author to answer this question
correctly.

2. Understand Rhetorical Purposes

The following phrases can help you understand what functions specific words/phrases from the
questions have in the passage, as well as help connect them to the correct answer. These phrases can be
replaced by other phrases with the same rhetorical purposes.

3. Find the Relationship Between the Main Idea and the Keywords

The connections between the main idea and specific words or phrases in the answer choices should be
identified. These connections (which are rhetorical purposes) serve to strengthen the coherence of the
passage.

Example

Read the following passage and answer the question.

When a young individual is able to master one or more skills at an adult level, he or she is known as a
prodigy. A prodigy is a child, usually younger dan 15, who possesses a special talent they have mastered
at a highly trained level. Their abilities are as great us or better than grown adults who have practiced all
their lives.
There is no set age for deciding whether or not someone is a prodigy. The giftedness of a prodigy is
based on the level of talent a child has when compared to their age. In other words, the younger a child
is contrasted to their mastery in a particular talent, the more gifted the child is.

The talents acquired by a prodigy are not limited to certain fields of study. They've been discovered
across many disciplines. Mozart is considered a musical prodigy. Pablo Picasso, a genius of art. Karl Benz
entered an engineering university at the age of 15. Later, he invented the gas-powered automobile.

Question

Why is Karl Benz mentioned in paragraph 3?

(A) To give an example of an engineering prodigy

(B) To suggest prodigies are limited to sciences

(C) To point out his prodigious accomplishments

(D) To illustrate his talents were less important than Mozart's

Explanation:

The correct answer is (A). The paragraph mentions prodiges exist in different fleas of study Ben an
example toung in engineering. Choice (B) is incorrect because there are mentions of music an In Choice
(C) Ignores the overal purpose of the paragrion Lasty, choice (D) cannot be true because no comparison
is made between the two men

PRACTICE

Questions 1-2 are about the following passage.

Al "Scarface" Capone will forever be famous for his place in American movies, but who was the real man
behind the Hollywood creation? Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1899,
Capone was a promising student but had trouble following the rules. At the age of fourteen he was
expelled for causing violence at school. After that, he never werd back. As a young man be joined local
gangs and used his wit and courage to work himself up. It didn't take long before he became a major
force in the world of organizedcrime.

When alcohol was made illegal in the U.S., Capone started to make a lot of money. He moved to
Chicago, where he brought alcohol down from Canada to sell for a very large profit in the United States.
He made lots of money and be also made lots of enemies. He was attacked so many times that he had a
bulletproof car built for himself. When he was arrested years later, the car was taken and used by
President Roosevelt as his limousine. In 1931, Capone was indicted for violation of income tax laws. He
had made and spent a lot of money but failed to ever pay any government taxes. He was convicted and
was sentenced to 11 years in jail, some of which were served in the famous Alcatraz prison. It was to be
the end of his crime days. When he was finally released from prison, he was too sick to continue his life
of crime. He died in 1947 while living in Florida.

1. Why is Capone's causing violence at school mentioned in paragraph 1?

(A) To define the school rules in his time

(B) To explain why he owned a bulletproof car

(C) To show how famous a character he was in American movies

(D) To give an example of how he had trouble following the rules

2. Why does the author talk about Capone's bringing alcohol from Canada in paragraph 2?

(A) To justify Capone's life of crime

(B) To show why Capone was indicted

(C) To explain how he became rich

(D) To prove that Capone did not pay taxes

Questions 3-4 are about the following passage,.

Studies about social groups are a very interesting aspect of psychology because they show how
differently people act when they are influenced by the thoughts and emotions of others. Studies have
found that different people respond differently to group situations. When placed in a group, some
people tend to dominate; they are natural leaders. However, the majority of people take a passive role.

When in a group, most people rarely work as hard as they do alone. This phenomenon is known as
"social loafing." There are several explanations for why it occurs, but mainly it's because the
responsibility and the reward are divided in more ways. People are more willing to let others do the
work for them and rely on other people. When people are alone, they have to take care of themselves.
This gives them incentive to work harder.
Also, when people are in groups they tend to adopt the opinions of the people that they are with. Time
and again studies have shown that people forget themselves and act on the will of the group rather than
sticking to their own principles. This is called the "conformity pressure," and very few people can
honestly say that they do not fall prey to this. If someone is in a group of people who love the theatre,
they will not tell them how much they hate it for fear of being left out of the group.

