Excel Formulas Amp Functions 2023 2345000000 Compress
Excel Formulas Amp Functions 2023 2345000000 Compress
GOLDEN MCPHERSON
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MCPHERSON
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT DO EXCEL FORMULAS MEAN?
EXERCISE USING FORMULAS
WHEN USING EXCEL'S FORMULAE, WATCH OUT FOR THESE MISTAKES.
WHAT IN EXCEL IS A FUNCTION?
CHAPTER 1
FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS
FORMULAE THAT USE OPERATORS
Examining the relationship between the operators in formulas
Formulas that use functions
Examples of function-based formulas
Function arguments
More information about functions
Manual entry of formulas
Formulae entered by pointing
Pasted formulas with range names
Adding functions to formulas
Function entry guidance
Editing Formulas
USING CELL REFERENCES IN FORMULAS
Referencing with mixed, relative, and absolute terms
Altering the references you use
Using cells outside the worksheet as references
Referencing cells from different workbooks
Cell Address
Making Use of Formulas in Tables
Data in a table being compiled
USING FORMULAS WITHIN A TABLE
Using a table's data as a reference
Correcting Common Formula Errors
Circular references management
Utilizing Advanced Naming Methods
Constant names are used
USING NAMES FOR FORMULAS
USING RANGE INTERSECTIONS
APPLYING NAMES TO EXISTING REFERENCES
Calculating with the Formula bar
precise replication of a formula
Converting formulas to values
CHAPTER 2
APPLICATION OF FORMULAS TO REGULAR MATHEMATICAL ACTIVITIES
PERCENTAGE CALCULATIONS
determining the percentage of the target
PERCENTAGE VARIANCE CALCULATION
% VARIANCE CALCULATION WITH NEGATIVE VALUES
How to compute a percent distribution
Running total calculation
Adding or subtracting items by a percentage
Dealing with divide-by-zero errors
ROUNDING NUMBERS
ROUNDING NUMBERS USING FORMULAS
ROUNDING TO THE NEAREST PENNY
Rounding up to significant digits
A Range of Values Can Be Counted
Using the conversion functions in Excel
CHAPTER 3
MANIPULATING TEXT WITH FORMULAS
A Number That Isn't Handled Like a Number
Text-Based Functions
connecting text strings
Setting the text case for sentences
A text string's spaces are removed
Taking out specific text from a string
FINDING A PARTICULAR CHARACTER IN A TEXT STRING
TRACKING DOWN A CHARACTER'S SECOND APPEARANCE
Changing text strings
A cell's characters can be counted individually
A formula's line break can be added.
The removal of unusual characters from text fields
Using zeros to pad integers
Formatting a text string's numbers
CHAPTER 4
UTILIZING FORMULAS WITH DATES AND TIMES
EXCEL DATE AND TIME HANDLING: AN UNDERSTANDING
Acquiring knowledge about date serial numbers
Select a Date System: 1900 Or 1904
Dates Entry
Browsing for Dates
knowledge of time serial numbers
ENTERING TIMES
MANIPULATING TIMES AND DATES
Challenges with dates
The leap year glitch in Excel
PRE-1900 DATES
Dates that are inconsistent
USING EXCEL'S DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS
GETTING THE CURRENT DATE AND TIME
CALCULATING AGE
CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES
CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF WORKDAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES
USING NETWORKDAYS.INTL
GENERATING A LIST OF BUSINESS DAYS EXCLUDING HOLIDAYS
EXTRACTING PARTS OF A DATE
CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF YEARS AND MONTHS BETWEEN DATES
CONVERTING DATES TO JULIAN DATE FORMATS
CALCULATING THE PERCENT OF THE YEAR COMPLETED AND REMAINING
Returning the last date of a given month
USING THE EOMONTH FUNCTION
CALCULATING THE CALENDAR QUARTER FOR A DATE
CALCULATING THE FISCAL QUARTER FOR A DATE
RETURNING A FISCAL MONTH FROM A DATE
CALCULATING THE DATE OF THE NTH WEEKDAY OF THE MONTH
CALCULATING THE DATE OF THE LAST WEEKDAY OF THE MONTH
Portioning out a time
CALCULATING ELAPSED TIME
ROUNDING TIME VALUES
CONVERTING DECIMAL HOURS, MINUTES, OR SECONDS TO A TIME
ADDING HOURS, MINUTES, OR SECONDS TO A TIME
CHAPTER 5
CONDITIONAL ANALYSIS IMPLEMENTING FORMULAS
CONDITIONAL ANALYSIS: AN OVERVIEW
Verifying a straightforward condition is met
Multiple conditions are being checked
CONFIRMING CONDITIONAL DATA
LOOKING UP VALUES
Determining if both conditions 1 and 2 are satisfied
functions for text manipulation
REFERRING TO LOGICAL CONDITIONS IN CELLS
CHECKING IF CONDITION1 OR CONDITION2 ARE MET
Making conditional computations
SUMMING GREATER THAN ZERO
Adding up all figures that fall under two or more conditions
SUMMING IF VALUES FALL BETWEEN A GIVEN DATE RANGE
USING SUMIFS
GETTING A COUNT OF VALUES THAT MEET A CERTAIN CONDITION
Counting values that satisfy two or more criteria
SUMIFS for summing multiple conditions.
FINDING UNUSUAL CHARACTERS
GETTING THE AVERAGE OF ALL NUMBERS THAT MEET A CERTAIN CONDITION
Getting the average of all numbers that meet two or more conditions
CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION OF MATCHING AND LOOKUPS FORMULAS
EXPLANATION OF LOOKUP FORMULAS
USING THE LOOKUP FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL
Searching for a certain value using the left lookup column
Searching for a certain value using any lookup column
LOOKING UP VALUES HORIZONTALLY
HIDING ERRORS RETURNED BY LOOKUP FUNCTIONS
The process of selecting the closest match from a list of banded values
The INDEX and MATCH functions are used to find the closest match.
LOOKING UP VALUES FROM MULTIPLE TABLES
LOOKING UP A VALUE BASED ON A TWO-WAY MATRIX
Making use of default values to match
Calculating a value based on certain criteria
SUMPRODUCT is used to return text.
How to determine a column's latest value
USING LOOKUP, DETERMINING THE FINAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION OF FORMULAS TO FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
MAKING REGULAR BUSINESS CALCULATIONS
Gross profit margin and gross profit margin percentage calculations
Markup calculation
CALCULATING EBIT AND EBITDA
Making a cost-of-sale calculation
GOODS AVAILABLE FOR SALE
COST OF GOODS SOLD
CALCULATING THE ASSET RETURN
How to calculate return on equity
CALCULATING BREAK-EVEN
ESTIMATING CUSTOMER CHURN
COMPUTING THE CHURN RATE ANNUALLY
The average client lifetime value calculation
CALCULATING EMPLOYEE TURNOVER
LEVERAGING EXCEL'S FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
CONVERTING INTEREST RATES
RATE OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT
NOMINAL INTEREST RATE
Using FV to compute the effective rate
The development of a loan payment calculator
CREATING AN AMORTIZATION SCHEDULE
CREATING A VARIABLE-RATE MORTGAGE AMORTIZATION SCHEDULE
USING DATES INSTEAD OF PAYMENT NUMBERS
Making an accelerated depreciation calculation
STARTING PERIOD
The present value calculation
MAKING A PRESENT-VALUE CALCULATION FOR FUTURE PAYMENTS
CALCULATING THE NET PRESENT VALUE
The calculation of both positive and negative cash flows
Internal rate of return calculation
Future non-periodic cash flows calculation
PERFORMING FINANCIAL FORECASTING
CHAPTER 8
APPLICATION OF FORMULAS IN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
WORKING WITH WEIGHTED AVERAGES
Data Smoothing Using Moving Averages
EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING APPLIED TO VOLATILE DATA
How to Produce Descriptive Statistics Using Functions
Obtaining either the biggest or least value
OBTAINING THE NTH BIGGEST OR LEAST VALUE
CALCULATING MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE
DATA ALLOCATION INTO PERCENTILES
Interquartile Range for Statistical Outlier Identification
Another helpful tool is Excel's QUARTILE function.
A replacement for the FREQUENCY function
CHAPTER 9
TABLES AND CONDITIONAL FORMATTING IN FORMULAS
CELLS THAT MEET SPECIFIC CRITERIA ARE HIGHLIGHTED
Cells can be highlighted dependent on another cell's value.
HIGHLIGHTING VALUES THAT EXIST IN LIST1 BUT NOT LIST2
HIGHLIGHTING VALUES THAT EXIST IN LIST1 AND LIST2
HIGHLIGHTING BASED ON DATES
HIGHLIGHTING DAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES
Using a due date to highlight dates
CHAPTER 10
COMPREHENSION AND USE OF ARRAY FORMULAS
KNOWING HOW TO USE ARRAY FORMULAS
AN ARRAY WITH SEVERAL CELLS
A SINGLE-CELL ARRAY FORMULA
HOW TO CREATE AN ARRAY CONSTANT
Identifying an Array's Dimensions
Horizontal arrays in one dimension
ONE-DIMENSIONAL VERTICAL ARRAYS
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
NAMING ARRAY CONSTANTS
WORKING WITH ARRAY FORMULAS
Entering an array formula
CHOOSING A FORMULA RANGE FOR AN ARRAY
EXPANDING OR CONTRACTING A MULTICELL ARRAY FORMULA
THE CONTRARY OF ARRAY FORMULAS
USING MULTICELL ARRAY FORMULAS
Creating an array from values in a range
CREATING AN ARRAY CONSTANT FROM VALUES IN A RANGE
PERFORMING OPERATIONS ON AN ARRAY
USING FUNCTIONS WITH AN ARRAY
TRANSPOSING AN ARRAY
Making an array of sequential integers
WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS THAT RETURN AN ARRAY
USING SINGLE-CELL ARRAY FORMULAS
COUNTING CHARACTERS IN A RANGE
SUMMING THE THREE SMALLEST VALUES IN A RANGE
COUNTING TEXT CELLS IN A RANGE
The removal of intermediate formulas
Replacing a range reference with an array
CHAPTER 11
IMPROVE THE RELIABILITY OF YOUR FORMULAS
DETECTING AND FIXING FORMULA ERRORS
ERRONEOUS PARENTHESES
USING FORMULA AUTOCORRECT
CELLS ARE FILLED WITH HASH MARKS
NO CELL IS COMPLETELY EMPTY.
CHARACTERS WITH EXTRA SPACE
FORMULAS RETURNING AN ERROR
TRACING ERROR VALUES
BE AWARE OF THE COLORS.
THERE IS NO CALCULATION OF FORMULAS
PROBLEMS WITH DECIMAL PRECISION
“PHANTOM LINK” ERRORS
USING EXCEL AUDITING TOOLS
IDENTIFYING CELLS OF A PARTICULAR TYPE
VIEWING FORMULAS
TRACING CELL RELATIONSHIPS
IDENTIFYING PRECEDENTS
IDENTIFYING DEPENDENTS
TRACING ERROR VALUES
FIXING CIRCULAR REFERENCE ERRORS
USING THE BACKGROUND ERROR-CHECKING FEATURE
USING FORMULA EVALUATOR
ANOTHER TECHNIQUE TO ASSESS A COMPONENT OF A CALCULATION IN EXCEL IS TO:
SEARCHING AND REPLACEMENT
SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION
INFORMATION REPLACEMENT
SEARCHING FOR FORMATTING
SPELL-CHECKING YOUR WORKSHEETS
USING AUTOCORRECT
CONCLUSION
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
What do Excel formulas mean?
An expression called FORMULAS IN EXCEL operates on values from a
variety of cell addresses and operators. Consider the formula =A1+A2+A3,
which calculates the sum of the values in cells A1 through A3. An illustration
of a formula with discrete values might be =6*3.
=A2 * D2 / 2
"=" tells Excel that this is a formula, and it should evaluate it.
"A2" * D2" makes reference to cell addresses A2 and D2 then multiplies the
values found in these cell addresses.
"/" is the division arithmetic operator
"2" is a discrete value
Exercise using formulas
To determine the subtotal, we will use the sample data from the household
budget.
Make a new Excel workbook.
Enter the information from the budget for household goods above.
The following should appear on your worksheet.
You can see how to automatically select a cell address and apply the same
formula to additional rows in the animated image below.
Excel provides you with a drop-down list of function names and range names
while you are constructing formulas. Which items are on the list depend on
what you've already written. If you type the letters SU while inputting a
formula, the drop-down list will appear.
The list gets narrowed down to the functions that match if you send another
letter. Select an item in the list using the arrow keys, then click Tab to have
Excel autocomplete it. A brief description of the function appears when you
select a function from the list.
Formula AutoComplete Use
Thanks to the Formula AutoComplete feature, entering formulas has never
been easier. Enter your formula as you normally would, and Excel will guide
you by presenting a list of possible options and parameters. In this
illustration, Excel is displaying the SUBTOTAL function options.
Formula AutoComplete includes the following items (and each category is
denoted by an icon):
• The features that come with Excel.
• Modular functionality (functions explained by the person via VBA or other
methods).
• Defined names, which are names that are allocated to cells or ranges using
the Formulas > Defined Names > Define Name command.
• In enumerated arguments, values are utilized to indicate options. Only a few
functions, like SUBTOTAL, demand such parameters.
• Table structures are mentioned (used to identify portions of a table).
Manual entry of formulas
It is necessary to manually enter a formula while doing so. You enter the
formula in a particular cell after the equal symbol (=). As you type, the
characters show up in both the formula bar and the cell. Naturally, all of the
regular editing keys are available when entering a formula.
Formulae entered by pointing
Even if you can type the entire formula into Excel, there is another method
that is often easier, quicker, and less prone to errors. However, you can just
direct to the cell references rather than manually entering the values, even if
this method still requires some manual input.
For instance, use the following steps to enter the formula =A1+A2 into
cell A3:
1. Select cell A3.
2. Use the equal sign (=) to start the formula. You may see Enter in the status
bar of Excel.
3. Press the up arrow twice. When you press this key, Excel displays a dashed
border around cell A1, and cell reference appears in cell A3 and the Formula
bar. Additionally, Excel's status bar displays Point.
4. Finish your phrase with a plus sign (+). Enter is back in the status bar, and
A1's dashed border has been changed to a solid color border.
5. Press the up arrow a last time. The dashed border surrounds Cell A2,
adding that cell address to the formula.
6. Press Enter to complete the formula.
As you type the formula by pointing, you can also use your mouse to point at
the data cells.
Pasted formulas with range names
You have two choices if your formula requires named cells or ranges: enter
the name rather than the address, or choose a name from a list, and Excel will
insert it for you.
There are three approaches to formula naming:
The drop-down menu allows for the selection of a name.
You must at least be familiar with the initial letter of the name in order to
employ this technique. When entering the formula, type the first character
and then choose the name from the drop-down option.
• Depress F3 to start. A dialog box for pasting names displays.
Click OK after selecting a name from the list (or just double-click the name).
Excel automatically includes the name in your formula.
F3 has no impact if no names are given.
• On the Formulas tab, choose Use in Formula from the drop-down menu
(Defined Names group). When in edit mode, you can use this command to
select a probable range name from a list.
Adding functions to formulas
Formula The simplest way to add a function to a formula is via
AutoComplete. Another choice is to introduce a function using the tools in
the Function Library group on the Formulas tab of the Ribbon.
Another choice for adding a function to a calculation is the Insert Function
dialog box.
There are several ways to access this dialog box:
• From the Formulas menu, choose Insert Function > Formulas > Function
Library.
• Use the Insert Function command, which can be found at the bottom of each
drop-down list in the Formulas > Function Library group.
• Toggle the Formula bar to the left, then select the Insert Function button.
When you press this button, fx is shown.
Shift and F3 should both be pressed simultaneously.
Use the Search for a Function area at the top of the dialog box to hunt for the
function you require if you are unsure of the one you require.
1. Enter your search terms and press Enter. A list of helpful functions will be
provided to you. When you select a function from the Select a Function list,
Excel displays the function (and the names of its parameters) in the dialog
box along with a brief description of what the function does.
2. After finding the function you wish to use, click OK after selecting it.
3. Specify the parameters for the function. The Function Parameters dialog
box has a text field for each of the function's arguments, depending on the
function you're creating. You have two options for entering the address:
manually or by clicking inside the argument box and selecting a cell or range
from the sheet as an argument.
4. After you've entered each function argument, click OK.
The Name field typically displays a number of the most recent functions
you've used when you enter or modify a formula.
Function entry guidance
When utilizing the Insert Function dialog box to enter functions, keep the
following in mind:
• To add a function to an existing formula, utilize the Insert Function dialog
box. Simply alter the formula and move the insertion point to the desired
location to insert the function. Open the Insert Function dialog box and select
the function using one of the methods previously described.
• The arguments for a function in an existing formula can also be changed
using the Function Parameters dialog box. After choosing the function in the
Formula bar, click the Insert Function button.
• If a variable number of parameters are required for the function.
For each optional argument you offer, Excel adds a new box. Optional
arguments are not bolded, but required arguments are.
• Some functions have multiple iterations, such as INDEX. After selecting
one of these options, Excel displays a new dialog box where you may choose
the form you want to use.
Editing Formulas
You can alter a formula after you've entered it. If you implement adjustments
to your worksheet and then need to update the formula to suit the changes,
you may need to edit a formula. Alternatively,, the formula might return an
incorrect value, in which case you'll need to change it to fix the problem.
When you input or amend a formula in Excel, you'll see that the range
addresses and ranges are color-coded.
NB: This makes it easier to identify the cells that are utilized in a formula.
Here are a few options for entering cell edit mode:
Double-click the cell to alter the contents of the cell directly in the
cell.
Press F2 to alter the contents of the cell immediately inside the cell.
Click on the Formula bar after selecting the cell you wish to alter.
This allows you to change the contents of the cells in the Formula bar.
Excel will show a little triangle in the upper-left corner of the cell if
the cell includes a formula that returns an error. When you activate the
cell, an error signal appears. You may repair the problem by clicking
the error indication and selecting one of the choices.
In the Formulas section of the Excel Options dialog box, you can choose
whether or not to show these formula error indications. Choose File >
Options to bring up this dialog box. Excel no longer shows these problem
flags if you uncheck the Enable Background Error Checking box.
Note: You can select several characters when altering a formula by dragging
the mouse pointer over them or hitting Shift while using the navigation keys.
If you have a formula that you can't seem to get right, you may convert it to
text and come back to it later. Simply delete the first equal sign (=) to convert
a formula to text. To convert the contents of the cell back to a formula, enter
the original equal sign when you're ready to attempt again.
Using Cell References in Formulas
The majority of formulae you write include references to cells or ranges.
These references allow your calculations to interact with the data in specific
cells or ranges in real-time. If your formula refers to cell A1 and the value in
A1 is changed, the formula result will alter to reflect the new value.
If you didn't utilize references in your formulae, you'd have to update the
values in the formulas themselves if you wanted to change them.
Referencing with mixed, relative, and absolute terms
In a formula, you can refer to a cell (or range) using one of three types of references:
• Relative: Since the references are offsets from the current row and column, the row and column
references may change if you copy the formula to a different cell. In equations, Excel automatically
generates relative cell references.
Row and column references remain the same when you duplicate the formula since the reference is
absolute and points to a genuine cell location. The address of an absolute reference includes two-dollar
signs: one for the column letter and the other for the row number (for instance, $A$5 in the example
above).
• Mixed: One reference is relative and one is absolute to the row or column.
=$B$2*$C$2
Copying the formula to the cells below would generate inaccurate results in
this scenario. Cell D3's formula would be the same as cell D2's formula.
We'll now update the example to include the calculation of sales tax, which
will be recorded in cell B7. The formula in cell D2 in this case is:
=(B2*C2) *$B$7
After multiplying the amount by the price, the result is multiplied by the sales
tax rate contained in cell B7. It's worth noting that the reference to B7 is an
absolute one. Cell D3 will have the following formula when the formula in
D2 is transferred to the cells below it:
=(B3*C3) *$B$7
The references to cells B2 and C2 were changed, but not the reference to cell
B7, which is precisely what you want since the address of the sales tax cell
never changes.
