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CHEMISTRY:

MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS: (FIRST 35Q ARE MOST IMPORTANT)


1. Compound contains 4.07% Hydrogen 24.27% Carbon and 71.65%
chlorine. Its molecular mass is 98.96 gm what are its empirical formula
and molecular formula?

Element % Atomic % Simple whole no


mass At mass ratios
Hydrogen 4.07 1 4.07/1=4.07 4.07/2.018=2
Carbon 24.27 12 24.27/12=2.022 2.022/2.018=1
Chlorine 71.65 35.5 71.65/35.5=2.018 2.018/2.018=1
Therefore Empirical formula = H2CCl = CH2Cl
Empirical formula mass = 1x12+2x1+1x35.5= 12+2+35.5 = 49.5
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
Molecular mass 98.96
Therefore n= = =2
Emperical formula mass 49.5
Therefore molecular formula = (CH2Cl)×2= C2H4Cl2

2. Compound contains 13.15% Hydrogen 52.14% Carbon and 34.73%


oxygen. Its molecular mass is 46.06amu what are its empirical formula
and molecular formula?
Element % Atomic % Simple whole
mass At mass no ratios
Hydrogen 13.15 1 13.15/1=13.15=13.15 13.15/2.17=6
Carbon 52.14 12 52.14/12=4.34=4.34 4.34/2.17=2
Oxygen 34.73 16 34.73/16=2.17=2.17 2.17/2.17=1
Therefore Empirical formula = C2H6O
Empirical formula weight = 2x12+6x1+1x16= 46
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
Molecular mass 46.06
n= = =1
Emperical formula mass 46
Therefore molecular formula = (C2H6O)×1= C2H6O

3. Compound contains 6.7% Hydrogen 39.9% Carbon and rest is oxygen.


Its molecular mass is 60amu what are its empirical formula and
molecular formula?
Element % Atomic % Simple whole
mass At mass no ratios
Hydrogen 6.7 1 6.7/1=6.7=6.7 6.7/3.32=2
Carbon 39.9 12 39.9/12=3.32=3.32 3.32/3.32=1
Oxygen 53.4 16 53.4/16=3.33=3.33 3.33/3.32=1
Therefore Empirical formula = C1H2O
Empirical formula weight = 1x12 + 2x1 + 1 x 16= 30
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
Molecular mass 60
n= = =1
Emperical formula mass 30
Therefore molecular formula = (C1H2O)×2 = C2H4O

4. Organic compound contain 57.14% of carbon, 6.16% Hydrogen,


9.52%Nitrogen 27.18% oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula (At no
of C=12, H=1, N=14, O=16)

Empirical formula = C14H18N2O5

5. Write any three postulates of Dalton atomic theory. (Any 4pts)


Ans: Matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms.
 Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed or subdivided in a chemical
reaction.
 Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combined in fixed
ratio.
 Chemical reactions involves reorganization of atoms.
Drawbacks of Dalton’s atomic theory
 It does not account for subatomic particles like protons, electrons, neutrons.
 It does not account for Isotopes and Isobars.
 This theory does not account for allotropes and Isomers.

6. Write any three postulates of Bohr’s Atomic model. (Any 4pts)


Ans: An atom consists of positively charged nucleus at center and in which most
of the mass of atom is concentrated.
 Electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular paths called orbits (or)
stationary states.
 As long as electron revolves around in a particular orbit, it does not emit
energy or absorb energy
 When an electron jumps from lower energy level to higher energy level,
energy is absorbed. If an electron jumps from higher energy level to lower
energy level, energy is emitted.
h
 Angular momentum of an electron is equal to integral multiples of

nh
mvr=

7. What are Quantum number? Write the significance of quantum
numbers?
Ans: “Quantum numbers are the set of numbers which tell about the address of
electron.”
 There are four types of quantum numbers:
1. Principal Quantum number (n)
2. Azimuthal Quantum number (or) Subsidiary Quantum number (l)
3. Magnetic Quantum number (m)
4. Spin Quantum number (s)

PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER: (n)


 It indicates shell or energy to which electron belongs to.
 It indicates about Size of orbital, Energy level of an electron and velocity of
electron.
n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4
K shell L shell M shell N shell

AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER (l):


 It indicates three dimensional shape of an orbital to which electron
belongs to.
 It indicates subshell to which electron belongs to
AZIMUTHAL Q.N VALUE SHAPE
S 0 Spherical
P 1 Dumb bell
D 2 Double dumb bell
F 3 Complex

MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER: (m)


 It indicates the spatial orientation of the orbital with respect to axis in
magnetic field. It indicates number of orbitals.

SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER: (s):


 It indicates spin of electron
 Electron can have two types of spins: + ½ and – ½

8. Write any three postulates of Rutherford model of atom (Nuclear model)


Ans: 1. Positive charge and most of the mass of the atom was concentrated in
extremely small region called nucleus.
2. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons that move around the nucleus
with very high speed in circular paths called orbits.
3. Electrons and nucleus are held together by electrostatic force of attraction

9. Write any three postulates of VSEPR theory


Ans: Shape of the molecule depends on the number of valence shell electron pairs
present around the central atom and their repulsions
 Pairs of electrons in the valence shell repel each other since their electron
clouds are negatively charged.
 The relative order of repulsions between electron pairs is: lp-lp>lp-bp>bp-bp
 These electron pairs occupy such space which minimise repulsion and
maximise distance b/w them.

10. Using VSEPR theory explain shape of Ammonia and Water


NH3 (Ammonia) H2O (Water)
Lone pair: 1 Lone pair: 2
Bond pair: 3 Bond pair: 2
AB3L1 AB2L2
Trigonal Pyramidal shape Bent shape
Bond angle: 1070 Bond angle: 104.50
Bond angle decreases from 109028| Bond angle decreases from 109028|
to 1070 because of repulsion between to 104.50 because of repulsion
lp-bp between lp-lp

11. Explain sp3 hybridisation using CH4 as an example

12. Explain sp2 hybridisation using BCl3 as an example


13. Explain sp hybridisation using BeCl2 as an example

14. Using mot, explain electronic configuration of a) H2 b) He2 c) Li2 d)


C2 e) O2 molecule, write its bond order and magnetic property
(CONFIRM FOR EXAM)
a) H 2 =H(1e- )+H(1e- )=2e-
Electronic configuration: σ1s 2
Magnetic property:Diamagnetic (No unpaired electrons)
N b -N a 2-0
Bond order= = =1
2 2

b)He 2 =He(2e- )+He(2e- )=4e-


Electronic configuration: σ1s 2 σ*1s 2
N b -N a 2-2
Bond order= = =0 (He 2 does not exist)
2 2
Magnetic property:Diamagnetic
c)

d)

e)

15. What is Hydrogen bonding? Give one example for inter and intra
molecular H-bonding
Ans: “Attractive force between hydrogen atom covalently bonded to electronegative
atom and another electronegative atom in a same molecule or another
molecule”
1. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding: Eg: H2O, NH3, HF etc
2. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding: Eg: o-nitrophenol, o-salicylic acid

16. Write differences between a) Orbit and Orbital b) Sigma and pi bonds
SIGMA BOND PI BOND
Formed by head overlapping of atomic Formed by sideways overlapping of
orbitals atomic orbitals
Stronger bond (EXTENT OF Weaker bond (EXTENT OF
OVERLAPPING IS MORE) OVERLAPPING IS LESS SO WEAKER)
Free rotation is possible Free rotation is not possible
Formed from s-s, s-p, p-p overlap Formed from p-p overlap

ORBIT ORBITAL
One dimensional Three dimensional
Has maximum of 2n2 electrons Has maximum 2electrons in each
orbital
Circular in shape Spherical, Dumb bell, Double dumb
bell shape

17. Calculate total nodes, nodal plane, angular nodes and radial nodes of a)
3p b) 5f orbital
Ans:
Subshell n l Total nodes Radial Nodal
(n) nodes (n-l- planes or
1) angular
nodes (l)
3p 3 1 3 3-1-1 1
5f 5 3 5 5-3-1 3

18. Define atomic radius, Ionisation enthalpy, Electron gain enthalpy,


Electronegativity. How does vary in periodic table
Ans: Atomic radius: “Distance between centre of nucleus and outermost
shell of electron in an atom is atomic radius.”
VARIATION:
 Along the period, Atomic size or radius decreases. Because effective nuclear
charge increases.
 Down the group, Atomic size or radius increases. Because number of shells
increases.
2. Ionisation energy: “The amount of energy required to remove an
electron from an isolated gaseous atom from its ground state is IE”
DOWN THE GROUP: Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group because
atomic size increases down the group.
ALONG THE PERIOD: Ionisation enthalpy increases down the group
because atomic size decreases.
3. Electron gain enthalpy: The amount of energy released when an
electron is added to outermost shell of isolated gaseous atom to form a
negative ion is called EGE
DOWN THE GROUP: Electron gain enthalpy decreases down the group.
Because atomic size of atom increases.
ALONG THE PERIOD: Electron gain enthalpy increases along the period
because atomic size decreases.
4. Electronegativity: Ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract
shared pair of electrons towards itself is Electronegativity.
DOWN THE GROUP: Electronegativity decreases down the group because
size of an atom increases.
ALONG THE PERIOD: Electronegativity increases across the period because
size of an atom decreases.