Question

3. Why does the author mention the responsibility and the reward being divided in more ways?

(A) To clarify group work's effectiveness

(B) To explain the cause of social loafing

(C) To discuss the benefits and drawbacks of groups

(D) To show how group work negatively affects people

4. Why is someone in a group that loves the theatre mentioned in the passage?

(A) To indicate people stick to their principles

(B) To describe the result of conformity pressure

(C) To explain to whom conformity pressure occurs

(D) To give an example of how conformity pressure works

Questions 5-6 are about the following passages.

Bird vocalization is the term used to describe the sounds that birds make. There are many different
types of bird vocalization, but they are mainly divided into two general categories: songs and calls. They
are distinguished from one another by length, inflection, and context.

Birds make these sounds for a variety of reasons. Songs which are relatively long and more continuous
usually indicate mating, while short and simple calls are often used for alerting the flock of danger and
keeping the flock together. Commonly, the male bird is the one that delivers songs in order to attract
the female. It is very likely that the quality of songs is connected to a bird's genetic health. Calls are used
as alarms to warn of predators or bad weather. These alarms can be understood not only by birds of the
same species, but also other birds and animals. Sometimes calls are used for finding individual birds,
evident from adult birds that use calls to find their chicks.
There are many other bird sounds that have unclear purposes. For example, "duetting" is the term for
when two birds call at the same time using the same sounds. Some species of birds can sing so in sync
that it is impossible to distinguish the two birds. Scientists present numerous theories, but the reason
why certain birds do duetting remains unclear.

5. The author mentions songs and calls in paragraph 2 in order to

(A) introduce the idea of long songs and short calls

(B) give an example of the different types of bird calls

(C) demonstrate how beautiful bird songs are to the human ear

(D) show that those two types of sounds have different purposes

6. Why does the author mention the male bird in paragraph 2?

(A) To show that males are better at singing

(B) To give an example of what animals can do to mate

(C) To give details about how bird songs aid reproduction

(D) To show that mating songs are more important than alarm calls

Questions 7-8 are about the following passage.

Amphibians are an animal group that includes frogs, touds, salamanders, and newts. These animals live
in and out of the water. The number of amphibians on our planet is declining rapidly in both local mass
extinctions and population crashes. This is a cause for concern as many scientists believe that humans
are responsible.

Since the 1980s, scientists have noticed a decline in amphibian populations. Although many animals are
affected by humans, amphibians have been hit particularly hard. Some scientists believe this is because
of their two-stage life cycle. Unlike most animals, amphibians live their lives in two distinct stages. The
first is aquatic and the second is terrestrial. This means that amphibians are sensitive to environmental
changes in the water and on land. They also have permeable skin, which means that toxins and
chemicals can easily get into their bodies.
At first, some scientists did not believe that human pollution was the cause for changes in amphibian
populations. These scientists believed that every species on Earth goes through natural cycles and
changes and that there was not enough long-term data to prove that humans were the problem. In
recent years, this has changed. Almost all biologists are concerned about the decline in amphibian
populations. They are worried not only because many amphibians may go extinct, but also because
these extinctions will affect other plants and animals in ecosysterns. They believe that the decline in
amphibian populations is a warning to humans to stop polluting and clean up Earth

7. Why does the author mention the two-stage life cycle in paragraph 27

(A) To show that amphibians are complicated animals

(B) To draw a conclusion about how different animals live

(C) To question scientists ability to study amphibians

(D) To explain why amphibians are more at risk than other animals

8. The author discusses amphibian extinctions affecting other plants and animals in paragraph 3 in order
to

(A) tell traders to worry about amphibians

(B) athasrate that the extinction of any kind of animal is bad

(C) show that armphibian extinctions are not the only concern

(D) provide an example of other plants and animals going extinct

READING COMPREHENSION

Directions

In this section of the test, you will read 7 teats and answer 42 questions. Choose the correct answer to
each question and mark the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

Before you start, read the sarriple text and the questions below

SAMPLE TEXT

Exercise is important in keeping a person healthy, as people who exercise have stronger and more able bodies.
People who exercise are far less likely to have heart disease, obesity, and a variety of other diseases. Exercise also
releases serotonin, a chemical in the brain that makes people feel good. Not only can exercise keep the body
healthy, but it can keep the mind healthy, too.