The C3:F7 set of formulae calculates the area of different lengths and widths.
The formula for cell C3 is as follows:
=$B3*C$2
Both cell references are intermingled. The column ($B) is referenced by an
absolute reference in cell B3, while the row ($2) is referenced by an absolute
reference in cell C2. As a consequence,, this formula may be duplicated down
and across with no errors in the computations. For instance, in cell F7, the
formula is
=$B7*F$2
Copying the formula would generate inaccurate results whether C3 employed
absolute or relative references.
The cell references in a formula aren't altered when you cut and paste it
(transfer it to another spot). This is, in most cases, what you want to happen.
When you relocate a formula, you usually want it to keep referring to the
same cells as before.
Altering the references you use
You can manually input non-relative references by manually inserting dollar
signs in the appropriate places of the cell address (absolute or mixed). The F4
key can also be used as a shortcut. After you've entered a cell reference (by
typing it in or pointing to it), you can continually press F4 to have Excel
cycle through all four reference kinds.
For instance, pressing F4 changes the cell reference in a formula that begins
with =A1 to =$A$A1. F4 again transforms it into =A$1. When you press it
once more, =$A1 appears. It returns to the initial =A1 after the third press.
Press F4 again until Excel displays the reference type you desire.
Excel uses an absolute reference (by default) when referring to the name of a
column or range. For instance, the Refers To box in the New Name dialog
box displays the reference as $B$1: $B$12 when you give B1:B12 the name
Sales Forecast. This is typically what you want. The duplicated formula has a
reference when you copy a cell whose formula contains a named reference.
Using cells outside the worksheet as references
The worksheets that the formula refers to need not be in the same workbook.
It also refers to cells in other worksheets. Excel has a distinct syntax for
dealing with these kinds of references.
Referencing cells from different workbooks
Use the format shown below to refer to a cell on another worksheet inside the
same workbook:
Name of Sheet = Cell Number
Or, to put it another way, the cell address should come before the
exclamation point and come after the worksheet name. Here is an example of
a cell-based formula from the Sheet2 worksheet:
=A1*Sheet2! A1
Multiplying the value in cell A1 of Sheet2 by the value in cell A1 of the
current worksheet produces the answer.
NB: You must enclose the worksheet name in single quote marks if it has one
or more spaces in it.
If you generate the computation using the point-and-click method, Excel
might perhaps do it for you.) Consider the following formula, which refers to
a cell on a sheet labeled "All Depts" as an example: "All Depts" equals A1
Referencing cells in other workbooks
For instance, you might have entered the following formula in cell E3:
=D3-C3.
One thing to keep in mind about equations that use column headings instead
of cell references is that they are much easier to understand.
Using a table's data as a reference
Two other ways to refer to the data in an Excel table are the table name and
the column titles.
You don't have to give your tables or columns names, it's crucial to keep in
mind. The column headers, which are not range names, can be used to refer
to data inside the database. The data in the table has a range name that is
automatically generated when the table (for example, Table1) is constructed.
You can refer to data in a table by using conventional cell references, but
using the table name and column headings has a key advantage: the names
adjust automatically when the table size changes as a result of the addition or
deletion of rows. Additionally, if you change a table's name or a column's
name, formulas that use those names will automatically adapt.
This table is called Table1. To calculate the total of all the values in the table,
enter the following formula into a cell outside the table:
=SUM(AnnualData)
The majority of the time, a formula will relate to a particular table column.
The total of the data in the Actual column is returned using the formula
below:
=SUM
Even better, when you build a formula that relates to data in a table, Excel
offers some aid. Excel specifies various table components that you may
reference in addition to the column headings in the table.
Correcting Common Formula Errors
Excel occasionally shows a value that starts with a hash (#) when you enter a
formula. This indicates that an incorrect value was returned by the formula.
You must modify the formula (or a cell that the formula refers to) to get rid of
the error message (or a cell that the formula refers to).
The column is too tiny to display the value if a cell contains only hash-mark
characters. Either make the column wider or alter the way the cell's numbers
are formatted.
Percentage Calculations
Running totals, deviation from the budget, and percentages of totals are all crucial considerations in any
basic business analysis. This section will teach you about certain equations that can help you with these
kinds of analysis.
It's worth noting that the formula in cell E5 simply divides the Actual column
value by the Goal column value.
=D5/C5
This formula isn't complicated. You're merely dividing one number by
another by utilizing cell references. You can input the formula once in the
first row (in this example, cell E5) and then duplicate it down to each
subsequent row in your table.
If you need to compare actuals to a shared aim, you could use a model like
the one below. Each zone does not have its purpose under this approach.
Instead, you're comparing the Actual column's values against a single target
in cell B3.
=C6/$B$3
The cell reference to the common objective ($B$3) has been inserted as an
absolute reference. The dollar symbols fix the goal reference, guaranteeing
that the cell reference relating to the common objective does not change as
you duplicate the formula down.
Percentage variance calculation
The difference between two numbers is quantified by the term "variance."
Think about the consequences if you sold 120 widgets one day and 150 the
next. You sold 30 more widgets on the second day, which is a definite
difference in terms of sales. By taking 150 widgets away from 120 widgets, a
unit variance of +30 is produced.
How much of a difference is a percent, then? This is all about the %
difference between the new value and the benchmark value (120). (150). To
determine the percent variance, subtract the benchmark number from the new
one and then divide the result by the benchmark number. 25% is equal to
(150-120)/120 in this instance. Your sales were 25% more than the previous
day, according to the percent variance.
The percent deviation between current and prior year sales is calculated using
the method in E4.
=(D4-C4)/C4
The usage of parenthesis is one thing to observe about this formula. By
default, the sequence of operations in Excel requires division before
subtraction. However, if we allow this to happen, we will end up with an
incorrect outcome. Excel applies subtraction before division when the initial
portion of the calculation is wrapped in parentheses.
Simply input the formula once in the first row (in this example, cell E4), and
then duplicate it down to each subsequent row in your table.
Another method for estimating percent variation is to divide current year
sales by prior year sales and then remove one. You don't need to use
parenthesis with this alternate formula since Excel does division operations
before subtracting.
=D4/C4-1
% Variance calculation with negative values
But the formula fails if the benchmark value is zero or lower. Think about the
following situation: you're starting a business and expect to lose money the
first year. You therefore allocate yourself a negative $10,000 budget. Let's
say you were able to turn a profit of $12,000 after the first year.
Your real revenue is -220 percent lower than what you anticipated. To test it,
use a calculator. – 12,000 less -10,000 divided by -10,000 equals 220 percent.
How can you claim a variance of -220 percent when you made money? The
problem is that the math inverts the results when your benchmark value is
negative, rendering the numbers absurd. In the business world, where budgets
are frequently negative, this is a severe problem.
The remedy is to neutralize the negative benchmark value using the ABS
function.
=(C4-B4)/ABS(B4)
Excel's ABS function returns the absolute value of any given integer. If
=ABS were input, Cell A1 would return 100. (-100). Any integer can be
changed into a non-negative number with the ABS function. The correct %
variance is obtained by using ABS in this computation, which eliminates the
negative benchmark (in our example, a negative $10,000 budget).
Since it works with any pairing of positive and negative values, you can use
this formula for all of your percent variance requirements.
How to compute a percent distribution
The percent distribution of a statistic, such as total income, indicates how
evenly it is distributed across the component parts that make up the total. You
divide the total by the sum of each component part. In this example, we have
a field that includes all of the revenue (cell C9). We divide the income of
each region by the total to get a percent distribution for each area.
It's easy to understand this formula. Using cell references, you are merely
dividing the value of each component by the sum. The total cell reference
($C$9) is entered as an absolute reference, which is something to bear in
mind. By locking in the reference when you employ the dollar signs, you can
ensure that as you replicate the formula down, the cell reference for the total
amount won't change.
There is no need to enter a specific total amount in a different cell. You can
rapidly determine the total using the% distribution formula. The SUM
function adds up each and every integer you supply.
Pay attention to the absolute references used by the SUM function once more.
The SUM range will stay locked as you continue to multiply the formula
downward.
=C3/SUM($C$3:$C$6)
Running total calculation
When examining changes in a measure over time, some companies opt to
utilize a running total as a tool. From cell D3, the formula for every month is
copied down.
=SUM($C$3:C3)
The SUM function is used in this formula to add all of the units from cell C3
to the current row. The absolute reference ($C$3) is the key to this formula.
The initial value of the year is locked down by using an absolute reference in
the reference. This guarantee that the SUM function will always collect and
add the units from the initial value to the value on the current row as the
formula is copied down.
Adding or subtracting items by a percentage
For an Excel analyst, applying a percentage increase or decrease to a given
value is a routine task. For instance, when adding a price increase to a
product, you typically raise the starting price by a specific %. By giving a
customer a discount, you lower their rate by a certain amount.
We're raising the cost of Product A by 10% in cell E5. In cell E9, customer A
gets a 20% discount.
To increase a number by a percentage, multiply the original value by 1 plus
the percent increase. In this case, Product A is getting a 10% bump. We start
by adding 1 to the 10% as a consequence. Our final result is 110 percent.
Then, a 110 percent increase is applied to the original price of 100. This
results in a new cost of 110.
Also, multiply the original value by 1, which is the percent discount, to
reduce a figure by a percentage amount. Customer A is receiving a 20%
discount in this scenario. So, we start by subtracting 20% from 1. This gives
us a score of 80%. The initial 1000 cost per service is then multiplied by
80%. This adds up to a new rate of 800.
The usage of parenthesis in the formulations should be noted. Multiplication
must be done before addition or subtraction, according to Excel's default
sequence of operations. However, if we allow this to happen, we will end up
with an incorrect outcome. By enclosing the second portion of the calculation
in parenthesis, Excel guarantees that the multiplication is done last.
Dealing with divide-by-zero errors
Division by zero is impossible in mathematics. Consider what occurs when
you divide one number by another to see why it's impossible.
The division is just a sophisticated version of subtraction. For example,
dividing 10 by 2 is equivalent to beginning with 10 and subtracting 2 as many
times as necessary until you reach zero. In this situation, you'd have to
remove 2 five times in a row.
10 plus two equals eight
6 + 8 Equals 8
6 + 2 equals 4
2 + 4 Equals 2
As a result, 10/2 Equals 5.
If you attempted to do this with 10 divided by 0 instead, you'd never get far
since 10 0 is always 10. You'd be sat there till your calculator died,
subtracting 0's.
10 - 0 = 10
10 - 0 = 10
10 - 0 = 10
And so on.
When you divide any integer by zero, the result is called undefined by
mathematicians. When you attempt to divide by zero in software like Excel,
you get an error. When you divide a number by zero in Excel, you'll receive
the #DIV/0! error.
If your denominator is a zero, you can prevent this by instructing Excel to
skip the computation.
=IF(C4=0, 0, D4/C4)
When you send a number to the CEILING function, it will round it up to the
closest multiple of significance. When you need to alter the normal rounding
procedure with your business criteria, this comes in useful. For example, you
may use the CEILING function with a significance of 1 to compel Excel to
round 123.222 to 124.
=CEILING(123.222,1)
Assigning a significance of.01 instructs the CEILING function to round up to
the closest penny.
You might use.05 as the significance if you wish to round up to the nearest
nickel. For example, the calculation below yields 123.15:
=CEILING(123.11,.05)
The FLOOR function is similar, except it forces a rounding down to the next
significant figure.
The following example function takes 123.19 and rounds it down to the
nearest nickel, yielding 123.15:
=FLOOR(123.19,.05)
Rounding up to significant digits
In some financial reports, figures are given in large numbers. The idea behind
this is that when dealing with millions of dollars, there's no need to fill up a
report with more data just to show accuracy down to the tens, hundreds, and
thousands of dollars.
You may round the figure to one significant digit rather than showing it as
883,788, for instance. According to this, the number 900,000 would be
displayed. 880,000 is what you get if you round 883,788 to two significant
figures.
In other words, you're choosing whether or not to display a particular
number's location. Zeroes could make up the number's remaining fraction.
This would appear to be a problem, but when dealing with large enough
quantities, any number below a certain significance is irrelevant.
Let's examine how this operates:
The ROUND function in Excel is used to round a value to a certain number
of digits. The original value and the number of digits to round to are sent to
the ROUND function.
When the second input is a negative value, Excel rounds the result using
significant digits to the left of the decimal point. For example, the following
formula yields 9500:
=ROUND(9489,-2)
When the significant digits parameter is set to –3, the result is 9000.
=ROUND(9489,-3)
This is excellent, but what if our numbers are on different scales? What if
some of our numbers are in the millions, while others are in the hundreds of
thousands? If we wanted to show all of our numbers with one significant
digit, we'd have to create a separate ROUND function for each number to
account for the varied significant digits arguments that each kind of number
would need.
To deal with this, we may use a formula to generate the number that should
be used instead of our hard-coded significant digits input.
Assume our phone number is –2330.45. In our ROUND function, we can
utilize this formula as the important digits argument:
LEN(INT(ABS(-2330.45)))
*-1+2
This formula first wraps our integer in the ABS function, thereby eliminating
any potential negative symbols. The result is then wrapped in the INT
function, which strips away any decimals. Finally, it uses the LEN function
to calculate the number of digits in the number without using decimals or
negation symbols.
This component of the formula yields 4 in the example. When you remove
the decimals and the negative sign from the number –2330.45, you're left
with four digits.
This number is then multiplied by –1 to make it a negative number, which is
then added to the desired number of significant digits. 4*-1+2 Equals –2 in
this case.
We'll utilize this formula as the second input for our ROUND function once
again. If you plug this calculation into Excel, you'll get a result of –2300.
(Two significant digits).
=ROUND (-2330.45, LEN (INT (ABS (-2330.45))) *-1+2)
The formula can be replaced by cell references to the source number and a
cell with the required number of significant digits.
=ROUND (B5, LEN(INT(ABS(B5))) *-1+$E$3)
A Range of Values Can Be Counted
Some of the Excel functions that can be used to count the numbers in a range
include COUNT, COUNTA, and COUNTBLANK. Each of these routines
use a unique method of counting depending on whether the values are
numbers, numbers and text, or blank.
In row 12, we utilize the COUNT function to only count the exams that
students have passed. We are counting all of a student's tests using the
COUNTA function in column H. In column I, we are exclusively using the
COUNTBLANK function to count untaken exams.
When utilizing the COUNT function, only numerical values within a
particular range will be counted. A range of cells serving as a single
parameter is all that is required.
This formula, for example, will only count cells in the range C4:C8 that
have a numeric value:
=COUNT (C4:C8)
The COUNTA function will count every cell that isn't empty. This function
can be applied to cells that contain any combination of numbers and text to
count them. A range of cells serving as a single parameter is all that is
required. For instance, this formula counts every non-blank cell in the range
C4:F4: =COUNTA (C4:F4)
The COUNTBLANK function only counts the empty cells in a range. A
range of cells serving as a single parameter is all that is required.
This formula, for example, will count all of the blank cells in the range
C4:F4:
=COUNTBLANK(C4:F4)
Using the conversion functions in Excel
You might work for a company that requires you to understand how many
cups it takes to fill an Imperial gallon or how many cubic yards a gallon of
material can cover.
You can make a conversion table in Excel using the CONVERT function that
has all the conversions you might possibly need for a group of measurements.
Using this table, you may easily see how one unit of measure converts to
another. As you can see, a cup contains 48 teaspoons, an English pint
contains 2.4 cups, and so on.
The CONVERT function requires three parameters: a numeric value, the unit
you're converting from, and the unit you're converting to.
Using this method, you might, for instance, convert 100 miles to kilometers
and get the value 160.93:
TRANSFORM = (100,"mi", "km")
Utilize the following formula to change 100 gallons into liters. You will
receive 378.54 as a result of this.
TRANSFORM = (100,"gal", "l")
You'll see that there is a conversion code for each unit of measurement.
These codes are special, and they must be entered exactly how Excel expects.
You will receive an error if you substitute gallon or GAL for the gal in a
CONVERT computation. Thankfully, Excel provides you with a tooltip when
you type the CONVERT function, allowing you to select the right unit codes
from a list.
Look up the CONVERT function in the Excel help files to get a list of
acceptable units of measure conversion codes.
When you have the desired codes, you may add them to a matrix-style table.
Your matrix's top-left cell should contain a formula that makes a reference to
the correct conversion code for the row and column of the matrix.
Keep in mind that you must provide the absolute references necessary to
protect the conversion code references. A matrix row's row of codes should
be locked to that column's reference. Lock the matrix column's row reference
for the codes.
(1, $E4, F$3) =CONVERT
At this point, just duplicate your formula throughout the entire matrix.
CHAPTER 3
MANIPULATING TEXT WITH FORMULAS
Working with Excel typically involves modifying and organizing data to fit
your data models, rather than just adding and subtracting numbers. A
significant portion of many of these operations involves text string
manipulation. In addition to giving, you an overview of several of Excel's
text-based features, this section will highlight some of the text transformation
tasks that an Excel analyst performs most frequently.
Excel instantly detects when you enter data into a column whether you are
entering a formula, a number, or anything else when you are working with
text. Text is considered to be "anything else."
The phrase string could be heard rather than read. These two terms are
interchangeable. Even better, they might show up together, like in a text
string.
Up to 32,000 characters can fit into a single cell, which is more than the
entire number of characters in this chapter.
Contrarily, Excel is not a word processor, hence there is no justification for
needing that many characters in a cell.
If you need to display a lot of text, think about using a text box in a
worksheet. To create a text box and start typing, choose Insert > Text > Text
Box, then choose the worksheet. Working with large amounts of text in a text
box is easier than editing cells. Additionally, a text box's dimensions can be
easily moved, resized, or modified. Text must be stored in cells if formulas
and functions are required to handle it.
If you look attentively at this formula, you'll see that it's made up of two
sections connected by an ampersand.
NOTE: The LEFT function in Excel is used in the first portion.
UPPER(LEFT(C4,1)
The LEFT function can be used to remove a predetermined number of
characters from a text string's left side. The text string to be evaluated and
how many characters to be taken from the left of the text string are the two
inputs for the LEFT function. In this example, the leftmost letter is being
taken out of the text in cell C4. The UPPER function is then used to convert it
uppercase.
The second part is a little more challenging. Excel's RIGHT function will be
used in this case:
SHORT (RIGHT (C4, LEN(C4)-1)
Similar to the LEFT function, the RIGHT function also takes two arguments:
the text to be evaluated and the number of characters to be taken off the right
side of the text string. In this case, we can't just pass a hard-coded integer as
the second parameter to the RIGHT function. To get to that number, we must
subtract 1 from the total length of the text string. We take away 1 to account
for the first letter, which is already capitalized because of the first part of the
calculation.
Use the LEN method to get a text string's complete length. To find the
number of characters we'll need for our RIGHT function, we subtract 1 from
that.
All of the information may then be fed into the LOWER function, which
lowercases all letters save the first one.
A text string's spaces are removed
You'll almost likely find the text has extra spaces if you're importing data
from external databases or out-of-date systems. The text may contain these
extra spaces at the beginning, end, or even in the middle of text strings.
Extra spaces are generally undesirable as they may cause problems with
lookup computations, graphing, column scaling, and printing.
The TRIM feature is rather simple to use. Simply type some text into it, and
it will eliminate all spaces except single spaces between words.
You can nest the TRIM function in other functions, much like other
functions, to tidy up your text while doing anything else.
This function, for example, cuts the text in cell A1 and transforms it to
uppercase in a single step:
=UPPER(TRIM(A1)
It's worth noting that the TRIM function was created to just remove the
ASCII space character from the text. The ASCII code for the space character
is 32. However, there is an extra space character in the Unicode character set
known as the nonbreaking space character. This character has the Unicode
value of 160 and is often used on websites.
Only CHAR (32) space characters are supported by the TRIM function. It is
unable to handle CHAR(160) space characters on its own. To deal with this
kind of space, use the SUBSTITUTE function to locate CHAR(160) space
characters and replace them with CHAR(32) space characters so that the
TRIM function can correct them.
Taking out specific text from a string
One of the most crucial methods for modifying text in Excel is the capacity to
extract certain text segments.