19. Define isoelectronic species or ions? Give example.


Ans: Species or ions having same number of electrons but different number of
protons. Eg: N3-, O2-, F-, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ (+ve charge increases, size decreases
3- 2- - +1 2+ 3+
Size order: N >O >F >Ne>Na >Mg >Al

20. State Modern periodic law


Ans: “Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of
their atomic numbers”

21. State
Aufbau principle Pauli’s exclusion Hund’s rule of multiplicity
principle
In the ground state No two electrons in Among the orbitals of same energy and
of an atom, an atom can have subshell, pairing of electrons do not
electrons are filled same set of values takes place until each orbital singly
in orbitals in the for all four occupied by electron with parallel
increasing order of quantum number spins.
energies Eg:

22. State
a) Heisenberg’s Uncertainity principle: It is impossible to determine exact
position and momentum of sub atomic particle like electron simultaneously
and accurately
h
Δx  Δp 

Δx=Uncertainity in position
Δp=Uncertainity in momentum
b) Debroglie equation
h h
λ= or
mv p
h=Planck's constant
m= mass of particle
v= Velocity of particle
λ= Debroglie wavelength

23. Define Molarity, Molality, Mole fraction and write units.


MOLARITY MOLALITY MOLE FRACTION
Number of moles of solute Number of moles of It is defined as
dissolved in one litre of the solute in 1kilogram of the ratio of
solution. the solvent. number of moles
No of moles of solute No of moles of solute of the particular
M= m= component
Volume of solution in litre Mass of solvent in kg to the total
Unit of molarity: mol/L Unit of molality: number of moles
Molarity depends on mol/Kg of all the
temperature. Molality independent components
1 of temperature
Molarity α (Molality never
Temperature changes with
temperature)
n Solute
Xsolute =
n Solute +n solvent
Unit: NO UNIT
It does not
depend on
temperature
 X1+X2=1

24. Write the salient feature of molecular orbital theory (Any 3 pts only)
Ans: When atomic orbitals of similar energy and proper symmetry undergoes
linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) forming molecular orbitals
 When atomic orbitals combine, they form two types of molecular orbitals.
a) Bonding molecular orbital (BMO)
b) Antibonding molecular orbital (ABMO)
 Bonding Molecular orbital have lower energy and more stable and Anti
Bonding Molecular Orbitals have higher energy and less stable
 If the molecule has unpaired electrons its called paramagnetic, if the
molecule has NO unpaired electrons its called diamagnetic

25. Define:
a) Dipole moment: It is product of magnitude of charges and distance
separating them. Unit is Debye.
b) Factors affecting ionic bond formation: Low ionisation enthalpy, High
electron gain enthalpy, High lattice energy.
c) Fajans rule: No bond is 100% covalent or 100% ionic. Every covalent bond
has small percentage of ionic character in it or vice verse.
Factors affecting fajans rule: Small size of cation, Large size of anion.
d) Write lewis structure of O3 and NO -2 , CO and calculate it formal charge
(Check from notes)
e) Hybridisation: Process of intermixing of atomic orbitals of different energy
and forming new hybrid orbitals of same energy.
sp BeCl2
sp2 BF3
sp 3 CH4
sp3d PCl5
sp3d2 SF6
sp d
3 3 IF7

f) Two limitation of octet rule:


a) LiCl, BeCl2, AlCl3 have less than 8electrons but still stable
b) PCl5, SF6 have more than 8electrons and still exists as stable molecule
c) NO, NO2 have odd no of electrons.
g) NF3 has less dipole moment than NH3 because NH3 all dipole moment are
in same direction and gets added. NF3 all dipole moment are in opposite
direction so they get subtracted.
h) Dipole moment of BeCl2, BF3, CH4, PCl5 and SF6 is zero because all
dipole moments cancel each other and net dipole moment is zero.
i) Polar molecule: Molecule which has electronegativity difference and has net
dipole moment. Eg: HCl
j) Non polar molecule: Molecule which has no electronegativity difference and
net dipole moment is zero. Eg: H2, Cl2, CO2

26. Write electronic configuration of Cr(24) and Cu(29)


Cr(24)=  Ar  3d5 4s1 (Half filled extrastability of d-orbital)
Ans:
Cu(29)=  Ar  3d10 4s1 (Full filled extrastability of d-orbital)