Sample Question 1

What is this text mostly about?

(A) Strong bodies

(B) Chemicals in the brain

(C) How to exercise the brain

(D) The importance of exercise

The correct answer is (D), "The importance of exercise."

Sample Question 2

What does serotonin do?

(A) Prevents obesity

(B) Keeps the body healthy

(C) Makes people feel good

(D) Helps the body exercise

The correct answer is (C), "Makes people feel good."

Questions 1-4 are about the following schedule

Molly was having trouble finding time to do her schoolwork because of all her activities, so she decided
to make a schedule showing when she has free time. Writing everything down showed her that she has
more time than she thought.

Molly's After School Activities

*signifies every other week

1. What activities does Molly do more than 3. At what time is Molly's musical activity?
once a week?
(A) 3:00 PM. on Friday
(A) Having a math tutoring session and
volunteering (B) 4:30 PM. on Tuesday

(B) Volunteering and having a clarinet lesson (C) 6:30 PM. on Monday

(C) Having a math tutoring session and going to (D) 5:00P.M. on Wednesday
soccer practice 4. What will happen every other week?
(D) Having a clarinet lesson and going to soccer (A) Molly will go to soccer practice on Friday.
practice
(B) Molly won't need math tutoring on Tuesday.
2. What would Molly probably be doing on
Tuesday at 4:45 P.M.? (C) Molly might miss her clarinet lesson on
Monday.
(A) Going to math tutoring
(D) Molly will volunteer at the shelter on
(B) Volunteering at the shelter Tuesday.
(C) Staying home for the night

(D) Preparing for soccer practice

Questions 5-8 are about the following e-mail.

Dear Mr. Stevens,

I'm proud to tell you that I've finally finished my essay for the city contest. I feel really satisfied with it. I
was just about to submit it when I saw that I'm required to turn in a cпру that's been graded by an
English teacher.

Since you recommended the contest to me, I was hoping that you'd be willing to take a look at the
essay. The essay wasn't written specifically for your class, but I know you'll give me useful feedback. It's
not very long and I'd really appreciate it.

If you don't think you have time to do it, do you have any recommendations for a teacher that might?
The contest rules aren't specific. They simply say that the essay has to be graded by an English teacher
teaching in the Waring school system. I just moved to Waring at the start of this year, so I don't know
any teachers besides you. I think my old teachers would be happy to grade it, but they don't work in
Waring. Plus, I'm not in contact with them anymore.

I'd be happy to e-mail you my essay or print out a copy and give it to you at school. I understand that
you're busy, but hope that you can help me out. I'd really like to enter this contest. Thank you.

Sincerely,

Jessica

5. Why did Jessica write this e-mail? 6. In line 10, the word specific is closest in
meaning to
(A) To be friendly with her teacher
(A) good
(B) To win a very important contest
(B) exact
(C) To get her essay graded by a teacher
(C) correct
(D) To remind the teacher that she's a new
student (D) helpful

(C) contest judges

(D) Mr. Stevens and Jessica

8. According to the e-mail, which of the

following is NOT true of Jessica?

(A) She changed school early this year.

(B) Her essay was written while she was in

Waring.
7. In line 14, the word them refers to (C) She has asked other teachers to grade her
(A) old teachers essay.

(B) all teachers (D) Mr. Stevens encouraged her to join a city
writing contest.

Questions 9-14 are about the following article.

Last week, the girls' Bromson Hill soccer team won the state championship, confirming that the team is
the best in the league. This is the third year that Bromson Hill has won, exciting both the team and the
fans. This year, the team was challenged in a close game against Freeport. The final score was 3-2. All
three goals were scored by senior Alison Levin, who was elected MVP of the league after the
championship. Indeed, Levin's four years at Bromson Hill have shown that she is a star.

Levin is humble about her skill, making sure that everyone knew it was the team, not ber, who led
Broenson Hill to victory. "We couldn't have done it without each other," she said. "There are 11 players
on the field and each one is important." As for the MVP award, Levin simply felt ecstatic. "My eyes
teared up when they called my name," she said. Once she was on the stage to collect her award, she
announced to the audience, "I'd like to thank my team and my coach for this honor. It's been a great
year!"