With the help of Excel's LEFT, RIGHT, and MID functions, you can do
something like this:
• Reducing postal codes from nine to five digits.
• Have phone numbers without the area code.
• Repurpose pieces of employee or job codes in other contexts.
The LEFT method allows you to take a specific amount of characters out of a
text string's left side. The text being evaluated and the number of characters
to be extracted from the left side of the text string are the two arguments for
the LEFT function. In this example, we are removing the first five characters
from the value in column A4:
=LEFT(A4,5)
The RIGHT function removes a predetermined number of characters from a
text string's right side. The text string to be evaluated and the number of
characters to be extracted from the text string's right side are the two inputs
that the RIGHT function requires.
In this example, we are removing the appropriate eight characters from the
value in column A9:
=RIGHT(A9,8)
You could use the MID function to extract a specified number of characters
from the center of a text string. The MID function takes three arguments: the
text string to be evaluated, the character position in the text string to begin
extraction from, and the number of characters to be extracted.
In this example, we'll extract one character from our text string
beginning at the fourth character:
=MID(A14,4,1)
Finding a particular character in a text string
The LEFT, RIGHT, and MID functions in Excel are wonderful for
extracting text, but only if you know where the letters, you're looking for are
located. What can you do if you're not sure where to begin the extraction?
For example, how would you remove all of the content after the hyphens
from the following list of product codes?
PRT-432
COPR-6758
SVCCALL-58574
Because you'll require the correct few characters, the LEFT function won't
work. Because you need to tell it precisely how many characters to extract
from the right of the text string, the RIGHT function by itself won't work.
Any value you provide will extract either too many or too few characters
from the text. Because you must tell it precisely where in the text to start
extracting, the MID function alone will not work. Any number you provide
will either retrieve too many or too few characters from the text.
In actuality, you'll often need to locate certain characters to get the proper
extraction starting point. The FIND tool in Excel comes in helpful here. You
may acquire the position number of a specific character using the FIND
function and utilize that character position in subsequent operations.
We utilize the location of the hyphen to input the MID function, as you can
see from the calculation.
=MID(B3,FIND("-",B3)+1,2)
Two parameters are needed for the FIND function. The first parameter is the
text that you're looking for. The text you wish to search is the second
parameter. The FIND function returns the position number of the character
you're looking for by default. The FIND function will provide the position
number of the first encounters if the text you're seeking includes more than
one of your search characters.
For example, in the text string PWR-16-Small, the following algorithm will
look for a hyphen. Because the first hyphen it sees is the fourth letter in the
text string, the outcome will be a number four.
=FIND("-","PWR-16-Small")
The FIND function can be used as an input in a MID function to extract a
predetermined number of characters after the FIND function returns a
position number.
When you type this formula into a cell, you'll get the two integers that come
after the first hyphen in the text. The +1 in the formula should be noted. This
guarantee that you shift one-character forward after the hyphen to reach the
content.
=MID ("PWR-16-Small”, FIND("-","PWR-16-Small”) +1
Tracking down a character's second appearance
The position number of the first instance of the character you're searching for
is what the FIND function default returns. Get the position number of the
second instance using the optional Start Num parameter. With this choice,
you can set the search to begin at a specific text-string character.
This calculation will produce the position number of the second hyphen since
we are instructing the FIND function to begin scanning at position 5 (from
the first hyphen):
=FIND("-","PWR-16-Small",5)
In order to accomplish this dynamically, you can nest a FIND function and
use it as the Start Num parameter in another FIND function.
Use the Excel formula below to determine where the second hyphen should
be located:
We can extract the size property from the product code by using the formula
=FIND ("-","PWR-16-Small", FIND("-","PWR-16-Small") +1). To do this,
we need to find the second instance of the hyphen and use that position
number as the starting point in the MID function. Cell C3's equation is as
follows:
B3, FIND ("-", B3, FIND ("-", B3)+1)+1,10000)
This formula instructs Excel to locate the second hyphen's position number,
shift one-character forward, and then retrieve the following 10,000
characters. Although there aren't 10,000 characters, this guarantees that
everything after the second hyphen gets retrieved.
Changing text strings
Sometimes it's advantageous to substitute one text with another. An example
of this is when using the PROPER function and running into the annoying
apostrophe S ('S) quirk. To see what we mean, type the following formula
into Excel:
=APPROPRIATE ("STARBUCK'S COFFEE")
The provided text will be changed to title case using this algorithm.
What the formula actually produces is as follows:
Coffee Startbuck's
It's important to note that the PROPER function capitalizes the S following
the apostrophe, which is unattractive.
With a little help from Excel's SUBSTITUTE function, you can get out of
this jam. The SUBSTITUTE function, which is used in our formula, accepts
three arguments: the target text, the existing text that needs to be replaced,
and the new text that should be used in its stead.
You'll see that there are two SUBSTITUTE functions used in the entire
formula. There are two formulas in this formula. The phrase "The first
formula is the part that reads, " in the section. The phrase "The first
PROPER(SUBSTITUTE(B4,"'","qzx")")" appears in the first formula.
In this section, replace the apostrophe (') with qzx using the SUBSTITUTE
function. Although it can appear like an odd idea, there is a strategy behind it.
The PROPER function will capitalize all letters that follow a symbol. In order
to trick the PROPER function, the apostrophe is replaced with a benign string
of letters that are unlikely to be connected in the original text.
The second formulation serves as a container for the first.
In this formula, an apostrophe is used in place of the harmless qzx:
=SUBSTITUTE(PROPER(SUBSTITUTE(B4,"'","qzx"),"qzx","'")
The consequence is that the entire formula replaces the apostrophe with the
character qzx, then executes the PROPER function before changing the qzx
back to an apostrophe.
A cell's characters can be counted individually
It's useful to be able to determine how many times a particular character
appears in a text string. Excel does this in a pretty amazing way.
For instance, you could count by hand the instances of the letter s in the word
Mississippi, but you could also count them methodically by doing the
following:
1. Calculate the character count for the word "Mississippi" (11 characters).
2. Determine the character's length after removing every letter s. (7
characters).
3. Subtract the modified length from the original length.
By following these steps, you'll be able to recognize that the word Mississippi
contains the letter s four times. This method of counting specific characters
can be applied in Excel to calculate the word count. The number of words
entered in cell B4 (in this case, nine words) is calculated using the formula
below:
=LEN(B4)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(B4," ","") (B4," ","") +1
This formula substantially adheres to the setup steps described in the
preceding section.
The LEN function is initially used to determine the length of the text in
cell B4:
LEN(B4)
The SUBSTITUTE function is then used to eliminate the spaces from the
text:
AS A REPLACEMENT (B4," ","")
We can get the length of the text without the spaces by wrapping the
SUBSTITUTE function in a LEN function. To account for the fact that the
final word will not have an accompanying space, we must add one (+1) to
that answer:
LEN(SUBSTITUTE(B4," ",""(+1
We get our word count by subtracting the modified length from the initial
length:
=LEN(B4)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(B4," ","")- +1
A formula's line break can be added.
Sometimes it helps to force line breaks when creating charts in Excel to
produce better representations. Consider the graph as an example. The data
value for each sales rep is represented by the x-axis labels in this graph. This
is useful when you don't want your chart to be cluttered with data labels.
The key to this method is using the CHAR() function inside a formula to
create your chart labels.
Each Excel character is given a code by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI). The characters that appear on your screen are defined by a
group of Windows system codes known as the ANSI character set. The ANSI
character set has 255 characters that are numbered from 1 to 255. The capital
letter A is character number 65. The number 9 appears in character 57.
Codes exist for even non-printing characters. Space is represented by the
number 32. A line break is represented by the number 10.
The CHAR() method may be used to get any character from a formula.
=A3&CHAR(10)&C3
Unless you apply wrap text to the cell, the line break will not be seen.
However, even if you haven't, any chart that uses this kind of formula will
show the data supplied by the formula with line breaks.
The LEFT function is then used to extract the first 10 characters of the new
text string.
Formatting a text string's numbers
Combining text and numbers in reporting is somewhat uncommon.
For instance, you could need to add a sentence to your report that highlights a
salesperson's accomplishments, like this:
To John Hutchison, $5,000
The problem is that the formatting for numbers is lost when they are merged
in a text string. It's important to note that the format of the integers in the
combined string differs from that of the source cells.
To address this issue, use the TEXT function to encapsulate the cell
reference for your numeric value. You may apply the necessary formatting on
the fly using the TEXT function.
The TEXT function takes two arguments: a value and an Excel format that is
valid. You may format a number in any way you like as long as it's a format
that Excel understands.
You may use this formula in Excel to show $99, for example:
=TEXT (99.21,"$#, ###")
To show 9921 percent, put the following formula into Excel:
TEXT = (99.21,"0 percent ")
This formula may be entered into Excel to show 99.2:
=TEXT (99.21,"0.0")
A quick way to understand the syntax for a particular number format you're
interested in is to look at the Number Format screen.
Follow these instructions:
1. By right-clicking any cell, choose Format Cell from the context menu.
2. On the Number Format tab, choose the desired formatting.
3. Select Custom from the Category list on the left side of the Number
Format dialog box.
4. Copy the syntax and paste it into your page.
By means of the DOLLAR function
If you want to connect a numeric value with text that is a dollar amount, use
the DOLLAR function. The provided text is formatted into a local currency
using this technique. Two parameters are passed to the DOLLAR function: an
integer value and the number of displayed decimals.
"&DOLLAR" =B3&" (C3,0)
CHAPTER 4
Utilizing Formulas with Dates and Times
Many spreadsheets contain cells with dates and times. For instance, you may
create a timetable or organize information by date. For beginners, using dates
and timings in Excel may be challenging. An in-depth understanding of
Excel's handling of time-based data is necessary when working with dates
and timings.
You may get all the information you need to create reliable date and time
formulas in this area.
The dates listed below are in the month/day/year format common in the US.
For instance, the number 3/1/1952 refers to March 1 rather than January 3.
Despite the fact that we understand this arrangement to be absurd, that is the
way Americans have been trained. We have no doubt that readers from other
countries will be able to make the required modifications.
Excel Date and Time Handling: An Understanding
You may get a quick overview of Excel's date and time handling in this
section. This section covers Excel's date and time serial number system.
Some instructions on how to input and format dates and timings are also
included.
Acquiring knowledge about date serial numbers
Excel only treats dates as numbers. A date is a serial number that represents
the duration of time since the fictitious date of January 0, 1900. A serial
number of 1 corresponds to the first day of the year 1900; a serial number of
2 to the second day; and so on. You can create formulas that do calculations
depending on dates using this approach. You may create a formula to
determine how many days there are between two dates, for instance (just
subtract one from the other).
Regarding January 1, 1900, you might be interested. The term "nondate" is
used to describe times that are not associated with a particular day.
To display a date serial number as a date, format the cell as a date. Choose
the option Home > Number > Number Format. This drop-down menu offers
two different date formats.
Select a Date System: 1900 Or 1904
Excel is compatible with both the 1900 and the 1904 date systems.
Depending on the method you use, you can choose which date is used as the
starting point for dates in a worksheet. January 1, 1900, is the date assigned
to date serial number 1 in the 1900 date system. The 1904 date system was
established on January 1st of that year. Before 2011, Excel for Mac used the
1904 date system, whereas Excel for Windows defaults to the 1900 date
system.
Excel for Windows supports the 1904 date format to be compatible with
older Mac files. You can choose the date system for the current worksheet in
the Advanced section of the Excel Options dialog box. When calculating This
Workbook, it is found in the section titled general, you should use the 1900
year default date system. Using two different date systems in linked
workbooks requires caution as well. Assume that cell A1 has the date
1/15/1999 and that Book 1 use the 1904 calendar. Assume that Book2
connects to Cell A1 in Book1 and uses the 1900 calendar. Book 2 takes place
on January 14, 1995. Both workbooks utilize the same date serial number
(34713) but are read in distinct ways.
The 1904 date system has the advantage of enabling the display of negative
time values. A calculation that yields a negative time cannot be presented
using the 1900 date system. When using the 1904 date system, the negative
time is displayed as -1:30. (that is, a difference of 1 hour and 30 minutes).
Dates Entry
If you know the serial number, you can input the date as a serial number and
then format it as a date. A date is often entered using one of the several
common date formats. Excel converts your data into the corresponding date
serial number (used for calculations) and forms the cell with the standard date
format, showing it as an actual date rather than a mysterious serial number.
You could input June 18, 2018, for instance, into a cell if you wanted to enter
that date. Excel examines your data and gives the serial number for that date
the value 43269. Additionally, the default date format is used, so the contents
of the fields might not display exactly as you entered them.
Depending on your locale settings, entering a date in the format June 18,
2018, can appear as a text string. In this case, you must supply the date in the
format required by your regional settings, such as June 18, 2018. When a cell
containing a date is activated, the Formula bar shows the contents of the cell
formatted according to the system's short date format, which corresponds to
the default date format. The Formula bar does not display the date's serial
number. In order to retrieve the serial number for a particular date, format the
cell using the General format.
To change the default date format, you must modify a system-wide setting.
The Region dialog box will open after you choose Clock and Region in the
Windows Control Panel. The actual procedure varies depending on the
Windows version you're using. Locate the drop-down menu so you can
change the Short Date's format. The choice you select determines the default
date format Excel uses to display dates in the Formula bar.
When it comes to recognizing dates placed into a cell, Excel is rather
forgiving. It isn't ideal, however. When you input a date that is outside of the
supported date range, Excel treats it as text. When you try to format a serial
number as a date that is beyond the permitted range, the result appears as a
sequence of hash marks (#########).
Browsing for Dates
To find a specific date in a worksheet with many dates, use the Find and
Replace dialog box (Home > Editing > Find & Select > Find, or Ctrl+F).
Excel can be a little picky when it comes to dates. The date needs to be
entered precisely as it appears in the Formula bar. The date is shown in the
Formula bar using your system's short date format, such as 6/19/2016, if a
cell contains a date that is set to display as of June 19, 2016. If you search for
the date in the cell as it appears, Excel won't find it. However, if you use the
formula bar to search for the date, it will find the cell.
knowledge of time serial numbers
Decimals can be added to the Excel date serial number system when working
with time data. In other words, when it comes to time, Excel works with
fractional days. For instance, the date serial number for June 1, 2016, is
42522. The internal time code for noon is 42522.5.
One minute has a serial number equal to roughly 0.00069444. This figure is
calculated by multiplying 24 hours by 60 minutes and then dividing the result
by 1. The numerator is the total number of minutes in a day (1,440).
=1/(24*60)
Likewise, the serial number equivalent to one second is around
0.00001157, which may be calculated using the formula:
=1/(24*60*60)
The denominator in this situation is the number of seconds in a day (86,400).
The lowest unit of time in Excel is one-thousandth of a second. The
following time serial number corresponds to 23:59:59.999 (one-thousandth of
a second before midnight):
0.99999999
Entering times
You usually don't have to care about the exact time serial numbers, just as
you don't have to worry about dates. Simply type the time into a field in the
appropriate format.
Excel assigns a date serial number of 0 to the previous samples since they
don't have a particular day associated with them. This corresponds to nonday
January 0, 1900. You'll often need to mix the date and time. Use a recognized
date input format, a space, and then a recognized time entry format to do this.
If you type 6/18/2016 11:30 in a cell, Excel will read it as 11:30 a.m. on June
18, 2016. 42539.47917 is the date/time serial number.
When you provide a time that is longer than 24 hours, the time's associated
date advances correspondingly. If you type 25:00:00 into a cell, for example,
it will be read as 1:00 a.m. on January 1, 1900. Because the time surpasses 24
hours, the day portion of the input increases. Keep in mind that if a time
value is entered without a date, the date is set to January 0, 1900.
In the same way, if you input a date and a time (and the time exceeds 24
hours), the date you entered will be modified. For example, if you type
9/18/2016 25:00:00, it will be translated as 9/19/2016 1:00:00 AM.
The maximum time you may put into an unformatted cell if you merely enter
a time (without an accompanying date) is 9999:59:59. (just less than 10,000
hours). Excel calculates the correct number of days. In this scenario,
9999:59:59 corresponds to 3:59:59 PM on February 19, 1901. When you
input a time that is longer than 10,000 hours, it is treated as a text string
rather than a time.
Manipulating times and dates
There are numerous formatting options available when it comes to cells that
include dates and timings. The cell can be formatted to, for instance, display
just the date portion, just the time portion, or both the date and time portions.
Dates and timings can be formatted by selecting the cells, then using the
Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box. To open the dialog box, click the
dialog box launcher icon located in the Home tab's Number group, or click
the Number Format control and choose More Number Formats from the list
that appears.
Built-in date formats appear in the Date category, whereas built-in time
formats appear in the Time category. On some forms, the date and time are
both displayed. From the Type drop-down menu, select the necessary format,
then click OK.
Excel may format the formula cell as a date or time by default when you
write a formula that references a cell that includes a date or time. Sometimes,
this automation is advantageous; other times, it is completely inappropriate
and annoying. To return the number formatting to the standard General
format, go to Home > Number > Number Format and select General from the
drop-down box. As an alternative, press Ctrl+Shift+ (tilde).
Challenges with dates
Excel has some problems handling dates. The fact that Excel was developed
so long ago may be the cause of many of these problems. The limited date
and time capabilities of the Lotus 1-2-3 program, which feature a horrible
flaw that was deliberately reproduced in Excel, were effectively imitated by
Excel designers (described next). If Excel were designed from the bottom up
today, I have no doubt that it would be far more flexible when handling dates.
Users are currently forced to use a product with a date selection that is far
from ideal.
The leap year glitch in Excel
There is a leap year, which has an additional day, every four years (February
29). If a year is equally divisible by 100, it is not a leap year unless it is also
evenly divisible by 400. Despite the fact that 1900 was not a leap year, Excel
treats it as one. In other words, when you enter the date 2/29/1900 into a
column, Excel accepts it as a valid date and assigns it a serial number of 60.
However, if you put 2/29/1901, Excel recognizes it as a typo and does not
convert it to date. Instead, the cell entry is simply converted to a text string.
How can a product utilized by millions of people every day have such a
glaring flaw? The solution is based on history. Lotus 1-2-3 faulted the first
edition that led it to consider 1900 as a leap year. When Excel was introduced
later, the designers were aware of the defect and opted to replicate it in Excel
to keep Lotus 1-2-3 worksheet files compatible.
Why is this problem still present in subsequent Excel versions? According to
Microsoft, the drawbacks of fixing this defect outweigh the benefits. Millions
of existing workbooks would be messed up if the problem was fixed.
Furthermore, resolving this issue may have an impact on Excel's
interoperability with other date-based tools. Because most people don't utilize
dates before March 1, 1900, this defect currently causes relatively few issues.
Pre-1900 dates
Of course, the world did not begin on January 1, 1900. Excel users who deal
with historical data often need to work with dates before January 1, 1900.
Unfortunately, the only option to deal with dates before 1900 is to type them
into a cell. For example, Excel will not object if you type July 4, 1776, into a
cell.
If you want to arrange information by dates from the past, start with a four-
digit year, then a two-digit month, and finally a two-digit day—for example,
1776-07-04. Although you won't be able to use these text strings as dates, this
format will allow for precise sorting.
In certain cases, using text as a date works, but the fundamental issue is that
you can't manipulate a date that's been input as text. For example, you can't
modify the date's numeric formatting, figure out what day of the week it
happened on, or compute the date seven days later.
Dates that are inconsistent
Be careful when entering dates with two digits for the year. Excel offers
several guidelines that specify which century to utilize when doing so.
Dates with two digits from 00 to 29 are regarded as 21st-century ones, while
those with two numerals from 30 to 99 are regarded as 20th-century ones.
Excel, for instance, will interpret the number 12/15/28 as December 15, 2028.
Excel understands 12/15/30 as December 15, 1930, whereas Windows uses
2029 as the boundary year by default. You can either stick with the default
settings or make changes in the Windows Control Panel. To access the
Customize Format dialog box, click the Additional Settings button in the
Region dialog box. Change the year after selecting the Date tab.
To prevent any surprises, just input all years with the full four numbers for
the year.