27. Define
1
a) 1amu= mass of one atom of C-12isotope
12th
24
Value of 1amu is 1.66 10 g
b) Mole: amount of substance that contains as many particles as there are
atoms present in 12g of C-12 isotope
NA =6.022×1023 particles=Avagadro's no
c) Limiting reagent: Any reagent which gets completely consumed in a
reaction.
d) Isotopes: Atoms having same atomic no but different mass no. Eg: 1H1,
1H 2, 1H 3
Note: Isobars are atoms having same mass number but different atomic no.
Eg; 18 Ar 40 , 20 Ca 40
e) Photoelectric effect: The process of emission of electrons from surface of
metal which metal is exposed to light of suitable frequency. Cs shows
highest PEE.
f) Diagonal relationship: Two elements show similar properties which are
diagonally placed from each other of different group and period. Eg: Li and
Mg, Be and Al, B and Si
g) Among 4s and 3d which is filled first: 4s is filled first because (n+l)
value is 4s is 4 and (n+l) value of 3d is 5
h) Lattice energy: Energy released when gaseous cation and anion attract
each other to form one mole ionic solid.
i) Example for Single bond: H2 molecule
k) Example for double bond: O2 molecule
l) Example for Triple bond: N2 molecule

28. Nitrogen has higher ionisation energy than oxygen, why?


Ans: Nitrogen is half filled extra stable so has higher IE than Oxygen.

29. S and Cl has higher electron gain enthalpy than O and F, why?
Ans: Because of small size and electron electron repulsion in Oxygen and
Fluorine. Its EGE is less.
30. First Ionisation enthalpy of boron is less than that of beryllium. Give
reason.
Ans: Beryllium is completely filled stable configuration of 1s2 2s2 so it is difficult
to remove electrons from stable configuration.

31. Noble gases have negative electron gain enthalpy why?


Ans: Because of stable ns2 np6 configuration.

32. Why second ionisation enthalpy is greater than first ionisation


enthalpy?
Ans: After removing one electron, effective nuclear charge increases, so remaining
electrons are tightly bounded to nucleus, so it is very difficult to remove 2nd
electron.

33. Draw the shapes of p and d-orbitals


Ans:

34. Name the fundamental quantities with units


Length Metre
Mass Kilogram
Time Second
Electric current Ampere
Temperature Kelvin
Amount of substance Mole
Luminous intensity Candela
Density Kg/m3

35. Give an example for acidic, basic, neutral and amphoteric oxides
Ans:
Acidic oxide Basic oxide Amphoteric oxide Neutral oxide
Na2O, CaO SO2, CO2 ZnO, Al2O3 NO, N2O, CO

36. Write electronic configuration of s, p, d, f block


1-2
Ans: s-block: [noble gas]ns
2 1-6
p-block: [noble gas]ns np
1-10
d-block: [noble gas](n-1)d ns1-2
1-14
f-block: [noble gas](n-2)f (n-1)d 0-1 ns 2

37. Write a note on s, p, d, f block elements


Ans: s-block elements: Elements from group 1 and 2 are called s-block elements.
 Last electron enters s-orbital so they are called s-block elements.
 They are generally called metals.
 Group 1 is called alkali metals and group 2 is called alkaline earth metals.
 These elements have electronic configuration [noble gas] ns1-2
Alkali metals: [Noble gas] ns1
Alkali earth metals: [Noble gas] ns2

 p-block elements: Elements from group 13 to 18 are called p-block


elements.
 Last electron enters p-orbital and so they are called p-block elements.
 They are generally called non-metals.
 These elements have electronic configuration
[noble gas] ns2 np1-6
 s-block and p-block elements together are called representative
elements (1MARKER)
 Helium has completely filled s-orbital (1s2) but as its properties are similar to
noble gases it is kept in G-18 instead of G-2

d-block elements or Transition elements: Elements from group 3 to 12 are


called d-block elements.
 Last electron enters d-orbital of penultimate shell so they are called d-block
elements.
 They are generally called transition metals because their properties are
intermediate between s- and p-elements
 The general configuration is d-block
[Noble gas] (n − 1)d1−10 ns1−2

 Zn, Cd, Hg are pseudo transition elements


 d-block elements are coloured, paramagnetic and show catalytic and
complex formation.

f-block elements or Inner transition elements: Last electron enters f-orbital


of antipenultimate shell so they are called f-block elements.
 The general configuration is
[𝐍𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬] (𝐧 − 𝟐)𝐟 𝟏−𝟏𝟒 (𝐧 − 𝟏)𝐝𝟎−𝟏 𝐧𝐬 𝟐

