Ipuc Midterm PDF
Ipuc Midterm PDF
Ipuc Midterm PDF
d)
e)
15. What is Hydrogen bonding? Give one example for inter and intra
molecular H-bonding
Ans: “Attractive force between hydrogen atom covalently bonded to electronegative
atom and another electronegative atom in a same molecule or another
molecule”
1. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding: Eg: H2O, NH3, HF etc
2. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding: Eg: o-nitrophenol, o-salicylic acid
16. Write differences between a) Orbit and Orbital b) Sigma and pi bonds
SIGMA BOND PI BOND
Formed by head overlapping of atomic Formed by sideways overlapping of
orbitals atomic orbitals
Stronger bond (EXTENT OF Weaker bond (EXTENT OF
OVERLAPPING IS MORE) OVERLAPPING IS LESS SO WEAKER)
Free rotation is possible Free rotation is not possible
Formed from s-s, s-p, p-p overlap Formed from p-p overlap
ORBIT ORBITAL
One dimensional Three dimensional
Has maximum of 2n2 electrons Has maximum 2electrons in each
orbital
Circular in shape Spherical, Dumb bell, Double dumb
bell shape
17. Calculate total nodes, nodal plane, angular nodes and radial nodes of a)
3p b) 5f orbital
Ans:
Subshell n l Total nodes Radial Nodal
(n) nodes (n-l- planes or
1) angular
nodes (l)
3p 3 1 3 3-1-1 1
5f 5 3 5 5-3-1 3
21. State
Aufbau principle Pauli’s exclusion Hund’s rule of multiplicity
principle
In the ground state No two electrons in Among the orbitals of same energy and
of an atom, an atom can have subshell, pairing of electrons do not
electrons are filled same set of values takes place until each orbital singly
in orbitals in the for all four occupied by electron with parallel
increasing order of quantum number spins.
energies Eg:
22. State
a) Heisenberg’s Uncertainity principle: It is impossible to determine exact
position and momentum of sub atomic particle like electron simultaneously
and accurately
h
Δx Δp
4π
Δx=Uncertainity in position
Δp=Uncertainity in momentum
b) Debroglie equation
h h
λ= or
mv p
h=Planck's constant
m= mass of particle
v= Velocity of particle
λ= Debroglie wavelength
24. Write the salient feature of molecular orbital theory (Any 3 pts only)
Ans: When atomic orbitals of similar energy and proper symmetry undergoes
linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) forming molecular orbitals
When atomic orbitals combine, they form two types of molecular orbitals.
a) Bonding molecular orbital (BMO)
b) Antibonding molecular orbital (ABMO)
Bonding Molecular orbital have lower energy and more stable and Anti
Bonding Molecular Orbitals have higher energy and less stable
If the molecule has unpaired electrons its called paramagnetic, if the
molecule has NO unpaired electrons its called diamagnetic
25. Define:
a) Dipole moment: It is product of magnitude of charges and distance
separating them. Unit is Debye.
b) Factors affecting ionic bond formation: Low ionisation enthalpy, High
electron gain enthalpy, High lattice energy.
c) Fajans rule: No bond is 100% covalent or 100% ionic. Every covalent bond
has small percentage of ionic character in it or vice verse.
Factors affecting fajans rule: Small size of cation, Large size of anion.
d) Write lewis structure of O3 and NO -2 , CO and calculate it formal charge
(Check from notes)
e) Hybridisation: Process of intermixing of atomic orbitals of different energy
and forming new hybrid orbitals of same energy.
sp BeCl2
sp2 BF3
sp 3 CH4
sp3d PCl5
sp3d2 SF6
sp d
3 3 IF7
27. Define
1
a) 1amu= mass of one atom of C-12isotope
12th
24
Value of 1amu is 1.66 10 g
b) Mole: amount of substance that contains as many particles as there are
atoms present in 12g of C-12 isotope
NA =6.022×1023 particles=Avagadro's no
c) Limiting reagent: Any reagent which gets completely consumed in a
reaction.
d) Isotopes: Atoms having same atomic no but different mass no. Eg: 1H1,
1H 2, 1H 3
Note: Isobars are atoms having same mass number but different atomic no.