Bromson Hill's coach Jessica Wallis along with Levin's teammates feel a bit differently about Alison,
whom they call "Al." "Al is number one in the league. She'll be shy about it, but we owe this win to her.
She's been an inspiration to all of us on the team. It will be sad to see her go next year," said Brittany
Clark, a defender that plays for Bromson Hill.

Although Alison will miss the Bromson Hill team, she's excited about the prospect of playing in college.
Alison will be playing for the University of Virgil women's team, which is one of the best in the country.

9. What would be the most suitable headline (C) She didn't deserve the MVP award.
for the article?
(D) She believes that the victory was hers.
(A) Bromson Hill Star Leads Team to Win
11. Based on her comments, what is Brittany
(B) Coach Jessica Wallis Is Proud of Victory Clark probably worried about?

(C) Bromson Hill Is the Best in the League (A) Alison doing poorly in college

(D) University of Virgil Accepts Bromson Hill (B) The couch getting angry at the team
Student
(C) The team losing strength next year
10. What is suggested about Alison Levin in the
article? (D) Getting extremely depressed without Alison

(A) She isn't a prideful person. 12. In line 13, the word ecstatic is closest in
meaning to
(B) She respects her coach, Jessica.
(A) joyful
(B) grateful (A) fear

(C) doubtful (B) success

(D) dissatisfied (C) surprise

13. In line 20, the word prospect is closest in (D) expectation

meaning to

Questions 15-20 are about the following story.

Sandy and I could not believe how lucky we were to get picked for the dance team. We both tried out
but never expected to make it.

Sandy was so excited that when she saw the roster she dragged me across the whole school and made
me late for math class just to show it to me.

"I'm so happy, I'm so happy!" she kept saying over and over and I was too.

Being on the dance team was a lot of hard work. We had tough practices every day after school for three
hours. We would start with stretches and then go into our routines.

"Let's go! Move it!" our coach would yell.

He was a good coach, but he was strict. He made all of us work very hard. Over time, Sandy and I
improved. Our coach noticed.

"You girls have done a great job so far this year. I want to send you to New York City to represent our
school in the state championships. I think you will be a great tearn, but I need you to keep working
hard," he said smiling.

We both started shouting in exultation and the other girls congratulated us. It was a big moment.

Through the next weeks we trained harder than ever before and pretty soon it was the weekend of the
championships.

"Are you ready?" Our coach asked us on the trip to the city.

"I am feeling great!" I said, but Sandy did not say anything.

We both waited for a moment and then she said, "I am very nervous. What if we make a mistake?

Our coach laughed and said, "Of course you will make a mistake but just try hard, do the best you can,
and I will be happy. Mistakes happen but you need to keep going. That's what is important."
The tournament was great but there were a lot of really good dancers so we didn't win. Our parents
were still excited though, and our coach was happy. After the competition we got to have dinner in the
big city and our coach gave us medals, even though we didn't win anything.

"What are these for?" I asked."

For being great dancers and for all of the hard work that you girls have done," he said beaming, "and for
making me the happiest coach in the State of New York. I cannot wait for next year's competition."

15. What is the story mainly about?

(A) The New York City dance championship 18. Which word best describes the girls'
reaction to being sent to New York City?
(B) The hardship of being dance team members
(A) Excited
(C) The two girl students' dance team
experience (B) Nervous

(D) The two girl students being chosen as best (C) Interested
dancers of the year
(D) Disappointed

16. Why does Sandy drag the author across the

whole school? 19. Based on his comments in lines 22-24, what
does the coach think about the competition?
(A) To meet the team coach
(A) If the girls work hard, they will win.
(B) To get to the daily dance practice
(B) Their losing the competition would be a big
(C) To show that they both made the team disappointment.

(D) To try out for the dance team together (C) It's most important to try their best.

(D) The girls will win if they don't make any

mistakes.
17. In line 7, what does the author mean by go
into our routines?

(A) Do hard exercises 20. What will probably happen to Sandy and the
author next year?
(B) Practice for the championship
(A) They will win easily.
(C) Start practicing their dances
(B) They will stop dancing.
(D) Finish stretching their bodies
(C) They will compete again.
(D) They will help the coach

Questions 21-26 are about the following passage.

Big Bend National Park in the southwest of Texas is one of the most majestic desert areas in the United
States. It is part of the Chihuahua, which is one of the largest deserts in North America and stretches
over both America and Mexico.