 There are two series of elements. They are also called inner transition
elements
o Lanthanides are from Cerium(58) to Lutetium(71) (4f series)
o Actinides are from Thorium(90) to Lawrencium(103) (5f series)

38. What is Ionic radius?


Ans: Distance from the centre of nucleus to outermost electron in an ion.
Radius: Cation < Parent atom < Anion

39. Size of the cation is smaller than the parent atom. Give reason.
Ans: Cation is formed by loss of electrons. Due to which effective nuclear charge
increases. Atomic size decreases.
NOTE: As Positive charge increases, Size decreases
𝟏
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝛂
𝐀𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞
Eg: Fe>Fe+>Fe2+ (Any other similar question might be asked)

40. Size of the anion is larger than the parent atom. Give reason.
Ans: Anion is formed by addition of electrons. Due to which Effective nuclear
charge decreases. Electron-Electron repulsion increases. Atomic size
increases.
NOTE: As Negative charge increases, Size increases Eg; S<S-<S2-

41. Write the classification of matter and explain


• Pure substances are made up of one type of particles in it and they cannot
be separated by physical and chemical methods
Eg: Copper, Gold, Water and Glucose.
• Elements are pure substances which is made up of one type of particles and
these particles are atoms. Eg: Cu, Gold, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen.
• Compounds are pure substances in which two or more elements combine
together in a fixed proportion or ratio which can be decomposed into simpler
substances. Eg: H2O, NH3, H2SO4, HCl etc..
• Homogenous mixture is a mixture of two or more components which has
uniform composition and there is no visible boundary separating them. Eg:
Sugar in water, Mixture of Air etc..
• Heterogenous mixture is a mixture of two or more components which do
not have uniform composition and there is visible boundary separating them
Eg: Salt and Sugar, Oil and Water.

42. What is Mass percent


Ans: “Mass of solute in grams dissolved in 100g of solution” is called mass
percentage
Mass of solute(g)
w/w%= ×100
Mass of solution(g)

43. Write formula to convert a) Degree Celsius to Degree Fahrenheit b)


Degree Celsius to Kelvin

Ans: F=
0

5
 C  +32
9 0
K= 0 C+273.15
44. State law of conservation of mass.
Ans: “MATTER can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction but
can only change from one form to another form”
Eg: C + O2  CO2
12g 32g 44g

45. State law of definite proportions.


Ans: “A given compound always contains same elements in definite proportions
by mass irrespective of their source”
Eg
Water: H2 O = (2 × 1: 16) = (2: 16) = 1: 8
Carbon dioxide: CO2 = (12: 16 × 2) = (12: 32) = 3: 8

46. State Law of Multiple proportions.


Ans: “If two elements combine to form more than one compound, the mass of one
element combines with fixed mass of other element, that are in simple whole
number ratios”
Eg:
H2 O: 2: 16 = 1: 8
H2 O2 : 2: 32 = 1: 16
Mass of Hydrogen is fixed
Mass of oxygen varies in simple whole ratio(8: 16)or(1: 2)

47. State Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes.


Ans: “When gases combine in a chemical reaction, they do so in simple ratio of
VOLUME at same temperature and pressure”
H 2 (g)+Cl2 (g)  2HCl(g)
Eg:
Volume ratio:1:1:2

48. State Avagadro’s law.


Ans: “Equal volumes of gases at same temperature and pressure contain equal
number of molecules”
𝐕𝛂 𝐧 (𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏)

49. Calculate average atomic mass of 37Cl =25% and 35Cl = 75%

m×a+n×b
Average atomic mass =
m+n
75.77 × 34.96 + 24.23 × 36.96
Average atomic mass = = 35.5amu
100
50. What is molar mass? Give example
Ans: “Mass of one mole of substance in grams is called Molar mass”
Molar mass of glucose = 180 g⁄m ole
Molar mass of water = 18 g⁄m ole
Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g⁄m ole
51. State Dobereiner law of triads and give example
Ans: He arranged the elements in group of three and called them as a triad.
“In a triad, the atomic weight of middle element is equal to average of atomic
weight of first and third element.”
Eg: Lithium(7), Sodium(23), Potassium(39) is a triad

52. State Newland law of octaves


Ans: All elements were arranged in increasing order of atomic weight.
“Every eighth element has property similar to the 1st element when arranged
in increasing order of their atomic weight”
Eg:
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
This law is only applicable till Calcium

53. State Mendeleev periodic law. Write the merits of Mendeleev periodic
law.
Ans: “Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of
their atomic weights”
MERITS:
 He left empty spaces for new elements: Eka-Silicon: Germanium , Eka-
Boron: Scandium, Eka-Aluminium: Gallium
 Beryllium atomic mass was 13.5 (Wrong). It was corrected as 9.

