History of Architecture Research

Francheska Jasmin Velasco Rimas

ARC 1209
22-06105

AR. NOMER MAYO

Renaissance Architecture
Baroque
Rococo
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (c.1400- 1700)
During the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the
rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art – it was a fervent period of
European cultural, artistic, political and economic “Rebirth” following the Middle
Ages. This period is credited with bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and
modern-day civilization.

Periods of Renaissance:
- Early Renaissance ca. 1400- 1500
Brunelleschi, Alberti
- High Renaissance ca. 1500- 1525
Baramante
- Late Renaissance ca. 1525- 1600
Palladio

EARLY RENAISSANCE
Early Renaissance artists revealed resurrecting artistic styles thought to be lost to
time. Following centuries of austere art and architecture in the Byzantine and
Middle Ages, the early Renaissance saw the creation of numerous works celebrating
the vibrancy of the human body, spirit, and mind.

ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

A.1. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 –1446)

considered to be a founding father of Renaissance architecture, was an Italian
architect, designer, goldsmith and sculptor, and is now recognized to be the first
modern engineer, planner, and sole construction supervisor.
He was one of the prime architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance.
He is possibly most famous for his discovery of perspective and for engineering the
dome of the Florence Cathedral; his accomplishments also include other
architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design.
Sample Structures:
● The Florence Cathedral dome (1436)
● The Foundling Hospital, 1421-1444
● Pazzi Chapel, 1460
● San Lorenzo, Florence, (1430-33)
● The Basilica of Santa Maria del Santo Spirito ("St. Mary of the Holy Spirit"),
1481

A.2. Michelozzo di Bartolomeo (1396-1472)

 - was an Italian architect and sculptor. Considered one of the great pioneers of
architecture during the Renaissance, Michelozzo was a favored Medici
architect who was extensively employed by Cosimo de' Medici. He was a
pupil of Lorenzo Ghiberti in his early years, and later collaborated with
Donatello. Architect and sculptor, notable in the development of Florentine
Renaissance architecture.
He developed the aisleless church and became the pioneer of a plan-type of sacred
building, which is the most important in modern times. Throughout his career,
Michelozzo was closely associated with his principal patron, Cosimo de’ Medici,
founder of the esteemed Medici dynasty. He was the Medici’s architect for almost
40 years. In fact, in 1445, Michelozzo was commissioned as the key designer for the
Palazzo Medici.
Sample Structures:
● The Palazzo Medici, Florence 1444
● Madonna and Child
● Funeral Monument to John XXIII
● Courtyard
A.3. Leon Battista Alberti( 1404-1472)
Alberti was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist,
philosopher, cryptographer and general Renaissance humanist polymath.; he
epitomized the nature of those identified now as polymaths. He is considered the
founder of Western cryptography, a claim he shares with Johannes Trithemius.
Although Alberti is known mostly for being an artist, he was also a mathematician of
many sorts and made great advances to this field during the fifteenth century.[4]
The two most important buildings he designed are the churches of San Sebastiano
(1460) and Sant'Andrea (1472), both in Mantua
Sample Structures:
● The Palazzo Rucellai (1446-1451)
● San Maria Novella
● Basilica of Sant'Andrea, (1472-94)

A.4. Donato Bramante (1444 –1514

Was an Italian architect, who introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the
High Renaissance style to Rome, where his plan for St. Peter's Basilica formed the
basis of the design executed by Michelangelo. Sample Structures:
● Santa Maria presso San Satiro (1482-92)
● Santa Maria delle Grazie (cloister and apse); Milan, 1492–1498
● The Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502
● Santa Maria della Pace (cloister); Rome, 1504
● St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, design 1503, ground breaking 1506
● Cortile del Belvedere, Vatican City, Rome, 1506.
● Palazzo Caprini (also known as Raphael's House), Rome, started around 1510
(demolished in the 17th century)
A.5. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 – 1564)
Commonly known as “MIchaelangelo”, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor,
painter, architect, poet, and engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the
development of Western art.
Michelangelo rose to prominence quickly; two of his most famous works, the Pietà
and David, were completed before the age of thirty. Despite not considering himself
a painter, Michelangelo created two of the most influential frescoes in Western art
history: scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of Rome's Sistine Chapel and The Last
Judgment on its altar wall.
Sample Structures:
● The Madonna of the Stairs (1490–1492)
● The Taddei Tondo (1502)
● Madonna of Bruges (1504)
● Sistine Chapel ceiling