Eg; 18 Ar 40 , 20 Ca 40
e) Photoelectric effect: The process of emission of electrons from surface of
metal which metal is exposed to light of suitable frequency. Cs shows
highest PEE.
f) Diagonal relationship: Two elements show similar properties which are
diagonally placed from each other of different group and period. Eg: Li and
Mg, Be and Al, B and Si
g) Among 4s and 3d which is filled first: 4s is filled first because (n+l)
value is 4s is 4 and (n+l) value of 3d is 5
h) Lattice energy: Energy released when gaseous cation and anion attract
each other to form one mole ionic solid.
i) Example for Single bond: H2 molecule
k) Example for double bond: O2 molecule
l) Example for Triple bond: N2 molecule
29. S and Cl has higher electron gain enthalpy than O and F, why?
Ans: Because of small size and electron electron repulsion in Oxygen and
Fluorine. Its EGE is less.
30. First Ionisation enthalpy of boron is less than that of beryllium. Give
reason.
Ans: Beryllium is completely filled stable configuration of 1s2 2s2 so it is difficult
to remove electrons from stable configuration.
35. Give an example for acidic, basic, neutral and amphoteric oxides
Ans:
Acidic oxide Basic oxide Amphoteric oxide Neutral oxide
Na2O, CaO SO2, CO2 ZnO, Al2O3 NO, N2O, CO
There are two series of elements. They are also called inner transition
elements
o Lanthanides are from Cerium(58) to Lutetium(71) (4f series)
o Actinides are from Thorium(90) to Lawrencium(103) (5f series)
39. Size of the cation is smaller than the parent atom. Give reason.
Ans: Cation is formed by loss of electrons. Due to which effective nuclear charge
increases. Atomic size decreases.
NOTE: As Positive charge increases, Size decreases
𝟏
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝛂
𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞
Eg: Fe>Fe+>Fe2+ (Any other similar question might be asked)
40. Size of the anion is larger than the parent atom. Give reason.
Ans: Anion is formed by addition of electrons. Due to which Effective nuclear
charge decreases. Electron-Electron repulsion increases. Atomic size
increases.
NOTE: As Negative charge increases, Size increases Eg; S<S-<S2-
Ans: F=
0
5
C +32
9 0
K= 0 C+273.15
44. State law of conservation of mass.
Ans: “MATTER can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction but
can only change from one form to another form”
Eg: C + O2 CO2
12g 32g 44g
49. Calculate average atomic mass of 37Cl =25% and 35Cl = 75%
m×a+n×b
Average atomic mass =
m+n
75.77 × 34.96 + 24.23 × 36.96
Average atomic mass = = 35.5amu
100
50. What is molar mass? Give example
Ans: “Mass of one mole of substance in grams is called Molar mass”
Molar mass of glucose = 180 g⁄m ole
Molar mass of water = 18 g⁄m ole
Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g⁄m ole
51. State Dobereiner law of triads and give example
Ans: He arranged the elements in group of three and called them as a triad.
“In a triad, the atomic weight of middle element is equal to average of atomic
weight of first and third element.”
Eg: Lithium(7), Sodium(23), Potassium(39) is a triad
53. State Mendeleev periodic law. Write the merits of Mendeleev periodic
law.
Ans: “Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of
their atomic weights”
MERITS:
He left empty spaces for new elements: Eka-Silicon: Germanium , Eka-
Boron: Scandium, Eka-Aluminium: Gallium
Beryllium atomic mass was 13.5 (Wrong). It was corrected as 9.
DEMERITS:
Position of Hydrogen: Hydrogen shows similar properties with Alkali metals
(G-1) and Halogens (G-17). So it cannot be placed with both the groups
Diagonal relationship was not explained.
Position of Lanthanides and Actinides was not justified.