Using Excel's Date and Time Functions
There are many functions in Excel that operate with dates and timings.
Formulas > Function Library > Date & Time is where you'll find these
functions.
Dates and times are nothing more than a numbers system behind the covers,
therefore these functions take use of that. This opens the door to a plethora of
interesting formula-based investigations. You'll go through some of these
fascinating studies in this section. You'll learn a few approaches that will help
you construct your formulae along the road.
Getting the current date and time
You may use one of two Excel functions instead of inputting the current date
and time. The current date is returned by the TODAY function:
=TODAY()
The NOW () method returns the current date and time as follows:
=NOW ()
The TODAY and NOW operations both return date serial numbers that
indicate the system's current date and time. The TODAY method sets the
time to noon, while the NOW function returns the current time.
It's crucial to remember that both of these methods will recalculate each time
you alter or access your worksheet, so don't use them as a recorded
timestamp.
Press Ctrl+; (semicolon) on your keyboard to enter a fixed date that will not
change. In the active cell, a static date will be inserted.
By wrapping the TODAY function in the TEXT function and adding some
date formatting, you may utilize it as part of a text string. This formula will
produce text that displays the current date in Month Day, Year format.
="Today is "&TEXT (TODAY (),"mmmm d, yyyy
Calculating age
Using Excel's DATEDIF function is one of the simplest methods to figure out
how old something is. This utility simplifies the process of computing date
comparisons.
You can use the DATEDIF function to compute a person's age by using a
formula like this:
=DATEDIF ("5/16/1972”, TODAY(),"y")
Of course, you may refer to a cell containing a date:
=DATEDIF (B4, TODAY(),"y")
The DATEDIF function determines how many days, months, or years there
are between two dates. Three parameters are required: a start date, an end
date, and a time unit.
You can simply compute the number of years, months, and days between two
dates using these time codes. If someone was born on May 16, 1972, the
following formulae may be used to calculate their age in years, months, and
days:
=DATEDIF("5/16/1972”, TODAY(),"y")
=DATEDIF("5/16/1972”, TODAY(),"m")
=DATEDIF("5/16/1972”, TODAY(),"d")
Calculating the number of days between two dates
Calculating the number of days between two dates is one of the most frequent
date computations in the business sector. It's used by project managers to
monitor performance against a deadline, HR departments to track time to
complete a requisition, and finance departments to track receivables aging.
Fortunately, owing to the DATEDIF function, it's one of the simplest
computations to complete.
=DATEDIF(C4, TODAY(),"d")
The DATEDIF function is used with the time code d in this formula. This
instructs Excel to calculate the number of days based on the start (C4) and
finish (C5) dates (TODAY).
Calculating the number of workdays between two dates
Counting weekends in the final number of days when reporting on the
elapsed number of days between a start date and an end date is not always
suitable. Because operations are often closed on weekends, you should avoid
counting those days.
The NETWORKDAYS function in Excel is used to compute the number of
days between a start and finish date, excluding weekends.
Enter the following formula in the box under the previous year's last
date:
=WORKDAY.INTL(B3,1,1,$D$4:$D$15)
You can now replicate the formula to generate as many business days as you
need. The INTL function generates a workday date depending on the number
of days you provide.
There are two necessary parameters and two optional arguments for this
function:
Commencement Date (required): This is the date from which to
begin.
Number of days (required): This option specifies the number of days
to return from the start date.
Holidays and weekends (optional): The WORKDAY is selected by
default. Saturdays and Sundays are excluded from the INTL function,
but the third option enables you to select which weekdays should be
excluded as weekend days. Excel provides a menu where you may
pick the proper weekend code as soon as you input the
WORKDAY.INTL function.
Vacations (optional): In addition to the weekend days, this parameter
enables you to offer Excel a list of dates to omit.
In this case, we're instructing Excel to begin on December 31, 2012, and then
increment up one day to get the following business day after that. We state in
our optional arguments that Saturdays and Sundays, as well as the holidays
specified in cells $D$4: $D$15, must be excluded.
=WORKDAY.INTL(B3,1,1, $D$4: $D$15)
Make careful to use absolute references to lock down the range for your list
of holidays so that it stays locked when you copy your formula down.
Extracting parts of a date
Although it may seem little, picking out a particular area of a date may be
quite useful. For example, you could need to select all records with order
dates during a certain month or all workers having Saturday time. You'll need
to extract the month and workday number from the formatted dates in these
cases.
To break down dates into their component components, Excel offers a basic
collection of functions. The following are the functions:
YEAR is a function that extracts the year from a given date.
MONTH is a function that extracts the month from a given date.
From a given date, DAY derives the month day number.
For a given date, WEEKDAY returns the weekday number.
For a given date, WEEKNUM returns the week number.
These are rather easy functions.
The YEAR function provides a four-digit value representing the year of a
given date. This calculation yields the year 2015.
=YEAR("5/16/2015")
The MONTH function produces an integer between 1 and 12 representing the
month of a given date. The result of this formula is 5.
=MONTH("5/16/2015")
The DAY function provides a number between 1 and 31 that represents the
month day on a given date. The result of this formula is 16.
=DAY("5/16/2015")
The WEEKDAY function produces a number between 1 and 7 that indicates
the day of the week (Sunday through Saturday) on which the given date falls.
The number 1 is returned if the date occurs on a Sunday. The number 2 is
returned if the date occurs on a Monday, and so on. Because 5/16/2015
occurs on a Saturday, this calculation yields 7.
=WEEKDAY("5/16/2015")
This method provides an optional return type parameter that allows you to
choose which day of the week is in the first place. Excel offers a menu where
you may pick the proper return type code as soon as you input the
WEEKDAY function.
You can change the algorithm to represent Monday through Sunday with
return values 1 through 7. Because the algorithm returns 6 in this situation,
Saturdays are now designated as the 6th day of the week.
=WEEKDAY("5/16/2015",2)
The WEEKNUM method returns the year's week number for the week that
the supplied date falls inside. Because 5/16/2015 occurs in week 20 of 2015,
this algorithm yields 20.
=WEEKNUM("5/16/2015")
This method contains an optional return type parameter that allows you to
choose which day of the week determines the week's start. The WEEKNUM
function sets the start of the week to Sunday by default. Excel offers a menu
where you may choose a different return type code as you type in the
WEEKNUM function.
Calculating the number of years and months between dates
You may be requested to state the difference between two dates in years and
months in certain circumstances. In these circumstances, two DATEDIF
functions may be used to construct a text string.
Two DATEDIF functions are combined in a text string using the ampersand
(&) operator to accomplish this purpose.
The first DATEDIF function uses the year time unit (Y) to compute the
number of years between the start and finish dates:
DATEDIF(A4,B4,"Y")
The second DATEDIF method ignores the year component of the date and
calculates the number of months using the YM time unit:
DATEDIF (A4, B4, "YM")
We combine these two routines with some custom text to inform customers
which number represents years and which month:
=DATEDIF(A4,B4,"Y") & " Years, " & DATEDIF(A4,B4,"YM") & "
Months" =DATEDIF(A4,B4,"YM") & " Months"
Converting dates to Julian date formats
Julian dates are often used as a timestamp and fast reference for batch
numbers in production contexts. Retailers, customers, and service agents may
use date coding to determine when a product was manufactured and
consequently its age. Julian dates are widely utilized in astronomy,
programming, and the military.
Different industries use different Julian dates, but the most popular is made
up of two parts: a two-digit number denoting the year and the number of days
that have passed since the year began. The Julian date for January 1, 1960,
for example, would be 601. The Julian date for December 31, 2014, is 14365.
To convert a standard date to a Julian date, Excel does not provide a built-in
function. This formula is two formulae that have been put together as a text
string using the ampersand (&).
The first formula uses the RIGHT function to retrieve the year's right two
digits. It's worth noting that we're extracting the year component of the date
using the YEAR function.
=RIGHT(YEAR(A4),2)
The second formula is a little more difficult. We must determine how many
days have passed since the start of the year. To do so, we must first deduct
the desired date from the preceding year's last day.
A4-DATE(YEAR(A4),1,0)
You'll see that the DATE function is used. We may create a date on the fly
using the DATE method by passing three arguments: the year, month, and
day. From 1900 to 9999, the year may be any whole number. Any positive or
negative number may be used for the month and date.
This calculation, for example, would provide the December 1, 2013 date
serial number:
DATE= (2013, 12, 1)
It's worth noting that the day argument in our Julian date calculation is zero.
When you provide 0 as the day argument, Excel understands that you want
the day before the first of the month. The day before January 1 in this case is
December 31.
If you type this formula into a blank cell, you'll get the following result:
December 31, 1959:
=DATE (1960,1,0)
The Julian date is formed by joining our two formulae with an
ampersand:
A4-DATE(YEAR(A4),1,0) & =RIGHT(YEAR(A4),2)
Calculating the percent of the year completed and remaining
When creating Excel reports and dashboards, it's helpful to know what
percentage of the year has passed and what percentage remains. These
percentages might be utilized in other computations or as a simple reminder
to your readers.
The start date and end date are all that are required for the YEARFRAC
function. It then calculates the percentage of the year that represents the
number of days between both the start and finish dates once it knows those
two variables.
=YEARFRAC (B3, C3)
Simply remove 1 from the YEARFRAC calculation to obtain the percent
left:
=1-YEARFRAC (B3, C3)
Returning the last date of a given month
When dealing with dates, calculating the last date of a particular month
dynamically is a typical need. The final day of most months is set, but the last
day of February fluctuates depending on whether or not the year is a leap
year.
The DATE method uses three inputs to create a date on the fly: the year,
month, and day. From 1900 to 9999, the year may be any whole number. Any
positive or negative number may be used for the month and date.
This calculation, for example, would provide the December 1, 2013 date
serial number:
DATE= (2013, 12, 1)
You inform Excel and you want the day before the 1st of the month when
you use 0 as the day argument. If you type this formula into a blank cell,
you'll get the following result: February 29, 2000:
=DATE (2000,3,0)
We utilize the YEAR function to obtain the chosen year and the MONTH
function to get the desired month in our example, rather than hard-coding the
year and month. We proceed into the following month by adding one to the
month. When we utilize the number 0 as the day, we receive the final day of
the month we're interested in.
=DATE(YEAR(B3), MONTH(B3) +1,0)
Remember that the method may be used to find the final day of any month,
not simply February.
Using the EOMONTH function
The EOMONTH function is a convenient replacement for the DATE
function. You may retrieve the end date of any future or previous month
using the EOMONTH function. Only two arguments are required: a start date
and the number of months in the future or past.
This formula, for instance, will return the final day of April 2015:
=EOMONTH ("1/1/2015", 3) =EOMONTH ("1/1/2015", 3) =EOMONTH
("1/
A date in the past will be returned if you provide a negative number of
months. On the final day of October 2014, this formula will return:
=EOMONTH ("1/1/2015", -3) =EOMONTH ("1/1/2015", -3)
You can retrieve the final day of the current month by combining the
EOMONTH and TODAY functions.
=EOMONTH (TODAY (),0)
Calculating the calendar quarter for a date
Excel has no built-in function for calculating quarter numbers, believe it or
not. You'll need to construct your formula if you need to figure out which
calendar quarter a given date belongs to.
Simple math is the key to this formula's success. Here, you're dividing the
supplied month's number by three and then rounding it up to the closest
integer. Let's imagine you're trying to figure out which quarter August
belongs to. You might divide 8 by 3 since August is the eighth month of the
year. As a result, the solution is 2.66. You get 3 if you round that number up.
As a result, August falls into the third quarter of the year.
The formula below accomplishes the same goal. The MONTH function is
used to derive the month number from a date, while the ROUNDUP function
is used to force rounding up.
=ROUNDUP(MONTH(B3)/3,0)
Calculating the fiscal quarter for a date
Many of us work for companies that do not begin their fiscal year in January.
Rather, it may begin in October, April, or any other month. Fiscal quarters
cannot be computed in the same manner as calendar quarters in these
companies.
When our fiscal year begins in April, we calculate the fiscal quarters in this
manner. The following is the formula in the Formula bar:
=CHOOSE(MONTH(B3),4,4,4,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3)
In this method, we start with our current date (in B3) and subtract 20 days to
travel back 20 days. Then we use that updated date in the EOMONTH
function to calculate the final day of the next month:
EOMONTH(B3-20,1)
The resultant date is then wrapped in a TEXT function to format it into
a three-letter month name:
TEXT(EOMONTH(B3-20,1),"mmm")
Calculating the date of the Nth weekday of the month
Understanding the dates of certain occurrences is necessary for many
analytical techniques. For instance, if payroll processing takes place on the
second Friday of each month, knowing which days in the year correspond to
the second Friday of each month is helpful.
You can create dynamic date tables that automatically give you the essential
dates you require using the date methods presented so far in this chapter.
For each month indicated in this table, formulae determine the Nth weekday.
Fill in the years and months you want, and then tell it how many occurrences
of each weekday you require. In this case, cell B2 indicates that we're seeking
for each weekday's second occurrence.
The following formula is found in cell C6:
=DATE($A6,$B6,1)+C$4-WEEKDAY(DATE($A6,$B6,1)+($B$2-
(C$4>=WEEKDAY(DATE *7
Given a specified week number and frequency, this method uses simple
algebra to determine which day within the month should be returned.
Simply enter the years and months you want to target in fields A6 and B6 to
utilize the table. Then, in column B2, change the number of occurrences you
need.
Enter a 1 in cell B2 and look in the Monday column if you're searching for
the first Monday of each month. Enter a 3 in cell B2 and look in the Thursday
column to get the third Thursday of each month.
Calculating the date of the last weekday of the month
Simply create a dynamic date table using the techniques discussed so far in
this chapter to automatically supply you with the last occurrence of a specific
weekday.
To calculate the elapsed time between two times, just subtract the start and
finish times. However, there is a catch. If the end time is smaller than the start
time, you must assume the clock has been operating for the whole 24-hour
period, thus looping the clock backward.
In these circumstances, you must double the time by one to reflect on a
complete day. This prevents you from having negative elapsed times.
We utilize a Whether function in our elapsed time calculation to see if the
end time is smaller than the start time. If this is the case, we must add a 1 to
our basic subtraction. If it isn't the case, we may just subtract.
=IF(C4 B4, 1 + C4 - B4, C4 - B4) =IF(C4 B4, 1 + C4 - B4, C4 - B4)
Rounding time values
It's common to need to round time to a certain increment. If you're a
consultant, for example, you may want to round up to the next 15-minute
increment or down to 30-minute increments all the time.
=IF(C3>AVERAGE(C$3:C$11),"High”, “Low")
The outcome of the first condition leads the second condition to change in
certain conditional analyses. If the first requirement is Car, the second
condition is 2-door or 4-door in this instance. If the first condition is Truck,
however, the second criterion becomes Has Bed or No Bed.
You've seen that the IF function in Excel can be used to do conditional
analysis. When you need to check several conditions, you can nest IF
functions by passing another IF function as a parameter to the first IF
function. The first IF in this example verifies the value of E2. The second
input is an IF formula that verifies the value of cell E3 rather than returning a
value if TRUE. Similarly, the third parameter comprises a third IF function
that evaluates cell E3 in addition to returning a result of FALSE.
Because E2 does not equal Car, the first IF yields FALSE, and the FALSE
argument is processed. E3 is observed to be equal to Has Bed in that
argument, and the TRUE condition (Pickup) is returned. The FALSE
condition (SUV) would have resulted if the user had chosen No Bed.
Confirming conditional data
To fill out the user input fields, data validation lists are employed. The user
may select from a drop-down box instead of entering data. By using an
INDIRECT function to update its list in response to the value in Cell E2, Cell
E3's data validation takes an unusual approach.
Two defined ranges can be found on the spreadsheet. In comparison to the
Truck range, the Car range points to E6:E7, and vice versa. As with the E2
data validation list options, the names are the same. The source is a function
that is INDIRECT when E2 is used as a parameter.
The INDIRECT function takes a text parameter and converts it to a cell
address. Because E2 is Truck in this example, the formula becomes
=INDIRECT ("Truck"). INDIRECT delivers a reference to E10:E11 since
Truck is a named range, and the values in those cells become the options.
INDIRECT would return E6:E7 if E2 contained Car, and those values would
be the options.
When the value in E2 is modified, the value in E3 does not change, which is
an issue with this form of conditional data validation. The options in E3
change, but the user must still choose from the available options or your
calculations will provide incorrect results.
Looking up values
Your formulae grow lengthy and difficult to maintain if you use too many
nested IF functions. The results are inserted into the cells adjacent to their
attributes, rather than being hard-coded in nested IF functions (for example,
Sedan is entered in the cell next to 4-door).
The following is the updated formula:
=IF
(E2="Car",VLOOKUP(E3,E6:F7,2,FALSE),VLOOKUP(E3,E10:F11,2,FALSE))
This formula may now be utilized to get the car back to you. The IF condition
remains the same, but a TRUE result now searches up the correct value in
E6:E7, and a FALSE result looks it up in E10:F11.
Determining if both conditions 1 and 2 are satisfied
In addition to nested conditional functions, they can be evaluated collectively
within an AND function. When two or more criteria need to be evaluated
simultaneously, this is crucial for figuring out where the formula should
branch.
In the table below, you can see a list of inventory goods, their prices, and the
discounts that are applied when they are sold. The inventory items have three
divisions, which are separated by hyphens. The item's department is the first
condition, followed by a second condition indicating whether it is a
component, a subassembly, or a finished assembly, and a third condition
being a special four-digit number. A 10% discount will only be applied to
items in Department 202 that are final assembly. Other products are not
subject to any discounts.
=IF(AND(LEFT(B3,3)="202",MID(B3,5,3)="FIN"),10
The IF function gives a 10% return if TRUE and a 0% return if FALSE. If
both the first and second portions of the item number are 202, your
expression for the condition parameter (the first argument) must return
TRUE. Excel's AND function makes this possible. The AND function
accepts comma-separated parameters of up to 255 bits each. Logical
arguments are statements that can only result in TRUE or FALSE. In this
case, there are only two logical arguments employed.
When the first three characters of B3 are equal to 202, the first logical
argument, LEFT(B3,3)="202," returns TRUE. The second logical argument,
MID(B3,5,3)="FIN," returns TRUE if the first three integers are equal to
FIN.
=SUMIFS(D3:D212,B3:B212,G3,C3:C212,">="&G4,C3
The SUMIFS parameters begin with the range containing the value to be
summed. The remaining parameters are in pairs, with criteria range, criteria
as the pattern. SUMIFS will always have an odd number of arguments due to
the way the arguments are written out. The first criterion pair is essential;
SUMIFS would be the same as SUM if it didn't have at least one condition.
The remaining condition pairings, which may total up to 126, are optional.
=SUMIFS(D3:D212,B3:B212,G3,C3:C212,">="&G4,C3:C212,"<="&G5)
Each cell in D3:D212 is added to the total only if the equivalent values in
B3:B212 and C3:C212 fulfill the constraints in this example. The B3:B212
criterion is that it must match whatever is in cell G3. Because we need to
identify the bottom and upper bounds of our year range, we have two-year
conditions. Cell G4 has the lower limit, whereas cell G5 has the upper bound.
The year conditions are created by concatenating the two cells with more than
or equal to and less than or equal to, respectively. The value is only included
in the total if all three requirements are met.
Summing if values fall between a given date range
Adding or subtracting several SUMIF computations is one technique to
utilize SUMIF with two or more criteria. This is a good technique to employ
multiple conditions if the two conditions operate on the same range. When
you wish to test various ranges, the formulae get more complicated since you
must avoid double counting numbers.
The total of the data between June 23 and June 29, inclusive, is what we're
looking for. Cells F4 and F5 will be used to record the start and end dates,
respectively.
=SUMIF(B3:B20,"<="&F5,C3:C20) -SUMIF(B3:B20,"
To reach the required result, this approach subtracts one SUMIF from
another. SUMIF(B3:B20,"="&F5, C3:C20) gives the total of the values less
than or equal to the date in F5, which in this case is June 29. The less-than-
or-equal-to operator is concatenated with the cell reference F5 as the
conditional argument. The result would be 5,962.33 if it was the whole
formula. However, only values greater than or equal to June 23 are
acceptable. That is, we want to exclude our numbers lower than June 23. This
is accomplished in the second SUMIF. To find the total of values between the
two dates, add everything less than or equal to the later date and remove
everything less than the older date.