HIGH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

B.1. Donato Bramante (1444 –1514)
Father of the High Renaissance style of architecture. An Italian architect and
painter. His Tempietto (San Pietro in Montorio) marked the beginning of the High
Renaissance in Rome (1502) when Pope Julius II appointed him to build a sanctuary
over the spot where Peter was martyred.
Sample Structures:
● The Tempietto, Rome (begun 1502)
● St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, (1505)
B.2. Andrea Palladio (1508 –1580)
Was an architect active in the Republic of Venice. Palladio, influenced by Roman
and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, he is widely considered the most
influential individual in the history of Western architecture. considered to be one of
the most influential individuals in the history of architecture. While he designed
churches and palaces, he was best known for country houses and villas.
Sample Structures:
● Palladian window
● The Church of San Giorgio Maggiore (1562, Venice)
● Villa Cornaro (1552-54, Piombino Dese, Treviso)
● Villa Capra (La Rotunda) (1566-91 Vicenza)
● The Church of Il Redentore (1577-92, Venice).
B.3. Giacomo da Vignola (1507 –1573)
One of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism. His two great
masterpieces are theVilla Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits' Church of the Gesù
in Rome. In the mid-16th century, he was the most important representative of
Bramantesque classicism, and his treatise on the orders was one of the most
influential textbooks ever published. Giacomo da Vignola's real name was Giacomo
Barozzi.
Sample Structures:
B.4. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 – 1564)
Sample Structures:
● The Laurentian library, Florence, 1524
● St. Peter’s Basilica by Michelangelo, Donato Bramante, Giacomo della Porta
and Carlo Maderno.
Other works:
● The Medici Chapels
● The Sagrestia Nuova, ("New Sacristy"),
● Tomb of Lorenzo di Piero de'Medici with Dusk and Dawn
● Michelangelo's Pietà
● The Statue of David (1504)

B.5. Domenico da Cortona/ "Boccador" (1465 – 1549)

Sample Structures:
● The Chateaux de Chambord (1519-47)

LATE RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

C.1. Andrea Palladio (1508 –1580)

Sample Structures:
● Villa Rotonda, Vicenza (1566-70)
● Villa Barbaro, Maser (1557-58)
● San Giorgio Maggiore, 1566-1610

C.2. Giacomo da Vignola (1507 –1573)

Sample Structures:
● The Church of the Gesù, Rome, 1568
● St. Peter’s Basilica by Michelangelo, Donato Bramante, Giacomo della Porta
and Carlo Maderno.
C.3. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475 – 1564)
Sample Structures:
● Moses (sculpture, completed 1515)
● The Last Judgment (painting, completed 1534)
● Day, Night, Dawn and Dusk (sculptures, all completed by 1533).
CHARACTERISTICS
1. PLANS
- They are square, has a symmetrical appearance in which proportions are
usually based on a module.
2. FAÇADE
- Façades are symmetrical around their vertical axis. Church facades are
generally surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches
and entablatures. The columns and windows show a progression towards the
center.
3. DETAILS
- Courses, moldings and all decorative details are carved with great
precision.
4. PRINCIPLES APPLIED
- Buildings were hence built according to principles of balance, symmetry,
rhythm, and respecting proportions.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE (c.1600- 1750)

Baroque architecture describes the style developed out from the late
renaissance mannerism by the turn of the 16th century in Italy and diffused later on
into other parts of Europe. The Baroque architectural style emerged in Europe
during the 17th century and is distinguished by its ornate and extravagant design. It
was a highly decorative style used to create grandiose and dramatic structures
meant to impress and awe

CHARACTERISTICS
1. PLANS
- The fundamental characteristic of Baroque plan was dynamism (normally a
sense of motion). Strong curves, rich decoration, and general complexity are all
typical features of Baroque architecture or plans.
2. FAÇADE
- External facades are characterized by a central projection.
3. DETAILS
 - Used columns, domes, towers and oval windows. The use of illusory effects
through the use of painting and sculpture was also applied, In contrast to
renaissance building which can be easily and quickly understood and perceived,
baroque buildings are huge and complicated with great concentration on the
reflection of power and supremacy.
4. PRINCIPLES APPLIED
- Main principles were complex architectural plan shapes, often based on the
oval, and the dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces were favored to
heighten the feeling of motion and sensuality.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

A. Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507-73)

Classical Italian architect in style of Late Renaissance and Early
Baroque.Giocomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507-1573) was an Italian architect who
contributed significantly to the evolution of the Baroque style. He was born in
Vignola, Italy, and studied painting and sculpture before becoming an
architect.Vignola is perhaps best known for his work on Rome's Church of the Gesù,
which is regarded as one of Italy's most important examples of Baroque
architecture. He also designed a number of other churches and public buildings
throughout Italy, as well as the Farnese Palace in Rome.
Sample Structures:
● St Peter's Domes, Vatican (1564)
● The Church of the Holy Name of Jesus (Il Gesu) (1568)