Big Bend Park is home to mountains, rivers, basins, valleys, as well as many plants and animuls. It is not
as popular of a national park as some others. This may be because it takes an extremely long time to get
there. Big Bend National Park is hundreds of miles from the nearest legitimate town or airport. When
people go there, they need to make sure that their cars have plenty of gas. There is a large risk of
running out.

When visitors get to the park, they are usually happy that they drove all the way. The park is 1,252
square miles of desert beauty. There are beautiful cactus blooms as well as glorious sunsets. The hiking
trails are magnificent. Visitors can stay in a lodge that is run by the park or camp with their own
equipment. However, visitors should be careful. Even though the park is incredibly hot during the day,
the lack of moisture in the air makes the heat dissipate at night. The nights at Big Bend are surprisingly
cold. It's important to bring a warm sleeping bag.

21. Which title best summarizes the main idea (D) restaurant
of the passage?

(A) A Place of Desert Flowers

23. In line 13, the word dissipate is closest in
(B) Cactus Blooms at Big Bend meaning to

(C) A National Park to Be Visited (A) destroy

(D) A Desert That Is Cold at Night (B) disturb

(C) discover

22. In line 11, the word lodge is closest in (D) disappear

meaning to

(A) bed
24. Why does Big Bend get cold at night?
(B) in
(A) Precipitation usually comes at night.
(C) cavern
(B) It is too arid to hold the heat in the air. (C) Visitors can bring their own camping
equipment.
(C) The air is too clear and breathable for
warmth. (D) It's too cold outside without a warm
sleeping bag.
(D) Deserts like Big Bend experience harsh
winters.

26. Why don't people visit Big Bend more

often?

(A) It is too cold for most visitors.

25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned
about staying overnight at Big Bend? (B) A lot of people don't want to visit Texan.

(A) It's better to stay in the lodge. (C) Most cars aren't strong enough to get there.

(B) There are generally two different ways to (D) It is very far away from airport.
sleep.

Questions 27-34 are about the following passage.

Dolphins are one of the most intelligent species on the planet, which makes them interesting animal to
scientists. In their natural habitats, dolphins use various vocalization techniques. They whistle and
squeak to recognize members of their pod, identify and protect their young, and call out warnings of
danger. They also make clicking sounds used for echolocation to find food and obstacles in dark and
murky waters.

Amazingly, the whistling sound that the bottlenose dolphin makes has been found to have a similar
pattern to human language. They always make conversational sounds when they greet each other. If you
listen to dolphins squeaks and squeals, it will sound like they are having a conversation.

Dolphins usually use both sound and body language to communicate with each other. It is through
gesture and body language, however, that most of their communication with humans comes. Dolphins
can be trained to perform complicated tricks. This suggests they have a high level of intelligence and
communication capacity. If they work for a long time with a trainer, they are able to recognize and
understand human commands.
A lot of dolphin communication has been studied using dolphins in captive environments, These studies
have been criticized because some marine biologists believe that dolphins living in aquariums or
research centers cannot be considered "normal." Even so, most believe that studying dolphin
communication in captivity is useful for beginning to understand the complexity of dolphin
communication. After all, dolphins are one of the most intelligent animals. Their ability to communicate
is impressive and worthy of study.

27. What would be the most suitable title for (C) They easily demostrate how dolphans act in
the passage? the wild.

(A) Intelligent Mammals in Captivity (D) Their relationships are too personal with
marine biologists.
(B) Complex Patterns in Dolphin Life

(C) Dolphins Social Tendencies with Humans

30. In line 2, the word vocalization is closest in
(D) Communications in Dolphins meaning to

(A) closing eyes

28. What are the common ways for a dolphin to (B) creating words
communicate?
(C) making gestures
(A) Swimming speeds
(D) producing sounds
(B) Human voice inxitation

(C) Squeaking and squealing sounds

31. All of the following are true about dolphin
(D) Vocalizations and body language comunication EXCEPT
29. According to paragraph 4, what do some (A) dolphins clicking sounds are sometimes used
marine biologists think about captive dolphins? to greet humana
(A) They can't be considered accurate subjects (B) dolphins squeals and squeaks sound
for biological studies. conversational to the human ear
(B) They can communicate exactly the same as
humans do.
(C) communication using sounds and gestures (A) ability
occurs between dolphins
(B) probability
(D) body language and gestures are used for
communication with humans (C) simplicity