Using SUMIFS
You could even find SUMIFS easier to use than the subtraction method. The
formula =SUMIFS(C3:C20,B3:B20,"="&F5,B3:B20,">="&F4) adds the
values in C3:C20 that match the criteria pairs to the values in B3:B20. The
first criterion pair, "="&F5, is the same as the first SUMIF criteria. The
second set of criteria restricts dates to those that are larger than or equal to the
commencement date.
Getting a count of values that meet a certain condition
In Excel, aggregation isn't limited to summing values. Excel has methods for
conditionally counting values in a range, similar to SUMIF and SUMIFS.
From 2000 to 2009, a limited list of nations and their gross domestic product
is available. We're curious how many times the GDP was larger than or equal
to one million dollars. Cell G3 will contain the criteria that will be used.
=COUNTIF(D3:D212,G3)
The COUNTIF function is comparable to the SUMIF function. The apparent
distinction, as the name implies, is that it counts rather than sums items that
fit the requirements. Another distinction is that, unlike SUMIF, there is no
optional third parameter. You may use SUMIF to sum a range that isn't the
same as the range to which the condition is applied. That wouldn't work with
COUNTIF since counting a different range would provide the same result.
The criterion argument in this formula is constructed using a slightly different
method. Rather than in the function's second parameter, the string
concatenation happens entirely in cell G3. Instead of merely pointing to G3,
the second argument would look like ">=1000000" or ">="&G3 if we had
done it the same way as SUMIF. It's also worth noting that the formula in G3,
=">="&106, calculates 1 million using the exponent operator, or a caret ().
Using the caret to represent huge numbers may help you avoid problems
caused by miscounting the number of zeros you wrote.
Counting values that satisfy two or more criteria
The SUMIF function has a cousin called COUNTIF. Without simultaneously
developing COUNTIFS for counting them, Microsoft could not have
introduced
SUMIFS for summing multiple conditions.
Here is a list of the 1972 Winter Olympics Alpine Skiing medal winners.
How many silver medalists' last names begin with the letter ö? Enter the letter
we're looking for in cell I3 and the type of medal in cell I4.
=COUNTIFS(C3:C20,"*"&I3&"*",F3:F20,I4)
Like in SUMIFS, the criteria range and criteria arguments occur in pairs.
COUNTIFS always has an even number of parameters, but SUMIFS always
has an odd number.
The list of athlete names in C3:C20 is the first criteria range parameter. The
"*"&I3&"*" matching criteria argument encircles whatever is in I3 with
asterisks. In COUNTIFS, asterisks are wildcard characters that can represent
zero, one, or more characters of any kind. We're telling Excel to count all of
the names that have that character anywhere in the name by using an asterisk
both before and after the character. That is, we don't mind whether there are
zero, one, or more characters before ö, or if there are zero, one, or more
characters following ö as long as that character appears somewhere.
In the second criteria range, the criteria argument pair counts the number of
SILVER items in F3:F20 (the value typed into I4). Only rows in which both
the first and second argument pairs match (only rows in which the athlete's
name includes the letter ö and the medal won was silver) are counted. In this
case, Gustav Thöni took silver in the Men's Slalom, while Annemarie Moser-
Pröll finished third in both the Women's Downhill and the Women's Giant
Slalom.
finding unusual characters
The ö was typed into cell I3 by pressing and holding the Alt key while typing
0246 on the numeric keypad. If you try to type those digits on the number
keys that run across the top of your keyboard, nothing will happen. The
ASCII code 246 is used to represent the letter ö. Every character in this
chapter has an ASCII code.
Cell H8 has a small database of characters and their codes.
I12. =MID($C$8,ROW(),1) obtains the eighth character from the name in
column C8 in cell H8. (The eighth character was randomly chosen.) The
character we were looking for was almost there but not quite.) Until the
character we're seeking for shows up, this method is repeated down a few
rows. We're looking for the person in H10. The anchoring function of the
dollar signs in $C$8 ensures that the cell reference does not change while the
formula is replicated. The ROW() function returns the row of the cells it is in
without taking an argument. As the formula is copied down, ROW() produces
the values 8, 9, and so forth.
The formula =CODE appears in cell I8 (H8). The ASCII code for the letter
supplied is returned by the CODE worksheet function. A capital T is ASCII
code 84, a lowercase I is ASCII code 105, and ö is ASCII code 246 in this
example. With this information, we may hold down the Alt key and input the
code to utilize that character anywhere we wish.
Getting the average of all numbers that meet a certain
condition
After summing and counting, the most common aggregator is taking an
average of a set of numbers. The average is the total of the numbers divided
by the count of the numbers, commonly known as the arithmetic mean.
We only want to look at the average outcome for skiers from Switzerland.
Cell I3 contains the country code, which may be readily changed to another
nation.
=AVERAGEIF(D3:D20,I3,E3:E20)
The AVERAGEIF function in Excel allows us to do exactly what we want.
AVERAGEIF, like its cousin SUMIF, contains a criteria range and a criterion
argument. The range to average is the last argument. In this example,
depending on whether the relevant cell in D3:D20 fits the requirements, each
cell in E3:E20 is either included in or removed from the average.
The function returns the #DIV/0! error if no rows fit the conditions in
AVERAGEIF.
Getting the average of all numbers that meet two or more conditions
AVERAGEIFS, along with SUMIFS and COUNTIFS, was created by
Microsoft to enable you to average a range of data depending on many
conditions.
The table below provides some results from the 1972 Winter Olympics, as we
continue our research of skiing timings. In this example, we wish to calculate
the average time depending on many factors. Cells I3:I5 are used to record
the nation, gender, and medal. Only the results that match all three criteria
should be averaged.
=AVERAGEIFS (E3:E20,D3:D20,I3,B3:B20,"*"&I4,F3
The structure of the AVERAGEIFS function is identical to that of the
SUMIFS function. The range to average is the first parameter, which is
followed by up to 127 criteria range/criteria arguments.
The following are the three criterion pairs:
Only the rows with the country code SUI are included in D3:D20, I3.
B3:B20,"*"&I4 only contain rows containing the term Women at the
end of the event name.
Only the rows where the medal is GOLD are included in F3:F20, I5.
The time in the Result column is averaged when all three requirements are
satisfied.
CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION OF MATCHING AND LOOKUPS
FORMULAS
This section describes many approaches for looking up a value in a set of
data. LOOKUP, VLOOKUP, and HLOOKUP are three worksheet functions
in Excel that were created specifically for this purpose, but you might find
that they are not enough.
In this section, you'll also look at a variety of lookup scenarios and alternative
approaches that go beyond Excel's built-in lookup features.
Explanation of Lookup Formulas
In order to retrieve a value from a table, a lookup formula searches for a related value. An appropriate
analog is a regular phone book (remember those?). You must first identify the person's name in order to
retrieve their phone number if you want to check up on them.
Nota Bene: A table is any rectangular range of data. The table that results from choosing Insert >
Tables > Table is not need to be a "official" table.
Many Excel functions are useful for creating formulas to look up information in tables.
Using the Lookup Functions in Excel
Excel computations frequently require data to be located in a list or table.
There are various functions in Excel that can be used to search for data
horizontally, vertically, left to right, or right to left. By layering several of
these methods, you may create a formula that looks for the appropriate data
even if your table's layout changes.
Let's find one of the most common ways to use Excel's lookup functions.
Searching for a certain value using the left lookup column
The most crucial information, the material that sets one row apart from
another, is frequently placed in the far-left column in tables. Excel has a
number of lookup functions, but VLOOKUP was made with this exact use in
mind. We wish to use information from this database to fill out a more
straightforward paystub form when an employee's ID is selected.
The user will select an employee ID from a data validation list and enter it in
cell L3. The form of the data will include the name, address, and other data
related to the employee.
In the calculation, the employee's name is retrieved using the VLOOKUP
function. The four inputs of VLOOKUP are lookup value, lookup range,
column, and match. VLOOKUP will look through the first column of the
lookup range until it locates the desired value. Once the lookup value has
been located, VLOOKUP returns the value in the column specified by the
column parameter. In this case, the second input column is where VLOOKUP
pulls the employee's name from.
In this example, FALSE is the final parameter for all VLOOKUP procedures.
Only an exact match will be returned by VLOOKUP if the match option is
set to FALSE, otherwise it will not. If an exact match cannot be found,
VLOOKUP returns N/A#.
Although there are some differences, VLOOKUP is used in the other
formulae as well. Although they use information from a different column, the
address and insurance calculations work in the same way as the method for
the employee's name. In the payment formula, two VLOOKUPs are
employed, and one of them is divided by the other.
The employee's annual salary is taken from the fifth column, and the pay for
one paystub is calculated by dividing it by the frequency from the fourth
column.
The percentage from the eighth column is taken by the retirement calculation
and multiplied by the gross wage to determine the deduction. The tax formula
then divides the gross salary by the tax rate, which is found using VLOOKUP
in the sixth column, after deducting insurance and retirement from the total.
Of course, payroll calculations are more complicated, but once you know
how VLOOKUP works, you can create more sophisticated models.
Searching for a certain value using any lookup column
It's possible that not all tables will include the value you want to look for in the leftmost column.
Thankfully, Excel offers several options for retrieving values that are to the right of the value you are
looking for.
Our stores are located in the cities and states listed in the table below. We want to return the city and
store number when a user selects a state from a drop-down menu.
=INDEX(B3:D25, MATCH(G4,C3:C25,FALSE),1)
=INDEX(B3:D25,MATCH) =INDEX(B3:D25,MATCH) =INDEX(B3:D
(G4,C3:C25,FALSE),
The INDEX function returns the value of a range's first row and column. We
provide it with our table of stores, a row parameter in the form of a MATCH
function, and a column number in this example. We want the first column for
the City formula, thus the column argument is 1. We want the third column
for the Store formula; thus, the column argument is 3.
The row and column in the spreadsheet will not match the row and column in
the spreadsheet unless the range you choose begins in A1. They only apply to
the range's top-left cell, not the whole spreadsheet. The value in cell H3
would be returned by a formula like =INDEX(G2:P10,2,2). In the range
G2:P10, cell H3 is in the second row and second column.
The MATCH function's second input can only be a one-row tall or one-
column wide range. MATCH returns the #N/A error if you provide it with a
rectangle-shaped range.
We utilize the MATCH function to find the relevant row. The place in the
list where the lookup value is located is returned by the MATCH function. It
is supported by three reasons.
Lookup value: the value we're looking for.
Lookup array: A single column or row in which to look.
Match type: Set this option to FALSE or 0 for exact matches only.
The state in cell G4 is the value we're searching for in the range C3:C25,
which is our list of states. MATCH searches the whole range for NH. INDEX
uses 12 as the row parameter because it finds it in 12th place.
INDEX now has all it needs to return the correct value, thanks to MATCH. It
moves to the 12th row of the range and extracts the value from either the first
(for City) or third (for Store #) column.
INDEX returns the #REF! error if you supply it with a row number that is
more than the number of rows in the range or a column number that is greater
than the number of columns in the range.
Looking up values horizontally
If your lookup value is in the first row rather than the first column, and you
want to seek data along the rows rather than across the columns, Excel
provides a function just for you.
You'll restore the temperature to the cell right below it once the user selects a
city from a drop-down box.
=HLOOKUP(C5,C2:L3,2,FALSE)
The parameters for the HLOOKUP function are the same as for
VLOOKUP. The letter H in HLOOKUP stands for "horizontal," whereas
the letter V stands for "vertical." HLOOKUP searches across the first row
instead of down the first column for the lookup value parameter. It gives a
value from the second row of the matching column when it detects a match.
Hiding errors returned by lookup functions
At this time, we've used FALSE as the final parameter in our search routines
to ensure that only precise matches are returned. The #N/A error is returned
when we demand a lookup function to deliver an exact match and it can't
locate one.
In Excel models, the #N/A error is beneficial since it warns you when a
match cannot be found. However, you can be reporting on all or part of your
model, and #N/As are unattractive. Excel offers features that may detect
problems and deliver different results.
The other list includes the names of CEOs as well as their compensation. The
two tables are joined using the VLOOKUP function. However, we do not
have pay data for all of the CEOs, and there are several #N/A inaccuracies.
=VLOOKUP(C3,$F$3:$G$11,2,FALSE)
The first parameter to the IFERROR function is a value or formula, and the
second argument is an alternative return value. When the first argument fails,
the second argument is used instead. When the first argument does not return
an error, the first argument's results are returned.
We've made our alternative return value an empty string in this case. This
maintains the report looking neat. You may, however, return whatever value
you choose, such as "No information" or zero.
Note: #N/A, #DIV/0!, and #VALUE is among the errors that Excel may
produce and the IFERROR function checks for them all. It's worth noting that
you can't choose which faults IFERROR will capture.
There are three more error catching functions in Excel:
If any error is returned by its argument, ISERROR returns TRUE.
If its argument returns any error other than #N/A, ISERR returns
TRUE.
If the input returns #N/A, ISNA returns TRUE; otherwise, including
other failures, it returns FALSE.
All of these error-trapping methods return TRUE or FALSE, and they're
usually used with an IF function.
The process of selecting the closest match from a list of banded
values
The VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, and MATCH functions allow the data to be
sorted in any direction. Each of them has a final parameter that requires the
function to try for an exact match or, if it is unsuccessful, to return an error.
If you only need a close match, you may also apply these techniques on
sorted data. The withholding table contains bands of values rather than every
possible value that could be. The employee's pay band must first be
determined, then the withholding in column D16 must be calculated using the
information from that row.
=VLOOKUP(D15,B3:E10,3,TRUE)+(D15-
To extract three pieces of data from the table, the formula employs three
VLOOKUP functions. Each VLOOKUP formula's last input is set to TRUE,
indicating that we only want a close match.
When using a final parameter of TRUE, the data in the lookup column must
be sorted from lowest to highest to produce the right result. When the next
value is greater than the lookup value, VLOOKUP stops looking down the
first column. It finds the biggest value that isn't greater than the lookup value
in this manner.
A lookup function that finds an approximate match does not locate the closest
match. Rather, if the next highest value is closer to the lookup value, it finds
the greatest match that isn't bigger than the lookup value.
You won't receive an error if the data in the lookup column isn't ordered
lowest to highest, but you'll almost certainly get an inaccurate result. To
discover an approximate match, the lookup routines perform a binary search.
A binary search begins in the lookup column's midpoint and decides whether
the match will be in the first or second half of the values. Then it divides that
half in half and, depending on the middle value, looks ahead or backward.
This procedure is continued until the desired outcome is obtained.
Unsorted values may lead the lookup function to pick the incorrect half to
look in and return bad data in a binary search.
Because 1,023 is the greatest number in the list that isn't bigger than our
lookup value of 2,003.89, VLOOKUP stops at row 5.
The formula's three portions function as follows:
The first VLOOKUP returns 69.80, which is the base amount in the
third column.
The second VLOOKUP subtracts the total wages from the "Wages
over" amount.
The fourth-column percentage is returned by the last VLOOKUP. The
result of multiplying this percentage by the "extra wages" is added to
the current amount.
The formula computes as follows when all three VLOOKUP functions
are evaluated:
15.0 percent =69.80 + (2,003.89 – 1,023.90)
The lookup routines employ a significantly quicker way to discover an
approximate match than an exact match. The function must check each value
in the lookup column for an exact match. Setting the last option to TRUE
reduces computation time if you know your data will always be ordered
lowest to highest and will always include an exact match. If an exact match
exists and the data is sorted, an approximate match search will always
discover it.
The INDEX and MATCH functions are used to find the closest
match.
All of our lookup formulas, including the INDEX and MATCH combination,
are interchangeable. Similar to VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP, MATCH offers
a conclusion that is used to identify approximations. Additionally, data that is
ordered from highest to lowest can be used with MATCH.
The table's VLOOKUP-based calculation yields #N/A, as seen in cell D16.
This is because VLOOKUP only examines the data that is present before the
middle value of the lookup column when it determines that it is greater than
the lookup value. Since our data is ordered ascendingly, the middle value is
the only value that comes before any values lower than the lookup value.
Cell D18's INDEX and MATCH formula yields the right answer, as
demonstrated here:
=INDEX(B3:E10,MATCH(D15,B3:B10,-1)+1,3)+(D15-
INDEX(B3:E10,MATCH(D15,B3:B10,-1)+1,1))
*INDEX(B3:E10,MATCH (D15,B3:B10,-1)+1,4)*INDEX(B3:E10,MATCH
(D15,B3:B10,-1)+1,4)*INDEX(B3
MATCH's last argument might be 1, 0, or 1.
For data that is ordered from highest to lowest, 1 is utilized. It
retrieves the lowest number bigger than the lookup value in the lookup
column. There is no VLOOKUP or HLOOKUP comparable
technique.
For unsorted data, 0 is utilized to locate the precise match. It's the
same as putting FALSE as the last parameter of VLOOKUP or
HLOOKUP.
For data that is ranked from lowest to highest, 1 is utilized. It
determines the lookup column's biggest value that is less than the
lookup value. It's the same as setting TRUE as the last parameter of
VLOOKUP or HLOOKUP.
MATCH finds a value that is bigger than the lookup value with a final
parameter of 1, and the formula adds 1 to the result to obtain the correct row.
Looking up values from multiple tables
Depending on the user's decision, the data you wish to look up may originate
from many tables. A comparable computation is a withholding calculation.
The user may choose whether the employee is a bachelor or married, which is
a significant distinction. If the user selects Single, the information is retrieved
from the single-person database; if the user selects Married, the information
is retrieved from the married table.
To guide our search to the correct table in Excel, we may utilize named
ranges and the INDIRECT function. We need to identify two ranges before
we can create our formula: Married for the married-person table and Single
for the single-person database.
To create the specified ranges, follow these steps:
1. Choose the B4:E11 range.
2. From the Formulas tab on the Ribbon, choose Define Name.
3. Select Married in the Name box.
4. Select OK.
5. Choose the B15:E22 range.
6. On the Ribbon, select Define Name from the Formulas option.
7. Select Single in the Name box.
8. Select OK.
In cell D25, there is a data validation drop-down menu. The phrases Married
and Single, which is similar to the names we just made, are available in the
drop-down box. The value in D25 will be used to identify which table we
should search at, thus the values must be similar.
This example's formula is surprisingly similar to the previous one. The only
change is that instead of the table's location, an INDIRECT function is
utilized.
The ref text parameter is sent to INDIRECT. A text representation of a cell
reference or a named range is provided by the ref text parameter. INDIRECT
tries to translate this into a cell or range reference. If the ref text is not a valid
range reference, as it is in our situation, INDIRECT looks for a match in the
listed ranges. INDIRECT would have returned the #REF! error if we hadn't
previously defined a range called Single.
INDIRECT has a1 as a second optional parameter. If ref text is in the A1
style of cell references, the a1 argument is TRUE, and if ref text is in the
R1C1 style of cell references, it is FALSE. A1 may be TRUE or FALSE for
specified ranges, and INDIRECT will return the right range.
Ranges from other worksheets or even workbooks may be returned using
INDIRECT. If it refers to another worksheet, however, that workbook has to
be open.
Looking up a value based on a two-way matrix
A rectangular range of cells makes up a two-way matrix. It's a range having
more than one row and more than one column, in other words. We've utilized
the INDEX and MATCH combination as a substitute for some of the lookup
functions in other formulae. INDEX and MATCH, on the other hand, were
designed for two-way matrices.
Each column represents a year, and each row represents an area. The user
should be able to pick an area and a year, and the sales figure should be
returned at the intersection of those two rows and columns.
=INDEX(C4:F9,MATCH(C13,B4:B9,FALSE),MATCH(C14,C3
You've probably heard about INDEX and MATCH by now. Unlike other
formulae, the INDEX function has two MATCH functions. Rather than hard-
coding a column number, the second MATCH method returns the INDEX
column parameter.
Remember that MATCH provides the matched value's position in a list.
Because it's the third item in the list, MATCH returns 3 for the North region.