B. Gian Lorenzo (Giovanni) Bernini (1598-1680)

The greatest of all Baroque architects and sculptors.Gian Lorenzo Bernini
(1598-1680) was an Italian architect and sculptor who is widely considered one
of the most important figures of the Baroque era. He was born in Naples, Italy,
and trained as a sculptor under his father, Pietro Bernini.Bernini is known for his
elaborate and dynamic designs, which often incorporated a sense of movement
and drama. He worked on numerous projects throughout Italy, including St.
Peter's Basilica in Rome, where he designed the famous baldacchino and the
Piazza San Pietro.
Sample Structures:
● Palazzo Barberini (1628-32, Rome)
● St Peter's Square (1656-67)
● St Andrea al Quirinale (1658-71, Rome)
C. Pietro da Cortona (1596-1669)
Architect to Pope Urban VIII.Pietro da Cortona (1596-1669) was an Italian
architect and painter who played an important role in the development of
Baroque art and architecture. He was born in Cortona, Italy, and trained as a
painter before turning to architecture.Cortona worked on several notable
projects throughout Italy, including the Palazzo Barberini in Rome, which he
helped to design and decorate. He also designed the Church of Santa Maria della
Pace in Rome, which features a unique oval-shaped dome.
Sample Structures:
● SS. Luca e Martina (1635-64, Rome)
● St Maria della Pace, facade (1656-7, Rome)
● St Maria in Via Lata (1658-62, Rome)

D. Francois Mansart (1598-1666)

Father of French Classicism.Francois Mansart (1598-1666) was a French
architect who played a key role in the development of Baroque architecture in
France. He was born in Paris, France, and trained as an architect under his uncle,
Jacques Lemercier.Mansart was known for his innovative designs, which
incorporated a blend of classical and Baroque elements. He worked on numerous
projects throughout France, including the Chateau de Maisons and the Chateau
de Balleroy, both of which are considered masterpieces of Baroque architecture.
Sample Structures:
● Chateau Berny (1623-27)
● Chateau de Blois, Loire (1638)
● Val de Grace Church, Paris (1645)

E. Jules Hardouin Mansart (1646-1708)

Main co-architect of the Palace of Versailles & dome of Les Invalides in
ParisJules Hardouin-Mansart (1646-1708) was a French architect and designer who
played a major role in the development of French Baroque architecture during the
17th and early 18th centuries. He was born in Paris, France, and trained as an
architect under his uncle, Francois Mansart.Hardouin-Mansart worked on numerous
projects throughout France, including the Palace of Versailles, which he helped to
design and expand during the reign of Louis XIV. He was known for his elaborate
and opulent designs, which often featured grandiose spaces, ornate decorations,
and a harmonious balance of light and shadow.
Sample Structures:
● Chateau de Marly (1679-86, Marly-le-Roi)
● Dome of Les Invalides (1679-91, Paris)
● Grand Trianon (1687-8, Palace of Versailles)

F. Jakob Prandtauer (1660-1726)

Leading Austrian architect and master mason.Jakob Prandtauer (1660-1726)
was an Austrian Baroque architect who is best known for his work on religious
buildings in Central Europe. He was born in Stanz im Mürztal, Austria, and trained as
a stonemason before becoming an architect.Prandtauer worked on several notable
projects throughout Austria and Germany, including the Melk Abbey in Lower
Austria, which is considered one of the finest examples of Baroque architecture in
Europe. He was also involved in the construction of the Abbey of Seitenstetten and
the Pilgrimage Church of Maria Taferl, both of which are located in Austria.
Sample Structures:
● Melk Abbey (1702-36)
● St Florian Library Linz (1708-26)
● Kremsmunster Abbey (1710-15)

G. Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753)

Leading German Late Baroque designer, Royal architect to Schonborn
family.Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753) was a German Baroque architect who is
best known for his work on palaces, churches, and other public buildings in
Southern Germany. He was born in Eger, Bohemia (now Cheb, Czech Republic), and
trained as a carpenter and builder before becoming an architect.Neumann's most
famous works include the Würzburg Residence, the Bruchsal Palace, and the Church
of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. He was known for his use of dramatic curves and bold,
sweeping lines, as well as his skillful use of light and shadow to create a sense of
depth and drama in his buildings.
Sample Structures:
● Wallfahrtskirche (1730-9, Gossweinstein)
● Staircase for Wurzburg Residenz (1737)
● Staircase for Augustusburg Palace (1743-8, Bruhl)

H. Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach (1693-1742)