DEMERITS:
 Position of Hydrogen: Hydrogen shows similar properties with Alkali metals
(G-1) and Halogens (G-17). So it cannot be placed with both the groups
 Diagonal relationship was not explained.
 Position of Lanthanides and Actinides was not justified.

54. Write IUPAC name for a) 104 b) 107 c) 108 d) 103


Ans: a) Unnilquadium b) Unnilseptium
c) Unniloctium d) Unniltrium
Learn their official names also from notes

55. Define a) Covalent radius b) Metallic radius c) Van der Waal’s radius.
Ans: a) Covalent radius: “It is one half the inter nuclear distance between two
atoms bonded by a single covalent bond”
• Eg: Covalent radius of Cl is 99pm
• b) Metallic radius: It is half the inter-nuclear distance separating the metal
cores in the metallic crystal is called metallic radius
• Eg: Metallic radius of Copper is 128pm
• c) Van der Waal’s radius: “It is half of the inter nuclei distance between of
two non-bonded atoms or two adjacent atoms of two nearest neighbouring
molecule.” is called Van der Waal’s radius
• Shown by noble gases.
• Van der waal’s radius >>> Metallic radius = Atomic radius >> Covalent
radius

56. Why d-block elements are called transition elements.


Ans: Their properties are intermediate between s-block (metals) to p-block
elements (non-metals)

57. What are metalloids? Give an example.


Ans: Elements that show properties similar to both metals and non-metals.
Example: Silicon (Si), Germanium(Ge), Arsenic(As), Antimony(Sb)

58. What are Trans-Uranium elements? Give example.


Ans: The elements after Uranium (Z=92) are called Trans-uranium elements. Eg:
Np, Pu

ONE MARKERS
 LEARN SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
DIVISION, MULTIPLICATION OF IT BY READING NOTES
 LEARN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION FROM NOTES
Name the drugs used in Cis platin and Taxol
treatement of cancer
Name the drug used in helping Azidothymidine
aids patients
What is precision Precision refers to the closeness of
various measurements for the
same quantity.
What is accuracy Accuracy is the agreement of a
particular value to the true value
of the result.
In a binary solution mole fraction 0.932
of one component is 0.068, what
is mole fraction of other
component?
Highest Electronegative element Fluorine
Highest Electron gain enthalpy Chlorine
Which line in line spectrum falls Balmer series
in visible region
Highest e/m ratio is for Electron
No of Neutrons in 35Br 80 80-35
Total no of electrons in shell 2n2
Total no of orbital n2
Highest e/m value for a electron
subatomic particle

NUMERICALS: (12Marks for exam is numericals)


1. 50Kg of N2 reacts with 10Kg of H2 to produce NH3. Calculate limiting
reagent and amount of NH3 produced
Moles W 50Kg W 10Kg
n= = n= =
M 28 M 2
n=1.7K moles n=5K moles
SC 1 3 2
n/SC 1.7 5
 1.7 (ER)  1.66 (LR)
1 3
Final moles 1.77  1.66  ×1moles 0×3moles=0moles 2×1.66Kmoles
=3.32Kilomoles
=0.04Kmoles
Amount of NH3 is = Moles × Molar mass of NH3=3.32Kmole×17=56.44Kg

2. CaCO3 undergoes decomposition, what is the mass of CaO and CO2


formed when 10g of CaCO3 decomposes
CaCO3 
Heat
 CaO+CO2
{Molar mass of CaCO3=100g/mol, Molar mass of CaO=46g/mol, Molar mass
of CO2=44g/mol}
CaCO3 
Heat
 CaO+CO 2
10
n CaCO3 = =0.1mol
100
1mole CaCO3 gives1mol CaO and1mol CO 2
0.1mole CaCO3 gives 0.1mol CaO and 0.1mol CO 2
WCaO =0.1×46=4.6g
WCO2 =0.1×44=4.4g

3. Calculate molality of solution when density of 3M solution of NaCl is


1.25g/ml
M=3M d=1.25g/ml
1000M
m=
1000d-M×M solute
1000×3 3000 3000
m= = = =2.79m
1000×1.25-3×58.5 1250-175.5 1074.5