INDEX takes this as the row parameter. The year 2012 is matched across the
header row, and MATCH returns 2 since 2011 is the second item. The correct
value is then returned by INDEX using the 2 and 3 given by the MATCH
methods.
Making use of default values to match
Our sales search methodology will be modified. By changing the algorithm, the user will be given the
option to select just a region, just a year, or neither. If one of the options is left empty, we'll assume the
user wants the sum. The sum of the table as a whole will be returned if neither option is selected.
=INDEX(C4:G10,IFERROR(MATCH(C13,B4:B10,FALSE),COUNTA(B4:B10)),IFERR
The formula's general structure hasn't altered, but a few subtleties have. Row
10 and column G are now included in the INDEX range. The range of each
MATCH function has also been expanded. Finally, an IFERROR function
surrounds both MATCH functions, returning the Total row or column.
A COUNTA function may be used as an alternative to IFERROR. COUNTA
counts both numbers and text and, as a result, returns the last row or column
in our range. We could have hard-coded those numbers, but COUNTA will
adapt to always return the last one whenever we enter a row or column.
MATCH returns #N/A because the column headers have no blanks.
IFERROR sends the control to the value if error argument when it detects
that error, and the last column is sent to INDEX.
Calculating a value based on certain criteria
We need a formula that will output the budget when the user selects a
department and an area. We are unable to use VLOOKUP for this
computation since it only supports a single lookup value. There are many
instances of the regions and departments, so you'll need two values.
To retrieve the row that has both lookup values, use the SUMPRODUCT
function as follows:
=SUMPRODUCT (($B$3:$B$45=H5)*($C$3:$C$45=H6)*($E$3:$E$45))
SUMPRODUCT compares each cell in a range to a value and, based on the
outcome, outputs an array of TRUEs or FALSEs. TRUE becomes 1 when
multiplied by another array, but FALSE becomes 0. Because that range
comprises the value we wish to return, the third parenthetical part of the
SUMPRODUCT function does not contain a comparison.
The sum for that line will be 0 if either the Region comparison or the
Department comparison is FALSE. Anything times zero equals zero,
therefore a FALSE result is turned to zero. Both comparisons yield 1 if both
Region and Department match. The number returned is the result of
multiplying the two 1s with the matching row in column E.
When SUMPRODUCT reaches row 12, it multiplies 1 * 1 * 697,697 in the
example. That number is added to the other rows, which are all zero since at
least one FALSE is present. 697,697 is the value of the SUM as a result.
SUMPRODUCT is used to return text.
SUMPRODUCT works this manner only when we want to return a number.
All text values will be treated as zero if we want to return text, and
SUMPRODUCT will always return zero.
However, by combining SUMPRODUCT with the ROW and INDEX
techniques, we can obtain text. For instance, the following formula could be
used to find the manager's name:
=INDEX(D:D,SUMPRODUCT(($B$3:$B$45=H5)*($C$3:$C$45=H6)*
(ROW($E$3:$E$45))),1)
The ROW function is always included the row numbers in the array instead
of the values from column E. When it comes to row 12, SUMPRODUCT
now computes 1 * 1 * 12. The row parameter in INDEX is then set to 12 for
the full column D: D. INDEX takes the whole column as its range since the
ROW function returns the row in the worksheet rather than the row in our
table.
How to determine a column's latest value
We're searching for the last invoice on the list. It is simple to get the last item
in the column by counting the items in the list and using the INDEX function
to find the last row.
=INDEX(B:B,COUNTA(B:B)+1)
When used on a single column, the INDEX function only requires a row
parameter. The third parameter indicates that the column isn't required.
COUNTA is used to count the cells in column B that are not blank. Because
there is a blank cell in the first row, the count is incremented by one. Column
B's 12th row is returned by the INDEX function.
COUNTA counts anything except blanks, including numbers, text, and dates.
COUNTA will not yield the required result if your data contains blank rows.
Using LOOKUP, determining the final number
INDEX and COUNTA assist in locating values when there are no empty cells
in the range. If there are blanks along with the values you're searching for,
you can use LOOKUP and a very large number.
D:D =LOOKUP(9.99E+307)
The maximum number that Excel can handle is the lookup value. The result
is returned because LOOKUP defaults to the last value it finds because it
can't find a value this large.
A number such as 9.99E+307 is written in exponential notation. The number
that comes before the letter E has two numbers to its right and one number to
its left. The number that comes after the letter E specifies how many decimal
places need to be dropped in order to write the number normally. If the
number is positive, the decimal should be shifted to the right; if it is negative,
it should be shifted to the left. The equivalent of 0.0432 is a value like 4.32E-
02.
The last integer is returned by this LOOKUP function regardless of whether
the range contains text, blank spaces, or errors.
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION OF FORMULAS TO FINANCIAL
ANALYSIS
When everything was done by hand using paper and pencil, spreadsheets were initially employed in the
accounting and finance departments. Even though Excel has developed much beyond a simple
computerized ledger sheet, it is still an essential tool for business.
This chapter will teach you about some formulas that are frequently used in accounting, finance, and
other business-related fields.
The example below demonstrates how to compute the cost of goods sold
using simply the starting and ending inventory counts, as well as the amount
of all inventory acquired throughout the time.
Subscribers Lost
=C2+C3-C4
Rate of churn
=C6/C2
The number of new customers is added to the number of customers at the
beginning of the month to calculate the number of consumers lost throughout
the month. The sum is then deducted from the number of clients at the end of
the month. Finally, the churn rate is calculated by dividing the number of
customers lost throughout the month by the number of customers at the start
of the month.
In this case, the company's turnover rate is 9.21 percent. Because it is gaining
more consumers than it is losing, churn may not be considered an issue. If the
turnover rate is greater than intended, the organization may want to look into
why customers are leaving and adjust the price, product features, or other
aspects of the business.
Computing the churn rate annually
If a business receives recurring revenue every month, customers sign up and
pay for one month at a time. For these companies, it makes logical to
compute the turnover rate each month. Any new clients obtained throughout
the month won't churn the next month because they've already paid for the
month.
In contrast, a typical magazine asks subscribers to join up for an annual
membership. For them, a useful churn rate estimate would be the annual rate.
The technique alters somewhat if a company needs to calculate a churn rate
for a period longer than its repetitive revenue model, such as yearly churn for
a company with monthly customers. By the quantity of lost subscribers, the
average of beginning and ending subscribers is calculated. Because the churn
rate is different from the recurring revenue period, some of the 7,415 new
members cancelled their memberships within the year, albeit in a different
month than when they first signed up.
The average client lifetime value calculation
Customer lifetime value (CLV) is a metric that measures a customer's
contribution to gross margin over the course of the relationship. The
computed churn rate is one factor that goes into CLV.
How to calculate CLV using the previously identified churn rate is
demonstrated in the example below. As a first step, figure out the average
gross margin per customer.
The number of years was put as 15, rather than 30, in the example. The
amount of the payment rises when the period of the loan is reduced.
The last step is to hide rows that are longer than the loan duration. This is
accomplished via conditional formatting, which turns the font color white.
The data is successfully hidden by a white font color on a white backdrop.
The conditional formatting formula is as follows:
The payment number in column D is compared to the number of years in
column C4 multiplied by 12. The formula returns TRUE when the payment
amount is greater, and the white font color formatting is applied. No
conditional formatting is used when the payment number is less than or equal
to the total number of payments.
The table shows that you should accept $9,434 now rather than $10,000 a
year from now, according to the present value calculator. If you took the
$9,434 and earned 6% over the following year, you'd wind up with $10,000
at the end of the year.
There are five parameters to the PV function:
Rate: The rate argument, sometimes known as the discount rate, is the
expected return on your money over the charge fees. It is the most
important aspect in establishing the current value, as well as the most
difficult to determine. If you're a cautious person, you can choose a
lesser rate—one that you're certain you can meet. The discount rate
would be straightforward to calculate if the money was used to pay
down a fixed-rate loan.
Nper: The nper is the time interval over which the future value is
discounted. The nper is 1 year in this case, and it is recorded in cell
C3. The rate must be expressed in the same units as the period. That
instance, nper must be given in years if you provide an annual rate. If
you're using a monthly rate, you'll need to write nper in months.
Pmt: The recurring payments received during the discount period are
the pmt argument. When just one payment is made, as in this case, the
amount paid is the future value, and the payment amount is zero. The
pmt and nper arguments must both be the same. PV thinks that if your
nper is 10 and you input pmt, you'll get that payment amount 10 times
throughout the discount term. A present value computation with
payments is shown in the following example.
FV: The amount you will get after the discount term is the future
value amount. The financial functions in Excel operate on a cash flow
basis. That is, the current value and the future value have polar
opposite signs. The future value was made negative in this example so
that the formula result would produce a positive number.
Type: If the payments are received at the end of the period, the type
argument may be 0; if the payments are received at the beginning of
the period, it can be 1. Because our payment amount is 0 in this case,
this argument has no impact. If the type argument is missing, the value
is presumed to be 0.
Making a present-value calculation for future payments
The present value of a series of equal future payments can also be calculated
using PV. You can use PV to determine how much you'd be prepared to pay
to break the lease if, for instance, you owe $5,000 in rent over the next ten
years.
If your landlord thought he could make 3% on the money, he might be
willing to accept $43,930 rather than ten $5,000 payments over the following
ten years. The type parameter is set to 1 because rent is often paid at the
beginning of the semester.
When used for payments, the PV function calculates the present value of each
payment separately and adds the totals. Because the first payment is due now,
its present value is the same as the payment amount. Year 2 payment is due
in one year, and it is decreased to $4,854. The last payment, which is due in
nine years, is lowered to $3,832. All of the estimates for present value are
totaled. Fortunately, PV takes care of the tough lifting.
Calculating the net present value
If all the cash flows are the same, the PV function may compute the present
value of future cash flows. But this isn't always the case. Excel's NPV (net
present value) tool calculates the present value of unbalanced future cash
flows.
Assume you were asked to invest $30,000 in a new firm. You would get an
annual dividend for the following seven years in return for your investment.
The schedule shows the projected amounts of such dividends. Assume you
want to make an 8% return on your investment.
You can use the NPV formula to calculate the net present value of an
investment to see whether it's worth your time:
=NPV (C2, C5:C11)
NPV, like PV value, discounts each cash flow individually depending on the
rate. NPV, on the other hand, accepts a range of future cash flows rather than
a fixed payment amount, unlike PV. Because the number of values in the
range influences the number of future cash flows, NPV does not have a nper
argument.
Even if the payments are for different amounts, they are expected to be made
at regular periods (one year in this example). The rate period, like the other
TVM functions in this chapter, must match the payment period. The 8%
return you want is an annual return in this case, and the payments are also
yearly, so they match. You'd have to change the rate to a quarterly return if
you were collecting a quarterly dividend.
The net present value (NPV) of these cash flows is $33,068. These would be
favorable investments since the needed investment to generate those cash
flows, $30,000, is less than the NPV (provided the figures are true). The data
indicates that you would earn more than the 8% return you desired.
The calculation of both positive and negative cash flows
In the previous scenario, you were advised to make a sizable initial
commitment in order to receive future cash flows. You can use NPV if you
make smaller payments at the beginning of the financing period with the
expectation of additional payments at the end.
Instead of making a single $30,000 commitment, think about making
investments of $15,000 the first year, $10,000 the second year, and $5,000
the third year. The amount you must invest goes down as the company grows
and may use its income to expand. By year four, there won't be any more
investment required, and the business should be successful enough to start
paying dividends.
The payment schedule shown in the chart below entails paying for the first
three years and receiving a return for the next four. The inputs only differ
from the last iteration of the NPV calculation.
=NPV (C2, C5:C11)
The amount invested was not taken into account in the first NPV case. We
simply compared the NPV function's outcome to the amount of money
invested. Because a part of the investment is in the future in this example, the
invested amounts are displayed as negatives (cash outflows), but the
forthcoming dividends are shown as positives (cash inflows).
This NPV computation is compared to zero instead of an initial investment
amount. If the NPV is larger than zero, the sequence of cash flows will
provide a return of more than 8%. The return is less than 8% if it is less than
zero.
Internal rate of return calculation
In the scenario before, we calculated the net present value of the anticipated
future cash flows and contrasted it with the sum of our initial investment.
Since the net present value exceeded the initial investment, we were aware
that the rate of return would be higher than what we had anticipated. But
what is the actual rate of return?
The IRR function in Excel can be used to calculate the internal rate of return
of future cash flows. NPV and IRR are indissolubly related. IRR determines
the rate of return at which those identical cash flows have a negative net
present value.
We need to change the way we organize our data for IRR. In the values
range, there must be at least one positive and one negative cash flow. If all of
your values are positive, you've invested nothing and received nothing in
return. That would be a fantastic investment, but it isn't feasible. Cash
withdrawals usually occur at the start of the investment term, while cash
inflows occur at the conclusion. However, as long as there is at least one of
each, this isn't necessarily the case.
It is important to note that for IRR to operate, we must include the original
investment. The first row was inserted to indicate the original investment of
$30,000.
The investment return is 10.53 percent, according to the following IRR
formula:
=IRR (C3:C10,0.08)
The range of cash flows is the first justification for IRR. The second point is
an educated estimation of the internal rate of return. If you don't provide an
estimate, Excel guesses 10%. The present value of each cash flow is
calculated using the predicted rate in IRR. If the total is more than zero, the
pace is reduced and the process is repeated. Excel repeats the process of
accumulating current values and iterating through rates until the total is zero.
It returns that rate once the current numbers add up to zero.
Future non-periodic cash flows calculation
For both the NPV and IRR functions, it is assumed that the future cash flows
will occur at regular intervals. This might not always be the case, though.
Excel's XIRR function is helpful for cash flows that happen at unpredictable
times.
In contrast to IRR, XIRR requires an additional justification: dates. The IRR
does not require the dates because it is anticipated that the cash flows will
occur at equal intervals. IRR doesn't care if there is a day or a year between
them. It will yield a return proportional to the cash flows. If the cash flows
are yearly, the rate will be an annual rate. If the cash flows are quarterly, the
rate will be quarterly as well.
Note: XIRR provides a function named XNPV that calculates the net present
value of non-periodic cash flows. XNPV, like XIRR, needs a matching set of
dates.
The investment loses money sometimes, necessitating a cash infusion. On
other days, the investment is profitable and pays the investor a profit. The
investor earns an annual return of 10.14 percent on all cash flows.
The return is calculated using XIRR in the following formula:
=XIRR(C3:C17,B3:B17,0.08)
Internally, XIRR functions similarly to IRR. It evaluates the present value of
each cash flow separately, iterating over rate estimates until the total present
value is zero. The number of days between the current cash flow and the one
before it in chronological order is used to calculate the present value. The rate
of return is then annualized.
Performing financial forecasting
Forecasting is the process of projecting future values based on previous ones.
Start with historical, time-based data, such as monthly sales, to construct a
prediction. Monthly sales statistics from 2012 to 2015 may be found in
Column B. We also generated a graph that demonstrates that sales are
cyclical, with fewer sales during the summer months. The purpose is to
anticipate revenues for the following two years monthly.
Begin by choosing the data. We choose the range A1:B49 for this example.
Excel shows the Create Forecast Worksheet dialog box when you choose
Data Forecast Sheet. (Clicking Options brings up a list of other settings.) The
dialog box displays a graphic that shows the historical data, predicted data,
and forecast confidence bounds.
The confidence interval (shown in the graphic as thinner lines) sets the
prediction's "plus or minus" values and reflects the degree of confidence in
the forecast. A larger prediction range is achieved with a bigger confidence
interval. As you alter the parameters, the chart in the dialog box updates.
When you click Create, Excel creates a new worksheet with a table and a
chart. The projected values, as well as the lower and upper confidence ranges,
are shown in the table. The new FORECAST.ETS and
FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT functions are used to create these values. Excel
handles all of the work since these are very sophisticated functions.
CHAPTER 8
APPLICATION OF FORMULAS IN
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Because it has so many statistical capabilities, Excel is a great tool for
conducting statistical analysis. You'll learn how to use formulae to conduct
statistical studies like moving averages, descriptive statistics, and frequency
distributions in this section.
Working with Weighted Averages
When each value has a different impact on the total set of values, a weighted
average is used to average the data. For each fund in the portfolio, the
investment's total amount as well as its return are displayed. We are looking
for the portfolio's overall return. A simple average will not do because each
investment raises the total portfolio's value, so it is insufficient.
Note: #N/A mistakes are not shown in Excel charts. For values that you don't
want to display on your charts, utilize the NA function.
The AVERAGE function is used to return the arithmetic mean of the
previous 10 scores for the later scores. Because our numbers are in a
contiguous range, we only need to submit one parameter to AVERAGE.
The OFFSET function returns a range of values that are offset from the
beginning point.
The following are the justifications to OFFSET:
Reference: The OFFSET function begins in this cell.
Rows: The number of rows in the returned range begins from the
beginning cell. Negative values add to the spreadsheet's total, whereas
positive ones subtract from it.
Cols: The number of columns beginning from the first cell. Positive
numbers count from left to right, whereas negative numbers count
from left to right.
Height: How many rows should the returned range have?
Width: How many columns should the returned range have?
NOTE: OFFSET's height and width inputs must be positive integers.
If we make cell D12 the reference argument, OFFSET will begin counting
there. OFFSET will count up to nine rows to D3 if the rows parameter is set
to -9. The cols input of 0 (zero) indicates that OFFSET remains in the same
column. OFFSET has calculated that the start of the returned range will be
D3 after the first two parameters.
Because the height option is set to 10, our range will be ten rows tall, or
D3:D12. The width parameter of 1 maintains a one-column range. The range
D3:D12 is the outcome of OFFSET and what is sent into AVERAGE. The
previous 10 scores are averaged as the formula is copied down.
Depending on the data, the number of values to include in a moving average
varies. You may display the preceding 12 months, 5 years, or any other
quantity that makes sense given your data. The average of the previous ten
scores gives a better idea of where this golfer's game is going.
Exponential smoothing applied to volatile data
A good tool for data smoothing is the moving average. Moving averages have
the drawback of assigning the same weight to each data point in the
collection. In a six-week moving average, for instance, each week's value is
given 1/6 of the total weight. In some data sets, more recent data points
should be given more weight.
The Demand column displays the actual product that was sold. In an effort to
gauge demand, the Moving Average column employs a straightforward six-
week moving average. Exponential smoothing is used in the final column to
give the most recent weeks more weight than earlier weeks.
=(C8*$H$2)+(E8*(1-$H$2))
The alpha value in cell H2 is the weight assigned to the most recent data item,
which in this case is 30%. The remaining 70% of the data items are given a
70 percent weighting. The second most recent is weighted at 30% of the
remaining 70% (21%); the third most recent is weighted at 30% of 70% of
70% (14.7%), and so on.
The value from the previous week is multiplied by the alpha value, which is
then added to the remaining percentage multiplied by the previous projection.
All of the preceding computations are already integrated into the previous
projection.
The exponential smoothing prediction is less affected by demand values that
are farther away. In other words, the figure from last week is more significant
than the number from the week before. Take note of how the exponential
prediction reacts to demand variations faster than the moving average.
How to Produce Descriptive Statistics Using Functions
You can present data in concise, quantitative summaries using descriptive
statistics. Data are accumulated, counted, and averaged to produce descriptive
statistics. In this section, we'll take a look at some of the comparison and
profiling tools that can be used to prepare data sets for further analysis.
Obtaining either the biggest or least value
The monthly low temperatures for Marietta, Georgia are shown in the table
below. The highest and lowest monthly average temperatures are what we're
looking for. The first formula will be used to calculate the highest average
low temperature.
=MAX(C3:C14)
The month that corresponds to the temperature determined in the
preceding calculation will be returned using the following formula:
=INDEX(B3:B14,MATCH(E5,C3:C14,FALSE),1)
MAX and MIN are two Excel functions for determining the greatest and
lowest values in a range. Both formulae have a maximum of 255 parameters.
Our data is in the range C3:C14, which is what MAX and MIN are looking
for. The biggest number in the range, 70, is returned by MAX, whereas the
least is returned by MIN.