Austrian chief Court Architect of the Baroque & Rococo.Joseph Emanuel
Fischer von Erlach (1693-1742) was an Austrian Baroque architect who is best
known for his work on churches and palaces in Vienna and throughout Central
Europe. He was born in Vienna, Austria, and was the son of the famous architect
Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach.Fischer von Erlach's most famous works include
the Church of St. Charles Borromeo in Vienna, which is considered one of the finest
examples of Baroque architecture in the world, and the Schönbrunn Palace, which
was the summer residence of the Habsburgs.
Sample Structures:
● Schwarzenberg Palace redesign (1728)
● St Michael's Wing of the Hofburg Imperial Palace (1729-35)

I. Pedro de Ribera (1681-1742)

 One of the most important architects of the Late Baroque period in
Madrid.Pedro de Ribera (1681-1742) was a Spanish Baroque architect who is best
known for his work on churches and public buildings in Madrid. He was born in
Madrid, Spain, and studied architecture under the famous architect José Benito de
Churriguera.lRibera's most famous works include the Church of San Salvador, the
Church of San Miguel, and the Bridge of Toledo. He was known for his use of
dramatic lines and curves, as well as his skillful use of light and shadow to create a
sense of depth and drama in his buildings.
Sample Structures:
● Ucles Monastery (1735)
● Church of San Cayetano (1722–1737)
● Church of San Jose (1730)

ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE (LATE BAROQUE)

Emerged in 18th-century Paris as part of a more expansive aesthetic
movement that also encompassed art and decoration.

1. CHARACTERISTICS
Lighter, more graceful, yet also more elaborate version of Baroque
Architecture, which was ornate and austere. Its style is characterized by
elaborate ornamentation, asymmetrical values, pastel color palette, and curved
or serpentine lines.
2. PRINCIPLES
Numerous curves and decorations, also the usage of pale colors are
included to the principles applied to Rococo Architecture.

LATE BAROQUE ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

A. Jean Courtonne
He is a french architect who was the most important member of a family of
architects active in Paris.Jean Courtonne (1681-1762) was a French Baroque
architect who worked in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He was born in
Rouen, France, and is known for his work on churches and public buildings in
Normandy.Courtonne's most famous works include the Church of Saint-Maclou in
Rouen, which is considered one of the finest examples of Baroque architecture in
Normandy, and the Church of Saint-Vincent in Le Havre.
Sample Structures:
● Hôtel Matignon, 1722-1724
B. Francois Cuvillies
He was the chief architect and decorator in the Bavarian Rococo
style.Francois Cuvillies (1695-1768) was a German Baroque architect and
decorative artist who worked primarily in the Bavarian region of Germany. He was
born in Soignies, Belgium, and later settled in Munich, where he worked for the
Bavarian court.Cuvillies is best known for his work on the Nymphenburg Palace in
Munich, which is considered one of the most important examples of Rococo
architecture in Europe. He was also responsible for the design of the Amalienburg
hunting lodge, which is located on the grounds of the Nymphenburg Palace.
Sample Structures:
● Amalienburg palace 1734-39, Munich

REFERENCES

Renaissance
https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance
A.1. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 –1446)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
A.2. Michelozzo di Bartolomeo (1396-1472)
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michelozzo
A.3. Leon Battista Alberti( 1404-1472)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
A.4. Donato Bramante (1444 –1514)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
A.5. Domenico da Cortona/ "Boccador" (1465 – 1549)
https://dbpedia.org/page/Domenico_da_Cortona
A.5. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475 – 1564)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
B.1. Donato Bramante (1444 –1514)
 https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
B.2. Andrea Palladio (1508 –1580)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
B.3. Giacomo da Vignola (1507 –1573)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pd f
B.4. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475 – 1564)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
B.5. Domenico da Cortona/ "Boccador" (1465 – 1549)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
C.1. Andrea Palladio (1508 –1580)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
C.2. Giacomo da Vignola (1507 –1573)
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf
CHARARCTERISTICS
https://josemonizmirante.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/renaissancearchitecture.pdf

https://www.marcmaison.com/architecturalantiquesresources/Renaissance_style#:~:text=B
uildiggs%20were%20hence%20built%20according,built%20in%20Rome%20in%201502.

Baroque
https://histofarch.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/baroque-architecture.pdf
CHARACTERISTICS
https://frosvararcs.com/r4.pdf
https://histofarch.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/baroque-architecture.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/art/Baroque-architecture
ARCHITECTS (A-I)
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/baroque-architects.htm

Rococo
https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-rococo-architecture-5186850
CHARACTERISTICS
https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-rococo-architecture-5186850
A. Jean Courtonne
https://www.wga.hu/bio_m/c/courtonn/jean/biograph.html
B. Francois Cuvillies
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-de-Cuvillies-the-Elder