4. Calculate molarity when 4g of NaOH is dissolved in 500ml of solution


WSolute 1000 10 1000
M= × = × =0.5M
M Solute Vml 40 500

5. How many moles of methane is required to produce 22g of CO2 after


combusti
CH 4 +2O 2 
Combustion
 CO 2 +2H 2 O
Mass 22
moles of CO 2 = = =0.5mol
Molar mass 44
From the reaction we can see that 1mole CO2 is formed from 1moles of CH4
So 0.5moles of CO2 is formed from 0.5moles of CH4
So 0.5moles of Methane is needed
6. Calculate the amount of water produced in grams by combustion of 16g
of methane.
CH 4 +2O 2 
Combustion
 CO 2 +2H 2 O
Mass 16
moles of CH 4 = = =1mol
Molar mass 16
From the reaction we can see that 1mole CO2 gives 2moles of water
Mass Mass
Moles of H 2 O=  2= =36g
Molar mass 18

7. Calculate mole fraction of ethanol containing 20g of ethanol in 100g of


water (Molar mass of ethanol is 46g/mole and Water is 18g/mole)
nE
XE =
nE + nW
20 100
nE = = 0.43 nW = = 5.55
46 18
0.43
XE = = 0.07
0.43 + 5.55

7. Calculate molality of 2.5g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75g of


benzene (Molar mass of Acetic acid=60g/mole)
WSolute 1000
m= ×
MSolute WSolvent
2.5 1000 mol
m= × =0.55
60 75 Kg

8. Calculate the molarity of H2SO4 solution when 9.8g of H2SO4 is


dissolved in 500mL of solution (Molar mass of H2SO4 is 98g/mole)
WSolute 1000
Molarity = ×
MSolute VmL (Solution)
9.8 1000
Molarity = × = 0.2mol/L
98 500

9. Vividh bharati of all india radio station Dehli, broadcasts a frequency of


1368kHz. Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
emitted by transmitted. (5time)
𝛎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐇𝐳 𝐜 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦⁄𝐬
𝐜 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝛌= = = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝐦
𝛎 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
10. Calculate Wavelength and wave no when electron jumps from a) n=4 to
n=2
𝐧𝟏 = 𝟐 (𝐁𝐚𝐥𝐦𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬)
𝐧𝟐 = 𝟒 (𝐋𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐑 [ 𝟐 − 𝟐]
𝛌 𝐧𝟏 𝐧𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟒
= 𝐑 [ 𝟐 − 𝟐] = 𝐑 [ ]
𝛌 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟔
𝟏 𝟏𝟐
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 [ ] = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕
𝛌 𝟔𝟒
𝟏
𝛌= = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐦
𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕
11. Calculate Wavelength and wave no when electron jumps from first line
of balmer series
𝐧𝟏 = 𝟐 (𝐁𝐚𝐥𝐦𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬)
𝐧𝟐 = 𝟑 (First line)
− 𝟏 𝟏
𝐯 = 𝐑 [ 𝟐 − 𝟐]
𝐧𝟏 𝐧𝟐
− 𝟏 𝟏 𝟗−𝟒
𝐯 = 𝐑 [ 𝟐 − 𝟐] = 𝐑 [ ]
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒×𝟗
− 𝟓
𝐯 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 [ ] = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐦−𝟏
𝟑𝟔
They can ask you to calculate frequency also:
1 1
λ= = =6.62×10-7 m
Wave no 0.151×107
c
c=fλ  f=
λ
3×108
f= -7
=0.453×1015 Hz
6.62×10

12. Calculate the frequency of red light from beacon having wavelength
680nm (3×108m/sec) (FEB-17)
λ = 680 × 10−9 m c = 3 × 108 m⁄s
c 3 × 108
ν= = = 0.0044 × 1017 Hz
λ 680 × 10−9

13. Calculate the energy of one mole of photons whose frequency 5×1010Hz
(1mole=6.022×1023,h=6.626×10-34Js) (FEB-16)
E = hv × 1mole
E = 6.626 × 10−34 × 5 × 1014 × 6.022 × 1023
J
E = 199.54 × 103
mole

14. What will be the wavelength of ball of mass 0.1kg moving with a
velocity 10m/s (h=6.626×10-34Js)
h 6.626×10-34
λ= = =6.626×10-34 m
mv 0.1×10
-34
15. Calculate mass of photon with wavelength 3.6A (h=6.626×10 Js )
h
λ=
mv
h 6.626×10-34
m= = =0.61×10-32 kg

λv 3.6×10-10 3×108  
16. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron
in an atom within a distance of 0.1 Å. What is the uncertainty involved
in the measurement of its velocity? (h=6.626×10-34Js, melectron =9.1×10-31Kg)
Δp=mΔv Δx=0.1A=0.1×10-10 m
h
Δx.  mΔv  =

h
 Δv  =
4π  m  Δx 
6.626×10-34
 Δv  = =0.58×107 m/s
 -31
4×3.14 9.1×10 Kg 0.1×10  -10