The INDEX function is used to identify which months certain temperatures
correspond to. The list of months in B3:B14 is the range supplied into
INDEX. The MATCH function, which returns the location of the lookup item
in a list, is the second parameter to INDEX. MATCH returns 7 when we
match 70 to our list of temps since 70 is the seventh item on the list. INDEX
returns the seventh row of the month listings, or JUL, using that 7. MIN
returns JAN, the month with the least value, using the same structure.
Both MAX and MIN disregard any text in the range, but they will return an
error if the range contains errors. MAX and MIN return 0 if all of the errors
are text.
Obtaining the Nth biggest or least value
The MIN and MAX algorithms make it simple to determine the largest and
smallest numbers. However, there may be times when you need to figure out
the fifth- or second-smallest value. It's tough to tell who the winners are
because the bowlers are organized alphabetically by last name. The bowlers
who finished first through third, along with their scores, are needed.
The third-largest number from the list of scores is returned by this
formula:
=LARGE($C$3:$C$14,ROW(A3))
To get the Nth greatest and smallest values in a list, use the LARGE and
SMALL functions. We send a range of numbers to LARGE, just as we do
with MAX. LARGE, on the other hand, has a different explanation for the N
in the Nth greatest number.
LARGE and SMALL return the same value for the Nth value and the Nth +
1 value if two entries in the list have the same value.
=LARGE($C$3:$C$14,1) and =LARGE($C$3:$C$14,2) would both yield
588 if two competitors had a score of 588.
To get N in cell F3, we utilize ROW(A1). In this scenario, the ROW
function returns row 1 for the cell supplied to it. We could just send 1 to the
LARGE function, but we can replicate this calculation down to increase the
row by using ROW(A1). The A1 reference is relative; thus the formula
becomes ROW when transferred to cell F4 (A2). The LARGE function in F4
then returns the second largest number, which is 2.
Because larger bowling scores are preferable, the LARGE function is suitable
here. If we had a list of race timings instead, we'd use the SMALL function
since lower times are desirable.
The RANK function is another approach to getting the Nth greatest or lowest
integer. The RANK function accepts three arguments: the number to rank, a
list of all numbers, and the sort order. It also has a column for ranking each
result, and the formula is as follows:
=RANK(C3,$C$3:$C$14,1)
We pass the time in C3, the total list of times in C3:C14, and the order into
RANK to obtain Gianna Ruiz's rank. In this case, the order is 1, since we
want the lowest number to be ranked first. The last argument would be 0 if
we want the greatest number to be listed first.
Note: When two or more values are tied, RANK returns the same result for
all of them. RANK would return 1 for both racers with a time of 20:35. The
next-lowest time would be ranked at number three. Because the linked values
take up both the 1 and 2 rankings, none of the values would rank 2.
RANK.AVG and RANK.EQ are two new functions in Excel 2010 for dealing
with ties in ranking. The RANK.EQ function replicates the RANK findings
from previous versions. That is, if you use the same value, you'll get the same
result. The RANK.AVG function operates uniquely. It gives the average
rating for all matching values.
Assume the data revealed four runners with the second-lowest time of 21:38.
RANK. AVG would yield 1 for the best time and 3.5 for four second-place
times that were all the same. Those four occasions are ranked 2, 3, 4, and 5
respectively. These four ranks have a combined average of 3.5.
RANK returns the position of the item in the list if the list was sorted
according to the last parameter, unlike LARGE and SMALL, which return
the actual values. In the same way that we used INDEX and MATCH to
acquire the names, we'll need to utilize INDEX and MATCH to retrieve the
actual values.
The formula for returning the time of the first-place contender in cell G3
is as follows:
=INDEX($C$3:$C$14,MATCH(ROW(A1),$D$3:$D$14,FALS
Calculating mean, median, and mode
When someone says "average," they typically mean the arithmetic mean,
which is the total of the values divided by the number of values. The median
and mode are two more averages that Excel may compute.
We want to look at the grades and make inferences from them by calculating
the mean, median, and mode.
=AVERAGE (C3:C22)
=MEDIAN (C3:C22)
=MODE (C3:C22)
The mean is 85.1, the median is 90.5, and the mode is 93.0, as you can see.
The AVERAGE function adds all of the values in the range and divides by
the number of values to get the mean. The median and mode's relationship to
the average may provide some information about the data.
The MEDIAN function is used to calculate the median. MEDIAN delivers
the value that is exactly in the center if all the grades are provided in
sequence. There is no precise midway value since we have an even number
of grades. MEDIAN returns the mean of the two numbers closest to the
center in this situation.
A significant disparity between AVERAGE and MEDIAN suggests that
grades are not distributed equally throughout the population. There seems to
be a significant disparity between the higher-scoring pupils and the lower-
scoring students in our scenario. In other circumstances, one extremely big or
tiny number may affect the AVERAGE but not the MEDIAN.
The MODE function is used to determine the mode. The grade that occurs the
most often is returned by MODE. A count of each grade is shown next to the
grade. You can see that 93 appears four times, which is the most of any
grade. MODE returns #N/A if all of the values occur the same number of
times.
Data allocation into percentiles
To examine how each number relates to the whole, data can be separated into
buckets or bins. The individuals who process a product are listed in part in
the table below, along with the number of errors the quality assurance
department discovered per 1,000 goods. In order to identify top performers
and employees who can benefit from additional training, we want to divide
this information into four groups. The demarcation line between each quartile
can be calculated using Excel's QUARTILE function. A data bucket called a
quartile holds 25% of the data.
=QUARTILE($C$3:$C$32,5-ROW(A1))
The demarcation lines are provided by the QUARTILE function. The
MATCH formula in cell D3 determines which quartile the value in cell C3
belongs to. The formula is then duplicated for each value.
=MATCH(C3,$G$3:$G$6,-1)
The QUARTILE function accepts a set of numbers and an integer that
indicates which quartile should be returned (the quart argument). 0 represents
the lowest value, 1 represents the 25th percentile, 2 represents the 50th
percentile, 3 represents the 75th percentile, and 4 represents the highest value.
QUARTILE gives an error if the quart argument is not in the range 0–4. The
value of the quart parameter is trimmed if it contains a decimal, and only the
integer part is utilized.
The 5-ROW expression is used in the quart parameter of our QUARTILE
function (A1). As the formula is duplicated down, the quart argument
decreases by one. The equation yields 4 for the largest value in the range for
cell G3. The A1 reference changes to A2 when the formula is transferred
down to G4, and the equation yields 5-2 or 3 for the 75th percentile.
To discover the two values that surround the demarcation line, the
QUARTILE function applies a percentage to one less than the count of
values. The result is then calculated by interpolating between those two
variables.
QUARTILE calculates the 75th percentile by multiplying the 30 numbers
by.75*(30-1) to obtain 21.75. The data is then sorted from lowest to highest,
and the lowest value is counted down 21 rows. It interpolates between the
two numbers since the first calculation's result isn't a whole integer. In this
scenario, the number 43 is obtained by counting down 21 rows, and the
following value is obtained by counting down 45 rows. The interpolation
utilizes the decimal component of 21.75 to get the number that is 75% of the
way between 43 and 45, or 43+((45-43)*.75), which is 44.5.
QUARTILE computes.5*(30-1) for the 50th percentile, yielding 14.5. The
50th percentile is between Alex Cox and Katelyn Howard, counting down
from the lowest numbers. Because both numbers are the same, interpolation
is simple and yields 31.
The MATCH function is used in the range of QUARTILE computations to
determine which quartile each number belongs to. The final parameter of
MATCH is -1— Greater than since our quartile data is in decreasing order.
When the next value is less than the lookup value, MATCH returns the place
in the list where the value was located, but it pauses when the next value is
greater. MATCH notices that the second value (44.5) is smaller than the
lookup value and stops at the first location while trying to match the value 47.
Because quartiles are a common technique to divide data into bins, Excel
offers a dedicated QUARTILE function. However, you might wish to divide
your data into defined bins on occasion. We want to know how often
transactions between $1 and $100, $101 and $200, and so on are for our
consumers.
The FREQUENCY function in Excel will count all invoices that fall within
the defined buckets.
=FREQUENCY(C3:C52,F3:F12)
The function FREQUENCY is an array function. This implies that instead
of hitting Enter, you must use Ctrl+Shift+Enter to commit the calculation.
Excel will wrap the formula in curly brackets () to indicate that it has been
array-entered.
FREQUENCY requires two arguments: a set of data to be binned and a set of
integers to indicate the maximum quantity in each bin. To begin, fill in the
bin values in column F. The bottom limit of each bin is shown in Column E,
which has no bearing on the formula.
To write FREQUENCY in column G, choose the range G3:G12 first, then
input the formula. While you'll just be typing the formula into G3, pressing
Ctrl+Shift+Enter will populate the formula throughout the whole range
you've picked.
The FREQUENCY calculation reveals that a high percentage of clients spend
between $200 and $300 every visit.
A replacement for the FREQUENCY function
If you attempt to delete a cell from the FREQUENCY formula section, Excel
will inform you that "You cannot change part of an array." Excel treats
FREQUENCY and all array functions as a single entity. Individual array cells
cannot be modified, only the entire array. If you want to change the bins, you
must exit and re-enter the array.
The COUNTIFS function can also be used to generate a frequency
distribution. COUNTIFS is not an array formula, making it much easier to
alter the bins or alter the range. Here is an example of the COUNTIFS
function for the following data:
=COUNTIFS($C$3:$C$52,">"&E3,$C$3:$C$52,">="&
3. Select Use a formula to select which cells to format from the list box
at the top of the dialog box.
4. NB: This option calculates values using a formula that you define.
The conditional formatting is applied to a cell if a given value
evaluates to true.
5. Type the formula indicated below into the formula input box. It's
worth noting that we're just referring to the first cell in our target
range. It is not necessary to refer to the complete spectrum. =C3<4000
Note: The absolute reference dollar symbols ($) for the target cell are not
included in the calculation (C3). Excel will instantly make your cell reference
absolute if you click cell C3 with your mouse rather than putting it in.
Because you require Excel to apply this formatting rule based on each cell's
value, you mustn't use the absolute reference dollar symbols in your target
cell.
6. Select your preferred formatting by clicking the Format option. This
will open the Format Cells dialog box, where you may format the font,
border, and fill for your target cell using a variety of settings.
7. When you've finished selecting your formatting choices, click OK.
8. Return to the New Formatting Rule dialog box and double-click the
OK button to finalize your formatting rule.
If you need to change your conditional formatting rule, just set your cursor in
any of the data cells in your formatted range, then click Conditional
Formatting Manage Rules from the Home tab. The Conditional
Formatting Rules Manager dialog box will appear. Then, on the Edit Rule
button, choose the rule you wish to change.
Cells can be highlighted dependent on another cell's value.
In many cases, how the values of your cells compare to one another will dictate the formatting rules
that apply to that cell. Conditionally highlighted cells are those whose values are less than the Prior
Year Average value indicated in cell B3.
This array needs 12 cells to display in a range. Select a range of cells with
three rows and four columns to input this array into a range.
Then hit Ctrl+Shift+Enter and input the following formula:
= {1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8;9,10,11,12}
Excel shows #N/A in the additional cells when you input an array into a
range with more cells than array elements.
A two-dimensional array must have the same number of elements in each
row.
The following array, for example, is invalid since the third row only
includes three items:
{1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8;9,10,11}
Excel won't let you insert a formula with an incorrect array in it.
Naming Array Constants
You can create an array constant, name it, and then utilize it in a calculation.
A named array is a named formula in technical terms.
Note: When it comes to a misaligned parenthesis, Excel can assist. When you
move the cursor over a parenthesis in a calculation, Excel highlights it (and
its corresponding parenthesis) in bold for roughly a half-second. Furthermore,
when revising a calculation, Excel color-codes pairs of nested parentheses.
USING FORMULA AUTOCORRECT
When you input formula with a syntax mistake, Excel tries to figure out
what's wrong and suggests a solution.
When accepting Excel's adjustments for your formulae, keep in mind that it
doesn't always predict properly.
Let's say you typed in the following formula (which has misaligned
parentheses):
=AVERAGE (SUM (A1:A12, SUM (B1:B12))
Excel then suggests the following formula correction:
=AVERAGE (SUM (A1:A12, SUM (B1:B12)))
You can be inclined to accept the proposal without even thinking about it.
The recommended formula is syntactically accurate in this circumstance, but
it is not what you wanted.
Here's how to use the right formula:
=AVERAGE (SUM (A1:A12), SUM (B1:B12))
Identifying dependents
There are many approaches to discovering formula cells that employ a certain
cell:
Select Home > Editing > Find & Select from the drop-down menu.
To open the Go to Special dialog box, choose Go to Special. Select
Dependents, then Direct Only (for direct dependents only) or All
Levels (for all dependents) (for direct and indirect dependents). Click
the OK button. The cells that are dependent on the active cell are
selected by Excel. This method can only be used to identify cells on
the active sheet.
Hold down the [Ctrl+] key. On the active sheet, this picks all direct
dependent cells.
Hold down Ctrl+Shift+. This picks all direct and indirect dependent
cells on the active sheet.
Formula Auditing > Trace Dependents > Choose Formulas To
identify the cell's dependencies, Excel will create arrows. To show
more layers of dependents, click this icon many times. To conceal the
arrows, go to Formulas Formula Auditing Remove Arrows.
Tracing error values
If a calculation returns an erroneous value, Excel can assist you in
determining which cell is producing the issue. A mistake in one cell is often
the consequence of a mistake in a preceding cell. Select Formulas >
Formula Auditing > Erroneous Checking > Trace Error after activating a
cell that has an error value. The mistake cause is shown by arrows in Excel.
Fixing circular reference errors
If you generate a circular reference formula by mistake, Excel shows a
warning message—Circular Reference—in the status bar, along with the cell
address. It also creates arrows on the spreadsheet to aid in the identification
of the issue. Choose Formulas > Formula Auditing > Error Checking >
Circular References if you can't figure out where the issue is coming from.
This command generates a list of all the cells implicated in the circular
references. Begin by picking the top cell on the list and working your way
down until you find the issue.
Using the background error-checking feature
Making use of Excel's automated error-checking tool may be beneficial to
certain individuals. The Activate Background Error Checking check box
on the Formulas tab of the Excel Options dialog box can be used to enable
or disable this capability. You can also select which sorts of problems to
check using the checkboxes in the Error Checking Rules section.