(D) productivity

32. In line 17, the word most refers to

(A) a few bottlenose dolphins 34. Why do dolphins use their communication
skills with each other?
(B) a lot of bottlenose dolphins
(A) To prove that they are happy and useful in
(C) the minority of marine biologists captivity

(D) the majority of marine biologists (B) To make beautiful music and to find food

(C) To recognize, protect and communicate with

each other
33. In line 13, the word capacity is closest in
meaning to (D) To trick burnans into thinking they are
intelligent

Questions 35-42 are about the following passage.

Sacagawea was a Shoshone woman who accompanied the first United States expedition to the Pacific
Coast. She acted as an interpreter and guide for Williarn Clark and Meriwether Lewis, who were sent to
explore the Western United States by President Thomas Jefferson.

It is believed that Sacagawea was born in a Shoshone village located near today's Idaho in 1788. She was
kidnapped at age 12 by a tribe called the Hidatsa who lived near today's North Dakota. When she was 13
years old, she was married to a Canadian trader named Toussaint Charbonneau who was living in the
village.

During the winter of 1804, Lewis and Clark arrived near the Hidatsa village and built a fort. There, they
tried to find people who could help them on their journey. Lewis and Clark decided to hire
Charbonneau, knowing that his wife Sacagawea spoke Shoshone. They knew that she could help them
when they met the Shoshone later on in their trip. At this time, Sacagawea was pregnant with her first
child. She gave birth to a little boy just before embarking on the journey. He would participate in all of
the travels and later be adopted by William Clark

Sacagawea was able to reunite with her people during the expedition. When the group reached the
Shoshone village, she found that the chief was her long-lost brother. Clark's journal entry tells of their
powerful reunion. Indeed, Clark's journal hints many times that Sacagawea had a profound effect on the
expedition. Clearly, her presence as native guide and as the trip's only woman was very important to
both Lewis and Clark.

It is known that she overcame a lot of obstacles and served as a loyal and keen interpreter for Lewis and
Clark. In fact, not much is known about Sucagawea except her role in the expedition. There is little hard
evidence to support various beliefs about how she lived after the journey and how and when she died.
Sacagawea, however, was used as an icon of American feminism in the early 20th century to arouse the
sense of self-worth of women. Because of her ability and accomplishments, she is still admired in the
United States today.

35. Which title best expresses the main idea of (B) They needed someone who had a
the passage? relationship with the chief.

(A) Sacagawen's Devotion to the Shoshone (C) They knew they would meet the Shoshane
Tribe during their travels.

(B) Early American Feminisre in the Sacagawea (D) They wanted to learn the language so the
Legend Shoshone would cooperate.

(C) The Life of Sacagawea Shown in Williarn

Clark's Journal
38. The author mentions all of the following
(D) Sacagawea and Her Role in the Lewis and EXCEPT
Clark Expedition
(A) Sacagawea becoming a mother

(B) the marriage of Charbonneau and

36. In line 2, the word interpreter is closest in Sacagawea
meaning to
(C) Sacagawea reuniting with the Shosho people
(A) doctor
(D) Thomas Jefferson's specific goals for the
(B) writer journey

(C) mother

(D) translator 39. What does the author say about

Sacagawea's death?
37. Why did Lewis and Clark want a Shoshone-
speaking guide? (A) It made her a heroine.

(A) They were interested in making a profit from (B) It doesn't have a clear story.
trading.
(C) It was written about by Clark.

(D) It occurred while she was running away.

 (B) To show that Sacagawea inspired American
women
40. In line 13, the word He refers to
(C) To explain why Sacagawea is on many
(A) Shoshone chief American coins
(B) Sacagawea's son (D) To remind readers that Sacagawea is only a
(C) Sacagawea's brother legend

(D) Sacagawea's husband

42. Based on the passage, what is probably true
about Lewis and Clark?

(A) They learned the Shoshone language.

41. Why does the author mention Sacagawea's
role in 20th-century feminism? (B) They never met with Thomas Jefferson.

(A) To discuss Sacagawea's unique female (C) They were grateful for Sacagawea's help.
abilities (D) They didn't make it across the United States.