14 -1
17. Threshold frequency (v0) of a metal is 7×10 s . Calculate kinetic energy
15 -1
of electron if frequency of radiation is 1×10 s . ( h=6.626×10 Js)
-34

sol: v=1×1015 Hz=10×1014 Hz, v0 =7×1015 Hz


KE=h(v-v0 )

KE=6.626×10-34 10×1014 -7×1015 
KE=1.988×10-19 J

18. A solution is prepared by adding 2g of substance A in 18g of water.


Calculate its mass percentage (FEB-19)
Mass of solute
w⁄w % = × 100
Mass of solution
2
w⁄w % = × 100 = 10%
2 + 18
19. Calculate the percentage composition of Carbon and Hydrogen in
Methane (CH4) (M-2021)
𝟏 × 𝟏𝟐
% 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓%
𝟏𝟔
𝟒×𝟏
% 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐇 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓%
𝟏𝟔

20. Calculate the percentage composition of Carbon and Hydrogen in


Ethanol (C2H5OH) (PU FINALS-2022)
𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐
% 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟒%
𝟒𝟔
𝟔×𝟏
% 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐇 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟑%
𝟒𝟔
21. If n=3 then what are possible values of l and m
If n=3 then,
l=0 m=0
l=1 m=-1, 0 , +1
l=2 m=-2, -1, 0, +1, +2
22. Write the s, p, d, f notations for the following
quantum numbers.
a) n=2 and l=1
b) n=4 and l=0
Ans: a) 2p b) 4s

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
 COUNTING OF SIGMA BONDS, PI BONDS AND FINDING HYBRIDISATION
LEARN FROM NOTES.
 IUPAC NOMENCLATURE LEARN FROM NOTES.
1. Define a) Carbocation b) Carbanion c) Free radical d) Homolytic
fission d) Heterolytic fission e) Nucleophile f) Electrophile.
Ans: a) Carbocation: Carbon atom having positive charge formed from
+
heterolytic fission Eg: C H3
Stability of carbocation: Tertiary>> Secondary>> Primary>> CH3
Carbanion: Carbon atom having negative charge formed from heterolytic

fission Eg: C H3
Stability of carbanion: CH3>> Primary >> Secondary >> Tertiary
Free radical: Species with odd number of electrons formed from homolytic

fission. Eg: C H3
Stability of Free radical: Tertiary>> Secondary>> Primary>> CH3
Homolytic fission: Symmetrical cleavage of covalent bond forming free
radicals Cl2  Cl +Cl
Sunlight • •

Free radicals

Heterolytic fission: Unsymmetrical cleavage of covalent bond forming ions


-
Nucleophile: Negatively charged species and electron rich species Eg: C H3
Electrophile: Positively charged species and electron deficient species Eg:
+
C H3 , Na+, Mg2+
Functional group: Any group or atom which provides characteristic physical
and chemical property to a compound. Eg: -OH: Alcohol, -COOH: Carboxylic
acid, -CHO: Aldehyde, -CO-: Ketone
Homologous series: A series of organic compounds each containing a
characteristic functional group in which the successive members differ by a
–CH2 group Eg: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

2. What is Positional, Functional, Chain and metamers? Give example


(Any two might come for 4M)
Ans: POSITIONAL ISOMERISM: Compounds having same molecular formula but
differ in position of double, triple bond, functional group
CH 3 -CH 2 -CH=CH 2 : But-1-ene
Eg:
CH 3 -CH=CH-CH 3: But-2-ene
FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM: Compounds having same molecular formula
but differ in Functional groups
CH 3 -CH 2 -OH:Ethanol Propanal (CH 3CHO)
Eg: OR
CH 3 -O-CH 3:Dimethyl ether Propanone (CH 3COCH 3 )
CHAIN ISOMERISM: Compounds having same molecular formula but differ
carbon main chain length.

METAMERS: Compounds having same molecular formula but differ in alkyl


groups chain length across functional groups.

17. Write differences between a) Inductive and electromerric effect c)


Inductive and Mesomerric effect
INDUCTIVE EFFECT ELECTROMERRIC EFFECT
Movement of sigma electrons Movement of pi electrons
Saturated system Multiple bonded system
Permanent effect Temporary effect
No attacking reagent needed Attacking reagent needed

INDUCTIVE EFFECT MESOMERRIC EFFECT


Movement of sigma electrons Movement of pi electrons
Saturated system Conjugated system
Does not effect stability Effects stability
Weak effect Strong effect

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