&
&TEXT, 89
A
a FALSE condition, 113, 120
a final parameter, 142, 143, 146
absolute, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 34, 38, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 58, 94, 155, 175, 210, 212, 213, 215, 263
accelerated technique, 178
accommodating, 9
accompanied, 6, 168
accompanying, 72, 84
accomplish, 8, 31, 65, 96
accomplished, 6, 38, 127, 173
accounting and finance, 154, 180
accumulating, 187
accuracy, 50, 53, 261, 262
acquisition, 177, 179, 180
acquisitions, 159
activate, 17, 24, 26, 35, 60, 81, 233, 277
actual technique, 81
additional, 5, 19, 24, 32, 62, 64, 222, 230, 234, 270
address, 13, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 76, 116, 136, 137, 253, 268
addresses, 17, 257, 271
adjustment, 8
adjustments, 16, 78, 251, 271
advances correspondingly, 84
aggregation, 128
aggregator, 131
algebra, 106, 107
algorithm, 26, 68, 96, 149
All-uppercase, 7
alter, 4, 16, 17, 18, 25, 27, 32, 37, 52, 81, 88, 149, 174, 188, 207, 220, 260, 265, 272, 276
alternate technique, 221
alternative, 27, 134, 141, 150, 207
alternative methods, 27
Alternatively, 16, 27, 85
alternatives, 30, 60, 269
American, 73, 78
American National Standards Institute (ANSI, 73
amortization, 156, 158, 169, 172, 174, 175
ampersand, 61, 63, 96, 98, 99
analog, 134
analysis, 41, 113, 155, 190, 195, 209
analytics, 41
analyzes, 5
analyzing, 46
anchored, 178
AND, 1, 118, 119, 120, 121, 134, 209, 218, 220
AND function, 118, 119, 120, 121, 218
annual membership, 164
AnnualSales, 32
anticipate, 44, 188
anticipates, 57, 162
apostrophe, 39, 70, 71
apparent, 128, 226
applicable, 176, 265
apply wrap, 74
appropriate, 57, 62, 83, 175, 190, 236, 244, 257
approximate, 142, 143, 144, 145
argument, 9, 15, 16, 50, 54, 62, 99, 101, 114, 116, 119, 123, 127, 129, 130, 131, 138, 141, 142, 145,
148, 150, 169, 170, 181, 182, 184, 187, 191, 193, 198, 201, 258
arguments, 9, 12, 15, 16, 54, 63, 65, 66, 70, 76, 93, 94, 99, 102, 104, 112, 114, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126,
129, 132, 170, 171, 179, 181, 192, 198, 207, 226
arithmetic, 41, 131, 193, 199
arrangement is nonsensical, 78
ASCII space, 65
assessed, 31, 118, 122
assistance, 70, 92, 255
associated, 84
asterisk, 124, 130, 253
attributes, 115, 117
autocomplete, 11
AutoComplete, 11, 12, 14
AutoCorrect, 274, 276
automatically, 1, 13, 14, 24, 26, 27, 30, 35, 36, 38, 106, 107, 229, 233, 254, 257, 274, 275, 276
AVERAGE, 2, 7, 113, 114, 159, 160, 165, 167, 191, 192, 193, 199, 200, 246, 251, 252
average customer, 165, 166
B
benchmark, 43, 44, 45
beneficial, 61, 70, 72, 85, 107, 140, 247, 249, 268
binary search, 143, 144
blank rows, 152
bottom and upper bounds, 126
boundary, 87
box, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 25, 33, 34, 37, 59, 60, 77, 79, 81, 85, 87, 93, 116, 140, 146, 147, 188,
210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 231, 233, 253, 255, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269,
270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276
brackets, 5, 23, 207, 222, 224, 225, 231, 233
Budget, 23, 24, 275
built-in worksheet, 7
business network, 24
button, 14, 16, 24, 87, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 233, 234, 253, 263, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272,
273, 274, 275, 276
C
Calculating, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 79, 89, 90, 91, 96, 99, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159,
160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 199
calculating the payment, 171
calculation, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 19, 20, 26, 31, 38, 43, 45, 48, 52, 55, 57, 63, 67, 95, 99, 100, 101, 109, 136,
145, 146, 150, 155, 158, 159, 162, 172, 175, 196, 197, 202, 203, 206, 207, 210, 231, 233, 240, 246,
249, 251, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, 267, 270
calculations, 18, 25, 31, 32, 37, 41, 64, 92, 113, 117, 123, 136, 137, 158, 171, 221, 246, 248
capabilities, 10, 59, 60, 85, 134, 190, 220, 235
capitalized, 71, 275
capitalizes, 62, 70
cash inflows, 171, 184, 185, 186
cell, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77,
79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 99, 101, 105, 106, 107, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122, 126,
127, 129, 130, 131, 136, 138, 139, 140, 145, 147, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 162, 169, 175, 178,
181, 192, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,
222, 223, 224, 228, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 248, 249, 252, 253, 254,
255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 277
Cell Address, 22, 23
century dates, 87
character, 13, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 124, 130, 131, 252, 254, 276
characters, 7, 12, 18, 28, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 119, 124, 129, 130, 229, 241,
242, 250, 253, 254
chart labels, 73
CHOOSE function, 103, 104
chronological, 188
circumstances, 6, 25, 30, 61, 96, 109, 200, 209, 211, 223, 247, 249, 259, 262, 269
CLEAN feature instead, 74
clients, 50, 163, 164, 165, 207, 212
Clipboard, 8, 38, 39, 40, 60
CODE, 131
coded, 17, 54, 63, 117, 150, 209
codes, 57, 58, 65, 67, 73, 90, 130, 251, 259
column letter, 19
columns in the range, 139
combination, 145, 149, 177, 209, 235, 276
command, 12, 14, 264, 265, 268
commencement, 128
commensurate, 187
commission, 8, 161, 162
commodities, 159
common technique, 206
company, 44, 74, 92, 104, 156, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 185
comparable, 128, 145, 146, 180
comparing, 42, 167, 212, 218
comparison operation, 50, 114
compatibility, 79, 256
compatible, 86
compensate, 104
compensation, 141, 166
competitors, 197
complete spectrum, 210
complicated, 42, 45, 61, 127, 137, 167, 240, 248
component, 45, 51, 54, 84, 94, 97, 98, 107, 108, 118, 165, 172, 173, 179, 202, 204, 270
components, 28, 94, 191, 229, 244, 271
compounding period, 168
comprehend, 27, 32, 50, 171
computation, 1, 3, 6, 37, 41, 49, 50, 80, 123, 144, 146, 159, 162, 180, 182, 185, 192, 269
computations, 3, 4, 6, 7, 21, 51, 78, 80, 90, 99, 109, 122, 127, 157, 167, 195, 202, 223, 225, 235, 245
computerized ledger, 154
concatenate, 61
Concatenate, 124
concatenating, 126
concatenation, 129
conclusion, 64, 104, 178, 184, 186
condition, 50, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 131
conditional analysis, 113, 114, 115
conjunction, 222
consequence, 21, 57, 120, 191, 203, 255, 257, 261, 267
consequently, 97
considerably, 5, 27
Consolidated, 276
constant, 33, 34, 160, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 247, 277
constraints, 74, 126
construct, 31, 34, 88, 92, 96, 102, 188, 242
contents, 8, 17, 18, 33, 80, 81, 234, 252, 258, 271, 272, 274
contrast, 120
Control Panel, 10, 81, 87
convention, 176, 177, 179, 180
conventional formulae, 212, 213, 215
conversions, 57
convert, 8, 18, 57, 62, 86, 98, 105, 111, 160, 169, 236
corporate, 41
corporation, 159, 162
corresponds, 83, 84, 116, 196, 246
COUNT, 55
COUNTA, 55, 56, 150, 152, 153, 253
COUNTBLANK, 55, 56
COUNTIF, 128, 129, 213, 215, 244
counting values in a range, 128
Counting weekends, 91
criteria, 52, 113, 118, 120, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 150, 209, 244, 257, 272
criteria is satisfied, 113
criteria pairs, 127
criterion, 115, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 247
criterion pair, 126, 127
cryptic serial, 80
cumulative, 111
currency format, 77
current, 9, 19, 22, 31, 43, 44, 47, 79, 88, 89, 102, 105, 108, 112, 123, 144, 181, 182, 187, 188, 192,
194, 266, 270, 274
current worksheet, 22, 31, 79
customary, 52
customer churn, 163
Customer lifetime, 165
Customizable, 12
Customize Format dialog, 87
D
dashboards, 92, 99
dashed line, 13
data, 1, 13, 18, 24, 27, 28, 31, 41, 59, 60, 64, 72, 74, 78, 80, 82, 86, 109, 113, 116, 117, 121, 124, 125,
127, 132, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 152, 173, 176, 184, 186, 188, 190,
191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216,
218, 219, 220, 223, 244, 246, 249, 254, 255, 256, 259, 270, 276
database, 25, 27, 74, 130, 136, 146, 247
date and time sections, 84
Date category, 85
date-based tools, 86
DATEDIF, 89, 90, 96, 97
DayNames, 231, 232
debate, 62
decimals, 54, 77, 82
deduct, 63, 98, 180
default date format, 80, 81
delete, 18, 245
deletion, 27
delimiter, 61, 62
Demand column, 194
demarcation, 201, 202, 205
demonstrate, 19, 53
demonstrated, 145, 207
demonstrates, 158, 188
denominator, 49, 83, 159
denoting, 98
departments, 90, 120, 150, 154
dependency, 31
dependent, 31, 265, 266, 267
depreciation, 156, 158, 176, 177, 178, 179
designated, 24, 82, 96, 116, 136
designations, 162
develop a formula, 8, 79
develop strong, 78
deviation, 41, 43
dialog, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 33, 34, 37, 60, 77, 79, 81, 85, 87, 188, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215,
216, 217, 218, 219, 231, 233, 253, 255, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275,
276
dimensional vertical, 228
dimensions, 59, 220, 244, 277
discount, 47, 48, 118, 120, 121, 180, 181, 182
displayed, 14, 81, 85, 185, 255, 258, 259
distinction, 128, 146
distinguishes, 136
distribution, 45, 46, 207
division, 5, 43, 44, 48, 50
document, 1, 77
DOLLAR function, 77
dollar signs, 19, 21, 130, 155
double counting numbers, 127
drawback, 125
drawbacks, 86, 223, 235
dynamically, 69, 100
E
editing, 12, 31, 65, 233, 235
effective, 168, 169, 170
elapsed, 91, 109
elements, 1, 4, 45, 191, 220, 225, 229, 230, 246, 269
eliminate all spaces, 64
eliminates seasonal, 167
employ iteration, 258
employee's, 136
employs, 4, 5, 13, 23, 35, 116, 143, 160, 194, 241, 250, 258
encapsulate, 76
encircles, 129
encounters, 68
enumerated, 12
EOMONTH function, 102, 105
equal sign, 1, 2, 10, 12, 18, 26, 39, 123, 231
equivalent, 48, 83, 126, 153
erroneous, 30, 267
essential, 4, 41, 65, 106, 126, 245
establishes, 176
estimating, 44
evaluated, 4, 5, 63, 65, 66, 113, 118, 144, 178, 185, 243
examinations, 55
Excel, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65,
67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96,
98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122, 125, 128, 130, 131, 134, 136, 137,
139, 140, 142, 146, 153, 154, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 187,188,
190, 192, 193, 196, 198, 199, 201, 203, 206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222,
223, 224, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 240, 241, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254,
255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276,
277
Excel Options, 18, 79, 268, 269, 274
Excel treats, 81
excellent, 4, 54, 194, 212, 214
excellent practice, 4
exclude, 127
expenditures, 154, 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163
Expenses, 36, 161
expensive assets, 159
explanation, 11, 15, 197
exponent, 129
exponential notation, 153
exponential prediction, 195
expressions, 4, 5, 9, 177, 269
extract particular, 65
extracting text, 67
extraneous, 50
F
familiar, 1, 235, 255
fascinating, 88, 220
FIN, 118, 119, 120
finance, 90, 154
FIND function, 67, 68, 69
Flash, 8
fluctuates, 100, 160
Forecasting, 188
format the formula, 85
formats available, 79
formatted dates, 94
formatting, 75, 76, 77, 84, 85, 87, 89, 173, 174, 176, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218,
219, 234, 271, 272, 273
Formula Auditing, 255, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269
Formula bar, 2, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 26, 38, 81, 103, 222, 233
formulas, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 18, 25, 30, 32, 34, 39, 51, 161, 223, 235, 236, 245, 260, 264, 277
Formulas tab, 14, 60, 146, 268, 269
formula's value, 4
formulations, 48
fractional, 82
frequent, 90, 136, 155, 235, 259, 274, 275
frequent date, 90
Function parameters, 8
functionality, 12, 255, 274
functions, 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 38, 51, 52, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 88, 94, 95, 96,
102, 107, 108, 113, 115, 117, 118, 121, 123, 134, 136, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 158, 169,
171, 176, 182, 184, 187, 188, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 207, 227, 236, 238, 241, 247, 258, 259,
261, 274, 277
fundamental concept, 225
fundamental issue, 87
G
generated, 134, 167, 188, 234, 236
Generating, 92, 240
genuine values, 60
glaring flaw, 86
golfer's game, 191, 194
graphically highlight, 215
gross domestic, 125, 128
gross domestic product (GDP)., 125
gross margin, 154, 155, 156, 162, 163, 165
Gross Margin, 154
gross pay, 137
guaranteeing, 42, 45, 74
guarantees, 47, 48, 68, 70
H
header, 26, 149
headers, 27, 150, 274
higher, 113, 114, 159, 185, 190, 200, 205, 208
Higher recent data, 194
highlighting, 209
historical, 86, 188
HLOOKUP, 134, 140, 142, 145, 146, 256
hyphens, 67, 118
hypothesis, 178
I
identification, 176, 268
Identifying precedents, 266
IFERROR function, 141, 142, 150, 256
illustration, 7, 8, 23
Imperial gallon, 56
implement, 16
importing, 64, 74
importing data, 74
inaccuracy, 248, 262
inaccurate, 20, 21, 143, 234, 249, 253, 261
inconsistent, 191
incorporate, 26
increment, 94, 110
incremented, 152
independent, 191
INDEX, 16, 138, 139, 145, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 196, 199, 232
index number, 104
indications, 18, 60
INDIRECT, 116, 146, 147, 148, 241
INDIRECT function, 116, 146, 148, 241
information is retrieved, 146
input, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 28, 30, 42, 44, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 67, 68, 72, 77, 78, 80,
81, 84, 86, 87, 92, 93, 96, 104, 115, 116, 123, 131, 136, 139, 142, 143, 162, 171, 172, 181, 193, 207,
210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 228, 229, 230, 232, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 249,
250, 251, 254, 276, 277
insert, 10, 13, 14, 29, 58, 228, 230, 232, 238, 240, 248, 250
inserted, 1, 5, 16, 26, 42, 62, 88, 117, 172, 186, 222, 232, 237, 241
inserting, 14
inside the cell, 17
installing, 176
installments, 169
instructing, 49, 94
insufficient, 134, 166, 252
insurance, 137
integer, 44, 49, 51, 54, 63, 77, 95, 102, 171, 198, 201, 202
integers, 46, 68, 193, 207, 236, 240, 241, 261
interact, 18, 24
intermediate, 159, 180, 245, 262
internal rate, 185, 186
interoperability, 86
interpreted, 87
interprets, 87, 261
interquartile, 204, 205
intersection, 35, 149, 257
intriguing, 116
introduced later,, 86
invalid, 230, 259
inventory, 118, 120, 158, 159
inventory items, 118
investigations, 88
investment, 159, 180, 184, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191
irregular periods, 187
ISERROR, 142, 256
J
justification, 186
K
keyboard, 88, 130, 235, 253
keywords, 15
knowledge, 78
L
launcher, 85, 255
LEFT function, 63, 65, 67, 75
legitimate, 86
leveraged, 204, 205
Library group, 14, 60
locale settings, 80
location, 19, 34, 67, 91, 148, 176, 196, 202, 271
logical, 3, 4, 31, 119, 120, 227, 235, 249, 262
lookup, 64, 134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 153, 175, 196, 202, 247
lower, 62, 113, 114, 126, 127, 145, 159, 188, 191, 198, 200, 203, 205, 208, 260, 261
LOWER function, 62, 64
lowercase, 62, 64, 124, 131, 250
lowest to highest, 143, 144, 146, 202
M
machine, 24
majority, 18, 28, 237
manager, 7, 151
mandatory, 91, 92, 104, 170
manipulation, 59, 61
manner, 34, 82, 103, 143, 265
manual editing, 7
manually, 10, 12, 15, 21, 27, 74, 233, 239, 277
MATCH function, 138, 139, 150, 196, 202
Mathematical, 1
matrices, 149
matrix, 58, 149
MAX function, 7
maximum average, 195
meaningful, 32
measurement, 43, 57
measurements, 56, 246
MEDIAN function, 200
memorize, 4
merchandise, 8
methods, 9, 12, 14, 51, 60, 62, 88, 89, 92, 106, 121, 122, 128, 136, 137, 142, 149, 151, 156, 196, 233
Microsoft, 86, 129, 132, 273, 277
MID function, 66, 67, 68, 69
middle value, 145
midpoint, 144
misaligned, 6, 249, 250, 251
mismatch, 171
Mississippi, 71
modification, 6, 236
modify, 24, 28, 36, 59, 87, 209, 233, 234, 236, 259
modifying, 1, 235, 249
moment, 130
mouse, 13, 18, 38, 210, 264, 270
multiplication, 1, 4, 5, 48, 260
multiplied, 4, 5, 8, 20, 22, 48, 54, 150, 171, 172, 173, 177, 191, 195, 226, 238
multiplying and summing, 190
N
navigation, 11, 18, 270
necessitating, 187
negative, 26, 44, 45, 51, 53, 54, 80, 99, 100, 102, 109, 122, 153, 171, 182, 184, 186, 193, 252, 258, 261
negative time, 80, 252
nestled, 5
NETWORKDAYS function, 91
No information" or zero, 141
nominal rate period, 168
nonbreaking, 65
normal magazine, 164
notion of padding, 74
nper, 181, 184
Num parameter, 69
numerator, 83, 159
numeric column, 24
O
occasionally, 60, 72
occurrences, 106
odd number, 126, 129
One benefit of adopting, 80
Only CHAR, 65
operating margin, 162
operational, 41
operationally, 104
operations, 1, 41, 43, 44, 48, 61, 67, 88, 91, 236, 237, 260
operators, 1, 3, 5, 6, 35, 123
organizations, 163
organization's employment, 166
outdated systems, 64
output, 4, 220
P
parameters, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 50, 57, 61, 68, 77, 89, 93, 104, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 140,
170, 179, 181, 188, 191, 193, 196, 249, 251
parentheses, 4, 5, 6, 9, 43, 250, 251, 262
parenthetical, 151
payment, 137, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185
paystub, 136, 137
percentage, 41, 47, 48, 99, 100, 137, 144, 154, 155, 160, 161, 162, 168, 169, 174, 195, 202, 207
Phantom, 263
planned revenue, 44
plethora, 88
plus or minus, 188
portfolio, 190, 191
positive, 45, 99, 100, 122, 153, 167, 171, 182, 184, 186, 193, 261
postal codes, 65
potentially, 24, 166
precedence, 4, 5, 260, 261
predetermined, 41, 68, 74, 174
predicted, 163, 187, 188, 261
prediction, 188, 195
preference, 10
prevalent, 166, 167, 171
principle, 169, 172
printing, 64, 73
procedures, 71, 72, 165, 175, 248
processed, 116
Processing Corporation, 276
Product, 47
progressed, 41
projecting future, 188
prominent profitability, 159
proper extraction, 67
PROPER function, 62, 70, 71
proportion, 155, 160, 190
Q
quantities, 59
quarter, 102, 103, 104, 110, 176
QUARTILE, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206
quotation, 22, 23, 227, 257
quotations, 123
R
RANK, 198, 199
recalculation, 31, 235, 259, 261
recognized date, 84
recognizes, 59, 86
recommendations, 37, 274
recommended, 30, 252
recorded, 20, 88, 111, 162, 174, 176, 181
rectangular range, 134, 149, 220
reference, 9, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 42, 45, 47, 58, 62, 76, 97, 117, 127, 130, 148,
155, 175, 193, 197, 201, 210, 247, 249, 257, 258, 260, 266, 268
references, 9, 10, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 46, 55, 58, 94,
148, 158, 178, 212, 213, 215, 236, 240, 241, 249, 257, 259, 260, 268, 277
reflect, 18, 72, 92, 109, 233
relative, 18, 19, 21, 24, 34, 129, 197
relevant, 131, 139
reliable results, 4
reliant, 115
replace, 7, 33, 36, 37, 65, 70, 256, 270, 271, 272
replacement, 102, 272
replicate, 19, 86, 93, 197, 221
represented, 27, 73, 171, 191, 220
requirements, 45, 120, 127, 128, 131, 133
resulting in net profit, 156
retirement, 137
retrieve, 64, 67, 70, 81, 98, 102, 123, 150, 151, 199, 232
retrieved, 63, 65, 66, 70, 137, 146
retrieves, 108, 130, 136, 145
Return on assets (ROA, 159
revenue, 44, 45, 92, 154, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164
revenue per business, 92
reverting, 71
ROUNDDOWN, 51, 110, 111
ROUNDUP, 51, 52, 103, 110
routines employ, 144
row and column,, 19
ROW function, 151, 197
S
sales tax, 20, 32, 37
SalesTax, 33
schedule, 169, 172, 174, 175, 177, 184
selecting, 13, 16, 17, 18, 31, 85, 92, 134, 149, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 222, 272, 273
separator character, 10, 227, 229
sequence, 43, 48, 71, 81, 182, 185, 200, 260, 269
Shift and F3, 14
Shift+Home, 38
Short Date., 81
shows an error warning, 6
sign, 18, 26, 54, 114, 123, 124, 164, 231, 261, 276
significance, 52
significantly, 6, 144, 244
simplicity, implying, 177
simplifies, 7, 89
simultaneously, 129
skiing timings, 132
SMALL function, 198, 243
smoothing, 194, 195
sophisticated, 1, 48, 137, 178, 188
specialized, 10
specific cells, 18
specifies, 28, 62, 93, 118, 171
spreadsheet, 1, 7, 8, 31, 92, 138, 167, 176, 177, 193, 220, 221, 268, 269, 273, 277
standard, 12, 74, 80, 98, 105, 134, 222, 232
statement, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159
statistic, 45, 165
statistics, 167, 188, 190, 195
status bar, 13, 30, 264, 268
straightforward, 41, 152, 167, 177, 181, 249
strategies, 32, 65, 134
string, 10, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 75, 80, 84, 86, 89, 96, 98, 115, 123, 129, 141, 205,
231, 241, 250, 254, 256, 259
stripped, 74
structure, 12, 132, 150, 196
subscribers, 164
subscriptions, 164
subsequent, 42, 44, 67, 86, 195
substantial, 184
SUBSTITUTE, 65, 70, 71, 72
subtleties, 150
SUBTOTAL, 12
subtracted, 4, 155, 159, 261
summing values, 128
SUMPRODUCT, 150, 151, 190, 191, 224, 226
superfluous, 74
superior, 37
supported, 3, 65, 79, 81, 139, 220
swapped. MATCH, 145
symbol, 2, 13, 27, 60, 71, 260, 277
symmetrical, 203
syntax, 22, 77, 123, 249, 251
T
TAN function, 6
technically, 4
techniques, 16, 61, 106, 107
terminated, 164
TEXT function, 76, 89, 105
text string to arrive, 63
text strings, 9, 61, 64, 70, 87, 228
TEXTJOIN, 61, 62
the range, 7, 8, 17, 24, 37, 55, 56, 60, 94, 126, 128, 138, 139, 153, 184, 188, 196, 199, 201, 202, 207,
223, 236, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 253, 270, 274
TIME function, 111, 112
timestamp, 88, 97
timetable, 78, 176
TODAY, 88, 89, 90, 102, 123, 219
traced, 85
Tracing error values, 267
track of information, 78
transactions, 206
transfer, 19, 21
transferred, 20, 198, 202
transformation, 59
translate, 39, 148
TRANSPOSE function, 232, 239, 240
triangle, 17, 60, 268
tricky, 78
TRIM function, 64, 65, 74, 254
TRUE or FALSE, 50, 113, 114, 119, 120, 142, 148, 227
typically, 12, 50, 92, 107, 114, 199, 215, 245
U
unappealing, 7
unattractive, 140
underneath, 113
undetermined, 9
undiscounted, 121
Unicode, 65
unique, 22, 57, 118, 176, 232
unpleasant, 70
unpredictable, 191
Unsorted values, 144
unsuitable and irritating, 85
UPPER function, 62, 63
upper-left, 17, 60, 268
utilize, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 23, 35, 36, 38, 54, 55, 65, 67, 79, 81, 86, 89, 101, 106, 107, 109, 111,
123, 127, 131, 139, 146, 150, 159, 175, 178, 184, 185, 193, 197, 199, 205, 209, 212, 213, 215, 227,
231, 234, 238, 257, 265, 269, 270, 272
utilizing a function, 7
V
validation, 116, 117, 136, 147
value, 5, 8, 9, 16, 18, 22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57, 62, 65, 66, 67,
72, 75, 76, 77, 80, 84, 95, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127,
130, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 165, 170,
171, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,
200, 201, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 233, 238, 239, 243, 246, 247,
248, 252, 255, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 267, 269
variance, 43, 44, 45
version of Windows, 81
VLOOKUP, 117, 134, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 157, 158, 175, 247, 256
W
WEEKDAY, 94, 95, 96, 106, 107, 216
weighted average, 190, 191
Whether function, 109
wildcard, 124, 129
Windows defaults, 79
workbook, 22, 23, 24, 31, 148, 263, 265
Y
YEARFRAC, 100