55. Define a) Covalent radius b) Metallic radius c) Van der Waal’s radius.
Ans: a) Covalent radius: “It is one half the inter nuclear distance between two
atoms bonded by a single covalent bond”
• Eg: Covalent radius of Cl is 99pm
• b) Metallic radius: It is half the inter-nuclear distance separating the metal
cores in the metallic crystal is called metallic radius
• Eg: Metallic radius of Copper is 128pm
• c) Van der Waal’s radius: “It is half of the inter nuclei distance between of
two non-bonded atoms or two adjacent atoms of two nearest neighbouring
molecule.” is called Van der Waal’s radius
• Shown by noble gases.
• Van der waal’s radius >>> Metallic radius = Atomic radius >> Covalent
radius
ONE MARKERS
LEARN SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
DIVISION, MULTIPLICATION OF IT BY READING NOTES
LEARN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION FROM NOTES
Name the drugs used in Cis platin and Taxol
treatement of cancer
Name the drug used in helping Azidothymidine
aids patients
What is precision Precision refers to the closeness of
various measurements for the
same quantity.
What is accuracy Accuracy is the agreement of a
particular value to the true value
of the result.
In a binary solution mole fraction 0.932
of one component is 0.068, what
is mole fraction of other
component?
Highest Electronegative element Fluorine
Highest Electron gain enthalpy Chlorine
Which line in line spectrum falls Balmer series
in visible region
Highest e/m ratio is for Electron
No of Neutrons in 35Br 80 80-35
Total no of electrons in shell 2n2
Total no of orbital n2
Highest e/m value for a electron
subatomic particle
12. Calculate the frequency of red light from beacon having wavelength
680nm (3×108m/sec) (FEB-17)
λ = 680 × 10−9 m c = 3 × 108 m⁄s
c 3 × 108
ν= = = 0.0044 × 1017 Hz
λ 680 × 10−9
13. Calculate the energy of one mole of photons whose frequency 5×1010Hz
(1mole=6.022×1023,h=6.626×10-34Js) (FEB-16)
E = hv × 1mole
E = 6.626 × 10−34 × 5 × 1014 × 6.022 × 1023
J
E = 199.54 × 103
mole
14. What will be the wavelength of ball of mass 0.1kg moving with a
velocity 10m/s (h=6.626×10-34Js)
h 6.626×10-34
λ= = =6.626×10-34 m
mv 0.1×10
-34
15. Calculate mass of photon with wavelength 3.6A (h=6.626×10 Js )
h
λ=
mv
h 6.626×10-34
m= = =0.61×10-32 kg
λv 3.6×10-10 3×108
16. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron
in an atom within a distance of 0.1 Å. What is the uncertainty involved
in the measurement of its velocity? (h=6.626×10-34Js, melectron =9.1×10-31Kg)
Δp=mΔv Δx=0.1A=0.1×10-10 m
h
Δx. mΔv =
4π
h
Δv =
4π m Δx
6.626×10-34
Δv = =0.58×107 m/s
-31
4×3.14 9.1×10 Kg 0.1×10 -10
14 -1
17. Threshold frequency (v0) of a metal is 7×10 s . Calculate kinetic energy
15 -1
of electron if frequency of radiation is 1×10 s . ( h=6.626×10 Js)
-34
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
COUNTING OF SIGMA BONDS, PI BONDS AND FINDING HYBRIDISATION
LEARN FROM NOTES.
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE LEARN FROM NOTES.
1. Define a) Carbocation b) Carbanion c) Free radical d) Homolytic
fission d) Heterolytic fission e) Nucleophile f) Electrophile.
Ans: a) Carbocation: Carbon atom having positive charge formed from
+
heterolytic fission Eg: C H3
Stability of carbocation: Tertiary>> Secondary>> Primary>> CH3
Carbanion: Carbon atom having negative charge formed from heterolytic
fission Eg: C H3
Stability of carbanion: CH3>> Primary >> Secondary >> Tertiary
Free radical: Species with odd number of electrons formed from homolytic
•
fission. Eg: C H3
Stability of Free radical: Tertiary>> Secondary>> Primary>> CH3
Homolytic fission: Symmetrical cleavage of covalent bond forming free
radicals Cl2 Cl +Cl
Sunlight • •
Free radicals